Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Shakespeare Sonnets'

This thesis undertakes a study of Shakespeare's sonnets that seeks to locate them in the determinate historical circumstances of the moment of their production. Subjectivity in the sonnets is read as the location of a series of conflicts which are ultimately socio-historical in nature. Contemporaries identified the sonnet form as a discourse of the aristocracy, especially in its manifestation of courtly love. Shakespeare's sonnets attempt to manage the pressures that the history of the late sixteenth century impose upon this discursive formation from within the genre itself. The first and second chapters of the thesis set out the historical framework within which the generic requirements of the sonnet were played out, and discuss the tensions which result. Chapter three reads the first seventeen sonnets in the light of this work, arguing against a view of these particular poems as a homogeneous group of marriage sonnets. These sonnets set out the homosocial considerations that underpin the relationship between the addressor and the young nobleman in a way that foreshadows the conflicts that are played out in later poems. Chapter four traces these conflicts in terms of the subjectivity of the young man, noting that the historical crisis in the ideology of the aristocracy renders his subject-position unstable. Chapter five relates this result to the related subjectivity of the adressor, the poetic persona of the poems, and reads his position as noting the disjunctions in the dominant ideology, while nevertheless being unable to move away from its interpellation of his position. Chapter six notes the consequent disruption of gendered identity, both for the "dark lady" and the poetic persona himself. The conclusion argues for a materialist perspective on the sonnets' problematising of subjectivity in the Renaissance.

The aim of this essay is to show how Shakespeare’s sonnets violated and reversed the conventional ideas in terms of beauty and idealisation. Furthermore, I will examine the way Shakespeare presented his beloved woman as an absolute opposite of the one created by Petrarch, and how he shifted all the divine metaphors from a woman to a fair young man, creating a new object of praise and admiration.

Throughout the procreation sonnets and those numerous sonnets that promise immortality through verse for Shakespeare's beloved young man, the poet personifies time as an agent of relentlessly destructive change. Yet Shakespeare's approach to the personification of time, as well as his reactions to time, changes over the course of the sequence. He transforms his fear of and obsession with time as a destroyer typical of most sonnets to an attitude of mastery over the once ominous force. The act of contemplating time's power by personification provides the speaker with a deeper awareness of time, love, and mutability that allows him to form several new philosophies which resolve his fear. By the end of the sequence, the poet no longer fortifies himself and the beloved against time's devastation because his new outlook fosters an acceptance of time that opposes and thus negates his previous contention with this force.

Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets have become the interest of several generations of Russian translators. Overall, after their first appearance in the middle of the nineteenth century, at least thirty-five Russian translations of the complete sonnet collection have been produced so far, though mostly during the last three decades. The overall objective of the present thesis is to examine the evolution of Russian translations of Shakespeare’s sonnets over the years. The thesis is novel in that it offers an analysis of specific linguistic, literary and cultural challenges the numerous Russian translators have dealt with while translating the sonnets, as well as the strategies adopted in an effort to resolve them. In order to achieve the study objectives, several individual sonnets and a number of their Russian translations have been selected as a sample representing challenging areas that have been more closely investigated in four articles. The method of cross comparison has been applied throughout the study. Both the introductory part and the articles address certain problematic translation issues, such as the sonnets’ formal structure, the pronouns of address, grammatical gender, bawdy language, sexual puns, culture-specific items, and metaphors. The results provide evidence for seeing translation as a multi-layered and ever-changing process, which, apart from the pure linguistic tasks, combines historical, political and ideological aspects. The findings of the study suggest that translation competence, namely deep understanding of the context and its fundamental cultural and social features, motivates the translator’s interpretation of the contradictions and uncertainties of Shakespeare’s poems. Those include the sonnets genre, relation to Shakespeare’s biography, the order of the poems in the first 1609 Quarto. The analysis also identifies the ways in which the target language’s social and historical context have had an impact on the choices made by the translators. On the whole, the study’s results do not contradict Mikhail Gasparov’s model describing the pendulum-like movement from “free” to “literal” approaches through the history of Russian literary translation.

