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Journal articles on the topic 'Sexual restraint'
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1
Yassen, A. M., and M. A. Ibraheim. "Semen Characteristics of First and Second Ejaculates of Buffalo Bulls With and Without Sexual Stimulation." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 2, no. 1 (2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v2i1.2323.
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Four treatments, no sexual preparation (control), 10 min restraint, three false mounts and 10 min restraint followed by three false mounts, were replicated with eight sexually mature buffalo bulls, before the first and second ejaculates to study their effects on the seminal characteristics of buffalo bulls. Seminal characteristics of both first and second ejaculates were improved significantly by sexual stimulation. Animals allowed no sexual stimulation yielded inferior first ejaculates than second ejaculates in all seminal characteristics. First ejaculates, in this case, served as stimulus to second ejaculates and contributed to its superiority. Moderate sexual stimulation (R or FM) before ejaculation improved the first ejaculates and reduced the difference between them and second ejaculates in all seminal characteristics. However, high degrees of sexual stimulation (R or FM) caused the superiority of the first ejaculates to the second ejaculates in seminal characteristics.
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Baker, Dennis J., and Lucy X. Zhao. "Contributory Qualifying and Non-Qualifying Triggers in the Loss of Control Defence: A Wrong Turn on Sexual Infidelity." Journal of Criminal Law 76, no. 3 (2012): 254–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2012.76.3.773.
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This article considers the decision of the Court of Appeal in R v Clinton where Lord Judge CJ speaking for the Court of Appeal held that sexual infidelity could be considered under the third prong of the new partial defence of loss of control, even though it is expressly excluded under the second prong. We argue that sexual infidelity is excluded from being considered under all the prongs of the new defence. It is expressly excluded as a form of qualifying provocation, which means it cannot be considered as a ‘circumstance’ that might prevent a person of D's sex and age with a normal degree of tolerance and self-restraint from killing. The objective tests in the new defence overlap, because the jury already has objective self-restraint in mind when it is considering the objectiveness of the provocation. When the jury is considering whether a normal person would have been provoked by the victim's conduct, it is also considering whether a normal person would have exercised self-restraint. Conceptually, these are two aspects of a single broader question: Was it reasonable for the defendant to lose control? Therefore, the jury cannot consider whether sexual infidelity prevented a person of a normal degree of tolerance from exercising control, even if it is a circumstance that relates to some other qualifying trigger. Where sexual infidelity is a (major) contributory trigger for the loss of control, it should not be considered under any of the prongs of the defence. If D has been taunted about his impotence in circumstances where he is enraged by his wife's sexual infidelity, the defence will only be made out if the jury accepts that the taunts about the impotence constituted objective provocation on their own, and that the taunts about the impotence per se might have prevented a person of normal control and tolerance from exercising self-restraint. The sexual infidelity would have to be compartmentalised, so that the jury would not be influenced by it.
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Arnold, Moriah R., Claire L. Thallon, Joshua A. Pitkofsky, and Sarah H. Meerts. "Sexual experience confers resilience to restraint stress in female rats." Hormones and Behavior 107 (January 2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.12.003.
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Krause, Jana. "Restrained or constrained? Elections, communal conflicts, and variation in sexual violence." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 1 (2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319891763.
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Anecdotal evidence suggests that sexual violence varies significantly across cases of election violence and communal conflicts but systematic research is scarce. Post-election violence is particularly likely if electoral mobilization further polarizes longstanding communal conflicts and political elites do not instruct security forces to intervene decisively. I comparatively analyse two prominent cases of post-election violence in Kenya (2007/8) and Nigeria (2008) that exhibit stark variation in sexual violence. Patrimonial networks and norms of violent masculinity that increase the probability of (gang) rape were present in both cases and do not explain variation. Civil war research has identified three explanations for the variation in sexual violence: situational constraints; ordered sexual violence or restraint; and bottom-up dynamics of sexual violence or restraint. I examine these for the context of post-election violence. I argue that the type of communal conflict triggered by electoral mobilization explains variation in sexual violence. In Kenya, pogroms of a majority group against a minority allowed for the time and space to perpetrate widespread sexual violence while in Nigeria, dyadic clashes between similarly strong groups offered less opportunity but produced a significantly higher death toll. These findings have important implications for preventing election violence. They demonstrate that civilian vulnerability is gendered and that high levels of sexual violence do not necessarily correspond to high levels of lethal violence. Ignoring sexual violence means underestimating the real intensity of conflict and its impact on the political process.
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Skakoon-Sparling, Shayna, and Kenneth M. Cramer. "The impact of sexual arousal on elements of sexual decision making: Sexual self-restraint, motivational state, and self-control." Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 25, no. 2 (2016): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.252-a1.
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O’Byrne, Patrick, and Dave Holmes. "Indulgence, Restraint, and the Engagement of Pleasure: Inciting Reflection Using Nietzsche’s Ascetic Ideal." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 26, no. 1 (2012): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1541-6577.26.1.10.
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As part of an interview-based study of gay circuit parties in Montreal, Canada, which involved 17 gay and bisexual men, it was noted that participants were preoccupied with the topics of indulgence and restraint, particularly in relation to their perceptions of social norms regarding acceptable sexual behaviors. Theoretically, these findings were examined from a post-structuralist perspective using Nietzsche’s conceptualization of the ascetic ideal. The outcome of this analysis is an alternative conceptualization about the intersections between indulgence, pain, guilt, pleasure, and sexually transmitted infection.
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Busby, Dean M., Jason S. Carroll, and Brian J. Willoughby. "Compatibility or restraint? The effects of sexual timing on marriage relationships." Journal of Family Psychology 24, no. 6 (2010): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021690.
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Kauffman, Alexander S., Víctor M. Navarro, Joshua Kim, Donald K. Clifton, and Robert A. Steiner. "Sex differences in the regulation of Kiss1/NKB neurons in juvenile mice: implications for the timing of puberty." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 297, no. 5 (2009): E1212—E1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00461.2009.
