Journal articles: 'SF6D'

1

Poder, T. G., and E. W. Gandji. "SF6D VALUE SETS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Value in Health 19, no. 3 (May 2016): A282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1931.

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Sari, Dewi Perwito, Asti Rahayu, and Digdo Suryagama. "Relationship between Behavior of Traditional Medicines Usage and Health-Related Quality of Life in Surabaya Community in 2019." Health Notions 4, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn40202.

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The use of traditional medicine, in general, is considered safer than modern medicine. This study aims to determine the relationship between frequency of traditional medicines usage, the type and amount of traditional medicines consumed on traditional drug user's health-related quality of life.This research was an observational study conducted in a cross-sectional way. The study was conducted in the city of Surabaya in 2019. Calculation of sample size required for 400 people using the Slovin formula. Inclusion Criteria of respondents were domiciled in Surabaya, had or were taking traditional medicine, aged over 17 years. The research instrument was in the form of a Questionnaire and Short Form 6 Dimension (SF6D) sheet that had been validated for the measurement of the quality of life for health. The instruments were distributed using the Snowball Sampling technique with Google Forms. While manual distribution using random sampling techniques to the people of Surabaya.The collected data were analyzed with the Spearman correlation test and the Kruskal Wallis test. All analyses were carried out with the help of SPSS.The results show that the frequency, type and amount of traditional medicine consumed had a p>0.05 to health-related quality of life. The behavior of traditional medicine usage shows that there is no significant relationship to health-related quality of life to the health of the Surabaya community. Keywords: health-related quality of life; traditional medicine; SF6D; behavior

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van Stel, HF, and E. Buskens. "UT5 COMPARISON OF THE SF6D AND THE EQ5D IN PATIENTS REQUIRING CORONARY REVASCULARISATION." Value in Health 5, no. 6 (November 2002): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)61236-3.

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Kharroubi, Samer A. "Modeling SF-6D Health Utilities: Is Bayesian Approach Appropriate?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168409.

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Background: Valuation studies of preference-based health measures like SF6D have been conducted in many countries. However, the cost of conducting such studies in countries with small populations or low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can be prohibitive. There is potential to use results from readily available countries’ valuations to produce better valuation estimates. Methods: Data from Lebanon and UK SF-6D value sets were analyzed, where values for 49 and 249 health states were extracted from samples of Lebanon and UK populations, respectively, using standard gamble techniques. A nonparametric Bayesian model was used to estimate a Lebanon value set using the UK data as informative priors. The resulting estimates were then compared to a Lebanon value set obtained using Lebanon data by itself via various prediction criterions. Results: The findings permit the UK evidence to contribute potential prior information to the Lebanon analysis by producing more precise valuation estimates than analyzing Lebanon data only under all criterions used. Conclusions: The positive findings suggest that existing valuation studies can be merged with a small valuation set in another country to produce value sets, thereby making own country value sets more attainable for LMICs.

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Mazari, Fayyaz Ali Khan, Yousef Shahin, Junaid Alam Khan, Nehemiah Samuel, Daniel Carradice, Peter Thomas McCollum, and Ian Clifford Chetter. "Comparison of Use of Short Form-36 Domain Scores and Patient Responses for Derivation of Preference-Based SF6D Index to Calculate Quality-Adjusted Life Years in Patients with Intermittent Claudication." Annals of Vascular Surgery 34 (July 2016): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2015.12.028.

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Bayfield, Katie J., Alex Horsley, Eric Alton, Samantha Irving, Andrew Bush, and Jane C. Davies. "Simultaneous sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen multiple-breath washout (MBW) to examine inherent differences in MBW outcomes." ERJ Open Research 5, no. 4 (October 2019): 00234–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00234-2018.

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Multiple-breath washout (MBW) can be performed with different gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen (N2)) and different devices, all of which give discrepant results. This study aimed to confirm previously reported differences and explore factors influencing discrepant results; equipment factors or the physical properties of gases used.MethodsHealthy controls (HCs) and participants with cystic fibrosis (CF) completed MBW trials on two commercially available devices (Exhalyzer D (N2) and Innocor (SF6)). Simultaneous washout of both gases at the same time on the commercial equipment and simultaneous washouts using a respiratory mass spectrometer (RMS) were completed in subsets. Primary outcomes were lung clearance index (LCI), breath number and time required to washout.ResultsBreath number was higher with N2 washout than SF6 in both HCs and patients with CF, whether washouts were completed individually or simultaneously. The difference was greater in more advanced disease, largely caused by differences in the final part of the washout. Results from commercial devices were similar to those obtained with the RMS.ConclusionsN2 MBW results were higher than SF6 MBW, with some of the largest differences reported to date being observed. The biggest impact was at the end of the washout and this was even the case when gases were washed out simultaneously. N2 and SF6 MBW results are inherently different and should be considered as independent measurements.

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Kwon, Soondong, Dongyoun Kim, Bongsoo Han, and Kiwoon Kwon. "Regularization of DT-MRI Using 3D Median Filtering Methods." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/285367.

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DT-MRI (diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging) tractography is a method to determine the architecture of axonal fibers in the central nervous system by computing the direction of the principal eigenvectors obtained from tensor matrix, which is different from the conventional isotropic MRI. Tractography based on DT-MRI is known to need many computations and is highly sensitive to noise. Hence, adequate regularization methods, such as image processing techniques, are in demand. Among many regularization methods we are interested in the median filtering method. In this paper, we extended two-dimensional median filters already developed to three-dimensional median filters. We compared four median filtering methods which are two-dimensional simple median method (SM2D), two-dimensional successive Fermat method (SF2D), three-dimensional simple median method (SM3D), and three-dimensional successive Fermat method (SF3D). Three kinds of synthetic data with different altitude angles from axial slices and one kind of human data from MR scanner are considered for numerical implementation by the four filtering methods.

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Dailey, Stephanie F., Carman S. Gill, Shannon L. Karl, and Casey A. Barrio Minton. "Historical Underpinnings, Structural Alterations and Philosophical Changes: Counseling Practice Implications of the DSM-5." Professional Counselor 4, no. 3 (July 2014): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15241/sfd.4.3.166.