In this dissertation, I examine the influence of Pyrrhonist skepticism over Shakespeare’s sonnets. Unlike academic skepticism, which begins from a position of doubt, Pyrrhonist skepticism encourages an embrace of multiple perspectives that, according to Sextus Empiricus, leads first to a suspension of judgment and ultimately to a state of tranquility. The Pyrrhonian inflection of Shakespeare’s sonnets accounts for the pleasure and uncertainty they cultivate in readers. By offering readers multiple perspectives on a given issue, such as love or infidelity, Shakespeare’s sonnets demonstrate the instability of information, suggesting that such instability can be a source for pleasure. One essential tool for the uncertainty in the sonnets, I argue, is the figurative language they draw from a variety of fields and discourses. When these metaphors contradict one another, creating fragmented images in the minds of readers, they generate a unique aesthetic experience, which creates meaning that transcends the significance of any of the individual metaphors. In the first two chapters, I identify important contexts for Shakespeare’s sensitivity to the pliability of figurative language: Reformation-era religious tracts and pamphleteers’ debates about the value and function of the theater. In Chapter 3, I examine Shakespeare’s response to the Petrarchan tradition, arguing that he diverges from the sonneteers, who often use figurative language in an attempt to access and communicate stable truths. Shakespeare creates epistemological instability in sonnets both to the young man and to the dark lady, and, as I argue in Chapter 4, this similarity offers readers an opportunity to think beyond traditional divisions between the two sonnet subsequences.

A presente dissertação consiste em um estudo das imagens simbólicas dos Sonetos de Shakespeare sob a luz das teorias modernas e contemporâneas do imaginário, mito e símbolo de autores como C.G.Jung, P. Ricoeur e G. Durand. Procura mostrar parte do processo criativo Shakespeareano identificando mitos pessoais, imagens recorrentes, assim como arquétipos e padrões arquetípicos presentes nos sonetos. Divide-se em três capítulos. O primeiro, a Introdução, apresenta Shakespeare como poeta e resume algumas abordagens críticas e os problemas decorrentes que foram debatidos até então. Antecipa ainda, a discussão sobre a importância do imaginário do leitor no processo hermenêutico. O segundo capítulo, O imaginário e o imaginário de Shakespeare, divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira, apresento os campos onde literatura, mito, e símbolo relacionam-se entre si, assim como a teoria da metáfora de P. Ricoeur. A segunda parte consiste em dados gerais do imaginário simbólico dos 154 sonetos, cuja base é uma versão moderna da edição de 1609 (conhecida como The Quarto), com a análise de dois sonetos (28,146) que funciona como modelo para as demais, integrantes do terceiro capítulo. Finalmente, o capítulo 3, A hermenêutica das imagens simbólicas dos sonetos de Shakespeare, traz o estudo propriamente dito, e apresenta as imagens recorrentes, arquétipos, padrões arquetípicos e mitos pessoais encontrados nos sonetos. A conclusão reflete a tentativa de mostrar a importância das imagens simbólicas para os Sonetos, assim como apontar formas através das quais os imaginários de autor e leitor misturam-se, gerando significação.
This thesis aims at studying the symbolical imagery of Shakespeare’s Sonnets in the light of modern theories on the imaginary, symbolism, and myth put forward by authors such as C.G. Jung, P. Ricoeur, and G. Durand. It attempts at showing a part of Shakespeare’s creative process by identifying personal myths, recurrent images, as well as archetypes and archetypal patterns inherent in the Sonnets. The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents Shakespeare as a poet and summarizes some critical approaches and consequent problems that have been part of the Sonnets´ critical heritage. It also anticipates the discussion on the importance of the reader’s imaginary in the hermeneutic process. Chapter two is divided in two segments. The first, where I present the grounds on which myth, literature and symbols are related, as well as Ricoeur’s theory of the metaphor; and the second, that consists of general imaginary symbolic data about the 154 sonnets, approached through a modernized version of the 1609 Quarto. In addition, there comes the analysis of sonnets 28 and 146, as models for the others to come in chapter 3. Finally, chapter three The Hermeneutics of Symbolical Imagery in Shakespeare’s Sonnets, displays the study of recurrent images, archetypes, archetypal patterns and personal myths within Shakespeare’s Sonnets. The Conclusion reflects upon the work’s attempt at showing the importance of symbolic images for the study of the sonnets, as well as considers some of the ways through which the imaginary of the writer and that of the reader bind, generating meaning.

