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1
Mazid, Mohd, Rajib Chowdhury, and Fiza Khan. "Evaluation of Chickpea Cultiv ation Approaches in Terms of Environmental Resilience and Future Protein Security." Current Agriculture Research Journal 2, no. 2 (November 19, 2014): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.2.2.07.
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The commercial growth in chickpea production for exportation purposes is not keeping pace with increasing demand for protein and protein derived products. In this concern, a pot experiment was conducted under field conditions during winter 2013-2014 at Botany department, AMU, Aligarh, India. Treatment consists of (1) FW (2) FP (3) FS (4) FPS (5) SGA (6) SGA+FP (7) SGA+FS (8) SGA+FPS (9) FGA (10) FGAP (11) FGAS (12) FGAPS (13) SGA+FGA (14) SGA+FGAP9 (15) SGA+FGAS (16) SGA+FGAPS. Before sowing, the seeds of chickpea are soaked for 8 h in 10-6M GA3. After 60 and 70 days of sowing, the plants were sprayed with 10-6MGA3 along with 2 kg P and /or S/ha in equal splits. Performance of the crop was assessed especially in terms of nodule number per plant, nitrate reductase activity (NR), nitrogenase (N-ase) two most significant N-fixing enzymes, leghaemoglobin content (Lb), pod weight per plant, seed yield per plant, and seed protein content. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in leaves were influenced almost non-significantly due to applied P and S level. Treatment (16) SGA+FGAPS proved best, it enhanced NR by 22.37% and 22.46%; Lb by 206.113 and 215.38% respectively at 90 and 100 DAS. Seed yield per plant and seed protein content enhanced by 86 and 21% by the same treatment at harvest without compromising the N-fixing activity.
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Yu, Gang, Changxing Li, Lei Zhang, Guangtao Zhu, Shoaib Munir, Caixue Shi, Hongyan Zhang, et al. "An allelic variant of GAME9 determines its binding capacity with the GAME17 promoter in the regulation of steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in tomato." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 9 (January 14, 2020): 2527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa014.
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Abstract Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules found in the family Solanaceae. SGA content varies among different plant species and varieties. However, the genetic mechanisms regulating SGA content remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that genetic variation in GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 9 (GAME9) is responsible for the variation in SGA content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). During a sequential analysis we found a 1 bp substitution in the AP2/ERF binding domain of GAME9. The 1 bp substitution in GAME9 was significantly associated with high SGA content and determined the binding capacity of GAME9 with the promoter of GAME17, a core SGA biosynthesis gene. The high-SGA GAME9 allele is mainly present in S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme populations and encodes a protein that can bind the GAME17 promoter. In contrast, the low-SGA GAME9 allele is mainly present in the big-fruited varieties of S. lycopersicum and encodes a protein that shows weak binding to the GAME17 promoter. Our findings provide new insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis and the factors that affect the accumulation of SGA in tomato.
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Frampton, R. J., H. A. Jonas, and R. G. Larkins. "Increased secretion of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins and decreased secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II by muscle from growth-retarded neonatal rats." Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 1 (July 1991): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1300033.
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ABSTRACT Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) may be important factors in the control of neonatal growth. We have examined the production, in vitro, of IGFBPs and IGFs by hindlimb skeletal muscle from normal and small-for-gestational age (SGA) neonatal rats. Conditioned medium was collected from muscle strips after incubation at 37 °C for 2 h in Ham's F-12 medium. The conditioned medium was subjected to acid-gel permeation chromatography to separate IGFBPs from IGFs. The binding of 125I-labelled IGF-I to IGFBPs from both control and SGA muscle was displaced equipotently by IGF-I and IGF-II and not at all by insulin. IGFBPs from control and SGA muscles bound IGF-I with comparable affinities (Kd = 0·071 and 0·069 nmol/l respectively). When IGF-II was used as tracer, neither IGF-I nor insulin competed for binding. Western ligand blots of IGFBPs in conditioned media from both control and SGA muscles showed three bands of radioactivity at molecular masses equivalent to 24, 30 and 40 kDa. When the release of IGFBPs by muscle tissue in vitro was quantified by measuring the number of IGF-I binding sites in acid-fractionated medium it was apparent that the muscles from SGA pups secreted significantly more IGFBPs (39·3±7·5 fmol/mg muscle protein per 2 h) than the muscles from control pups (17·8±2·7 fmol/mg protein per 2 h; P < 0·05). In contrast to the IGFBPs, more IGF activity was secreted by the muscles from the control pups (61·1±15·6 fmol/mg muscle protein per 2 h) than the muscles from the SGA pups (12·6±5·8 fmol/mg muscle protein per 2 h; P < 0·05). Analysis of the IGF activity with assays specific for IGF-I and IGF-II showed that both SGA and control muscles secreted predominantly IGF-II with approximately 10% of the total IGF activity measurable as IGF-I. This differential secretion of IGFBPs and IGFs may be associated with the reduced growth potential of the SGA neonate. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 33–42
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Tirmenstajn-Jankovic, Biserka, and Nada Dimkovic. "Simple methods for nutritional status assessment in patients treated with repeated hemodialysis." Medical review 57, no. 9-10 (2004): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0410439t.
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Introduction Protein-energy malnutrition is common in chronic hemodialysis patients and is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. While determination of the nutritional status is often based on objective measurements such as biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements, there is no single measurement that can reliably identify risk for malnutrition. Material and methods A subjective global assessment (SGA) was performed to evaluate the nutritional status in 43 chronic dialysis patients (27 men and 16 women). Anthropometric measurements including body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), skin-fold thickness (triceps-TS, biceps-BS, subscapular-SSS, suprailiac-SIS), mid-arm circumference (MAC); mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC); body fat percentage (%BF); total body fat (TBF); lean body mass (LBM) and laboratory parameters (total proteins, albumins, transferrin, hemoglobin, lymphocytes. Results According to SGA, patients were divided into three groups: first group of 23 pts with a normal nutritional status, second group of 11 pts with mild malnutrition and third group of 9 pts with moderate or severe malnutrition. In examined groups there was a significant decrease in total protein (p = 0.02), serum albumin (p = 0.000) and hemoglobin (p = 0.04) levels with an increase in SGA scores (oneway ANOVA). In the same way, SGA was correlated with the number of anthropometric parameters (BW, BMI, TS, SSS, SIS, MAC, MAMC, % BF, TBF, LBM). Conclusion Our data confirmed a high prevalence of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients and showed that SGA closely correlated with more objective measures. Being an inexpensive method of well-proven realibility, SGA can be recommended for a more frequent assessment of nutritional status in dialysis patients.
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Putadechakum, Supanee, Theerawut Klangjareonchai, Arpussanee Soponsaritsuk, and Chulaporn Roongpisuthipong. "Nutritional Status Assessment in Cirrhotic Patients after Protein Supplementation." ISRN Gastroenterology 2012 (December 4, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/690402.
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Background. Protein supplementation has been shown to be effective for the treatment of malnourished patients with liver cirrhosis. The parameters used to assess nutritional improvement in cirrhotic patients for such treatment are important. Objective. To evaluate the parameters for assessment of nutritional status in patients with liver cirrhosis after protein supplementation. Material and Method. A cross-sectional, prospective clinical trial with 22 cirrhotic patients was performed. Data from anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, subjective global assessment (SGA), and visceral protein were gathered and analyzed to assess nutritional improvement after protein supplementation. Results. Twenty-two cirrhotic patients (mean age years; 54.5% male; 63.6% alcoholic cirrhosis; 63.6% Child-Pugh C) were recruited. After protein supplementation, a significant improvement was demonstrated in the SGA class A from 10 patients (45.5%) to 16 (72.7%) and 18 (81.8%) at the 4th and 8th weeks, respectively. Body weight, body mass index, and lean muscle mass were significantly increased from baseline at the 8th week. No significant change in other nutritional parameters was observed. Conclusions. The SGA and lean muscle mass were significant parameters in order to assess nutritional status in cirrhotic patients after protein supplementation.
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Darcie, Silvana, and Cléa Rodrigues Leone. "The role of serum and urinary urea in the evaluation of enteral protein intake in adequate and small-for-gestational-age very low birth weight infants." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 123, no. 6 (December 2005): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802005000600002.
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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have special nutritional needs. There is a current tendency to individualize their protein needs. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of serum and urinary urea as indicators for protein intake in adequate-for-gestational-age (AGA) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) VLBW infants. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in the nursery attached to the Maternity Ward of the "Prof. Pedro de Alcântara" Children's Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Seventy-two VLBW infants (mean protein intake = 3.7 mg/kg/day) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in two groups: AGA (n = 34) and SGA (n = 38). Blood samples, six-hour urine (6hUr) collections and urine sample tests (STUr) were obtained for urea and creatinine assays at three and five weeks of life. Statistical analysis: Student's t test, Pearson correlation and linear regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no differences between groups for serum urea, 6hUr and STUr, or between two assessments within each group. Serum urea correlated with 6hUr in both AGA and SGA, and to STUr in SGA; 6hUr correlated with STUr in both AGA and SGA. There was no correlation between protein intake and serum or urine urea. CONCLUSIONS: Serum and urinary urea did not reflect protein intake when mean intakes of 3.7 g/kg/day were used. Sample tests of urinary urea can be as reliable as urea from urine collected over longer periods.
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Chan, Patricia Y. L., Jonathan M. Morris, Garth I. Leslie, Patrick J. Kelly, and Eileen D. M. Gallery. "The Long-Term Effects of Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Function." International Journal of Pediatrics 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/280402.
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Objective. To determine relative influences of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth on risks of cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic dysfunction in adolescent children.Study Design. Retrospective cohort study. 71 periadolescent children were classified into four groups: premature small for gestational age (SGA), premature appropriate for gestational age (AGA), term SGA, and term AGA.Outcome Measures. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), augmentation index (Al), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) following protein load; plasma glucose and serum insulin levels.Results. SGA had higher SBP (average 4.6 mmHg) and lower GFR following protein load (average 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m2) than AGA. There was no effect of prematurity on SBP (P=.4) or GFR (P=.9). Both prematurity and SGA were associated with higher AI (average 9.7%) and higher serum insulin levels 2 hr after glucose load (average 15.5 mIU/L) than all other groups.Conclusion. IUGR is a more significant risk factor than preterm birth for later systolic hypertension and renal dysfunction. Among children born preterm, those who are also SGA are at increased risk of arterial stiffness and metabolic dysfunction.