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9

Canard, Jean-Mare. "SFED La Lettre de la SFED." Acta Endoscopica 34, no. 4 (August 2004): 497–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03006344.

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Park, Yeon-Hyun, Young-Woo Joo, Jae-Kwon Kim, Ho-Seob Noh, and Je-Won Lee. "Capacitively Coupled SF6, SF6/O2, SF6/CH4Plasma Etching of Acrylic at Low Vacuum Pressure." Korean Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 2 (February 27, 2009): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2009.19.2.068.

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11

Bianconi, S., G. Stutz, M. R. Solís, A. C. Martini, L. M. Vincenti, M. F. Ponzio, E. Luque, C. Avendaño, P. Quiroga, and M. E. Santillán. "Maternal and postnatal high-fat diets with high ω6 : ω3 ratios affect the reproductive performance of male offspring in the mouse." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 11 (2018): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd17552.

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High-fat diets (HFDs) are an acknowledged risk factor for male subfertility, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study we compared the effects of two HFDs with different ω6 : ω3 ratios, one enriched with soy oil (SOD; ω6 : ω3 = 9.62) and another enriched with sunflower oil (SFOD; ω6 : ω3 = 51.55), with those of a commercial diet (CD; ω6 : ω3 = 19.87), supplied from pregnancy to adulthood, on morphometric parameters and reproductive performance in adult male mice (recommended ω6 : ω3 for rodents = 1–6). Bodyweight was significantly higher in the SFOD than CD group, and relative testicular weight was significantly lower in the SFOD than the other two groups. SFOD altered sperm performance: it reduced sperm viability (mean ± s.e.m.; 76.00 ± 1.35% vs 82.50 ± 1.45% and 80.63 ± 1.00% in the SFOD vs CD and SOD groups respectively; P < 0.05) and increased the percentage of immature spermatozoa (71.88 ± 7.17% vs 51.38 ± 5.87% and 48.00 ± 5.72% in the SFOD vs CD and SOD groups respectively; P < 0.05). The epididymal ω6 : ω3 ratio was higher in the SFOD versus CD and SOD groups, whereas the unsaturation index was higher in the SOD and SFOD groups than in CD group. Sperm membrane integrity was diminished in both the SOD and SFOD groups, but there was no difference in sperm reactive oxygen species production in these two groups compared with the CD group. The fertilisation rate was lower in the SFOD compared with the CD and SOD groups. In conclusion, although both HFDs affected sperm quality, the fertilising ability was more altered by the excessive dietary ω6 : ω3 ratio than by the net ω6 content.

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Gérard, Jean-Pierre, Thierry André, Frédéric Bibeau, Thierry Conroy, Jean-Louis Legoux, Guillaume Portier, Jean-François Bosset, Guillaume Cadiot, Olivier Bouché, and Laurent Bedenne. "Rectal cancer: French Intergroup clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO)." Digestive and Liver Disease 49, no. 4 (April 2017): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.152.

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Zaanan, Aziz, Olivier Bouché, Leonor Benhaim, Bruno Buecher, Nicolas Chapelle, Olivier Dubreuil, Nadim Fares, et al. "Gastric cancer: French intergroup clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO)." Digestive and Liver Disease 50, no. 8 (August 2018): 768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.04.025.

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Seo, Jeong-Ah, and Jae-Hyuk Yu. "The Phosducin-Like Protein PhnA Is Required for Gβγ-Mediated Signaling for Vegetative Growth, Developmental Control, and Toxin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 2 (February 2006): 400–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.5.2.400-410.2006.

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ABSTRACT Phosducin or phosducin-like protein (PhLP) is a positive regulator of Gβγ activity. The Gβ (SfaD) and Gγ (GpgA) subunits function in vegetative growth and developmental control in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. To better understand the nature of Gβγ-mediated signaling, phnA, encoding an A. nidulans PhLP, has been studied. Deletion of phnA resulted in phenotypes almost identical to those caused by deletion of sfaD, i.e., reduced biomass, asexual sporulation in liquid submerged culture, and defective fruiting body formation, suggesting that PhnA is necessary for Gβ function. The requirement for the RGS protein FlbA in asexual sporulation could be bypassed by the ΔphnA mutation, indicating that PhnA functions in FlbA-controlled vegetative growth signaling, primarily mediated by the heterotrimeric G protein composed of FadA (Gα), SfaD, and GpgA. However, whereas deletion of fadA restored both asexual sporulation and the production of sterigmatocystin (ST), deletion of sfaD, gpgA, or phnA failed to restore ST production in the ΔflbA mutant. Further studies revealed that SfaD, GpgA, and PhnA are necessary for the expression of aflR, encoding the transcriptional activator for the ST biosynthetic genes, and subsequent ST biosynthesis. Overexpression of aflR bypassed the need for SfaD in ST production, indicating that the results of SfaD-mediated signaling may include transcriptional activation of aflR. Potential differential roles of FadA, Gβγ, and FlbA in controlling ST biosynthesis are further discussed.

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Moureau-Zabotto, Laurence, Veronique Vendrely, Laurent Abramowitz, Christophe Borg, Eric Francois, Diane Goere, Florence Huguet, et al. "Anal cancer: French Intergroup Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, SNFCP)." Digestive and Liver Disease 49, no. 8 (August 2017): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.05.011.

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Locher, Christophe, Blaise Batumona, Pauline Afchain, Nicolas Carrère, Emmanuelle Samalin, Christophe Cellier, Thomas Aparicio, et al. "Small bowel adenocarcinoma: French intergroup clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO)." Digestive and Liver Disease 50, no. 1 (January 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.09.123.

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Matysiak-Budnik, Tamara, Bettina Fabiani, Christophe Hennequin, Catherine Thieblemont, Georgia Malamut, Guillaume Cadiot, Olivier Bouché, and Agnès Ruskoné-Fourmestraux. "Gastrointestinal lymphomas: French Intergroup clinical practice recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, SFH)." Digestive and Liver Disease 50, no. 2 (February 2018): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.12.006.