Dans Le Premier Livre des Amours de Ronsard, comme les sonnets amoureux de Gôngora, les Rime de Marino et les Sonnets de Shakespeare, une même rhétorique est à l'œuvre. La conscience de venir après, dans un pétrarquisme second qui peut aussi bien être un contre-pétrarquisme, détermine une esthétique merveilleuse au terme de laquelle l'accent semble résolument basculer des res aux verba. L'enjeu est alors de déterminer la teneur en sérieux de cet exercice de brillant formel qui semble d'emblée récuser toute interprétation définitive, à la manière d'un jocus serius indécidable. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que dans ces sonnets où s'exacerbent nombre de pratiques renaissantes, l'expressivité à la fois maximale et codée est articulée à un discours qui valorise les formes de la complexité. L'étude de ce discours procède en trois temps : investissement de la forme du sonnet, caractéristiques de la représentation, teneur e modalités des significations engagées. Une paradoxologie s'en dégage. Paradoxe des énoncés merveilleux métaphoriques ou oxymoriques dont les concetti que produit le sonnet sont l'emblème ; paradoxe d'une représentation à la référence incertaine ; paradoxe du régime équivoque, contradictoire ou allusif de le signification. La paradoxologie maniériste propose cependant un discours unitaire dont la persona lyrique se porte garante. Trame incertaine, le sujet maniériste est avant tout une voix, puissance d'énonciation capable de garantir la force de l'évidence à l'expérience de la complexité. La richesse verbale ne se laisse pas troquer contre un sens apaisé ou univoque, mais la force de renonciation s'efforce d'y suppléer
Ronsard's Premier Livre des Amours, Gôngora's love sonnets, Marino's Rime as well ai Shakespeare's Sonnets offer similar rhetorics. The conscience of not coming first, of writing after Petrarch — perhaps even against Petrarch —, requires an esthetics of maraviglia, definitely shifting the weight from res to verba. Which leads to question the degree of earnestness of such an effects-oriented discourse, that seemingly rejects, under the aegis of the jocus serius, every steady interpretation available. We shall assume that in these sonnets where many an early-modern practice is highly condensed, expressivity, both hyperbolic and coded, embodies a specific, complexity-oriented, discourse. Mannerism - contemplated from the point of view of the practice of the sonnet, of the specificities of its representation and of the management of meaning - calls for a paradoxology. Paradox can come under the guise of metaphors and oxymorons -highly condensed in concetti -, of the uncertain reference of the representation or of the allusive unequivocal, self-conflicting significations. However, paradoxology calls for an unified discourse, guaranteet by the lyric persona. The mannerist self may be an uncertain complexion: he above ail is voice, enunciative might, able to assume the strengh of evidence within the experience of complexity. Verbal cornucopia will not be converted into any stable or pacified meaning, but the enunciative force may stand for it