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LeBlanc, Marissa A., and Christopher R. McMaster. "Surprising roles for phospholipid binding proteins revealed by high throughput geneticsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 88, no. 4 (August 2010): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o09-171.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains an ideal organism for studying the cell biological roles of lipids in vivo, as yeast has phospholipid metabolic pathways similar to mammalian cells, is easy and economical to manipulate, and is genetically tractable. The availability of isogenic strains containing specific genetic inactivation of each non-essential gene allowed for the development of a high-throughput method, called synthetic genetic analysis (SGA), to identify and describe precise pathways or functions associated with specific genes. This review describes the use of SGA to aid in elucidating the function of two lipid-binding proteins that regulate vesicular transport, Sec14 and Kes1. Sec14 was first identified as a phosphatidylcholine (PC) – phosphatidylinositol (PI) transfer protein required for viability, with reduced Sec14 function resulting in diminished vesicular transport out of the trans-Golgi. Although Sec14 is required for cell viability, inactivating the KES1 gene that encodes for a member of the oxysterol binding protein family in cells lacking Sec14 function results in restoration of vesicular transport and cell growth. SGA analysis identified a role for Kes1 and Sec14 in regulating the level and function of Golgi PI-4-phosphate (PI-4-P). SGA also determined that Sec14 not only regulates vesicular transport out of the trans-Golgi, but also transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi. Comparing SGA screens in databases, coupled with genetic and cell biological analyses, further determined that the PI-4-P pool affected by Kes1 is generated by the PI 4-kinase Pik1. An important biological role for Sec14 and Kes1 revealed by SGA is coordinate regulation of the Pik1-generated Golgi PI-4-P pool that in turn is essential for vesicular transport into and out of the trans-Golgi.
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Shibata, Eiji, Augustine Rajakumar, Robert W. Powers, Robert W. Larkin, Carol Gilmour, Lisa M. Bodnar, William R. Crombleholme, Roberta B. Ness, James M. Roberts, and Carl A. Hubel. "Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 Is Increased in Preeclampsia But Not in Normotensive Pregnancies with Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonates: Relationship to Circulating Placental Growth Factor." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 4895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1955.
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Context: An excess of the soluble receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) may contribute to maternal vascular dysfunction in women with preeclampsia by binding and thereby reducing concentrations of free vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor (PlGF) in the circulation. The putative stimulus for increased sFlt-1 during preeclampsia, placental hypoxia due to poor perfusion, is common to both preeclampsia and idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction. However, the latter condition occurs without maternal vascular disease. Objective: We asked whether, as with preeclampsia, sFlt-1 is increased and free PlGF is decreased in villous placenta and maternal serum of normotensive women with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates. Study Design: This was a case-control study using banked samples. Groups of women with SGA neonates (birth weight centile < 10th) and women with preeclampsia were matched to separate sets of normal pregnancy controls based on gestational age at blood sampling (serum) or gestational age at delivery (placenta). Results: sFlt-1 levels were higher in preeclamptics than controls (serum, P < 0.0001; placental protein, P = 0.03; placental mRNA, P = 0.007) but not increased in SGA pregnancies. PlGF was lower in both preeclampsia (serum, P < 0.0001; placental protein, P = 0.05) and SGA (serum, P = 0.0008; placental protein, P = 0.03) compared with their controls. PlGF in preeclampsia and SGA groups did not differ. Conclusions: These data are consistent with a role for sFlt-1 in the maternal manifestations of preeclampsia. In contrast to preeclampsia, sFlt-1 does not appear to contribute substantially to decreased circulating free PlGF in SGA pregnancies in the absence of a maternal syndrome.
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Mayer, Melanie L., Isabelle Pot, Michael Chang, Hong Xu, Victoria Aneliunas, Teresa Kwok, Rick Newitt, et al. "Identification of Protein Complexes Required for Efficient Sister Chromatid Cohesion." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 4 (April 2004): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0619.
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Ctf8p is a component of Ctf18-RFC, an alternative replication factor C-like complex required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We performed synthetic genetic array (SGA) analysis with a ctf8 deletion strain as a primary screen to identify other nonessential genes required for efficient sister chromatid cohesion. We then assessed proficiency of cohesion at three chromosomal loci in strains containing deletions of the genes identified in the ctf8 SGA screen. Deletion of seven genes (CHL1, CSM3, BIM1, KAR3, TOF1, CTF4, and VIK1) resulted in defective sister chromatid cohesion. Mass spectrometric analysis of immunoprecipitated complexes identified a physical association between Kar3p and Vik1p and an interaction between Csm3p and Tof1p that we confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation from cell extracts. These data indicate that synthetic genetic array analysis coupled with specific secondary screens can effectively identify protein complexes functionally related to a reference gene. Furthermore, we find that genes involved in mitotic spindle integrity and positioning have a previously unrecognized role in sister chromatid cohesion.
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da Silva, Liz, Christina Edmunds, Talise Grossman, Lynn Kelly, Cathryn Nattrass, and Delara Saran. "Are Dietitians Documenting Malnutrition Based on Subjective Global Assessment Category?" Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2018-038.
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Purpose: This study reports on dietitian use of the Nutrition Care Process Terminology (NCPT) diagnosis of malnutrition based on Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Methods: Nutrition assessment reports for adults in medical, surgical, and cardiac units in 13 Canadian hospitals were retrospectively examined for a 6-week period in 2014. Reports with a SGA and NCPT diagnosis were included regardless of why the patient was seen by the dietitian. Results: Of the 932 nutrition assessment reports, 857 (92%) included an SGA. Based on SGA, the prevalence of mild to moderate malnutrition (SGA B) and severe malnutrition (SGA C) was 53.4% (n = 458) and 10.0% (n = 86), respectively. When categorized as severely malnourished, the most common NCPT diagnoses were “malnutrition” (n = 55, 72.4%), “inadequate oral intake” (n = 11, 14.5%), and “inadequate protein-energy intake” (n = 10,13.1%). Among those with SGA B and C, the assignment of the NCPT malnutrition diagnosis was 19.8% (n = 95). Conclusions: Dietitians play a key role in the prevention, identification, and treatment of malnutrition in the hospitalized patient and are well positioned to take a leadership role in improving its documentation. Ongoing audits, staff support, and training regarding NCPT use may improve the application of the malnutrition diagnosis. Future research examining dietitian barriers to using the malnutrition diagnosis would be valuable.
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Uçar, Ahmet, Michal Yackobovitch-Gavan, Oğuz Bülent Erol, Ensar Yekeler, Nurçin Saka, Firdevs Baş, Şükran Poyrazoğlu, Rüveyde Bundak, and Feyza Darendeliler. "Associations of Size at Birth and Postnatal Catch-up Growth Status With Clinical and Biomedical Characteristics in Prepubertal Girls With Precocious Adrenarche: Preliminary Results." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 99, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 2878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-3144.
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Context: The causes of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in girls with precocious adrenarche (PA) remain unclear. Objective: Our goal was to compare the clinical, biochemical, and ultrasound characteristics of girls with PA whose size at birth was appropriate for gestational age (AGA) vs those born small for gestational age (SGA). PCOS-associated metabolic and morphological correlates were examined. Design: Glucose tolerance, ACTH stimulation, and transabdominal ultrasounds were examined in 56 AGA and 31 SGA girls with PA. Bone age and hormonal profiles were determined. SGA girls were divided into 2 groups by catch-up growth (CUG) status. Subgroups were compared. Results: Chronological age, Tanner stage for pubarche, ovarian volume, and uterine volume were similar between the groups. SGA girls had lower body mass index and higher bone age-adjusted post-corticotropin cortisol. We found increased body mass index-adjusted mean serum insulin, reduced insulin sensitivity, and reduced IGF-binding protein-1 in SGA girls. Multicystic ovaries were more common in SGA girls (odds ratio [OR] = 9.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.34–28.15; P < .001). SGA girls without CUG had a higher incidence of multicystic ovaries than CUG counterparts (OR = 8.4, 95% CI = 1.4–19.3; P = .027). Being born SGA (OR = 43.4, 95% CI = 6.9–84.7; P = .001] and exaggerated 17-hydroxyprogesterone response (OR = 15.8, 95% CI = 1.7–49.8; P = .015) were associated with multicystic ovaries. Conclusions: Significant differences in hormone levels, insulin sensitivity, and ovarian maturity were found in prepubertal girls with PA who were SGA. Longitudinal follow-up will help determine whether these factors contribute to a specific PCOS phenotype in SGA girls with PA.
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Nadeau, L., J. C. Forest, M. Masson, I. Morrissette, F. Larivière, and M. Caron. "Biochemical markers in the assessment of protein-calorie malnutrition in premature neonates." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.7.1269.
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Abstract We studied 135 premature newborns of 26 to 36 weeks gestation, divided into three groups: the control group, 66 premature infants with uncomplicated course; 51 premature neonates with appropriate birth weight for gestational age (AGA), who suffered from clinical problems that delayed oral feeding; and 18 premature infants with small birth weight for gestational age (SGA). When neonates of the same postnatal age were compared, prealbumin concentrations were the lowest in the SGA group at the third and fourth postnatal week. Although the AGA group had the most infants with serious illnesses and the lowest protein-calorie intakes, their prealbumin concentrations did not differ significantly from those of the control group. But when the infants of each group were subdivided on the basis of intakes and weight gain regardless of postnatal age, those with greater intakes showed significantly higher prealbumin values; however, in all groups, the infants with higher intakes were also significantly older. Total proteins and albumin showed similar changes in all groups. Prealbumin concentrations showed great interindividual variability in infants of the same postnatal age. We conclude that prealbumin, albumin, and serum total proteins are not sufficiently sensitive biochemical markers to assess alterations of the nutritional status of premature infants.
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Steinhauser, Chelsie B., Colleen A. Lambo, Katharine Askelson, Gregory W. Burns, Susanta K. Behura, Thomas E. Spencer, Fuller W. Bazer, and Michael Carey Satterfield. "Placental Transcriptome Adaptations to Maternal Nutrient Restriction in Sheep." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 7654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147654.