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Neuzillet, Cindy, Sébastien Gaujoux, Nicolas Williet, Jean-Baptiste Bachet, Lucile Bauguion, Laurianne Colson Durand, Thierry Conroy, et al. "Pancreatic cancer: French clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, ACHBT, AFC)." Digestive and Liver Disease 50, no. 12 (December 2018): 1257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.08.008.

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Peng, Hsing-Yi, Attapol Tiantong, Shuen-Ei Chen, Piya Piamya, Wen-Bor Liu, Huo-Cheng Peh, Jai-Wei Lee, Ming-Tsao Chen, Hajime Nagahata, and Chai-Ju Chang. "UltrasonicatedEnterococcus faeciumSF68 enhances neutrophil free radical production and udder innate immunity of drying-off dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 80, no. 3 (June 28, 2013): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029913000319.

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Proper dry cow management is critical not only for subsequent milk production and fertility but also for mastitis control. A phenomenon of immunosuppression was commonly observed in transition cows, an example being the high susceptibility of the mammary gland during early the dry period to new infectious agents. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play important defence roles in the mammary gland of newly dried cows. One of the bactericidal mechanisms of PMN is through producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be efficiently quantified by chemiluminescence (CL) assay. In the current study, the potential of intramammary application of a commercialEnterococcus faeciumSF68 (SF68) product to enhance the local innate immunity of newly dried mammary glands was evaluated based on the CL assay. The preliminary experiments in vitro indicated virtual dose-responsiveness of ROS generation from three different cell preparations, bovine blood PMN, bovine blood PMN pre-conditioned with cow milk, and the post-diapedesis model somatic cells from cow milk, on their exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), viable SF68, and ultrasonicated SF68, but not dry-heated SF68. Because ultrasonication treatment was found to profoundly enhance the immunogenicity of SF68 in vitro, in the following animal trial, single infusion of either 5 or 10×107original cfu of ultrasonicated SF68 was randomly applied to the front quarters and phosphate-bufferedsaline (PBS) applied to the rear quarters of each of the four experimental cows on the first day of milk stasis. The results showed that within the first post-infusion week, ultrasonicated SF68 induced a faster and greater (P<0·05) recruitment of PMN into mammary lumen with no apparent local or systemic inflammatory sign. Meanwhile, ultrasonicated SF68 also induced a greater (P<0·05) ROS production in response to PMA challenge by in situ somatic cells of mammary secretion. Taken together, ultrasonicated SF68 modulated ROS generation of bovine neutrophils, and would be a potential enhancer of udder innate immunity in drying-off dairy cows. More thorough work is warranted.

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Fan, Denggui, Xinle Song, and Fucheng Liao. "Synchronization of Coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo Neurons Using Self-Feedback Time Delay." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 28, no. 02 (February 2018): 1850031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127418500311.

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Many neurological diseases are characterized by abnormally synchronous oscillations of neuronal populations. However, how the neurons can synchronize with each other is still not fully understood, which may have potentially hampered the understanding and diagnosis for these dynamical diseases. In this paper, the self-feedback time delay (SFTD) and adaptive control theory are employed to control the onset of synchronization in the coupled FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) neurons. It is found that the larger SFTD can induce the complete synchronization of coupled neuronal system. Further investigation reveals that the reinforcing SFTD can significantly postpone the synchronization onsets. In addition, for the case that synchronization cannot be achieved by adjusting SFTD, the parameter estimation update laws and adaptive controller with respect to SFTD of coupled system are investigated to deduce the sufficient condition for complete synchronization. Simulations are also provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. In particular, we observed the fascinating dynamical synchronization transitions, such as chaotic synchronization and bursting synchronization transitions, as well as the transition from anti-synchronization to complete synchronization.

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Sharakhmetov, S. Е., T. R. Barakbayev, and T. O. Adayev. "Efficiency of Sonar Fish Protection Device at the Kokaral Dam of the Small Aral Sea." Central Asian Journal of Water Research 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-1/158-176.eng.

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The study aimed to assess the efficiency of the pilot hydro-acoustic (sonar) fish protection device (SFPD) installed at the Kokaral Dam of the Small Aral Sea. For this purpose, between August 27 and September 5, 2020 experimental and control fish catching was carried out using fixed fishing nets (30×60 mm mesh). The SFPD’s effectiveness was assessed based on the amount and species diversity of the caught fish with and without the SFPD operating. Fish behavior and distribution were monitored using an echo sounder. In terms of quantity, 173 fish were caught with the SFPD off, and 94 with the SFPD on. In terms of biomass, the values were 37.5 kg and 27.6 kg, respectively. With the SFPD off, the ichthyofauna composition was represented by 12 fish species: carp, crucian carp, roach, ide, bream, common rudd, saber carp, snakehead, pike perch, perch, pike, and asp. With the SFPD on, roach and ide were absent in the catch, and the quantity of common rudd significantly decreased. In both catches, the quantity of carp and crucian carp was similar; bream and saber carp specimen were sporadic. The number of predatory fish (pike, perch, snakeheads, and pike perch) in the catches increased. Asp was absent in the net catches also; however, this fish species represents the main object of amateur hook and line fishing. Based on the catch-per-effort unit, it can be concluded that whereas the SFPD observed efficiency for small non-predatory fish like ide, roach, and common rudd was 95%, it was 0% for large non-predatory fish (carp and crucian carp); and negative for predatory fish.

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Landi, Bruno, Jean-Yves Blay, Sylvie Bonvalot, Mathilde Brasseur, Jean Michel Coindre, Jean François Emile, Vincent Hautefeuille, et al. "Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs): French Intergroup Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO)." Digestive and Liver Disease 51, no. 9 (September 2019): 1223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2019.07.006.

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Viggiano, A. A., Robert A. Morris, and John F. Paulson. "Effects of O−2 and SF6 vibrational energy on the rate constant for charge transfer between O−2 and SF61." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 135, no. 1 (July 1994): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(94)03976-3.

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Wen, Hao, Xiaoxing Zhang, Rong Xia, Zilai Yang, and Yunjian Wu. "Thermal Decomposition Properties of Epoxy Resin in SF6/N2 Mixture." Materials 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12010075.