This study responds to the need for an understanding of the relation of form and political critique within the sonnet form, and hopes to demonstrate that the sonnet can be used to effectively articulate the experience of racism, especially the Du Boisian concept of "double- consciousness," a sense of two-ness born of being both black and American. The fundamental structure of the sonnet (octave, volta, sestet) is dialectical; it "contests the idea it just introduced" (Caplan, Poetic Form: An Introduction 75). The sonnet's self-reflexive structure has been adopted and adapted by poets such as McKay, Cullen, Hughes, and Brooks. The formal and social characteristics of sonnets by African-Americans function synergistically: the way that the octave and the sestet respond to each other in a single poem is also similar to the "call-and- response" movement of African American oral culture. Its tendency to mix two unlike things is like Harlem itself: a compressed space where the street sweeper rubs shoulders with the business tycoon. Perhaps most importantly, the sonnet can be a Trojan horse, a genteel container that conceals a potentially subversive message. This study is constructed around related lines of questioning: First, why did African American poets, in an era usually associated with free verse, choose to adopt a traditional form? Second, how do African American poets adapt a European form as a lens into African American experience? Sonnets by African Americans reflect the complexity of a seemingly simple triangulation between the traditional requirements of form, the promise of equality, and the reality of racism. African American poets infuse "Harlem in Shakespeare," pouring black consciousness into the European form, and they raise "Shakespeare in Harlem," elevating the status of African American forms to the highest levels of literary art. At the same time, this study demonstrates the value of a prosody-based approach for examining how small formal details contribute substantially to the reader's impression of the sonnet. These poets deploy the "rules" of the sonnet ingeniously and unexpectedly. Additionally, the sonnet is a way to separate from and simultaneously be a part of the dominant culture by writing a critical message in a recognizable form. Black culture can criticize white culture, while at the same time acknowledging the mutual, inescapable relationship that binds blacks and white Americans together. Additionally, the sonnet is a way to separate from and simultaneously be a part of the dominant culture by writing a critical message in a recognizable form. Black culture can criticize white culture, while at the same time acknowledging the mutual, inescapable relationship that binds blacks and white Americans together.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The present assignment aims to investigate how the post-structuralist concept of language calls into question and redefines traditional notions relating to sign, text, reading and translation. Based mainly on the discussions brought about by French philosopher Jacques Derrida's deconstruction, this work intends to verify how the demystification of the idea of a stable and transcendent origin allows for a reconsideration of the conventional status attributed to the supposed 'original' text and the translation, in which both are inserted in an endless chain of intertextuality. Supported by the notion of difference as a basic and inevitable part of all human activities and relations, deconstruction sees in translation the status of a text in its own right, different from the 'original', to be carried out by a translator who's no longer mechanical and intelectually limited, but by a person sociohistorically, culturally and ideologically defined by his/her community. In order to detect the translator's authorship responsibility in his/her work – surrounded by interferences arising from his/her subjectivity and the coercions imposed by the context in which he/she lives –, four Portuguese translations of five poems from the Sonnets, written by the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare, will be examined. The lyrical work in question is of extreme interest due to the many controversies which have surrounded it since its publication in 1609, all of which have been invariably silenced by various critics because they refer to Shakespeare's sexuality and integrity as a national cultural property. Moreover, considering the fact that the Sonnets are the focus of very little critical reflexion in the Brazilian literary scenario, it becomes important to investigate whether the piece's sexual implications has played a major role in its timid reception in our territory. The translations selected for analysis are signed by Péricles Eugênio da Silva Ramos, Jerônimo de Aquino, Oscar Mendes and Jorge Wanderley. It is relevant to observe how translators in Brazil have come to terms with the polemic aspects of this poetic sequence, by shaping their texts with certain choices that allow for a vision of their concepts on language, literariness, poetry and translation.
O presente trabalho visa investigar como o pensamento pós-estruturalista sobre a linguagem questiona e redefine noções tradicionais referentes a signo, texto, leitura e tradução. Com base em especial nas reflexões trazidas à tona pela desconstrução do filósofo francês Jacques Derrida, busca-se averiguar como a desmitificação da idéia de uma origem fixa e transcendental permite reconsiderar o status convencionalmente atribuído ao texto dito 'original' e à tradução, inserindo-os ambos em uma cadeia de intertextualidade infinita. Apoiada na diferença como traço fundamental e inevitável de todas as atividades e relações humanas, a desconstrução enxerga na tradução a condição de um texto em seu próprio direito, diferente do 'original', a ser realizado por um tradutor não mais mecânico e intelectualmente limitado, mas por um sujeito definido sociohistórica, cultural e ideologicamente pela comunidade que integra. Com o intuito de detectar a responsabilidade autoral do tradutor em sua produção – norteada por interferências oriundas de sua subjetividade e das coerções impostas pelo contexto em que vive –, serão analisadas quatro traduções em língua portuguesa de cinco poemas dos Sonetos do dramaturgo e poeta inglês William Shakespeare. A obra lírica em questão é de extremo interesse devido às diversas controvérsias que a norteiam desde a época de sua publicação em 1609, controvérsias essas que têm sido invariavelmente silenciadas por muitos críticos, por remeterem à sexualidade de Shakespeare e à sua integridade como propriedade cultural nacional. Além disso, visto que os Sonetos desfrutam de pouca reflexão crítica dentro do panorama literário brasileiro, torna-se importante investigar se as implicações sexuais da obra em pauta desempenharam papel central na sua tímida recepção em nosso território. As traduções selecionadas para análise são assinadas por Péricles Eugênio da Silva Ramos, Jerônimo de Aquino, Oscar Mendes e Jorge Wanderley. É relevante observar como os tradutores no Brasil têm se deparado com os aspectos polêmicos desta seqüência poética, construindo seus textos com base em determinadas escolhas que deixam entrever suas concepções em torno de linguagem, literariedade, poesia e tradução.