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In mammals, puberty onset typically occurs earlier in females than in males, but the explanation for sexual differentiation in the tempo of pubertal development is unknown. Puberty in both sexes is a brain-dependent phenomenon and involves alterations in the sensitivity of neuronal circuits to gonadal steroid feedback as well as gonadal hormone-independent changes in neuronal circuitry. Kisspeptin, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, plays an essential but ill-defined role in pubertal maturation. Neurokinin B (NKB) is coexpressed with Kiss1 in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and is also important for puberty. We tested whether sex differences in the timing of pubertal development are attributable to sexual differentiation of gonadal hormone-independent mechanisms regulating hypothalamic Kiss1/NKB gene expression. We found that, in juvenile females, gonadotropin secretion and expression of Kiss1 and NKB in the ARC increased immediately following ovariectomy, suggesting that prepubertal females have negligible gonadal hormone-independent restraint on their reproductive axis. In contrast, in similarly aged juvenile males, no changes occurred in LH levels or Kiss1 or NKB expression following castration, suggesting that gonadal hormone-independent mechanisms restrain kisspeptin/NKB-dependent activation of the male reproductive axis before puberty. Notably, adult mice of both sexes showed comparable rapid increases in Kiss1/NKB expression and LH secretion following gonadectomy, signifying that sex differences in the regulation of ARC Kiss1/NKB neurons are manifest only during peripubertal development. Our findings demonstrate that the mechanisms controlling pubertal activation of reproduction in mice are different between the sexes and suggest that gonadal hormone-independent central restraint on pubertal timing involves Kiss1/NKB neurons in the ARC.
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Uphouse, Lynda, Cindy Hiegel, Sarah Adams, Vanessa Murillo, and Monique Martinez. "Prior hormonal treatment, but not sexual experience, reduces the negative effects of restraint on female sexual behavior." Behavioural Brain Research 259 (February 2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.031.
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Russo Garrido, Anahi. "Transgressive Mexicana sexualities and the promise of progress." Sexualities 23, no. 7 (2019): 1097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460719884024.
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Latin American and Latina women's sexualities have often been represented, and theorized, along the terms of sexual morality, restraint and emancipation. In this article, I explore how sexual norms have changed for women in queer spaces in Mexico City over the past two decades. I suggest that sexual practices that were characterized as transgressive in 2000 became normalized in lesbian circles in the following decade, in the 2010s. Ten years of public discussions on sexual education, abortion, anti-discrimination laws, same-sex unions, and in lesbian circles on polyamory had taken place transforming gender and sexual subjectivities. Ultimately, as I reflect on change regarding gender and sexualities, I caution against the tendency of depicting social transformations in a linear process, which risks drawing on teleological narratives of progress.
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Kartika, Bambang Aris. "Mengapa Selalu Harus Perempuan: Suatu Konstruksi Urban Pemenjaraan Seksual Hingga Hegemoni Maskulinitas dalam Film Soekarno." Journal of Urban Society's Arts 2, no. 1 (2015): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/jousa.v2i1.1268.
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Film Soekarno karya Hanung Bramantyo menghadirkan suatu deksripsi tentangfakta-fakta historis terkait dengan perempuan Indonesia yang dikomodifikasimenjadi teks-teks naratif dan visual film. Wujud representasi dari komodifikasifakta historis perempuan Indonesia, ditampilkan dalam konstruk urban mengenaivisualisasi ketidakadilan gender dalam praktik-praktik politik seksual, kekerasanseksual, kekerasan psikis, hingga pemenjaraan seksual yang diakibatkan olehhegemoni kolonialisme fasisme Jepang melalui praktik perbudakan seksual (jugunianfu) dan tokoh Soekarno terhadap diri tokoh Inggit Ganarsih. Makna-maknasimbolik dari unsur naratif dan visualisasi yang dihadirkan dalam film Soekarnomerupakan suatu strategi kebudayaan dan politik media untuk menjadikan filmsebagai media historical memory dan collective memory bagi masyarakat Indonesiauntuk melawan lupa dari deskripsi narasi besar sejarah bangsa dan negara Indonesia,khususnya terhadap sejarah perempuan Indonesia.Why Women Should Always Be: From the Sexual Restraint to the Hegemony ofMasculinity in the Soekarno Film. Soekarno Film presented by Hanung Bramantyois a description of historical facts which are related to Indonesian women and whichare then commodified into texts and visual narrative films. The representation formof the commodification of historical facts of Indonesian women is showed in thevisualization of gender inequality through the practices of sexual politics, sexual violence,and psychological violence until sexual restraint caused by the hegemony of Japanesecolonialism through the practice of sexual slavery (jugun ianfu), and the attitude ofSoekarno figure which appears to Inggit Ganarsih figure. The symbolic meanings of thenarrative and visualization elements which are presented in the film of Soekarno arethe strategy of culture and media politics to make the film as the medium of historicalmemory and collective memory for the Indonesian people to fight against the forgetting ofa narrative description of the history of Indonesia, especially to the history of Indonesianwomen.
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Heald, Suzette. "The power of sex: some reflections on the Caldwells' ‘African sexuality’ thesis." Africa 65, no. 4 (1995): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161129.
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AbstractThis article consists of a series of reflections about the nature of sexuality in East Africa framed in response to the theories put forward by J. C. Caldwell and his collaborators. It argues that their views fail to grasp the way sexual restraints and restrictions form the basis of the moral order in East African societies. Their model of a distinctively African sexual system overemphasises descent in a way that systematically underplays the importance of marriage and reduces ancestor cults to exclusive concern with lineage, reproduction and continuity. By contrast, it is argued with reference to the Gisu of Uganda, ancestral beliefs in their general form are associated with the overall templates for correct social living and these hinge not on lineality but on sexuality and its control. In this light, most East African cultures can be labelled ‘respect cultures’, in that they see their social orders as rooted in respect, respect which implies deference, attention to proper decorum and above all self-restraint. The rules problematise sexuality. The article then turns to the sacred power attributed to coitus itself. This is addressed by looking at the metaphor of the mingling of bloods, widely used of sexual intercourse in East Africa. In the last section of the article attention is paid to the contrast between consanguinity and alliance and the idea that the union of man and woman serves as the prototype of contractual relationships.
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Karpagam, K. "உயிர்நிலம் நாவலில் பெண் சித்தரிப்பு". Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 5, № 3 (2021): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v5i3.3582.
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The Uyirnilam novel emphasizes traditional farming that benefits from the use of natural fertilizers in agriculture. Pointing out the disadvantages of using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. It also sets the stage for the failure and suicidal ideation of artificial agriculture. In this novel, female characters are said to be free-spirited and not subject to social oppression. Women are seen as expressing the feeling of motherhood. It also sets out to point out that adherence to morals is essential to life, even when having a free sexual relationship, while adhering to social norms and exercising sexual restraint.
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Gailliot, Matthew T., and Roy F. Baumeister. "Self-Regulation and Sexual Restraint: Dispositionally and Temporarily Poor Self-Regulatory Abilities Contribute to Failures at Restraining Sexual Behavior." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33, no. 2 (2007): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167206293472.