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As a promising alternative for pure SF6, the mixture of SF6/N2 appears to be more economic and environment-friendly on the premise of maintaining similar dielectric properties with pure SF6. But less attention has been paid to the thermal properties of an SF6/N2 mixture, especially with insulation materials overheating happening simultaneously. In this paper, thermal decomposition properties of epoxy resin in SF6/N2 mixture with different SF6 volume rates were studied, and the concentrations of characteristic decomposition components were detected based on concentrations change of some characteristic gas components such as CO2, SO2, H2S, SOF2, and CF4. The results showed that thermal properties of 20% SF6/N2 (volume fraction of SF6 is 20%) mixture has faster degradation than 40% SF6/N2 mixture. As ratio of SF6 content decreases, thermal stability of the system decreases, and the decomposition process of SF6 is exacerbated. Moreover, a mathematical model was established to determine happening of partial overheating faults on the epoxy resin surface in SF6/N2 mixture. Also thermal decomposition process of epoxy resin was simulated by the ReaxFF force field to reveal basic chemical reactions in terms of bond-breaking order, which further verified that CO2 and H2O produced during thermal decomposition of epoxy resin can intensify degradation of SF6 dielectric property.

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Vlaming, J. B., I. M. Brookes, S. O. Hoskin, C. S. Pinares-Patiño, and H. Clark. "The possible influence of intra-ruminal sulphur hexafluoride release rates on calculated methane emissions from cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-056.

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Estimates of methane (CH4) production from grazing animals are routinely made using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. While this technique is generally regarded as useful, some investigators report a higher variability in measurements when compared with calorimetry. The SF6 technique is a marker dilution method in which a known release rate of SF6 from an intra-ruminal permeation tube is used to calculate CH4 emissions from the ratio of SF6:CH4 in expired breath. The release rate of SF6 is unique for each tube, and although calculated CH4 emissions should be independent of SF6 release rate, an analysis of research conducted in New Zealand has suggested a possible influence of SF6 release rate upon calculated CH4 emissions. A modified cross-over design, with two groups of six steers given either one (2.878 mg SF6 d-1) or two (7.336 mg SF6 d-1) permeation tubes and offered either energy maintenance (M) or 2 × M levels of feed intake was undertaken to determine the effect of SF6 release rate and intake on calculated CH4 emissions. A high SF6 release rate elevated the calculated CH4 emission per day (P < 0.001) and per kg dry matter intake (kg DMI) by 19% (P < 0.001) irrespective of the level of intake. Release rate of SF6 can affect the calculated CH4 emissions from animals when employing the SF6 tracer technique. Key words: Methane, SF6 tracer technique, cattle, variability, feeding level

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Loguercio, C., C. Del Vecchio Blanco, and M. Coltorti. "Enterococcus Lactic Acid Bacteria Strain SF68 and Lactulose in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Controlled Study." Journal of International Medical Research 15, no. 6 (November 1987): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006058701500602.

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Forty cirrhotic patients with non-advanced hepatic encephalopathy were randomly allocated into groups which were given orally either two capsules three times daily of a preparation of Enterococcus lactic acid bacteria strain SF68 or 30 ml lactulose four times daily. The patients were evaluated over a 10-day course of treatment and for 10 days post-treatment. The Enterococcus SF68 preparation proved to be as effective as lactulose in lowering blood ammonia, and in improving mental state and psychometric performance. Moreover, the effects of Enterococcus SF68, contrary to that of lactulose, persisted longer after treatment withdrawal. Some patients reported diarrhoea and abdominal pain with lactulose. Lactulose is a standard therapy in the treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. In this study, however, the use of the Enterococcus SF68 preparation was shown to offer advantages over lactulose in these patients.

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Li, Guo Xing, Lin Li, and Zi Qiu Jiang. "The Low Temperature Liquefaction Characteristic Test of Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Used in Electrical Equipment." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.344.

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To study the low temperature liquefaction characteristics of SF6 for the operation security of electric equipments in cold area, the writer carries out the low temperature liquefaction test of SF6 respectively in laboratory and outdoors by using SF6 gas low temperature experimental apparatus. According to the results of the test and the Beattie-Bridgman SF6 empirical formula, SF6 gas state parameter curve is plotted and a concise practical SF6 gas state parameter formula is got. This formula is more applicable to electric equipments outdoors. The results show that SF6 gas is easier to liquefy in cold area, and the liquefaction temperature of SF6 gas is in proportion to gas pressure. So the liquefaction temperature of electric equipments operated in cold area should not be higher than the lowest area temperature. Otherwise, measures must be taken to prevent SF6 gas from liquefaction.

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Li, Meng, Rui Qi Wang, Jun Peng Zhang, Dong Wang, and Dong Cao. "2-D Simulation of Cathode-Directed Streamer in SF₆/N₂ Gas Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.427.

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SF6 has been widely used in the power industry as an arc quenching and insulation medium due to its excellent physical and chemical properties since 1960. However, experience shows that SF6 gas medium has many disadvantages under certain conditions: gas may encounter liquefaction when installed in cold areas; SF6 is still expensive; dielectric strength is sensitive to electric field, and require higher equipment design and manufacturing processes; SF6 is a greenhouse gas, and is used under limitations since the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997[. Unfortunately, its difficult to find no environment hazards and to replace SF6 completely at present. In view that the greenhouse impact of SF6 is still very little (it is estimated less than 0.01%) in the atmosphere recently and it does not damage the ozone layer, it becomes a focus to find gas mixtures containing SF6 to replace pure SF6 gas to reduce the emissions and environmental impact of SF6. Scientists from all countries and international major GIS manufacturers, electric power sector are working together to develop new gas mixture of SF6-insulated electrical equipment [2].

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Khusanova, Y., O. Le Fèvre, P. Cassata, O. Cucciati, B. C. Lemaux, L. A. M. Tasca, R. Thomas, et al. "UV and Lyα luminosity functions of galaxies and star formation rate density at the end of HI reionization from the VIMOS UltraDeep Survey (VUDS)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 634 (February 2020): A97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935400.