William Shakespeare is arguably the most famous and influential author in modern history. His plays make up a literary canon that has been translated into every language, is constantly being reproduced on the stage and on film and has persisted in popularity for centuries. Yet, Shakespeare’s first and most popular text is not a play, but the narrative poem, Venus and Adonis. The text that launched Shakespeare into popularity and gave rise to this cultural icon was a poem, rather than a play. But despite its initial success, Venus and Adonis is not a central feature of the modern literary canon and Shakespeare’s original role as a poet has been overshadowed by his achievements in theatre. This paper sets out to explore what happened to Shakespeare’s legacy in poetry by examining the commercial history and aesthetic form of two of Shakespeare’s poems: Venus and Adonis and the sonnets. I will address how the dramatic literary canon was created and why it revolves around Shakespeare as solely a playwright.

The second edition of Shakespeare's sonnets, titled Poems: Written by Wil. Shake-Speare, Gent, and published by stationer John Benson in 1640, was a text typical of its time. In an effort to update the old-fashioned sonnet sequence in which its contents had first reached print, the compiler or editor of the Bensonian version rearranged the poems from the earlier quarto text, adding titles and other texts thought to have been written by or about the sonnets' author. The immediate reception of the 1640 Poems was a quiet one, but the volume's contents and structure served as the foundation for more than half of the editions of Shakespeare's sonnets produced in the eighteenth century. In part due to the textual instability created by the presence of two disparate arrangements of the collection, Shakespeare's sonnets served only as supplements to the preferred Shakespearean canon from 1709 to 1790. When, at the end of the century, the sonnets finally entered the canon in Edmond Malone's groundbreaking edition of the plays and poems together, Benson's version was quickly overshadowed by the earlier text, which was preferred as both more authorial and, due to Malone's careful critical readings, autobiographical. In contrast to the many scholars since Malone who have overlooked or denigrated the Poems of 1640, this thesis studies the second edition of Shakespeare's sonnets within the framework of the early modern culture that produced it, arguing that Benson's edition provides valuable evidence about the editorial habits and literary preferences of the individuals and culture for which it was originally intended.

This thesis examines Oscar Wilde’s “The Portrait of Mr. W. H.” as the product of Wilde’s long interest in critic Walter Pater’s literature and scholarship. From its first iteration published in 1889, through Wilde’s ongoing revision and expansion into the version commonly anthologized today, “The Portrait of Mr. W. H.” is an evolving work that mirrors Wilde’s enduring relationship with the art and ideas of his former teacher. This relationship is explored in three contexts: Pater’s contribution to Wilde’s understanding of the Renaissance period; the steady influence of Pater’s ideas and persona on Wilde’s other major works from the period that saw the publication and revision of “The Portrait of Mr. W. H.;” and the particular influence of Pater’s Imaginary Portraits on the structure and themes of “The Portrait of Mr. W. H.” Because of Pater’s extensive writings on art, and Wilde’s passionate interest in the subject, many of these intersections occur around the image of the portrait in Wilde’s work.