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Fidan, Fatma, and Yeliz Yeşil. "Sexual Harmful in the Workplace." Kadın/Woman 2000, Journal for Women's Studies 21, no. 1 (2020): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33831/jws.v21i1.111.
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The research aims to identify and define the dimensions of sexual harassment that women are exposed to in the workplace and strategies to cope with harassment. In the research, in-depth interview" was used as qualitative research methods and semi-structured interview form was used as the data collection tool. The study was conducted with 498 women exposed to sexual abuse. The data were analyzed by NVIVO 10 qualitative analysis program. Considering the contents of sexual harassment, although there is a range of harassment forms, in a hierarchy of severity, these can be named as harassment through stalking, physical, verbal, and visual harassment. Women have difficulties in recognizing and identifying harassment in the workplace. In particular, it appears that they have entered into the process of concealing and neglecting with different definitions, which they have used to abuse the words "harassment" and "harasser". Guilt, weakness, humiliation, fear, anger, helplessness, not knowing what to do, denial are the emotions that arise after harassment. After harassment, women who are harassed remain silent due to fear of losing their jobs and receiving negative reactions. Women who are exposed to harassment are trying to protect themselves from harassment by the "self-restraint and avoidance" approach.
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Moore, Susan M. "A stress and coping approach to adolescent sexual development." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 9, S1 (1999): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100003009.
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In this paper it is argued that the normative biological, social and emotional events and processes of sexual maturation in adolescence can be interpreted as stressors. The nature of these stressors varies in terms of the amount of change required to adjust to the event or process, its unexpectedness, suddenness, negativity and uncontrollableness. Young people's capacity to cope with their sexual development, and the strategies they employ, will depend on the perceived nature of the stressor, the personal characteristics and inner resources of the adolescent, and the level of accessible social support. Personal characteristics discussed include optimism and a positive outlook, hardiness, communication and social skills, restraint/ conscientiousness and sense of control. Environmental supports discussed include family, peers, school, and organised religion.
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Hatley, Shaman. "Erotic asceticism: the razor's edge observance (asidhārāvrata) and the early history of tantric coital ritual." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79, no. 2 (2016): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x16000069.
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AbstractThis essay examines shifting representations of theasidhārāvrata(lit. “sword's edge observance”) across a range of Sanskrit literary and religious texts. Originally a Brāhmaṇical ascetic discipline, an observance (vrata) by this name is the earliest ritual involving sexual contact documented in the corpus of Śaivatantras. In its tantric adaptation, an orthodox practice for the cultivation of sensory restraint was transformed into a means for supernatural attainment (siddhi). Diachronic study of the observance in three early Śaiva texts – theNiśvāsatattvasaṃhitā, Mataṅgapārameśvara, andBrahmayāmala– reveals changes in ritual emphases, women's roles, and the nature of engagement in eroticism. Analysis of theasidhārāvratathus sheds light on the early history of tantric sexual rituals, which by the end of the first millennium had become highly diverse. It is argued that the observance became increasingly obsolete with the rise of Śaiva sexual practices more magical, ecstatic, or gnostic in orientation.
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Konina, M. A. "Attitudes towards Sexual Behaviour among Young People." Psychological-Educational Studies 10, no. 4 (2018): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2018100402.
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At the center of psychology of sexuality research problematics of the first decades of the twenty first century was the influence of information technologies and virtualization of culture on the weakening of restraint in sexual behavior. Promiscuous sexual behavior is associated with the demise of traditional family structures and marriage institutions, resuling in increasing health risk on the national scale. The risk group that calls for special attention is young people who are most actively using new technologies and at the same time experiencing a lack of skills in the area of emotional and behavior regulation. Researches in this area try to identify factors behind youth promiscuity: a link between such behavior and increased environmental stresses and unsafe parenting styles have been established. Studies in recent years have, for the first time, revealed a link between the unrestricted use of communication technologies and the choice of promiscuous sexual behavior among young people. It was also established that such sexual behavior was linked to distress, increased risks of sexual harassment and harm to physical health in this age group. The data obtained in these recent studies indicate the presence of a complex problem associated with the psychosexual development of young people, set the task of possible ways to regulate as well as foster self- regulation of sexual behavior adolescence.
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Hilton, John. "The Analgesic Elephant and the Black Rose of India (Achilles Tatius 4.2-5)." Mnemosyne 72, no. 4 (2019): 561–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342559.
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AbstractThis article examines the discourse of Charmides, an army general attempting to suppress the banditry of the boukoloi in the Nile delta, about the analgesic power of the breath of elephants fed on the ‘black rose of India’ in Achilles Tatius’ novel, Leucippe and Clitophon (4.2-5). It explores the narrative context, the characterization of the military commander, the use of elephants as moral exempla for human behaviour, and the sub-text of Charmides’ speech. It considers how the discourse of the general relates to the theme of Plato’s dialogue, Charmides—sōphrosynē (sexual restraint)—and argues that Charmides’ account of the elephant and the ‘black rose of India’ are best understood as extended metaphors that are designed to coerce Leucippe into having sexual relations with him.
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Schwartz, Timothy T. "Subsistence Songs: Haitian téat Performances, Gendered Capital, and Livelihood Strategies in Jean Makout, Haiti." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (2008): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002474.
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Examines how sexual and gender values in rural Haiti are expressed through 'téat', theatrical, songs and performances among girls from 10 to 20 years. Author describes how these sexual values relate to a concept of gendered capital, or what he calls a "sexual-moral economy", whereby men who want sex with women need to provide material rewards for this sexual access. He explains how this combines with certain gender socializations and views of men, unlike women, really needing sex, and socialized toward this, also by women, and thus from an early age to aggressively pursue women, and women on the other hand toward restraint, and to require material rewards. Author illustrates, through examples, how téat songs reflect and refer to these values, often through sexual metaphors. In addition, he shows how they relate to the wider social and gender context of matrifocality and subsistence strategies, notably the household, wherein women tend to be dominant over men, who supplied the house as expected price for her sex, manages production and reproduction of her daughters in it, instilling them also with the said sexual values, and with children seen as necessary for household work, as the women also engage in market activities outside of the house.
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Schwartz, Timothy T. "Subsistence Songs: Haitian téat Performances, Gendered Capital, and Livelihood Strategies in Jean Makout, Haiti." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 81, no. 1-2 (2007): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002474.