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Context. The star formation rate density (SFRD) evolution presents an area of great interest in the studies of galaxy evolution and reionization. The current constraints of SFRD at z > 5 are based on the rest-frame UV luminosity functions with the data from photometric surveys. The VIMOS UltraDeep Survey (VUDS) was designed to observe galaxies at redshifts up to ∼6 and opened a window for measuring SFRD at z > 5 from a spectroscopic sample with a well-controlled selection function. Aims. We establish a robust statistical description of the star-forming galaxy population at the end of cosmic HI reionization (5.0 ≤ z ≤ 6.6) from a large sample of 49 galaxies with spectroscopically confirmed redshifts. We determine the rest-frame UV and Lyα luminosity functions and use them to calculate SFRD at the median redshift of our sample z = 5.6. Methods. We selected a sample of galaxies at 5.0 ≤ zspec ≤ 6.6 from the VUDS. We cleaned our sample from low redshift interlopers using ancillary photometric data. We identified galaxies with Lyα either in absorption or in emission, at variance with most spectroscopic samples in the literature where Lyα emitters (LAE) dominate. We determined luminosity functions using the 1/Vmax method. Results. The galaxies in this redshift range exhibit a large range in their properties. A fraction of our sample shows strong Lyα emission, while another fraction shows Lyα in absorption. UV-continuum slopes vary with luminosity, with a large dispersion. We find that star-forming galaxies at these redshifts are distributed along the main sequence in the stellar mass vs. SFR plane, described with a slope α = 0.85 ± 0.05. We report a flat evolution of the specific SFR compared to lower redshift measurements. We find that the UV luminosity function is best reproduced by a double power law, while a fit with a Schechter function is only marginally inferior. The Lyα luminosity function is best fitted with a Schechter function. We derive a logSFRDUV(M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3) = −1.45+0.06−0.08 and logSFRDLyα(M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3) = −1.40+0.07−0.08. The SFRD derived from the Lyα luminosity function is in excellent agreement with the UV-derived SFRD after correcting for IGM absorption. Conclusions. Our new SFRD measurements at a mean redshift of z = 5.6 are ∼0.2 dex above the mean SFRD reported in Madau & Dickinson (2014, ARA&A, 52, 415), but in excellent agreement with results from Bouwens et al. (2015a, ApJ, 803, 34). These measurements confirm the steep decline of the SFRD at z > 2. The bright end of the Lyα luminosity function has a high number density, indicating a significant star formation activity concentrated in the brightest LAE at these redshifts. LAE with equivalent width EW > 25 Å contribute to about 75% of the total UV-derived SFRD. While our analysis favors low dust content in 5.0 < z < 6.6, uncertainties on the dust extinction correction and associated degeneracy in spectral fitting will remain an issue, when estimating the total SFRD until future surveys extending spectroscopy to the NIR rest-frame spectral domain, such as with JWST.

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Raw, Katherine, Emma Sherry, and Katie Rowe. "Sport-For-Development Organizational Hybridity: From Differentiated to Dysfunctional." Journal of Sport Management 33, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 467–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0273.

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Despite recent advances in sport-for-development (SFD) literature, few scholars have empirically examined organizational hybridity in SFD contexts. This is despite hybrid organizational approaches becoming increasingly common in the delivery of SFD initiatives. Opportunities exist for researchers to build knowledge regarding SFD hybrids, particularly those which operate in professional sport contexts. In this research, we examine an SFD organization, delivered by a professional sport team, which operates under a hybrid structure. A longitudinal qualitative case study design was employed, and findings demonstrate how the SFD organization, which presents a practical example of organizational hybridity, evolved over time. Drawing upon Svensson typologies of SFD hybrids, results illustrate how the organization transformed from a differentiated hybrid into a dysfunctional hybrid, under the influence of funding opportunities and institutional logics. Through the present study, we build upon theoretical understandings of SFD hybrids and offer practical insight into the nuances of SFD hybrids delivered in professional sport contexts.

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Metodiev, N., D. Dimov, I. Ralchev, E. Raicheva, and M. Ignatova. "The effect of saltfree - salt diet on the reproductive performance of Ile de France ewes." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 22, no. 1 (2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2007.

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The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of salt-free - salt diet (SFSD) on the size of antral follicles during salt consumption, the duration of controlled breeding campaign and the fertilities of ewes from the Ile de France breed. Тhe experiment was carried out with 57 ewes, which were divided into 3 groups (19 ewes in each) depending on whether they were subjected to SFSD and their contacts with rams during the first 8 days of the beginning of breeding: Group I – SFSD + ram contact; Group II – only SFSD; Group III – no SFSD, only ram contacts. The first day of the salt diet coincided with the first day of ram contacts. Transrectal ultrasound examinations of the ovaries were done on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. The time of manifestation of estrus (in days), pregnancy rate and fecundity were studied. A significant effect of time (P<0.05) and diet (P<0.01) on the size of follicles was established. The onset of the first estrus, the shortest terms of breeding campaign, the fertility and the fecundity results gave us reason to favour the scheme applied to Group II. A stimulatory effect of the diet in that study was demonstrated, but the pattern was different from our previous studies.

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Lappin, Michael R., Julia K. Veir, Ebenezer Satyaraj, and Gail Czarnecki-Maulden. "Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Oral Supplementation of Enterococcus Faecium SF68 on Cats with Latent Feline Herpesvirus 1." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 8 (August 2009): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.12.006.

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Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) infection is extremely common in cats and is frequently associated with morbidity because of recurrent ocular and respiratory clinical signs of disease. Enterococcus faecium strain SF68 is an immune-enhancing probiotic used as a dietary supplement. In this pilot study, 12 cats with chronic FHV-1 infection were administered either SF68 or a placebo, monitored for clinical signs of disease, monitored for FHV-1 shedding, and evaluated for FHV-1 specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and fecal microbiome stability. Fecal microbial diversity was maintained throughout the study in cats supplemented with SF68, but decreased in cats fed the placebo, indicating a more stable microbiome in cats fed SF68. While clinical results varied among individual cats, the overall findings suggest that administration of the probiotic lessened morbidity associated with chronic FHV-1 infection in some cats. Additional study is warranted to determine efficacy in a clinical setting.