This essay is about metaphors of time, mortality and transience in William Shakespeare’ssonnets. Exploring these metaphors, I examine sonnets nr. 60, 64 and 65 more closely, since Ithink they are particularly representative as regards the metaphors of time. Unlike the rest ofthe sonnets, these three deal with the subject throughout the sonnets, focusing on theinevitable degeneration of material things. The image of time in the sonnets is depicted in avaried way constructed by several metaphors that add to the depth and paint imagesinfluenced by the beliefs and knowledge of Shakespeare’s time. I put these images in relationto the English Renaissance and its concepts of time using sources from, for example, JohnSpencer Hill, Katherine Duncan-Jones and Dympna Callaghan, who all have made their ownanalyses of Shakespeare’s sonnets. In my close reading of the sonnets I analyse the variousmetaphors Shakespeare uses to make us experience the passage of time as in, for example,sonnet number 60, where the ongoing passage of time is described in a cyclical way by theuse of the metaphor of the waves rolling in and out of a pebbled shore. In a repetitive way thewaves are in constant motion. We can recognise ourselves as being the pebbles, affected bythe constant motion in our lives, slowly turning into sand by time’s cruel hand.

This study considers intertextuality in poetic terms, and uses Victorian reception of Shakespeare'sS onnetsa s its critical focus. Examination of nineteenth-century commentators' attempts to assimilate the Sonnetss' candalous content with Shakespeare's otherwise venerated reputation allows the author to contemplate Victorian cultural poetics as they emerge from reflections on the inheritance of literary traditions. This broad `intertextual' engagement forms a working context for evaluation of a collection of lyrically creative responsest o the SonnetsT. ennyson's In Memoriam;H opkins"To Oxford'; Wilde's Poemsa; nd Michael Field's Underneatthh e Bough are considered. Across these engagements, the significance of historical positioning - the Sonnetsa re specifically located `in the past' for these poems - is vital to the poems' intertextual dynamics. The dissolution produced by intertextual implications of plurality is rehabilitated by the action of remembrance - which produces memory and nostalgia - to facilitate articulation that is contingent on the notion of shared-speaking. The intertextual models revealed engage with late-century aesthetic historicism, focussed in their authors' various responses to Pater's writings. These poets, then, allude to the Sonnets scandalous content in a context that emphasises aesthetic purity and abstraction. This allows that intertextual engagements become a means of expressing elusive sensual and emotional bonds in literary terms.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2012
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Abstract : The present study deals with the problem of codifying linguistic knowledge in a parallel corpus, in other words, the process of corpus annotation. The purpose of the present study was to test the identification of four types of translational correspondence, as defined by Thunes (2011) in a parallel corpus made up of 45 Shakespeare's Sonnets and two distinct translations into Brazilian Portuguese. The obtained results show that Thunes' model can be considered effective when applied to classify alignment units in a parallel corpus of translated poetry, but it needs some adjustments in order to cope with some translational pairs which did not fit properly into any of the four categories. The advantage of Thunes' proposal is that it establishes criteria to analyse complexity involved in the translation process in a very clear way.

Este estudo aborda o problema de codificação do conhecimento linguístico em um corpus paralelo, em outras palavras, o processo de anotação de corpus. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a identificação dos quatro tipos de correspondência tradutória descritos por Thunes (2011) em um corpus paralelo constituído por 45 sonetos de Shakespeare e duas traduções distintas em Português. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o modelo de Thunes pode ser considerado eficaz quando utilizado para classificar unidades de alinhamento em um corpus paralelo de poesia traduzida, mas precisa de algumas adaptações, a fim de lidar com alguns pares tradutórios que não se ajustaram adequadamente em nenhuma das quatro categorias propostas. O modelo proposto por Thunes pode ser considerado vantajoso por estabelecer critérios para analisar a complexidade envolvida no processo de tradução de uma forma muito clara.