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Examines how sexual and gender values in rural Haiti are expressed through 'téat', theatrical, songs and performances among girls from 10 to 20 years. Author describes how these sexual values relate to a concept of gendered capital, or what he calls a "sexual-moral economy", whereby men who want sex with women need to provide material rewards for this sexual access. He explains how this combines with certain gender socializations and views of men, unlike women, really needing sex, and socialized toward this, also by women, and thus from an early age to aggressively pursue women, and women on the other hand toward restraint, and to require material rewards. Author illustrates, through examples, how téat songs reflect and refer to these values, often through sexual metaphors. In addition, he shows how they relate to the wider social and gender context of matrifocality and subsistence strategies, notably the household, wherein women tend to be dominant over men, who supplied the house as expected price for her sex, manages production and reproduction of her daughters in it, instilling them also with the said sexual values, and with children seen as necessary for household work, as the women also engage in market activities outside of the house.
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Walsh, Kate, David DiLillo, Alicia Klanecky, and Dennis McChargue. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28, no. 3 (2012): 558–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455511.
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Sexual assault occurring when the victim is unable to consent or resist due to the use or administration of alcohol or drugs (i.e., incapacitated/drug-or-alcohol facilitated rape; IR/DAFR) is a particularly prevalent form of victimization experienced by college women. By definition, substance use precedes IR/DAFR; however, few studies have examined other potential risk factors for IR/DAFR that may be unique from those associated with forcible rape (FR; i.e., sexual assault occurring due to threats or physical restraint). The present investigation tested a model of risk for IR/DAFR and FR suggesting that child or adolescent sexual abuse (CASA) leads to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which in turn increase the likelihood of IR/DAFR, but not FR. Results revealed full mediation for PTSD hyperarousal symptoms in the pathway between CASA and IR/DAFR, and partial mediation for hyperarousal symptoms in the pathway between CASA and FR. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Rusterholz, Caroline. "‘You Can’t Dismiss that as Being Less Happy, You See it is Different’. Sexual Counselling in 1950s England." Twentieth Century British History 30, no. 3 (2019): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwz008.
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Abstract This article uses the audio recordings of sexual counselling sessions carried out by Dr Joan Malleson, a birth control activist and committed family planning doctor in the early 1950s, which are held at the Wellcome Library in London as a case study to explore the ways Malleson and the patients mobilised emotions for respectively managing sexual problems and expressing what they understood as constituting a ‘good sexuality’ in postwar Britain. The article contains two interrelated arguments. First, it argues that Malleson used a psychological framework to inform her clinical work. She resorted to an emotion-based therapy that linked sexual difficulties with unconscious, repressed feelings rooted in past events. In so doing, Malleson actively helped to produce a new form of sexual subjectivity where individuals were encouraged to express their feelings and emotions, breaking with the traditional culture of emotional control and restraint that characterized British society up until the fifties. Second, I argue that not only Malleson but also her patients relied on emotions. The performance of mainly negative emotions reveals what they perceived as the ‘normal’ and sexual ‘ideal’. Sexual therapy sessions reflected the seemingly changing nature of the self towards a more emotionally aware and open one that adopted both the language of emotions and that of popular psychology to articulate his or her sexual difficulties.
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Saltzman, Wendy, Leslie J. Digby, and David H. Abbott. "Reproductive skew in female common marmosets: what can proximate mechanisms tell us about ultimate causes?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1656 (2008): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1374.
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Common marmosets are cooperatively breeding monkeys that exhibit high reproductive skew: most subordinate females fail to reproduce, while others attempt to breed but produce very few surviving infants. An extensive dataset on the mechanisms limiting reproduction in laboratory-housed and free-living subordinate females provides unique insights into the causes of reproductive skew. Non-breeding adult females undergo suppression of ovulation and inhibition of sexual behaviour; however, they receive little or no aggression or mating interference by dominants and do not exhibit behavioural or physiological signs of stress. Breeding subordinate females receive comparable amounts of aggression to non-breeding females but are able to conceive, gestate and lactate normally. In groups containing two breeding females, however, both dominant and subordinate breeders kill one another's infants. These findings suggest that preconception reproductive suppression is not imposed on subordinate females by dominants, at a proximate level, but is instead self-imposed by most subordinates, consistent with restraint models of reproductive skew. In contrast to restraint models, however, this self-suppression probably evolved not in response to the threat of eviction by dominant females but in response to the threat of infanticide. Thus, reproductive skew in this species appears to be generated predominantly by subordinate self-restraint, in a proximate sense, but ultimately by dominant control over subordinates' reproductive attempts.
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Brzezinski, Piotr, and Lorenzo Martini. "Sexual abstinence and restraint in Man allow a harmonic wound healing, owing to blood cortisol increment." Our Dermatology Online 10, no. 3 (2019): e7.1-e7.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.2019e.7.
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van Rooyen, Linda, and Cycil Hartell. "The Traditional Custom of Chastity and Sexual Restraint in the Education of the Young Swazi Girl." International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 15, no. 4 (2010): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2010.9748038.
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Ruth Gallop, Elizabeth McCay, Maya. "The Experience of Hospitalization and Restraint of Women who have a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Health Care for Women International 20, no. 4 (1999): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/073993399245683.
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An, Danming, Natalie D. Eggum-Wilkens, Sophia Chae, et al. "Adults’ Conceptualisations of Children’s Social Competence in Nepal and Malawi." Psychology and Developing Societies 30, no. 1 (2018): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333617747345.
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Adults in Nepal ( N = 14) and Malawi ( N = 12) were interviewed about their views regarding social competence of 5- to 17-year-old children in their societies. Both Nepali and Malawian adults discussed themes consistent with those expected in collectivistic societies with economic challenges (e.g., respect and obedience, family responsibilities, and social relationships). There were also unique themes emphasised in each country, which may correspond with country-specific religious beliefs or social problems (e.g., rules and self-control, and sexual restraint). Results provide novel information regarding adults’ perceptions of children’s social competence in Nepal and Malawi, and may help guide the development of measures of social competence.
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Reilly, Kimberley A. "“A Perilous Venture for Democracy”: Soldiers, Sexual Purity, and American Citizenship in the First World War." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 13, no. 2 (2014): 223–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000085.