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Phelip, Jean Marc, David Tougeron, David Léonard, Leonor Benhaim, Grégoire Desolneux, Aurélien Dupré, Pierre Michel, et al. "Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): French intergroup clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatments and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, SFR)." Digestive and Liver Disease 51, no. 10 (October 2019): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2019.05.035.

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Levin, I., T. Naegler, R. Heinz, D. Osusko, E. Cuevas, A. Engel, J. Ilmberger, et al. "Atmospheric observation-based global SF6 emissions – comparison of top-down and bottom-up estimates." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 6 (December 11, 2009): 26653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-26653-2009.

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Abstract. Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), one of the strongest greenhouse gases on a per molecule basis, are targeted to be collectively reduced under the Kyoto Protocol. Because of its long atmospheric lifetime (≈3000 years), the accumulation of SF6 in the atmosphere is a direct measure of its global emissions. Examination of our extended data set of globally distributed high-precision SF6 observations shows an increase in SF6 abundance from near zero in the 1970s to a global mean of 6.7 ppt by the end of 2008. In-depth evaluation of our long-term data records shows that the global source of SF6 decreased after 1995, most likely due to SF6 emission reductions in industrialised countries, but increased again after 1998. By subtracting those emissions reported by Annex I countries to the United Nations Framework Convention of Climatic Change (UNFCCC) from our observation-inferred SF6 source leaves a surprisingly large gap of more than 70–80% of non-reported SF6 emissions in the last decade.

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35

Richman, Kent W., and Ajit Banerjee. "Low-lying states of SF6 and SF6?: Electron affinity of SF6 and electron detachment of SF6?" International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 48, S27 (March 13, 1993): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560480868.

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36

Wang, Yu, Li Li, and Yong Yan Zhou. "SF6 Byproducts in Simulated Electric Equipment of Overheating Faults in High Humidity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.746.

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The decomposition of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in overheated electric equipment at different temperature in high humidity was simulated in the study. SF6 is very stable and not significantly decomposed at 200 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C. SF6 is significantly decomposed at 350 °C. SF6 is more easily to be decomposed and decomposed more rapidly at higher temperature. The concentrations of SF6 byproducts are much higher at higher temperature. SF6 will be decomposed to format HF. The concentration of HF will decrease when its concentration increases up to a certain concentration. It may be because that HF was strongly corrosive and its corrosion to inner equipment made the concentration of HF decreasing.

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Yang, Ren, Mengyuan Xu, Jing Yan, Minghao Yang, Yingsan Geng, Zhiyuan Liu, and Jianhua Wang. "Decomposition Characteristics of SF6 under Arc Discharge and the Effects of Trace H2O, O2, and PTFE Vapour on Its By-Products." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020414.

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The research on decomposition characteristics of SF6 and its by-products have great significance to the operation, maintenance, condition assessment and fault diagnosis of power equipment. In this paper, the particle composition models of SF6, SF6/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), SF6/PTFE/O2, SF6/PTFE/H2O, and SF6/PTFE/O2/H2O were established by using Gibbs free energy minimization method, and the effects of trace H2O and O2 impurities and PTFE vapour on SF6 by-products were studied by the models. In order to verify the correctness of the simulation results, a series of breaking experiments were carried out on a 40.5 kV SF6 circuit breaker, and a gas chromatograph was used to detect and analyse the SF6 by-products. It was found that when PTFE vapour is involved in the arc plasma, the main by-product after arc quenching is CF4, and the molar fractions of C2F6 and C3F8 are very low. When O2 is involved, the main by-products are SOF2, SO2 and SO2F2, and a small amount of CO and CO2 was also produced. When H2O is involved, the main by-products in simulation are SOF2, SO2 and HF, and a small amount of SO2, CO2, CO, SO2F2 and H2 was also produced. The experimental results are in good agreement with the above results.

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Jiang, Tao, Xiangzhao Meng, Qiming Wei, Lijun Jin, and Yanjun Sun. "The Development of SF6 Green Substitute Gas." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 9063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169063.

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Due to its high greenhouse effect, the use of SF6 as the main insulating gas is restricted in the electric power field. Along with the aim of environmental protection, the search for new alternative gases with a lower greenhouse effect and higher insulation strength has received a lot of attention. The properties of alternative gases have a vital impact on the performance of medium-voltage power distribution equipment. Firstly, based on the existing liquefaction temperatures of SF6/N2, SF6/CO2, and SF6/CF4, the calculated liquefaction temperatures were expanded to 0.7 MPa. Combining the Antoine vapor-pressure equation and the basic law of vapor–liquid balance, the vapor pressures of SF6/N2, CF3I/N2, c-C4F8/N2, C4-PFN/N2, C4-PFN/CO2, and C5-PFK/CO2 were obtained. Secondly, the critical breakdown field strength was analyzed for C4-PFN/CO2, C5-PFK/CO2, SF6, CF3I/N2, C5-PFK/Air, and c-C4F8/N2. Finally, the GWPs of SF6/N2, C4-PFN/N2, C4-PFN/CO2, C5-PFK/CO2, and C5-PFK/N2 were discussed. The results show that the liquefaction temperature gradually decreases as the pressure rises; SF6/N2 has the highest vapor pressure at −5 °C; the critical breakdown field strengths of several mixtures are higher than that of SF6.

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39

Schulenkorf, Nico. "The Contributions of Special Events to Sport-for-Development Programs." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 6 (November 2016): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0066.

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For several years, sport-for-development (SFD) programs have been implemented around the world to make a positive difference for disadvantaged or underprivileged communities. Within this context, special events have been used to complement regular development activities to celebrate social, cultural, and sporting achievements. To date, little managerial work has been conducted on the specific contributions that special events can play in the context of ongoing SFD endeavors. In addressing this issue, this paper presents findings from an empirical investigation of a participatory SFD event in the Pacific Islands. Findings suggest that special events can create new interest and excitement for SFD activities, reengage stakeholders to the wider SFD program, leverage partnerships, and provide opportunities to build and shape local management capacity. In discussing these findings, the paper highlights potential positive and negative impacts of special SFD events and provides practical and theoretical implications for SFD program design, management, and leverage.