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Placental development is modified in response to maternal nutrient restriction (NR), resulting in a spectrum of fetal growth rates. Pregnant sheep carrying singleton fetuses and fed either 100% (n = 8) or 50% (NR; n = 28) of their National Research Council (NRC) recommended intake from days 35–135 of pregnancy were used to elucidate placentome transcriptome alterations at both day 70 and day 135. NR fetuses were further designated into upper (NR NonSGA; n = 7) and lower quartiles (NR SGA; n = 7) based on day 135 fetal weight. At day 70 of pregnancy, there were 22 genes dysregulated between NR SGA and 100% NRC placentomes, 27 genes between NR NonSGA and 100% NRC placentomes, and 22 genes between NR SGA and NR NonSGA placentomes. These genes mediated molecular functions such as MHC class II protein binding, signaling receptor binding, and cytokine activity. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed significant overrepresentation of genes for natural-killer-cell-mediated cytotoxicity in NR SGA compared to 100% NRC placentomes, and alterations in nutrient utilization pathways between NR SGA and NR NonSGA placentomes at day 70. Results identify novel factors associated with impaired function in SGA placentomes and potential for placentomes from NR NonSGA pregnancies to adapt to nutritional hardship.
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Tenhola, Sirpa, Pirjo Halonen, Jarmo Jääskeläinen, and Raimo Voutilainen. "Serum markers of GH and insulin action in 12-year-old children born small for gestational age." European Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 3 (March 2005): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01869.
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Objectives: Our aim was to determine whether markers of growth hormone and insulin action differ between children born small for gestational age (SGA) and those born of an appropriate size for gestational age (AGA). Design: Fifty-five SGA children and their 55 age- and sex-matched AGA control subjects were studied in a case-control setting at 12 years of age. Methods: We examined serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), leptin, fasting insulin, and blood glucose. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: The body mass index (BMI), sex, and puberty-adjusted mean serum IGF-I concentration was higher in the SGA than in the AGA children (303.4 vs 282.3 μg/l, P = 0.006). The mean serum concentrations of IGF-II, IGFBP-I, IGFBP-3, SHBG, fasting insulin, blood glucose and HOMA-IR did not differ between the SGA and the AGA group. The BMI, sex, and puberty-adjusted mean serum leptin concentration was lower in the SGA than in the AGA children (7.9 vs 10.1 μg/l, P = 0.037). In multiple logistic regression analysis, high HOMA-IR predicted high serum IGF-I levels in the SGA children (odds ratio 8.3; 95% confidence interval 1.7–41; P = 0.010), whereas in the AGA group HOMA-IR did not associate with the serum IGF-I level. Conclusions: The BMI, sex, and puberty-adjusted mean serum IGF-I concentration was significantly higher and the leptin concentration was lower in the SGA than in the AGA children. No differences were found in the indices of insulin action or sensitivity between the SGA and AGA children at 12 years of age. However, HOMA-IR strongly associated with serum IGF-I levels in the SGA children.
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Afşar, Bariş, Siren Sezer, Fatma Nurhan Ozdemir, Huseyin Celik, Rengin Elsurer, and Mehmet Haberal. "Malnutrition–Inflammation Score is a Useful Tool in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 26, no. 6 (November 2006): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080602600616.
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Background Malnutrition–Inflammation Score (MIS) is a quantitative assessment tool based on Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and predicts mortality and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis patients. However, there are not enough data about the use of MIS in peritoneal dialysis (PD). In this study, relationships between MIS and prospective hospitalization indices, risk of developing peritonitis, anemia indices, and laboratory and anthropometric parameters were analyzed and compared with SGA in PD. Methods 50 PD patients (M/F 26/24, age 45.2 ± 14.9 years, mean PD duration 30.8 ± 23.1 months) were included. The same physician performed the SGA and MIS evaluations. Clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric parameters were measured. Results 18 patients were classified as SGA-A (without malnutrition), 24 as SGA-B (with moderate malnutrition), and 8 as SGA-C (with severe malnutrition). Increment in MIS was concordant with SGA groups A to C ( p < 0.0001). Peritonitis rate, number of hospitalizations, total number of hospitalization days, erythropoietin requirements, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin levels were positively correlated with MIS ( p < 0.0001). Midarm muscle circumference ( p = 0.04), albumin ( p < 0.0001), prealbumin ( p = 0.001), creatinine ( p = 0.04), hemoglobin ( p = 0.003), transferrin ( p < 0.0001), and cholesterol ( p = 0.009) were negatively correlated with MIS. Correlation coefficients of hospitalization indices, peritonitis rate, anemia indices, erythropoietin requirements, albumin, prealbumin, CRP, and anthropometric parameters were higher with MIS than with SGA. In logistic regression analysis, a higher MIS was independently associated with a higher risk of future hospitalization ( p = 0.029, odds ratio 2.14, confidence interval 1.082 – 4.146). Conclusions This study demonstrated that MIS significantly correlated with clinical, nutritional, inflammatory, and anthropometric parameters and anemia indices in PD patients, and that those correlations were stronger than those with SGA.
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Evagelidou, Eleni N., Vasileios I. Giapros, Anna S. Challa, Dimitrios N. Kiortsis, Agathocles A. Tsatsoulis, and Styliani K. Andronikou. "Serum adiponectin levels, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in children born small for gestational age are affected by the severity of growth retardation at birth." European Journal of Endocrinology 156, no. 2 (February 2007): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02337.
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Objective: Insulin resistance has been linked to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR); adiponectin is a protein with insulin-sensitizing properties. This study was designed to test whether being born small for gestational age (SGA) has an effect on blood levels of adiponectin and leptin, insulin resistance parameters, and lipid profile in pre-puberty, taking into consideration the severity of IUGR. Methods: Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, total cholesterol (t-CHOL), high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A-1 (Apo A-1), Apo B and Apo E, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), fasting glucose, and insulin (Ins), the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and anthropometric indices were evaluated in 70 children aged 6–8 years, born appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 35) and SGA (n = 35), matched for age, gender, height, and BMI. SGA children were divided into two subgroups according to the severity of IUGR: SGA<3rd percentile (n = 20), and SGA 3rd–10th percentile (n = 15). They were also subdivided in two subgroups, those with (n = 25) and those without (n = 10) catch-up growth, considering their actual height corrected for mid-parental height. Results: SGA children had higher Ins and HOMA-IR than AGA children (Ins, 42 ± 23 vs 32 ± 11 pmol/l; HOMA-IR, 1.30 ± 0.8 vs 0.92 ± 0.3; P<0.05). No significant difference in serum leptin was found between the SGA and the AGA groups but adiponectin showed a trend to be higher in SGA children (13.6 ± 5.7 vs 10.8 ± 5.9 μg/ml respectively). SGA children without catch-up growth had higher adiponectin (15.6 ± 8.5 μg/ml, P<0.05) than AGA children. Among the SGA children, the subgroup <3rd percentile had higher Lp(a) than the subgroup 3rd–10th percentile (P<0.05). An independent positive correlation between adiponectin and Lp(a) was observed in SGA children (R = 0.59, P<0.01). Conclusion: SGA children, although more insulin resistant, had similar or higher adiponectin levels than matched AGA children in pre-puberty. The severity of IUGR appears to affect their metabolic profile during childhood.
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van Welsem, Tibor, Floor Frederiks, Kitty F. Verzijlbergen, Alex W. Faber, Zara W. Nelson, David A. Egan, Daniel E. Gottschling, and Fred van Leeuwen. "Synthetic Lethal Screens Identify Gene Silencing Processes in Yeast and Implicate the Acetylated Amino Terminus of Sir3 in Recognition of the Nucleosome Core." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 11 (April 7, 2008): 3861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.02050-07.
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ABSTRACT Dot1 methylates histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) on the nucleosome core and is involved in Sir protein-mediated silencing. Previous studies suggested that H3K79 methylation within euchromatin prevents nonspecific binding of the Sir proteins, which in turn facilitates binding of the Sir proteins in unmethylated silent chromatin. However, the mechanism by which the Sir protein binding is influenced by this modification is unclear. We performed genome-wide synthetic genetic array (SGA) analysis and identified interactions of DOT1 with SIR1 and POL32. The synthetic growth defects found by SGA analysis were attributed to the loss of mating type identity caused by a synthetic silencing defect. By using epistasis analysis, DOT1, SIR1, and POL32 could be placed in different pathways of silencing. Dot1 shared its silencing phenotypes with the NatA N-terminal acetyltransferase complex and the conserved N-terminal bromo adjacent homology (BAH) domain of Sir3 (a substrate of NatA). We classified all of these as affecting a common silencing process, and we show that mutations in this process lead to nonspecific binding of Sir3 to chromatin. Our results suggest that the BAH domain of Sir3 binds to histone H3K79 and that acetylation of the BAH domain is required for the binding specificity of Sir3 for nucleosomes unmethylated at H3K79.
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Gete, Dereje G., Michael Waller, and Gita D. Mishra. "Effects of maternal diets on preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002897.
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AbstractCurrent evidence indicates that maternal diets before and during pregnancy could influence rates of preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) births. However, findings have been inconsistent. This review summarised evidence concerning the effects of maternal diets before and during pregnancy on preterm birth, LBW and SGA. Systematic electronic database searches were carried out using PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane library using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The review included forty eligible articles, comprising mostly of prospective cohort studies, with five randomised controlled trials. The dietary patterns during pregnancy associated with a lower risk of preterm birth were commonly characterised by high consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish and dairy products. Those associated with a lower risk of SGA also had similar characteristics, including high consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, seafood/fish and milk products. Results from a limited number of studies suggested there was a beneficial effect on the risk of preterm birth of pre-pregnancy diet quality characterised by a high intake of fruits and proteins and less intake of added sugars, saturated fats and fast foods. The evidence was mixed for the relationship between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and LBW. These findings indicate that better maternal diet quality during pregnancy, characterised by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, dairy products and protein diets, may have a synergistic effect on reducing the risk of preterm birth and SGA.
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Murthi, Padma, Gayathri Rajaraman, Jan Jaap H. M. Erwich, and Evdokia Dimitriadis. "Decreased Placental FPR2 in Early Pregnancies That Later Developed Small-For-Gestation Age: A Potential Role of FPR2 in the Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition." Cells 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9040921.