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This essay examines the influence of the social purity movement on the U.S. government's campaign to protect servicemen from the temptations of drink and illicit sex during World War I. This influence had been forged in the context of U.S. imperialism in the two decades prior to American entry into the war, as purity reformers linked the sexual morality and temperance of soldiers serving in occupied territories overseas to racial purity and national character at home. War Department policymakers who were allied with the purity movement likewise understood male moral restraint and sexual self-control to underpin democratic self-governance. This linkage between civic virtue and moral virtue was especially problematic at the outset of the war, as many native-born Americans (progressive policymakers included) questioned whether all members of the ethnically and racially diverse nation had the capacity for self-government. The goals of social purity and wartime policymakers were thus aligned as the War Department launched its crusade against liquor and sexual vice within the military. Government officials required moral sobriety of servicemen in order to remake the body politic. But even as they demanded virtuous conduct from the man in uniform, they simultaneously infantilized the “soldier lad” in their effort to safeguard him.
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Clarke, David M. "Sex, Honesty and the Supervisory Relationship: a Response to Ryan." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 3 (1999): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00561.x.
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Objective: An argument has been presented in this journal for a generally permissive attitude to consensual sexual relations between psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists except in circumstances where there is a direct supervisory relationship. This paper challenges that view. Method: The arguments are reviewed. A developmental perspective of training is used to show that the autonomy of trainees is restricted in a manner similar to a student in relation to a teacher. This confers on psychiatrists a duty of care. Results: On the basis of respect for autonomy, the strength of argument for a prohibition on consensual sexual relationships is strong for a young trainee, and weakens as a person proceeds through training and approaches the status of a colleague. Apolicy of restraint would facilitate the development of a general atmosphere of trust, which is an important requirement for good supervision and the basis of professional relationships. An ethical judgement cannot be made, however, without the consideration of other relationships and commitments existing outside the supervisory relationship for each person involved. Conclusions: In order to create a secure and unambiguous training environment that maximises trust, a general principle of prohibition on sexual relationships between psychiatrists and trainees is preferred, although circumstances exist where such relationships are not unethical.
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Moore, Stephen D. "The Song of Songs in the History of Sexuality." Church History 69, no. 2 (2000): 328–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169583.
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The arduous task of queering the Song of Songs, a book that is ostensibly an unequivocal celebration of male-female sexual love, was accomplished over many centuries by the Fathers and Doctors of the Church (as well as by Jewish Sages of blessed memory, though they were hampered by a modesty and restraint to which their Christian cousins were seldom subject). Night after night in their cells, by flickering candlelight, they queeried the Song of Solomon, strenuously inquiring after its spiritual meaning and confidently setting it forth. And as they did so their austere cells were transformed into lavish theaters. What follows is a series of preliminary portraits of some of the more remarkable performers.
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de Alwis, Malathi. "‘Girl still burning inside my head’: Reflections on suicide in Sri Lanka." Contributions to Indian Sociology 46, no. 1-2 (2012): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/006996671104600203.
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This chapter reflects on why suicide has become such a pervasive phenomenon in Sri Lankan society by engaging with the extensive scholarly literature that exists on this subject. Rather than trying to provide some overarching, mono-causal explanation, it seeks to illuminate the complexity of the issue and the varied and nuanced ways in which we might try to apprehend it, be it in conjunction with homicide or political conflict, social change or sexual anomie, restraint or collectivism. While problematising our re-course to the ‘work of culture’ and reading statistics against the grain, this chapter also highlights gendered dimensions and broader conceptual strands where we may not have thought to seek them.
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Majstorović, Vojin. "The Red Army in Yugoslavia, 1944–1945." Slavic Review 75, no. 2 (2016): 396–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.75.2.396.
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AbstractThis article discusses the Red Army’s behaviour in Yugoslavia in 1944 and 1945, focusing on the issue of rape. It explores the magnitude of the sexual violence that the Soviet troops perpetrated in the country by comparing it to their conduct in the countries which fought against the Soviet Union, arguing that the Red Army behaved with relative restraint in Yugoslavia. In order to explain the Soviet soldiers and officers’ behaviour there, the article focuses on the high command’s propaganda line about Yugoslavia, the army leadership’s disciplinary policies towards rapists and other criminals in the ranks, the frontline troops’ attitudes towards the Yugoslavs, the emergence of large number of stray soldiers behind the frontlines, and some Soviet soldiers’ tendency to abuse alcohol.
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Htun, Mala, and Francesca R. Jensenius. "Fighting Violence Against Women: Laws, Norms & Challenges Ahead." Daedalus 149, no. 1 (2020): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01779.
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In the 1990s and 2000s, pressure from feminist movements and allies succeeded in pushing scores of states to reform their laws to prevent and punish violence against women (VAW). Even in states with progressive legislation, however, activists face challenges to induce citizens to comply with the law, compel state authorities to enforce the law, and ensure the adequate allocation of resources for social support services. In this essay, we take stock of legislative developments related to VAW around the world, with a focus on the variation in approaches toward intimate partner violence and sexual harassment. We analyze efforts to align behavior with progressive legislation, and end with a discussion of the balance activists must strike between fighting VAW aggressively with the carceral and social support dimensions of state power, while exercising some restraint to avoid the potentially counterproductive effects of state action.
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Kang, Matthew, Hannah Bushell, Stuart Lee, et al. "Exploring behaviours of concern including aggression, self-harm, sexual harm and absconding within an Australian inpatient mental health service." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (2020): 394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220926940.
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Objective: Patients admitted to mental health services may exhibit behaviours of concern (BOCs) such as aggression, self-harm, absconding and sexual harm. BOCs can lead to restrictive interventions, which have adverse effects on patients, carers and staff. This paper aims to explore the nature and outcome of BOCs within an adult inpatient mental health setting. Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted at a metropolitan inpatient service between 1 August 2016 and 31 July 2017. The frequency, nature and outcomes of BOC episodes were described and thematic analysis was used to summarise BOC antecedents. Results: A BOC was documented for 179 (18.2%) patients who also showed high rates of drug abuse, homelessness and longer admission. Most self-harm and sexual harm events occurred outside of normal business hours. Medications and verbal de-escalation were commonly used interventions. Episodes of deliberate self-harm were likely to result in patient and staff injury or mechanical restraint, whereas aggression was associated with seclusion. Mental state, care engagement, physiological stress and situational stressor were identified as BOC antecedents. Conclusion: Multiple forms of BOCs were experienced with mental state, physical and interpersonal contributors identified. Improving multidisciplinary input into early assessment and treatment of BOC causes is needed to improve safety.