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40

Olfert, I. Mark, and G. Kim Prisk. "Effect of 60° head-down tilt on peripheral gas mixing in the human lung." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 3 (September 2004): 827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01379.2003.

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The phase III slope of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in a single-breath washout (SBW) is greater than that of helium (He) under normal gravity (i.e., 1G), thus resulting in a positive SF6-He slope difference. In microgravity (μG), SF6-He slope difference is smaller because of a greater fall in the phase III slope of SF6 than He. We sought to determine whether increasing thoracic fluid volume using 60° head-down tilt (HDT) in 1G would produce a similar effect to μG on phase III slopes of SF6 and He. Single-breath vital capacity (SBW) and multiple-breath washout (MBW) tests were performed before, during, and 60 min after 1 h of HDT. Compared with baseline (SF6 1.050 ± 0.182%/l, He 0.670 ± 0.172%/l), the SBW phase III slopes for both SF6 and He tended to decrease during HDT, reaching nadir at 30 min (SF6 0.609 ± 0.211%/l, He 0.248 ± 0.138%/l; P = 0.08 and P = 0.06, respectively). In contrast to μG, the magnitude of the phase III slope decrease was similar for both SF6 and He; therefore, no change in SF6-He slope difference was observed. MBW analysis revealed a decrease in normalized phase III slopes at all time points during HDT, for both SF6 ( P < 0.01) and He ( P < 0.01). This decrease was due to changes in the acinar, and not the conductive, component of the normalized phase III slope. These findings support the notion that changes in thoracic fluid volume alter ventilation distribution in the lung periphery but also demonstrate that the effect during HDT does not wholly mimic that observed in μG.

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41

Bazhan, N. M., T. V. Iakovleva, A. D. Dubinina, and E. N. Makarova. "Impact of sex on the adaptation of adult mice to long consumption of sweet-fat diet." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 8 (December 31, 2020): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.682.

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In rodents, the most adequate model of human diet-induced obesity is obesity caused by the consumption of a sweet-fat diet (SFD), which causes more pronounced adiposity in females than in males. The aim of this work was to determine the sex-associated effect of SFD on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate-lipid metabolism in adult mice. For 10 weeks, male and female С57Bl mice were fed a standard laboratory chow (Control group) or a diet, which consisted of laboratory chow supplemented with sweet cookies, sunflower seeds and lard (SFD group). Weights of body, liver and fat depots, blood concentrations of hormones and metabolites, liver fat, and mRNA levels of genes involved in regulation of energy metabolism in the liver, perigonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (pgWAT, scWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were measured. SFD increased body weight and insulin resistance in mice of both sexes. Female mice that consumed SFD (SFD females) had a greater increase in adiposity than SFD males. SFD females showed a decreased expression of genes related to lipogenesis (Lpl) and glucose metabolism (G6pc, Pklr) in liver, as well as lipogenesis (Lpl, Slca4) and lipolysis (Lipe) in pgWAT, suggesting reduced energy expenditure. In contrast, SFD males showed increased lean mass gain, plasma insulin and FGF21 levels, expressions of Cpt1α gene in pgWAT and scWAT and Pklr gene in liver, suggesting enhanced lipid and glucose oxidation in these organs. Thus, in mice, there are sex-dependent differences in adaptation to SFD at the transcriptional level, which can help to explain higher adiposity in females under SFD consumtion.

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42

Onal, E. "Breakdown Mechanism of Different Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3206132.

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Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and SF6 gas mixtures are widely used in gas-insulated systems (GIS) because they have good dielectric and thermal properties. Among the various gas mixtures investigated so far, SF6-air, SF6-CO2, and SF6-N2 are most used gas mixtures. Also, these mixtures have much technical superiority in GIS. These are nontoxic and nonflammable gases, and they have less sensitivity to nonuniformities and higher liquefaction temperature at high pressure. GIS, switchgears, circuit breakers, and substations are systems that work with alternating current and have nonuniform electric fields. For this reason, in this study the breakdown mechanisms of 0.125, 0.5, 1, and 20% SF6 gas mixtures with rod-plane configuration under AC voltage are investigated and explained breakdown mechanism.

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43

Hall, B. D., G. S. Dutton, D. J. Mondeel, J. D. Nance, M. Rigby, J. H. Butler, F. L. Moore, D. F. Hurst, and J. W. Elkins. "Improving measurements of SF6 for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 11 (November 14, 2011): 2441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2441-2011.

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Abstract. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas and useful atmospheric tracer. Measurements of SF6 on global and regional scales are necessary to estimate emissions and to verify or examine the performance of atmospheric transport models. Typical precision for common gas chromatographic methods with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is 1–2%. We have modified a common GC-ECD method to achieve measurement precision of 0.5% or better. Global mean SF6 measurements were used to examine changes in the growth rate of SF6 and corresponding SF6 emissions. Global emissions and mixing ratios from 2000–2008 are consistent with recently published work. More recent observations show a 10% decline in SF6 emissions in 2008–2009, which seems to coincide with a decrease in world economic output. This decline was short-lived, as the global SF6 growth rate has recently increased to near its 2007–2008 maximum value of 0.30±0.03 pmol mol−1 (ppt) yr−1 (95% C.L.).

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Hall, B. D., G. S. Dutton, D. J. Mondeel, J. D. Nance, M. Rigby, J. H. Butler, F. L. Moore, D. F. Hurst, and J. W. Elkins. "Improving measurements of SF6 for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 4 (July 4, 2011): 4131–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-4131-2011.

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Abstract. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas and useful atmospheric tracer. Measurements of SF6 on global and regional scales are necessary to estimate emissions and to verify or examine the performance of atmospheric transport models. Typical precision for common gas chromatographic methods with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is 1–2 %. A method for improving measurement precision is described. We have modified a common GC-ECD method to achieve measurement precision of 0.5 % or better. Global mean SF6 measurements were used to examine changes in the growth rate of SF6 and corresponding SF6 emissions. Global emissions and mixing ratios from 2000–2008 are consistent with recently published work. More recent observations show a 10 % decline in SF6 emissions in 2008–2009, which seems to coincide with a decrease in world economic output. This decline was short-lived, as the global SF6 growth rate has recently increased to near its 2007–2008 maximum value of 0.30 ± 0.03 pmol mol−1 (ppt) yr−1 (95 % C.L.).