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We reported earlier that an anti-inflammatory small peptide receptor-formyl peptide receptor-2 (FPR2) was significantly decreased in placentas from third trimester pregnancies complicated with fetal growth restriction (FGR), compared to placentas from uncomplicated control pregnancies, suggesting FPR2 may play a role in the development of FGR. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the actions of FPR2 alters placental growth process in humans. Accordingly, using small-for-gestation age (SGA) as a proxy for FGR, we hypothesize that FPR2 expression is decreased in first-trimester placentas of women who later manifest FGR, and contributes to aberrant trophoblast function and the development of FGR. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) tissues were collected at 10–12 weeks gestation in 70 patients with singleton fetuses; surplus tissue was used. Real-time PCR and immunoassays were performed to quantitate FPR2 gene and protein expression. Silencing of FPR2 was performed in two independent, trophoblast-derived cell lines, HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 to investigate the functional consequences of FPR2 gene downregulation. FPR2 mRNA relative to 18S rRNA was significantly decreased in placentae from SGA-pregnancies (n = 28) compared with controls (n = 52) (p < 0.0001). Placental FPR2 protein was significantly decreased in SGA compared with control (n = 10 in each group, p < 0.05). Proliferative, migratory and invasive potential of the human placental-derived cell lines, HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 were significantly reduced in siFPR2 treated cells compared with siCONT control groups. Down-stream signaling molecules, STAT5B and SOCS3 were identified as target genes of FPR2 action in the trophoblast-derived cell lines and in SGA and control chorionic villous tissues. FPR2 is a novel regulator of key molecular pathways and functions in placental development, and its decreased expression in women destined to develop FGR reinforces a placental origin of SGA/FGR, and that it contributes to causing the development of SGA/FGR.
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Li, Yanjun, Jie Dong, and Li Zuo. "Is Subjective Global Assessment a Good Index of Nutrition in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms?" Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 29, no. 2_suppl (February 2009): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080902902s15.
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Objective We investigated whether patients with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were prone to be diagnosed as malnourished by subjective global assessment (SGA) by simultaneously evaluating SGA and other indices of nutrition in a cross-sectional survey of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Patients and Method From June 2006 to June 2007, 214 PD patients were involved in the study. We recorded results of a GI symptoms questionnaire (GSQ) and SGA. Other indices of nutrition included dietary intake, chemistry examination, anthropometry, handgrip strength, and lean body mass measured by creatinine kinetics. Results Mean age of the 214 PD patients enrolled in the study was 60.22 ± 14.02 years, and mean dialysis duration was 60.22 ± 14.02 months. Of the 214 patients, 56 (27.16%) were diagnosed as malnourished by SGA. The mean GSQ scores were 9.37 ± 1.71 (range: 8 – 17). There were 90 patients with GSQ scores of 8 (group 1), 80 patients with scores of 9 or 10 (group 2), 44 patients with scores of 11 or more (group 3). The prevalence of malnutrition diagnosed by SGA was significantly different in the three groups: 15.56% in group 1, 27.5% in group 2, and 45.45% in group 3 ( p = 0.02). However, we observed no difference between the three groups in mid-arm circumference, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac), daily protein and energy intake, handgrip strength, lean body mass, and serum albumin and prealbumin levels ( p > 0.05). Conclusions Our results showed that the reliability of SGA in PD patients with GI symptoms remains worth exploring. These patients are possibly diagnosed as malnourished by SGA, although many other indices of nutrition are not necessarily bad.
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Chow, Vincent C., Rose M. Yong, Alice L. Li, Chi-wai Lee, Eva H. Ho, Ching-kit Chan, Stanley H. Lo, Stephen K. Mo, and Kin-shing Wong. "Nutritional Requirements and Actual Dietary Intake of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 23, no. 2_suppl (December 2003): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080302302s11.
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Objective Nutritional status is related to morbidity and mortality in the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) population. In the present study, we compared the dietary intake of CAPD patients with their requirements for calorie and protein nutrition and with the recommended intakes of potassium and phosphate. Design Patients were recruited from the CAPD clinic. Desirable body weight was derived from the height of the individual patients and the desirable body mass index (BMI) for adult Asians. The calorie requirement was calculated by multiplying desirable body weight by 30 kcal. The protein requirement was calculated by multiplying desirable body weight by 1.2 – 1.5, according to serum albumin level. The K requirement was set at 3500 mg daily, and the PO4 requirement, at 1000 mg daily. The actual dietary intake of individual patients was estimated from dietary history by a computer software program. Results The study included 57 patients who had been on CAPD for 22.1 ± 23.5 months. Of the 57 patients, 8 patients (14.0%) were below the desirable BMI range, 20 (35.1%) were within the range, and 29 (50.9%) were above the range. By subjective global assessment (SGA), 45 patients (78.9%) were mildly-to-moderately malnourished, and 12 (21.1%) well nourished. Serum albumin was 32.1 ± 4.7 g/L. Patients met 98% ± 35.7% (range: 33% – 224%) of their nutritional requirement for calories and 92.1% ± 37.7% (range: 22% – 202%) of their nutritional requirement for protein. Only 23 patients (40.4%) reached the target for calorie intake, and only 22 (38.6%) reached the target for protein intake. Excess K intake was seen in 1 patient (1.8%), and excess PO4 intake, in 6 patients (10.5%). Actual dietary intake was not related to BMI or SGA score. Conclusion Most CAPD patients had inadequate calorie and protein intakes. Calorie and protein intakes were not related to BMI and SGA scores. Compliance with recommended K and PO4 intakes was good.
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AMNT, Adikari. "Improving Nutritional Status of Malnourished Bedridden Patient Diagnosed with Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Study Approach." General medicine and Clinical Practice 1, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2639-4162/001.
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Malnutrition is common among hospitalized bed ridden patients. Nutritional management of hospitalized patients is a necessity in order to improve their nutritional status and disease conditions. The objectives of nutritional management of malnourished bedridden patient diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were to improve nutritional status of the patient through gradual provision of calorie and protein intake, to improve body protein status and control muscle wasting. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and dietary information. SGA was used to assess the malnutrition status of the patient. Since the patient was severely malnourished, she was fed with NG feeds followed by PEG feeds by gradually increasing calorie and protein up to the target level mainly through nutritional supplements for the one and half months of hospital stay. Patient’s serum protein, albumin levels and muscle mass were improved. According to the SGA, the patient was at normal/ well-nourished condition after nutrition management. Dietary management incorporating nutrition supplements indicated improvement of nutritional status of severely malnourished bedridden patient.
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GANAPAMO, F., B. RUTTI, and M. BROSSARD. "Identification of an Ixodes ricinus salivary gland fraction through its ability to stimulate CD4 T cells present in BALB/c mice lymph nodes draining the tick fixation site." Parasitology 115, no. 1 (July 1997): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097008913.
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BALB/c mice infested with larvae or nymphs of Ixodes ricinus develop in their lymph nodes a T cell-specific immune response triggered by salivary gland soluble antigens (SGA). SGA are apparently conserved in the 3 biological stages of I. ricinus ticks and are species specific. SGA derived from partially fed females I. ricinus stimulate lymph node T cells from mice infested with I. ricinus larvae or nymphs. In contrast, lymph node cells from mice infested with Amblyomma hebraeum nymphs do not respond. A chromatographic fraction enriched with a 65 kDa protein (IrSG65) isolated from salivary glands of I. ricinus partially fed females induces in vitro a specific T cell proliferation of lymph node cells from mice infested with I. ricinus nymphs. The depletion of CD4+ T cells drastically reduces the ability of lymphocytes from infested mice to proliferate after IrSG65 stimulation.
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Joung, Kyoung Eun, Sule Umit Cataltepe, Zoe Michael, Helen Christou, and Christos S. Mantzoros. "Cord Blood Adipocyte Fatty Acid–Binding Protein Levels Correlate With Gestational Age and Birth Weight in Neonates." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 102, no. 5 (January 31, 2017): 1606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3831.
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AbstractContext:Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) have increased risk for obesity and metabolic syndrome, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Adipocyte fatty acid–binding protein (AFABP) is an adipokine that has been implicated in modulation of insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Higher plasma AFABP levels are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular morbidity in adults. Alterations in AFABP levels during fetal growth have not been characterized.Objective:To examine AFABP levels in neonatal cord blood in relation to gestational age and birth weight.Design:A cross-sectional study of 361 neonates born at a tertiary academic center.Outcome Measures:Plasma AFABP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For comparison, venous samples from 26 adults were analyzed.Results:AFABP levels were higher in neonates compared with adults (P < 0.01). Preterm infants had higher AFABP levels [48.2 (31.2 to 73.3) ng/mL] compared with full-term infants [35.8 (25.1 to 51.5)] ng/mL, P < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between AFABP and gestational age (r = 0.28, P = 0.02). Among full-term infants, AFABP levels in SGA infants were lower [28.6 (24.2 to 37.3) ng/mL], compared with appropriate for gestational age [36.1 (25.5 to 50.4) ng/mL] and large for gestational age infants [45.0 (24.6 to 62.4) ng/mL, P < 0.05].Conclusions:These associations may reflect the higher metabolic activity during fetal development. AFABP may also be involved in fetal growth and the association between SGA status and obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life.
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Marzano, Flaviana, Annamaria Ventura, Mariano Francesco Caratozzolo, Italia Aiello, Francesca Mastropasqua, Giacomina Brunetti, Luciano Cavallo, Elisabetta Sbisà, Maria Felicia Faienza, and Apollonia Tullo. "The p53 family member p73 modulates the proproliferative role of IGFBP3 in short children born small for gestational age." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 15 (August 2015): 2733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0105.