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Adams, Jessica M., Veronica Otero-Corchon, Geoffrey L. Hammond, Johannes D. Veldhuis, Nathan Qi, and Malcolm J. Low. "Somatostatin Is Essential for the Sexual Dimorphism of GH Secretion, Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Production, and Corticosterone Levels in Mice." Endocrinology 156, no. 3 (2015): 1052–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1429.
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Abstract Distinct male and female patterns of pituitary GH secretion produce sexually differentiated hepatic gene expression profiles, thereby influencing steroid and xenobiotic metabolism. We used a fully automated system to obtain serial nocturnal blood samples every 15 minutes from cannulated wild-type (WT) and somatostatin knockout (Sst-KO) mice to determine the role of SST, the principal inhibitor of GH release, in the generation of sexually dimorphic GH pulsatility. WT males had lower mean and median GH values, less random GH secretory bursts, and longer trough periods between GH pulses than WT females. Each of these parameters was feminized in male Sst-KO mice, whereas female Sst-KO mice had higher GH levels than all other groups, but GH pulsatility was unaffected. We next performed hepatic mRNA profiling with high-density microarrays. Male Sst-KO mice exhibited a globally feminized pattern of GH-dependent mRNA levels, but female Sst-KO mice were largely unaffected. Among the differentially expressed female-predominant genes was Serpina6, which encodes corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Increased CBG was associated with elevated diurnal peak plasma corticosterone in unstressed WT females and both sexes of Sst-KO mice compared with WT males. Sst-KO mice also had exaggerated ACTH and corticosterone responses to acute restraint stress. However, consistent with their lack of phenotypic signs of excess glucocorticoids, cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of free corticosterone in Sst-KO mice were not elevated. In summary, SST is necessary for the prolonged interpulse troughs that define masculinized pituitary GH secretion. SST also contributes to sexual dimorphism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via GH-dependent regulation of hepatic CBG production.
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Takemoto, Tina. "Drawing Complaint." Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas 1, no. 1-2 (2015): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23523085-00101005.
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Matthew Barney’s 2006 solo exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art showcased large-scale sculptures, drawings, and photographs relating to his filmDrawing Restraint 9featuring the artist and his partner Björk on a whaling ship in Japan. This essay examines Barney’s neo-Orientalist project in light of cultural appropriation and discusses the author’s participation inDrawing Complaint: Memoirs of Björk-Geisha,a guerrilla art scheme to interrupt the exhibition opening. The successes and failures of this intervention are considered alongside other artistic practices that deploy disidentification and hyperracial drag to interrogate the consumption of exotic and erotic spectacles only to encounter further exotification or cooptation. This essay also reflects on the instability of disidentificatory interventionist tactics as well as the psychic and personal toll of embodying toxic representations especially for queer artists of color who deliberately perform their own racial and sexual abjection as a mode of critique.
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Gamble, Nathan, and Michal Pruski. "Why are there no platypuses at the Olympics?: A teleological case for athletes with disorders of sexual development to compete within their sex category." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a7918.
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 In mid-2019, the controversy regarding South African runner Caster Semenya’s eligibility to participate in competitions against other female runners culminated in a Court of Arbitration for Sport judgement. Semenya possessed high endogenous testosterone levels (arguably a performance advantage), secondary to a disorder of sexual development. In this commentary, Aristotelean teleology is used to defend the existence of ‘male’ and ‘female’ as discrete categories. It is argued that once the athlete’s sex is established, they should be allowed to compete in the category of their sex without obligatory medical treatment. Indeed, other athletes who possess advantageous genetic or phenotypic traits that fall outside of the human norm have been allowed to compete as humans without restraint. In both cases, if an athlete possesses the essential attributes of being a human or being male or female they should be permitted to compete in those respective categories; athletes’ eligibilities should not be based upon accidental attributes.
 
 
 
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DOOLING, WAYNE. "POVERTY AND RESPECTABILITY IN EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY CAPE TOWN." Journal of African History 59, no. 3 (2018): 411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853718000786.
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AbstractCape Town's black population of the early twentieth century actively pursued lifestyles that might be described as respectable. But respectability was expensive, and poverty —characterised by poor housing, ill health and shortened lifespans — stood in the way of some of its most essential elements: cleanliness, sexual restraint, sobriety, and the creation of nuclear and gendered households. Black respectability, therefore, could not simply replicate that of the dominant white bourgeoisie. Most challenging was the development of rampant black criminality, often seen by contemporary observers as the result of the failure of black women to realise respectable households. Even attempts on the part of the state to create respectable citizenries floundered, partly because these initiatives were incompatible with the policies of racial segregation. The state and the dominant bourgeoisie put their faith in the black elite as the standard-bearers of respectability, but the reality was that the respectability of the ‘superior’ class was frequently indistinguishable from those below, a consequence of the fact that the boundary between these classes was highly porous.
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Bados, Arturo, Eugeni García-Grau, and Adela Fusté. "Predictores de la inmovilidad tónica ante eventos traumáticos." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 3 (2015): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.178491.
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Tonic immobility (TI) is a possible reaction to danger that is facilitated by intense fear, physical restraint and perceived inability to escape. Other variables that could affect TI, such as the type and characteristics of traumatic events and personal characteristics have been little or no studied. The present study evaluated the power of these variables to predict TI in a sample of 273 college students who had experienced at least one traumatic event. Of the sample, 7.7% and 13.2% responded with TI according to the two stricter definitions adopted. Most of the variables were significantly associated with TI in univariate analyses. However, in a multiple regression analysis, only certain features of the events (occurrence of physical/sexual abuse, number of different types of events experienced) and certain reactions to them (perception of how traumatic were the events, severe fear response) were significant predictors of TI. Since these predictors explained only 25% of the variance, the influence of other variables –such as neuroticism, negative affectivity and perceived lack of personal control or resources to cope with traumatic events– should be investigated.
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Rushton, J. Philippe. "Contributions to the History of Psychology: XC. Evolutionary Biology and Heritable Traits (with Reference to Oriental-White-Black Differences): The 1989 AAAS Paper." Psychological Reports 71, no. 3 (1992): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.811.