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45

Blanc, Jean Frédéric, Audrey Debaillon-Vesque, Gaël Roth, Jean Claude Barbare, Anne Sophie Baumann, Valérie Boige, Karim Boudjema, et al. "Hepatocellular carcinoma: French Intergroup Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, AFEF, SIAD, SFR/FRI)." Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 45, no. 2 (March 2021): 101590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2020.101590.

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Widger, Phillip, and Abderrahmane Haddad. "Evaluation of SF6 Leakage from Gas Insulated Equipment on Electricity Networks in Great Britain." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082037.

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This paper examines the data collected from the power industry over the last six years of actual reported emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and the potential impact. The SF6 emissions have been collated from the 14 different regions in England, Scotland, and Wales (Great Britain) from the six distribution network operators. The emissions of SF6 due to the transmission network of Great Britain have also been collated from the three different transmission network operators. By collecting this SF6 emissions data from the power industry, in both the distribution and transmission networks, an overall view of the scale of SF6 emissions in Great Britain can be evaluated. Data from the power industry also shows the inventory of SF6 power equipment in use over the last six years in Great Britain and shows the calculated percentage leakage rate of all of this equipment. In this paper, these figures, as reported by the electrical power industry to the UK government, have been used to estimate the likely inventory of SF6 equipment in England, Scotland, and Wales by 2050 and the future emissions of SF6 that could be leaked into the atmosphere by this equipment.

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47

Levin, I., T. Naegler, R. Heinz, D. Osusko, E. Cuevas, A. Engel, J. Ilmberger, et al. "The global SF6 source inferred from long-term high precision atmospheric measurements and its comparison with emission inventories." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 6 (March 18, 2010): 2655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2655-2010.

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Abstract. Emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), one of the strongest greenhouse gases on a per molecule basis, are targeted to be collectively reduced under the Kyoto Protocol. Because of its long atmospheric lifetime (estimated as 800 to 3200 years), the accumulation of SF6 in the atmosphere is a direct measure of its global emissions. Examination of our extended data set of globally distributed high-precision SF6 observations shows an increase in SF6 abundance from near zero in the 1970s to a global mean of 6.7 ppt by the end of 2008. In-depth evaluation of our long-term data records shows that the global source of SF6 decreased after 1995, most likely due to SF6 emission reductions in industrialised countries, but increased again after 1998. By subtracting those emissions reported by Annex I countries to the United Nations Framework Convention of Climatic Change (UNFCCC) from our observation-inferred SF6 source leaves a surprisingly large gap of more than 70–80% of non-reported SF6 emissions in the last decade. This suggests a strong under-estimation of emissions in Annex I countries and underlines the urgent need for independent atmospheric verification of greenhouse gases emissions accounting.

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Vondrák, Jiří, Marie Sedlaříková, and Karel Liedermann. "The Incorporation of SF6 Into Graphite and Other Materials." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 63, no. 1 (1998): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19980057.

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The formation of intercalation compounds from sulfur fluoride SF6 and layered substrates was observed. The process is accelerated if the substrate had been preexposed to SF6 partly decomposed by electric spark discharges. The amount of intercalated SF6 decreases in the series graphite > molybdenum disulfide > boron nitride. The promotion effect is explained by exfoliation of the substrate due to highly reactive fission products of SF6.

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Suciu, C. V., O. Bonneau, D. Brun-Picard, J. Fre^ne, and M. D. Pascovici. "Study of a Novel Squeeze Film Damper and Vibration Generator." Journal of Tribology 122, no. 1 (January 19, 1999): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.555345.

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A novel squeeze film damper and vibration generator (SFD&VG) is proposed as an option in the vibration control field. The SFD&VG can be used as an active squeeze film damper (ASFD) or as a vibration generator (vibrator), for unidimensional vibration damping or generation. The SFD&VG concept is connected with current research to improve a common industrial process—drilling of deep holes. The SFD&VG is based on the variable area of the lubricant film, which allows the development of a variable force, and a change in fluid film stiffness and damping. The analysis is initiated for an elementary configuration of the SFD&VG—the infinite width Rayleigh step case—and then it is developed for an advanced elliptical SFD&VG. The Reynolds equation is solved for both pure squeeze film effect which provides vibration damping, and pure hydrodynamic wedge effect which provides vibration generation. The theoretical part is continued with the SFD&VG dynamic simulation. The SFD&VG experimental device and vibration measurements, performed for the two defined regimes, ASFD and vibration generator, are presented. Finally, the experimental and theoretical results are briefly compared. [S0742-4787(00)05201-2]

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Zhang, Cheng, Victor F. Tarasenko, Tao Shao, Dmitry V. Beloplotov, Mikhail I. Lomaev, Dmitry A. Sorokin, and Ping Yan. "Generation of super-short avalanche electron beams in SF6." Laser and Particle Beams 32, no. 2 (April 17, 2014): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000147.

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AbstractIn this work, the generation of a super-short avalanche electron beam (SAEB) in SF6 in an inhomogeneous electric field is studied on two generators with pulse rise times of 0.5 and 2 ns, respectively. The SAEB parameters in SF6 are compared with those obtained in other gases (air, nitrogen, argon, and krypton). It is shown that the SAEB amplitude in SF6 at pressures ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa is commensurable with that in krypton and is much lower than that in air and nitrogen. It is also found that in SF6, SF6 mixture with 2.5% of nitrogen, and other gases, a diffuse discharge is ignited not only at negative polarity but also at positive polarity of the electrode with small curvature radius. Furthermore, the velocity of the ionization wave front in SF6 in an inhomogeneous electric field is studied. Experimental results show that the velocity of the ionization wave front in SF6 is lower than that in air and nitrogen as well as such velocity decreases when the pressure increases from 0.05 to 0.3 MPa in all gases.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SF6D'

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