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The regulation of insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) gene expression is complex, because it can be induced by agents that both stimulate and inhibit the proliferation. The principal aim of this study was to investigate whether p73, a member of the p53 gene family, has a role in the regulation of the IGFBP3 expression and whether this regulation occurs in a context of cell survival or death. We demonstrate that IGFBP3 is a direct TAp73α (the p73 isoform that contains the trans-activation domain) target gene and activates the expression of IGFBP3 in actively proliferating cells. As IGFBP3 plays a key role in regulating the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor type 1 (GH/IGF1) axis, whose alterations in gene expression appear to have a role in the growth failure of children born small for gestational age (SGA), we measured the mRNA expression levels of p73 and IGFBP3 in a group of SGA children. We found that mRNA expression levels of p73 and IGFBP3 are significantly lower in SGA children compared with controls and, in particular, p73 mRNA expression is significantly lower in SGA children with respect to height. Our results shed light on the intricate GH/IGF pathway, suggesting p73 as a good biomarker of the clinical risk for SGA children to remain short in adulthood.
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Kistner, Anna, Mireille Vanpée, and Kerstin Hall. "Leptin may enhance hepatic insulin sensitivity in children and women born small for gestational age." Endocrine Connections 2, no. 1 (March 2013): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-12-0071.
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Objective Children born small for gestational age (SGA) are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Lipodystrophy leads to early type 2 diabetes and leptin reverses the metabolic consequences of the disease. Low IGF-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) can predict the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine leptin, insulin, and IGFBP1 in children and adult women born preterm or SGA to evaluate the role of leptin as a compensatory mechanism in insulin resistance development. Methods Seventy-six children (8.5–10 years, 41 girls and 35 boys) and 45 women (23–30 years) were studied. The children comprised subjects born appropriate for gestational age (<30 gestational weeks) (n=22), born SGA at term (n=23), and full-term normal-weight controls (n=31). Among the women, the corresponding figures were, n=10, n=18, and n=17 respectively. Fasting levels of IGFBP1, leptin, insulin, and IGF1 were determined and total adiponectin only in women. Results In girls and women, term SGA subjects had higher leptin levels in relation to BMI SDS (P=0.042 and P=0.03 respectively). More than half of IGFBP1 variability was explained by leptin and insulin in children. In term SGA women, IGFBP1 level was lower compared with controls (P=0.012) and the regression line of IGFBP1 on insulin was suppressed below −1 s.d. of a reference material. Conclusion Leptin levels were elevated in term SGA girls and women, in particular in adult women, but not found in preterm girls and women. IGFBP1 was lower in term SGA women. In children, leptin and insulin were strong suppressors of IGFBP1. We speculate that higher leptin levels could be a protective event to enhance hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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Tenhola, S., B. Todorova, J. Jääskeläinen, O. A. Jänne, T. Raivio, and R. Voutilainen. "Serum glucocorticoids and adiponectin associate with insulin resistance in children born small for gestational age." European Journal of Endocrinology 162, no. 3 (March 2010): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-09-1003.
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ObjectivesAltered glucocorticoid activity is one possible mechanism linking fetal growth restriction with later insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. We aimed to investigate whether serum glucocorticoid parameters are related to IR in children born small for gestational age (SGA).DesignA total of 110 children (55 age- and gender-matched pairs born SGA or appropriate for gestational age (AGA) in a case–control setting) were studied at the mean age of 12.2 (s.d. 0.2) years.MethodsSerum cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), free cortisol index (FCI=cortisol/CBG), and glucocorticoid bioactivity (GBA, transactivation assay) were analyzed and related to serum adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) concentrations and homeostasis model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) and QUICKI indices.ResultsIn the pooled study population, GBA correlated well with cortisol and FCI (r=0.681 and 0.586 respectively; P<0.001 for both). Serum cortisol, CBG, FCI, GBA, HOMA-IR, or QUICKI did not differ between the SGA and AGA subjects, but the SGA children had lower body mass index (P=0.005) and waist circumference (WC) (P=0.001). The mean GBA in the highest GBA quartile was higher among the SGA subjects than among the AGA subjects (138.6 vs 96.4 nmol/l cortisol equivalents, P<0.001). In the SGA children, GBA correlated positively with HOMA-IR (r=0.522, P<0.001) and inversely with adiponectin (r=−0.278, P=0.042) (WC/height ratio adjustments), and in logistic regression analysis, higher GBA (odds ratio (OR) 1.3; P=0.013), lower adiponectin (OR 1.4; P=0.038), and lower IGFBP1 (OR 1.9; P=0.010) associated independently with higher HOMA-IR.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that increased glucocorticoid activity and low serum adiponectin concentrations associate with IR in SGA children.
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Mukhopadhyay, A., T. Thomas, R. J. Bosch, P. Dwarkanath, A. Thomas, C. P. Duggan, and A. V. Kurpad. "Fetal sex modifies the effect of maternal macronutrient intake on the incidence of small-for-gestational-age births: a prospective observational cohort study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy161.
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Abstract Background Maternal macronutrient intake is likely to play a pivotal role in fetoplacental growth. Male fetuses grow faster and their growth is more responsive to maternal size. Objective We assessed the role of fetal sex in modifying the effect of maternal macronutrient intake on the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. Design This was a prospective, observational cohort study of 2035 births from an urban South Asian Indian population. Maternal intakes of total energy and macronutrients were recorded by validated food-frequency questionnaires. The interaction of trimester 1 macronutrient intake with fetal sex was tested on the outcome of SGA births. Results The prevalence of SGA was 28%. Trimester 1 macronutrient composition was high in carbohydrate and low in fat (means ± SDs—carbohydrate: 64.6% ± 5.1%; protein: 11.5% ± 1.1%; and fat: 23.9% ± 4.4% of energy). Higher carbohydrate and lower fat consumption were each associated with an increased risk of SGA [adjusted OR (AOR) per 5% of energy (95% CI): carbohydrate: 1.15 (1.01, 1.32); fat: 0.83 (0.71, 0.97)] specifically among male births (males: n = 1047; females: n = 988). Dietary intake of >70% of energy from carbohydrate was also associated with increased risk (AOR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.78), whereas >25% of energy from fat intake was associated with decreased risk (AOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.90) of SGA in male births. Conclusions Higher carbohydrate and lower fat intakes early in pregnancy were associated with increased risk of male SGA births. Therefore, we speculate that fetal sex acts as a modifier of the role of maternal periconceptional nutrition in optimal fetoplacental growth.
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Furness, D. L. F., G. A. Dekker, C. D. McCormack, R. C. Nowak, S. D. Thompson, and C. T. Roberts. "522. THE ASSOCIATION OF FOLATE PATHWAY ENZYME POLYMORPHISMS AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs522.
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The folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 (one-carbon) metabolic pathway is essential for the synthesis of precursors used in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. We hypothesise that single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes in this pathway can disrupt these processes leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We investigated associations of six candidate polymorphisms in five genes related to one-carbon metabolism with risk for adverse pregnancy outcome in 586 nulliparous Caucasian couples with normal fertility. Chi-square analysis was used to compare genotype frequencies with pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancies were classified as healthy (n=261), preeclampsia (PE, n=38), gestational hypertension (GHT, n=32), small-for-gestational-age (SGA, n=60) and PE+SGA (n=22). Associations between maternal, paternal and neonatal genotypes with customised birthweight centiles and placental weight were determined using ANOVA with SIDAK post-hoc analyses. The maternal MTR 2756 G allele was associated with decreased placental weight (–87g, P=0.040). Both paternal and neonatal MTR 2756 G alleles were associated with lower birthweight (–12%, P=0.028 and –10%, P=0.039) while the latter was also associated with PE+SGA (P <0.000). Neonatal MTRR GG genotype was associated with GHT and PE with SGA (P=0.033, P=0.011). Neonatal MTHFD1 GG genotype was twice as frequent in PE and GHT (P=0.037; P=0.019) while neonatal TCN2 GG genotype doubled in SGA (P=0.042) compared with healthy pregnancies. Our findings indicate that genetic variation in multiple one-carbon metabolism genes may influence risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. MTR with cofactor vitamin-B12, catalyses the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Formation of methionine through this pathway is important for synthesis of phospholipids, proteins, myelin, DNA, RNA and S-adenosyl methionine. TCN2 encodes the vitamin-B12 transport protein and MTHFD1 catalyses the conversion of one-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, which are substrates for methionine, thymine and purine synthesis and are important for healthy placental and fetal development. Larger studies are needed to further examine gene/gene and gene/diet interactions in this pathway.
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Hương, Nguyễn Thị Lan, Nguyễn Văn Sơn, and Nguyễn Trọng Hưng. "Tình trạng dinh dưỡng người bệnh trước và sau mổ chân thương sọ não tại bệnh viện đa khoa tỉnh Phú Thọ năm 2017 và một số yêu tố liên quan." Tạp chí Y học Dự phòng 30, no. 7 (April 27, 2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51403/0868-2836/2020/162.
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Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang được thực hiện trên 47 người bệnh tại khoa Ngoại Thần kinh – Bệnh viện Đa khoa Phú Thọ nhằm đánh giá tình trạng dinh dưỡng (TTDD) người bệnh trước và sau mổ chấn thương sọ não (CTSN) tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Phú Thọ. Sư dung phương pháp đánh giá TTDD theo phương pháp đánh giá tổng thể chủ quan-Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), BMI và các chỉ số xét nghiệm hóa sinh, huyết học. Nghiên cứu cho thấy trước phẫu thuật năm 2017: Tỷ lệ người bệnh bị suy dinh dưỡng (SDD) theo BMI; SGA; Albumin và Protein toàn phần lần lượt là 14,9%; 38,3%; 4,3%; và 17,0%. Tỷ lệ thiếu máu của người bệnh là 29,8%. Sau phẫu thuật 7 ngày tỷ lệ SDD tăng hơn so với trước phẫu thuật theo BMI là 25,5%; SGA là 42,6%; Albumin là 38,3% và Protein toàn phần là 44,7%, tỷ lệ thiếu máu tăng lên (76,6%). Số ngày điều trị trung bình 11,6 ngày. Hầu hết người bệnh được nuôi ăn đường miệng 2 ngày sau phẫu thuật (83,0%). Trong đó có 8,5% người bệnh có biến chứng viêm phổi và đều nằm ở nhóm người bệnh nằm viện lâu ngày (> 14 ngày). Có mối liên quan giữa SGA nhập viện với nhóm tuổi (p < 0,05), BMI nhập viện với biến chứng viêm phổi (p < 0,05). Người bệnh nhập viện phẫu thuật CTSN cần được đánh giá TTDD phát hiện sớm những người bệnh có nguy cơ về dinh dưỡng để tiến hành hỗ trợ can thiệp kịp thời giúp nâng cao hiệu quả điều trị.