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Genetic distance estimates calculated from DNA sequencing indicate that in years since emergence from the ancestral hominid line, Mongoloids = 41,000, Caucasoids = 110,000, and Negroids = 200,000. Data also show that this succession is matched by numerous other differences such that Mongoloids > Caucasoids > Negroids in brain size and intelligence (cranial capacity = 1448, 1408, 1334 cm3; brain weight = 1351, 1336, 1286 gm.; millions of excess neurons = 8900, 8650, 8550; IQ = 107, 100, 85); maturational delay (age to walk alone, age of first intercourse, age of death); sexual restraint (ovulation rate, intercourse frequencies, sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS); quiescent temperament (aggressiveness, anxiety, sociability); and social organization (law abidingness, marital stability, mental health). This pattern is ordered by a theory of r/K reproductive strategies in which Mongoloids are posited to be more K-selected than Caucasoids and especially more than Negroids. ( K-selected reproductive strategies emphasize parental care and are to be contrasted with r-selected strategies which emphasize fecundity, the bioenergetic trade-off between which is postulated to underlie cross-species differences in brain size, speed of maturation, reproductive effort, and longevity.) It is suggested that this pattern came about because the ice ages exerted greater selection pressures on the later emerging populations to produce larger brains, longer lives, and more K-like behavior. One theoretical possibility is that evolution is progressive and that some populations are more “advanced” than others. Predictions are made concerning economic projections and the spread of AIDS.
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Hockey, Jenny, Angela Meah, and Victoria Robinson. "Fast Girls, Foreigners and GIs: An Exploration of the Discursive Strategies through Which the Status of Pre-Marital (Hetero)sexual Ignorance and Restraint Was Upheld during the Second World War." Sociological Research Online 14, no. 5 (2009): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2035.
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This paper explores contradictions within qualitative data gathered among women and men whose young adulthood coincided with the Second World War. These data were generated as part of an ESRC-funded project which investigated the making of heterosexual relationships cross-generationally. They suggest the co-existence of both a prevalent taboo or stigma associated with sexual knowledge and practice before and outside marriage, and personal experiences of precisely these engagements with embodied sexuality. Drawing on Charles Tilly's work, the paper argues that, when interrogated, these contradictions can reveal the strategies through which a creaky heterosexual consensus was shored up during a period of military upheaval that profoundly destabilised existing beliefs and practices. Tilly differentiated between academic historians who sought to reconcile ‘very large structural changes’ and ‘the changing experiences of ordinary people’ through either collectivist or individualist approaches to ‘history from below’. Neither of these methods could yield an adequate account, in his view. However, the ‘lay historians’ who participated in our study combined collectivist and individualist perspectives, thereby providing a unique insight into an era when collective values and individual practices were often in tension with one another. As our participants spoke about their young adulthood, their data revealed the potency of local gossip which mobilised wider discourses of alterity or ‘othering’, so shoring up a consensual view of sexual mores, despite the prevalence of attitudes and practices that contravened it. What we argue, therefore, is that rather than a half-remembered, contradictory account of heterosexuality during the 1920s and 1930s, the data we gathered in the early 21st century exemplifies precisely the discursive strategies of that period. In other words, these data shed light on the ways in which not only heterosexual norms, but also an entire, endangered system of distinctions based on class, gender and national identity was upheld.
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Anjum, Dr Tasneem. "The Confltct between Self and Society." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 11 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i11.10145.
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Sylvia Plath’s attractive personality, academic achievements and rigid mental makeup did not allow her to compromise and take failures. Self imposed restraint, both in her life and in poetry as well leads to despair. The wonderful years of her life with Ted which she writes and tells her mother, could not find a place in any of her poems. This camouflage forces her to lead double role in life, psychologically, a split personality. In art, this can lead to silence but in real life to suicide. She comes to stage where death and birth mean one and the same. She wanted to go back to the womb in exposition of “lost self”. This strain runs throughout her poems and gives a feeling that she might have died to give authenticity to her poetry. She could neither live with the mask on nor was prepared to expose her real self to the society in which she was an alien and here comes the breaking point. Kamala Das too fought with the society which looks upon women as sexual objects. She was a rebel and does not make any attempts to hide it. She fought with herself to become a unique person and articulated it through poetry.
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Bouw, N., S. C. J. Huijbregts, E. Scholte, and H. Swaab. "Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Prison: Experiences of Inmates, Instructors, and Prison Staff." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 15-16 (2019): 2550–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19856232.
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Mindfulness intervention aims to reduce stress and to improve physical and mental health. The present study investigated feasibility and effectiveness of mindfulness intervention in a prison context, in both a qualitative and quantitative fashion. Specifically, the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention was investigated, in a retrospective pre–post design, in five Dutch prisons. Twenty-two inmates (out of 25 approached, mean age: 40.1 years ( SD = 11.1), convicted of murder, manslaughter, sexual offenses, drug offenses, robbery with violence, and/or illegal restraint/kidnap, and sentenced to incarceration between 15 and 209 months ( M = 5.5 years; SD = 3.8) took part in a semistructured interview after completion of the MBSR intervention. The interviews addressed level of satisfaction and challenges regarding the MBSR intervention as well as potential effects on stress responsivity, coping style, impulse control, aggression, and self-esteem. Ten staff members and four MBSR instructors were interviewed about their own practical issues experienced while providing or facilitating the MBSR intervention, and about the effects or changes they observed in the inmates who underwent the intervention. Both participants and instructors/prison staff reported improvements in all of the addressed domains and expressed satisfaction with the intervention. Challenges were mainly identified in practical issues regarding the organization of the intervention sessions. Future studies should investigate mindfulness in longitudinal randomly controlled designs, should strive for a multi-method approach, and distinguish inmates according to personality characteristics.
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Jahng, J. W., J. Y. Kim, and J. H. Lee. "Palatable Food Access During Adolescence Increased BDNF Expression in the Nucleus Accumbens and Anxiety-/Depression-Like Behaviors in Males, But Not in Females." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.138.
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ObjectivesThis study was conducted to examine sexual dimorphic effects of highly palatable food access during adolescence and youth on psychoemotional behaviors of rats and its underlying neural mechanism.MethodsMale and female Sprague Dawley pups had free access to chocolate cookie rich in fat (highly palatable food) from postnatal day 28 in addition to ad libitum chow, and the control groups received chow only. The food conditions were continued though out the entire experimental period, and the neurochemical and behavioral measurements were performed during young adulthood. Corticosterone levels during 2 h of restraint stress were analyzed with radioimmunoassay, and ΔFosB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) with western blot analysis.ResultsCookie access did not affect body weight gain and total caloric intake in both sexes; however, it increased retroperitoneal fat depot only in males. The time spent in open arms during elevated plus maze test was decreased and immobility during forced swim test was increased in cookie-fed males, but not in cookie-fed females. Main effect of food condition on the stress-induced corticosterone increase was observed in males, but not in females, and cookie access increased BDNF expression in the NAc only in males.ConclusionsIncreased BDNF expression in the NAc and fat depot, in addition to the HPA axis dysfunction, may play roles in the pathophysiology of depression- and/or anxiety-like behaviors induced by cookie access.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Breiding Hansen, Malte. "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Rights Lost in Translation?" lambda nordica 23, no. 3-4 (2019): 122–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34041/ln.v23.553.