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Chung, Sung Hee, Bengt Lindholm, and Hi Bahl Lee. "Influence of Initial Nutritional Status on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patient Survival." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 20, no. 1 (January 2000): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080002000105.
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Objectives To evaluate the influence of initial nutritional status on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient survival and to identify factors determining initial nutritional status and patient mortality. Design Prospective single-center study. Setting Kidney Center, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital. Patients A total of 91 consecutive CAPD patients, who underwent initial nutritional assessment at Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, between September 1994 and January 1999, was included in this study. All patients were assessed at a mean of 7 days after beginning CAPD (range 3 – 24 days). Forty-eight patients were male, 50 were diabetics, and their mean age was 53.9 years (range 22 – 76 years). Methods Nutritional status was assessed by subjective global assessment (SGA), biochemical and anthropometric measurements, fat-free edema-free (FFEF) body mass by creatinine kinetics, urea kinetic studies, and calculation of the normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (nPNA). Results By SGA, 55% were classified as having normal nutrition while 45% had signs of malnutrition; 61% of female and 31% of male patients, and 54% of diabetics and 34% of nondiabetics were classified as malnourished. Initial FFEF body mass, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum albumin (sAlb), residual renal function (RRF), and weekly total creatinine clearance were significantly lower in the malnourished patients than in the patients with normal nutrition. On multiple regression analysis, only FFEF body mass was an independent determinant of SGA score. On 31 January 1999, 41 patients were still on CAPD, 15 patients had died, and 27 patients had been transferred to hemodialysis. Those who died during observation were older and had lower initial FFEF body mass, % lean body mass, BUN, sAlb, RRF, and SGA score. The 2-year patient survival rate was significantly lower in the malnourished than in normal patients (67.1% vs 91.7%, p = 0.02). On Cox proportional hazards analysis, initial age, malnutrition assessed by SGA, and FFEF body mass were identified as factors determining death. Conclusion Malnutrition was present in 45% of patients commencing CAPD when assessed by SGA. Initial FFEF body mass was a determinant of SGA score and predicted death. Malnutrition as assessed by SGA was also an independent predictor of death. Initial nutritional status, therefore, appears to exert a powerful influence on CAPD patient survival.
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Mills, Luke, Lynda Coulter, Emma Savage, and Neena Modi. "Macronutrient content of donor milk from a regional human milk bank: variation with donor mother–infant characteristics." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 10 (September 2, 2019): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002228.
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AbstractBetter understanding of the variation in macronutrient content of human donor milk (HDM) potentiates targeted nutrition for preterm babies. The present study describes the relationship of maternal age, parity, monthly lactation stage estimate (LSEm), daily volume of milk expressed (Vd), sex, gestation and birth weight z scores with macronutrient content of HDM. Multilevel mother–infant pair ID random intercept models were performed using the predictor variables above on the outcome HDM macronutrient content determined using mid-IR spectroscopy. Mean macronutrient content was also compared by gestational age and small for gestational age (SGA) (z score < –1·28) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (z score ≥ –1·28) categories. A total of 2966 samples of donations from 1175 mother–infant pairs to the UK Northwest Human Milk Bank between 2011 and 2017 were analysed. Mean protein, fat, carbohydrate and calculated energy were 0·89 (SD 0·24) g/dl, 2·99 (SD 0·96) g/dl, 7·09 (SD 0·44) g/dl, and 60·37 (SD 8·41) kcal/dl (252·59 (SD 35·19) kJ/dl), respectively. Preterm SGA HDM was significantly higher in protein, fat and energy content than term AGA HDM and significantly lower in carbohydrate content than term AGA HDM after controlling for LSEm, Vd and between-subject effects. Degree of prematurity did not influence macronutrient content. Between-subject effects accounted for more of the variance in macronutrient content than the fixed effects in the model. Despite this, SGA status, as well as prematurity, may be an important determinant of macronutrient content in human milk. As bioavailability of macronutrients from HDM is uncertain, studies evaluating growth and body composition in preterm and SGA babies fed HDM are warranted.
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Doan, Nicole, Elaine Wang, Bo Lönnerdal, and Peng Ji. "PSIV-B-31 Late-Breaking: The effects of iron overload on growth performance and iron metabolism in nursery piglets born at different sizes of development." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.651.
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Abstract Either iron excess or iron deficiency may adversely affect growth of pigs. This study assessed the effect of dose of iron supplement on growth and iron metabolism in nursing piglets born small (SGA) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Eight SGA piglets (BW=1.18 kg) and 16 AGA piglets (BW=1.73 kg) were enrolled on postnatal day (PD) 1. The SGA piglets orally received high iron supplementation (15 mg/kg·d; SGAH), and AGA piglets orally received either high (15 mg/kg·d; AGAH, n = 6) or low iron supplementation (1 mg/kg·d; AGAL, n = 6) from PD 2 to 21. Body weight was recorded every third day. Blood samples were collected on PD 1, 7, 14, and 21. Liver and duodenal mucosa samples were collected on PD 21 to analyze the mRNA and protein expressions of iron transporters and regulators. All data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The SGA piglets had lower hematocrit and hemoglobin than AGA piglets on PD1 (P < 0.05). The dose of iron supplement did not affect the growth trajectory of nursing piglets. In comparison with AGAL group, high iron increased (P < 0.05) hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma iron, transferrin saturation, and iron load in duodenal mucosa (DM) and liver on PD 21 regardless of birth BW. High iron reduced the DMT1 and TFRC and increased FTL in DM (P < 0.05). High iron decreased TFRC and increased HAMP in liver (P < 0.05). Hepatic expression of H-ferritin were increased (P < 0.05) by high iron. Despite drastic induction of HAMP in liver, protein expression of ferroportin in DM were unaffected by high iron intake. In conclusion, iron transporters and regulators in liver and gut were coordinately regulated to prevent iron overload, but the hepcidin-ferroportin axis was unresponsive to dietary iron intake.
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Verkauskiene, R., J. Beltrand, O. Claris, D. Chevenne, S. Deghmoun, S. Dorgeret, M. Alison, P. Gaucherand, O. Sibony, and C. Lévy-Marchal. "Impact of fetal growth restriction on body composition and hormonal status at birth in infants of small and appropriate weight for gestational age." European Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 5 (November 2007): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0286.
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AbstractBackgroundFetal growth restriction (FGR) has been related to several health risks, which have been generally identified in small-for-gestational age (SGA) individuals.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of FGR on body composition and hormonal status in infants born either small- or appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA).MethodsFetal growth was assessed by ultrasound every 4 weeks from mid-gestation to birth in 248 high-risk pregnancies for SGA. Fetal growth velocity was calculated as change in the estimated fetal weight percentiles and FGR defined as its reduction by more than 20 percentiles from 22 gestational weeks to birth. Impact of FGR on body composition, cord insulin, IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and cortisol concentrations was assessed in SGA and AGA newborns.ResultsGrowth-retarded AGA infants showed significantly reduced birth weight, ponderal index, percentage of fat mass, and bone mineral density when compared with AGA newborns with stable intrauterine growth. Cord IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were significantly decreased in growth-retarded infants in both SGA and AGA groups. Cord insulin concentration was significantly lower and cord cortisol significantly higher in AGA infants with FGR versus AGA newborns with stable intrauterine growth.After adjustment for gestational age and gender, birth weight was directly related to fetal growth velocity and cord IGF-I concentration. The variation in infant's adiposity was best explained by fetal growth velocity and cord insulin concentration.ConclusionsFGR affects body composition and hormonal parameters in newborns with birth weight within the normal range, suggesting these individuals could be at similar metabolic risks as SGA.
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Vizeacoumar, Franco J., Nydia van Dyk, Frederick S.Vizeacoumar, Vincent Cheung, Jingjing Li, Yaroslav Sydorskyy, Nicolle Case, et al. "Integrating high-throughput genetic interaction mapping and high-content screening to explore yeast spindle morphogenesis." Journal of Cell Biology 188, no. 1 (January 11, 2010): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200909013.
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We describe the application of a novel screening approach that combines automated yeast genetics, synthetic genetic array (SGA) analysis, and a high-content screening (HCS) system to examine mitotic spindle morphogenesis. We measured numerous spindle and cellular morphological parameters in thousands of single mutants and corresponding sensitized double mutants lacking genes known to be involved in spindle function. We focused on a subset of genes that appear to define a highly conserved mitotic spindle disassembly pathway, which is known to involve Ipl1p, the yeast aurora B kinase, as well as the cell cycle regulatory networks mitotic exit network (MEN) and fourteen early anaphase release (FEAR). We also dissected the function of the kinetochore protein Mcm21p, showing that sumoylation of Mcm21p regulates the enrichment of Ipl1p and other chromosomal passenger proteins to the spindle midzone to mediate spindle disassembly. Although we focused on spindle disassembly in a proof-of-principle study, our integrated HCS-SGA method can be applied to virtually any pathway, making it a powerful means for identifying specific cellular functions.
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Visentin, Silvia, Annunziata Lapolla, Ambrogio Pietro Londero, Chiara Cosma, Mariagrazia Dalfrà, Martina Camerin, Diego Faggian, Mario Plebani, and Erich Cosmi. "Adiponectin Levels Are Reduced While Markers of Systemic Inflammation and Aortic Remodelling Are Increased in Intrauterine Growth Restricted Mother-Child Couple." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/401595.
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Aim of the Study. To investigate the relationships between the adipocytokine levels, markers of inflammation, and vascular remodelling in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).Materials and Methods. This was a retrospective study. One hundred and forty pregnant patients were enrolled. Adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factorα(TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C reactive protein (CRP) were assessed in IUGR, small for gestational age (SGA), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) mother-child couples at delivery. IUGR and SGA fetuses were defined as fetuses whose estimated fetal weight (EFW) was below 10th percentile for gestational age with and without umbilical artery (UA) Doppler abnormalities, respectively. Fetal aorta intima media thickness (aIMT) was evaluated by ultrasound in the same fetal groups. Data were analyzed by R (version 2.15.2).Results. There were 37 IUGR mother-child couples, 33 SGA, and 70 AGA. Leptin, TNFα, IL-6, and CRP serum levels were higher in IUGR pregnant patients (P<0.05). Adiponectin levels were significantly reduced in IUGR fetuses compared to SGA and AGA, while leptin, TNFα, and IL-6 levels were higher in IUGR group (P≤0.05). Fetal aIMT was significantly higher in IUGR (P<0.05) and in this group there was a negative correlation between aIMT and adiponectin/leptin ratio (A/L ratio) (P<0.05) and between adiponectin and IL-6 levels (P<0.05).Conclusions. In conclusion, compared to SGA and AGA, IUGR fetuses had reduced circulating levels of adiponectin and elevated measures of aIMT and several inflammatory markers. Moreover, adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with aIMT in IUGR fetuses suggesting a possible causal link between reduced adiponectin and vessel remodelling.
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Hayward, Christina E., Susan L. Greenwood, Colin P. Sibley, Philip N. Baker, John R. G. Challis, and Rebecca L. Jones. "Effect of maternal age and growth on placental nutrient transport: potential mechanisms for teenagers' predisposition to small-for-gestational-age birth?" American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 302, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): E233—E242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00192.2011.
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Teenagers have an increased risk of delivering small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Young maternal age and continued skeletal growth have been implicated as causal factors. In growing adolescent sheep, impaired placental development and nutrient transfer cause reduced birth weight. In human pregnancies, SGA is associated with reduced placental amino acid transport. Maternal growth has no effect on placental morphology or cell turnover, but growing teenagers have higher birth weight:placental weight ratios than nongrowing teenagers. We hypothesized that placental nutrient transporter activity would be affected by maternal age and/or growth status. Placentas from teenagers and adults were collected. Teenagers were defined as growing or nongrowing based on knee height measurements. System A amino acid transporter activity was quantified as sodium-dependent uptake of [14C]methylaminoisobutyric acid into placental fragments. Teenagers had lower placental system A activity than adults ( P < 0.05). In adults, placental system A activity was lower in SGA infants than appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants ( P < 0.05). In teenagers, AGA and SGA infants had lower placental system A activity than AGA infants born to adults ( P < 0.05). Placental system A activity was higher in growing teenagers than in nongrowing teenagers ( P < 0.001). Placental mRNA expression of system A transporter isoforms SLC38A1 and -2 was lower in teenagers than in adults ( P < 0.05) but did not differ between growing and nongrowing teenagers. There was no difference in transporter protein expression/localization between cohorts. Teenagers have inherently reduced placental transport, which may underlie their susceptibility to delivering SGA infants. Growing teenagers appear to overcome this susceptibility by stimulating the activity, but not expression, of system A transporters.
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Park, Jin-Hwa, Minkoo Kang, Dae-Won Jun, Mimi Kim, Joo-Hee Kwak, and Bo-kyeong Kang. "Determining Whether Low Protein Intake (<1.0 g/kg) Is a Risk Factor for Malnutrition in Patients with Cirrhosis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102164.
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Background: The prevalence of malnutrition in patients with cirrhosis is considerably high. Body mass index (BMI) is a well-known risk factor for malnutrition, but the other risk factors are unknown. We investigated the prevalence of malnutrition and its risk factors in patients with cirrhosis. Methods: In total, 361 patients with cirrhosis were enrolled. Muscle quality and quantity were retrospectively assessed using the grip strength test and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Subjective global assessment (SGA) of malnutrition and dietary intake assessments were performed by a clinical dietician. Results: The prevalence rates of sarcopenia, malnutrition assessed by SGA, and inadequate energy intake were 22.7%, 13.6%, and 27.5%, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition evaluated using any of the assessment methods was 46.3%, and no significant difference was observed according to liver disease etiology. The prevalence of malnutrition increased with the increasing disease severity (p = 0.034) and decreasing BMI (p = 0.007). The prevalence of malnutrition was 64.4% in patients with protein intake <1.0 g/kg. Low protein intake, Child–Pugh C grade, older age, and low BMI were independent risk factors for malnutrition in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Low protein intake (<1.0 g/kg) is an independent risk factor for malnutrition in patients with cirrhosis.
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Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy, Maria-Luisa, Karen-Alejandra Mata-Tapia, Juan-Antonio Garcia-Santillan, Maria-Angelica Corona-Figueroa, Martha-Isabel Gonzalez-Dominguez, Hector-Manuel Gomez-Zapata, Juan-Manuel Malacara, Leonel Daza-Benitez, and Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero. "Association of placental nutrient sensing pathways with birth weight." Reproduction 160, no. 3 (September 2020): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0186.
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Birth weight (BW) is an important indicator for newborn health. Both high and low BW is associated with increased risks for adult metabolic diseases. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), and insulin/IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) pathways may function as placental sensors of maternal hormonal and nutritional status. However, the physiological role of these pathways in placenta has not been completely elucidated. To evaluate expression and activation of AMPK, mTOR, and insulin/IGF1 pathways and its association with placental weight (PW), BW, and maternal hormonal and metabolic status, we performed a cross-sectional study in placentas from non-obese mothers with SGA (n = 17), AGA (n = 19) and LGA (n = 10) newborns. We analyzed placental expression of total and phosphorylated key proteins from the AMPK, mTOR and insulin/IGF1 pathways. Maternal and cord blood hormones were determined by ELISA. AMPK and LKB1 activation correlated negatively with PW and BW, cord leptin, and pregestational BMI. Placental SIRT1 inversely correlated with BW, cord leptin, neonatal HOMA-IR, and maternal IGF1. PGC1α correlated negatively with PW and BW. Phosphorylated mTOR positively correlated with maternal glucose, PW and BW. IGF1R was lower in SGA. No changes in p-IGF1R, INSRb, total AKT or p-AKT were found, and pPDK1 was lower in SGA and LGA. These results suggest that placental AMPK, insulin/IGF1, and mTOR pathways may influence fetal growth, perhaps regulating placental physiology, even in metabolically healthy pregnancies. Our study highlights these nutrient sensing pathways as potential molecular mechanisms modulating placental adaptations and, thus, long-term metabolic health.
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Khor, Ban-Hock, Hui-Ci Tiong, Shing Cheng Tan, Raha Abdul Rahman, and Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor. "Protein-Energy Wasting Assessment and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092809.
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Nutritional assessment is essential to identify patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) who are protein-energy wasting (PEW) and at risk of poor clinical outcomes. This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship of nutritional assessments for PEW with clinical outcomes in patients with AKI. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases using search terms related to PEW, nutrition assessment, and AKI to identify prospective cohort studies that involved AKI adult patients with at least one nutritional assessment performed and reported relevant clinical outcomes, such as mortality, length of stay, and renal outcomes associated with the nutritional parameters. Seventeen studies reporting eight nutritional parameters for PEW assessment were identified and mortality was the main clinical outcome reported. A meta-analysis showed that PEW assessed using subjective global assessment (SGA) was associated with greater mortality risk (RR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.36–2.91). Individual nutrition parameters, such as serum chemistry, body mass, muscle mass, and dietary intakes, were not consistently associated with mortality. In conclusion, SGA is a valid tool for PEW assessment in patients with AKI, while other nutrition parameters in isolation had limited validity for PEW assessment.
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Nordhausen, Katharina, Wiebke Solass, Cedric Demtroeder, Clemens B. Tempfer, and Marc Reymond. "Cachexia-anorexia syndrome in patients with peritoneal metastasis: an observational study." Pleura and Peritoneum 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pp-2016-0003.
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AbstractBackground: Little is known about the nutritional status of patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM), in particular about the evolution of the so-called anorexia-cachexia syndrome in these patients. The objective of the study was to assess nutritional status in PM patients at the end of life, including metabolic aspects.Methods: Observational study. Prospective nutritional status assessment in 87 PM patients, including Subjective Global Assessment: (SGA), physical examination (body mass index [BMI], bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA], anthropometry and blood chemistry).Results: 85 % patients had received previous chemotherapy. Peritoneal carcinomatosis index was 16±11, Karnofsky 81±14 % and ascites volume 1,000±1,690 ml. SGA was reduced with 22.0±9.6 points, BMI normal with 25.3±5.8 kg/m2 and resting metabolism was 1,527±248 kcal/day. Serum total protein and albumin were at the inferior normal limit (6.5±0.8 g/dl, respectively 3.7±0.8 g/dl) and C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated (2.9±4.1 g/dl). Serum levels of protein (p=0.05), albumin (p=0.003) and transferrin (p=0.001) were higher in gastrointestinal than in ovarian PM patients. When patients were grouped according to time from first assessment to death, serum protein and albumin decreased until end of life, whereas ascites volume, resting metabolism and CRP increased.Conclusion: Both increased resting metabolism and decreased caloric intake contribute to the development of the cachexia-anorexia syndrome in PM patients. End of life is caused by energetic dysbalance and exhaustion.
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Feng, Bin, Di Wang, Yuhui Li, Junpeng Qian, Chenlei Yu, Mingsi Wang, Danni Luo, and Shuangying Wei. "Mechanical Properties of a Soy Protein Isolate–Grafted–Acrylate (SGA) Copolymer Used for Wood Coatings." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051137.
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Changing demands have led to rapidly growing interest in the modification of waterborne wood coatings. To improve the performance of a polyacrylate wood coating, especially the strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance of the film, a soy protein isolate–grafted–acrylate (SGA) copolymer was prepared in an aqueous solution with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and sodium pyrosulfite (SPS) as an unfolding agent for the soybean protein isolate (SPI). The emulsion was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the film, including the tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation at break, and pencil hardness, were measured. The results showed that the glass transition temperature of the polyacrylic resin decreased to 35 °C after the SPI grafting. The elastic modulus of the film increased from 0.317 to 46.949 MPa, and the elongation at break decreased from 453.133% to 187.125% as the addition of SPI varied from 0 to 4 g, respectively. The pencil hardness of the wood coating increased from HB to 3H. This paper proposes a feasible route for the utilization of SPI for wood coatings.
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Erez, Offer, Roberto Romero, Edi Vaisbuch, Shali Mazaki-Tovi, Juan Pedro Kusanovic, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa, Nandor Gabor Than, et al. "Maternal anti-protein Z antibodies in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia, SGA and fetal death." Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 22, no. 8 (January 2009): 662–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767050902801751.