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Since 2003, the United Nations international human rights framework has moved notably toward increased international human rights recognition for sexual and gender minorities. Most recently, 2016 saw the adoption of an Independent Expert on violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Motivated by the nevertheless continued refusal by predominantly African and Middle Eastern countries to recognize any such human rights application, as well as postcolonial critiques of counterproductive moral imperialism and homonationalist strategies by proponent member States, this article asks how dynamics of member State disputes in the UN debates on SOGI-based rights may point to restraints and possibilities for achieving global human rights recognition for culturally diverse sexual and gender minorities. The article demonstrates how interand intradiscursive rules of formation in UN member State debates predicated on either universal or culturally relative readings of international human rights law reproduce normative polarization and obstruct national implementation of human rights protection for sexual and gender minorities. The article therefore finds universality truth claims to restrain transformative change, as well as represent a possibility for achieving human rights recognition through “perverse,” reiterations of the parameters of the universal, wielded from an open-ended multiplicity of sexual and gender minority expressions and articulations. A radical politics of top-down and bottom-up cultural translation is suggested as a possible strategy for human rights recognition for culturally diverse sexual and gender minorities.
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Bates, Elizabeth Stubbins. "The British Army’s Training in International Humanitarian Law." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 25, no. 2 (2020): 291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/kraa006.
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Abstract States must disseminate international humanitarian law (IHL) and integrate it into military instruction. Implementation of the IHL training obligation was delayed in the UK; when the government asserted that IHL was inapplicable to colonial warfare, resisted the development of the IHL of non-international armed conflict, and was keen to maintain the nuclear deterrent. Absent or perfunctory IHL training correlated with recurrent violations of the prohibitions of torture and inhuman treatment, from the 1950s to the 2000s. Despite official assertions that the British Army’s training in IHL was being reformed following the death of Baha Mousa in British military custody in 2003, there were gradual changes from 2004 to 2011, and more thorough improvements from 2012 to 2017. Training materials for soldiers and officers now offer breadth and detail on IHL, with elements of international human rights law. They implement the 71 recommendations in the Baha Mousa Public Inquiry Report which the Ministry of Defence accepted, and are supplemented by practical training. Yet these are reactive reforms, which still lack norm-by-norm evaluation of soldiers’ understanding. Prohibitions on humiliating or degrading treatment of a sexual nature, and on the intentional infliction of severe mental pain and suffering are (respectively) under-emphasised and absent. References to the necessity of restraint positions (as opposed to the prohibited stress positions) may cause confusion. There is a simplistic suggestion that reprisals are lawful if they are politically authorised. Training reforms have been cited as one reason to close criminal investigations into alleged war crimes: a response which neglects coexistent investigatory obligations.
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Tillis, Myra S. "Reducing the Risk of Acquiring: Aids." AAOHN Journal 34, no. 9 (1986): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998603400905.
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a primary concern to society at large and to the health care profession. It is the latest and the most life-threatening of the sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually active individuals, both homosexual and heterosexual, are at risk. These individuals should have access to education that will help them to understand risk reduction measures related to the HTLV-III virus that is responsible for AIDS infection. The condom is a device which has been used for years to prevent sexually transmitted diseases; however, instructions on correct use of this barrier are not stressed enough. The condom, when used correctly, is a possible means of preventing the exchange of body fluids by sexual intercourse. Nurses must take responsibility for providing preventive information to risk groups and especially occupational health nurses who are responsible for the health education of individuals in the work setting. Providing preventive education such as correct technique for condom use is one way to prevent or restrain the spread of AIDS.
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Rueda, Mª Mar, Beatriz Cobo, and Francisca López-Torrecillas. "Measuring Inappropriate Sexual Behavior Among University Students: Using the Randomized Response Technique to Enhance Self-Reporting." Sexual Abuse 32, no. 3 (2019): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063219825872.
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This article analyzes the efficacy of the randomized response technique (RRT) in achieving honest self-reporting about sexual behavior, compared with traditional survey techniques. A complex survey was conducted of 1,246 university students in Spain, who were asked sensitive quantitative questions about their sexual behavior, either via the RRT ( n = 754) or by direct questioning (DQ) ( n = 492). The RRT estimates of the number of times that the students were unable to restrain their inappropriate sexual behavior were significantly higher than the DQ estimates, among both male and female students. The results obtained suggest that the RRT method elicits higher values of self-stigmatizing reports of sexual experiences by increasing privacy in the data collection process. The RRT is shown to be a useful method for investigating sexual behavior.
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Lee, Dexter L., and Justin L. Wilson. "Urine from Sexually Mature Intact Male Mice Contributes to Increased Cardiovascular Responses during Free-Roaming and Restrained Conditions." ISRN Veterinary Science 2012 (February 9, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/185461.
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Pheromones in the urine regulate aggression of male mice and castrated males produce less of these pheromones. We tested the hypothesis that pheromones in the urine of sexually mature-intact (SMI) males placed in the cage bedding of an individually housed male mouse or in a mouse restrainer would contribute to a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and activity. Sexually mature male C57BL/6 mice were implanted with a biotelemetry transmitter to measure MAP, HR, and activity. Urine (200 μL) from SMI mice placed in the cages of singularly housed male mice caused significant changes above baseline values for MAP (21±4 mmHg), HR (145±25 bpm), and activity (9±2 counts) when compared to urine from castrated mice-induced MAP (11±3 mmHg), HR (70±15 bpm), and activity (5±1 counts). Pretreatment with terazosin significantly reduced the change in MAP (9±3 mmHg), heart rate (90±15 bpm), and activity (4±2 counts) responses to urine from SMI males. Saline did not significantly increase MAP, HR, or activity in any group. During restraint, urine from SMI mice caused a significant change in MAP (5±0.4 mmHg) and HR (17±1 bpm); urine from castrated mice did not cause a significant increase in MAP and HR. Our results demonstrate that a significant increase in MAP, HR, and activity occurs when male mice are exposed to urine pheromones from SMI males. In summary, pheromones in the urine of SMI male excreted in the cage bedding and mouse restrainers contribute to a significant increase in cardiovascular responses in the absence of direct physical contact with a different male mouse or animal handler.