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Jansen, Irene, Matthias Prager, Luzia Valentini, and Carsten Büning. "Inflammation-driven malnutrition: a new screening tool predicts outcome in Crohn’s disease." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 6 (August 22, 2016): 1061–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003044.
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AbstractMalnutrition is a frequent feature in Crohn’s disease (CD), affects patient outcome and must be recognised. For chronic inflammatory diseases, recent guidelines recommend the development of combined malnutrition and inflammation risk scores. We aimed to design and evaluate a new screening tool that combines both malnutrition and inflammation parameters that might help predict clinical outcome. In a prospective cohort study, we examined fifty-five patients with CD in remission (Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) <200) at 0 and 6 months. We assessed disease activity (CDAI, Harvey–Bradshaw index), inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), faecal calprotectin (FC)), malnutrition (BMI, subjective global assessment (SGA), serum albumin, handgrip strength), body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) and administered the newly developed ‘Malnutrition Inflammation Risk Tool’ (MIRT; containing BMI, unintentional weight loss over 3 months and CRP). All parameters were evaluated regarding their ability to predict disease outcome prospectively at 6 months. At baseline, more than one-third of patients showed elevated inflammatory markers despite clinical remission (36·4 % CRP ≥5 mg/l, 41·5 % FC ≥100 µg/g). Prevalence of malnutrition at baseline according to BMI, SGA and serum albumin was 2–16 %. At 6 months, MIRT significantly predicted outcome in numerous nutritional and clinical parameters (SGA, CD-related flares, hospitalisations and surgeries). In contrast, SGA, handgrip strength, BMI, albumin and body composition had no influence on the clinical course. The newly developed MIRT was found to reliably predict clinical outcome in CD patients. This screening tool might be used to facilitate clinical decision making, including treatment of both inflammation and malnutrition in order to prevent complications.
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Bába, László-István, Zsolt Gáll, Melinda Kolcsár, Zsuzsánna Pap, Zoltán V. Varga, Béla Kovács, Beatrix Hack, and Imre-Zoltán Kun. "Effect on Body Weight and Adipose Tissue by Cariprazine: A Head-to-Head Comparison Study to Olanzapine and Aripiprazole in Rats." Scientia Pharmaceutica 88, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm88040050.
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Cariprazine (Car) is a recently approved second generation antipsychotic (SGA) with unique pharmacodynamic profile, being a partial agonist at both dopamine D2/3 receptor subtypes, with almost 10 times greater affinity towards D3. SGAs are known to increase body weight, alter serum lipids, and stimulate adipogenesis but so far, limited information about the adverse effects is available with this drug. In order to study this new SGA with such a unique mechanism of action, we compared Car to substances that are considered references and are well characterized: olanzapine (Ola) and aripiprazole (Ari). We studied the effects on body weight and also assessed the adipogenesis in rats. The drugs were self-administered in two different doses to female, adult, Wistar rats for six weeks. Weekly body weight change, vacuole size of adipocytes, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 (SREBP-1) and Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP-1) expression were measured from the visceral adipose tissue (AT). The adipocyte’s vacuole size, and UCP-1 expression were increased while body weight gain was diminished by Car. by increasing UCP-1 might stimulate the thermogenesis, that could potentially explain the weight gain lowering effect through enhanced lipolysis.
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Morisaki, Naho, Chie Nagata, Shinobu Yasuo, Seiichi Morokuma, Kiyoko Kato, Masafumi Sanefuji, Eiji Shibata, et al. "Optimal protein intake during pregnancy for reducing the risk of fetal growth restriction: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 12 (November 5, 2018): 1432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451800291x.
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AbstractClinical trials show that protein supplement increases infant size in malnourished populations; however, epidemiological studies in high-income countries have reported mixed results. Although these findings suggest a non-linear relationship between maternal macronutrient intake and fetal growth, this relationship has not been closely examined. We assessed the association between maternal protein intake and fetal growth among 91 637 Japanese women with singletons in a nation-wide cohort study using validated FFQ. The respondents answered the FFQ twice, once during early pregnancy (FFQ1; 16·3 (sd 6·0) weeks), and second during mid-pregnancy (FFQ2, 28·1 (sd 4·1) weeks). Daily energy intake and percentage energy from protein, fats and carbohydrates were 7477 (sd 2577) kJ and 13·5 (sd 2·0), 29·5 (sd 6·5) and 55·3 (sd 7·8) %, respectively, for FFQ1, and 7184 (sd 2506) kJ and 13·6 (sd 2·1), 29·8 (sd 6·6) and 55·3 (sd 7·9) %, respectively, for FFQ2. The average birth weight was 3028 (sd 406) g, and 6350 infants (6·9 %) were small for gestational age (SGA). In both phases of the survey, birth weight was highest and the risk of SGA was lowest when the percentage energy from protein was 12 %, regardless of whether isoenergetic replacement was with fat or carbohydrates. Furthermore, when protein density in the maternal diet was held constant, birth weight was highest when 25 % of energy intake came from fat and 61 % came from carbohydrates during early pregnancy. We found maternal protein intake to have an inverse U-curve relationship with fetal growth. Our results strongly suggest that the effect of protein on birth weight is non-linear, and that a balanced diet fulfilling the minimum requirement for all macronutrients was ideal for avoiding fetal growth restriction.
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Pham Van, Binh, Hoa Nguyen Thi Thanh, Huong Le Thi, Anh Nguyen Le Tuan, Hang Dang Thi Thu, and Dung Dang Viet. "Nutritional Status and Feeding Regimen of Patients with Esophagus Cancer—A Study from Vietnam." Healthcare 9, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030289.
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Background: Esophagus cancer patients are at high risk of malnutrition. This study was performed to assess the nutritional status and dietary intake of newly diagnosed esophageal cancer patients in Vietnam National Cancer Hospital (NCH). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 206 early esophageal cancer inpatients after gastrostomy from September 2017 to June 2018. The chi-squared test, Fisher exact test, and Mann–Whitney test were performed. The software of the Vietnam National Institute of Nutrition was used to evaluate the dietary intake of patients. Results: All the participants were male with a mean age of 57.1 ± 8.5 years. Overall, 87.4% of patients had dysphagia. Furthermore, 82.5% and 90.8% of patients reported weight loss one and six months pre-diagnosis, respectively. Moreover, 52.9% of patients suffered from mild/moderate malnutrition and 29.6% of patients had severe malnutrition according to the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). The body mass index (BMI) and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement revealed 47.6% and 50% of undernourished patients, respectively. The proportions of patients having malnutrition were 10.7%, 55.8%, and 27.2% according to albumin, prealbumin, and total lymphocyte counts, respectively. The means of energy, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate in the patients’ 24 h preoperative diets were 973.6 ± 443.0 kcal/day, 42.4 ± 21.6 g/day, 31.0 ± 15.5 g/day, and 130.0 ± 64.5 g/day. The total energy, total protein, animal protein, total lipid, and plant lipid in the dietary intake of patients were strongly correlated with age, economic classification, and PG-SGA (each p < 0.05). The total energy intake increased day by day, with the average energy intake of 1343.9 ± 521.3 kcal on the seventh day. Energy and protein response rates increased day by day and were highest at 7 days post-operation at 18.0% and 19.4%. Conclusion: Malnutrition and insufficient intake are noteworthy in esophageal cancer patients. The PG-SGA is strongly correlated with the dietary intake of patients. The results from this study will help medical staff to prevent malnutrition and improve the nutritional status of esophageal cancer inpatients. Furthermore, public awareness should be raised on recognizing weight loss as an early symptom of esophageal cancer and the utilization of preoperative assessment tools for nutritional assessment and malnutrition management.
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Boehm, G., H. Beyreiss, H. Senger, P. Müller, and N. Räihä. "26. PROTEIN METABOLISM IN VERY-LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) FED PROTEIN FORTIFIED HUMAN MILK (HM)." Pediatric Research 22, no. 1 (July 1987): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198707000-00047.
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Contreras-Bolívar, Sánchez-Torralvo, Ruiz-Vico, González-Almendros, Barrios, Padín, Alba, and Olveira. "GLIM Criteria Using Hand Grip Strength Adequately Predict Six-Month Mortality in Cancer Inpatients." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092043.
Full textAbstract:
Protein-calorie malnutrition is very frequent in cancer patients and is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Recently, the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were proposed to standardize the diagnosis of malnutrition. Nevertheless, these criteria were not validated in prospective studies. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in cancer inpatients using different diagnostic classifications, including GLIM criteria, and to establish their association with length of stay and mortality. Hence, we designed a prospective study. Within the first 24 hours of admission to the Inpatient Oncology Unit, subjective global assessment (SGA) was carried out, and anthropometric data (body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference (MAC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), fat-free mass index (FFMI)) and hand grip strength (HGS) were obtained to assess the reduction of muscle mass according to GLIM criteria. Length of stay, biomarkers (albumin, prealbumin, C-reactive protein (CRP)), and in-hospital and six-month mortality were evaluated. Regarding the 282 patients evaluated, their mean age was 60.4 ± 12.6 years, 55.7% of them were male, and 92.9% had an advanced-stage tumor (17.7% stage III, 75.2% stage IV). According to SGA, 81.6% of the patients suffered from malnutrition (25.5% moderate malnutrition, and 56.1% severe malnutrition), and, based on GLIM criteria, malnutrition rate was between 72.2 and 80.0% depending on the used tool. Malnourished patients (regardless of the tool used) showed significantly worse values concerning BMI, length of stay, and levels of CRP/albumin, albumin, and prealbumin than normally nourished patients. In logistic regression, adjusted for confounding variables, the odds ratio of death at six months was significantly associated with malnutrition by SGA (odds ratio 2.73, confidence interval (CI) 1.35–5.52, p = 0.002), and by GLIM criteria calculating muscle mass with HGS (odds ratio 2.72, CI 1.37–5.40, p = 0.004) and FFMI (odds ratio 1.87, CI 1.01–3.48, p = 0.047), but not by MAC or AMC. The prevalence of malnutrition in advanced-stage cancer inpatients is very high. SGA and GLIM criteria, especially with HGS, are useful tools to diagnose malnutrition and have a similar predictive value regarding six-month mortality in cancer inpatients.