Since the cultural turn and the publication of André Lefevere's Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame (1992), the field of translation studies has increasingly focused on the question of ideological influences in the translation process and the subsequent textual or paratextual censorship. While a broad range of studies identify a number of alterations, omissions or disappearances in the translation process under totalitarian or otherwise restrictive regimes (Fabre, 2007; Merino & Rabadán, 2002; Thomson-Wohlgemuth, 2007 among others), only a handful of them researches censorship of non-normative sexualities and identities (Baer, 2011b; Gorjanc, 2012; Linder, 2004). This thesis complements this still largely under-explored subject through an insight into the censorship of male same-sex affection in former Czechoslovakia and the present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia. Focusing on two key periods of the two countries' history, the communist era of 1948-1989 and the current democratic period that started with the Velvet Revolution, the project compares a series of consecutive translations in order to uncover possible patterns of censorship. The corpus of this work consists of Czech and Slovak translations of Shakespeare's sonnets, a poetry collection known for its potential for a homoerotic reading which became subject of controversy almost from the moment of its first known publication in 1609. This project utilises a theoretical background borrowed from poststructuralism and queer theory, chiefly represented by the works of Foucault (1978), Sedgwick (1985, 1990) and Halperin (2002). One of the key questions that these scholars attempted to answer is how to successfully conduct research into the history of human sexuality, given the fact that its conceptualisation changes across temporal and spatial axes. It is based on the assumption that it is not possible to research the history of translation of non-normative sexualities without an awareness of these changing perceptions of the very basic terms like homosexuality. The key aim of this thesis is to introduce the theoretical frameworks from queer studies into a historical enquiry within the field of translation studies in order to test this hypothesis. The methodological framework for this work was designed to suit the large corpus used for this project, encompassing fifteen translations of a collection of 154 sonnets. It consists firstly of a quantitative methodology devised in order to uncover the potential shifts in the gender of the recipient of the sonnets, which is one of the crucial elements in the reading of the corpus as a collection of amorous poetry written by a man for another man or men. The second stage consists of a qualitative analysis of the translations which focuses on textual, contextual and paratextual features that will complement the macro-level insight of the quantitative part with micro-level observations. The aim of this study is to uncover patterns of censorship related to same-sex affection and desire in the sonnet collection, place them into their respective historical context and finally to answer the question of whether there is a correlation between the socio-political changes in Czechoslovakia, the shifting conceptualisation of homosexuality throughout the various periods, and the strategies applied in Czech and Slovak sonnet translations.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Curriculum and Instruction. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Abstract: Instead of assuming that sixteenth-century poetry is a form of transcendence, and instead of defining poetry as an expression of inner life or character, this dissertation argues that there are ways to interpret poetry as a tool that helped sixteenth-century subjects understand and process embodied experience. How do we know that sixteenth-century poetry was a function of the material world and the body? The evidence is in the word selections, themes, and tropes created by poets themselves. By closely examining their writings, we can trace the negotiations between sixteenth-century poetic traditions, senses, and the material world. I explore these negotiations through three sixteenth-century poets whose works may be considered paradigmatic of the larger cultural movements that shaped their world: Sir Thomas Wyatt, the diplomat and courtier-poet in the reign of Henry VIII; Anne Vaughan Lock, a Marian exile who translated Calvin and published devotional poetry at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth I; and William Shakespeare, whose sonnet sequence published in 1609 responded to Elizabethan cultural arts at a time of energy and change. The three poets engaged in this project are distinct in class, gender, and history, and thus, each chapter is a case study that surveys embodiment in a unique context. But the reason the three poets are viewed together (and the tie that binds them) is that they all wrote serial poems, or verse sequences. When compared across the project, important connections emerge about the cognitive power of serial poems. I argue that verse sequences are dexterous as well as able to perform cognitive "heavy lifting." Whether it was Vaughan Lock and Wyatt who dilated scriptural exemplars and carved space for emerging evangelical ideas, or Shakespeare, who much more clearly wrote inventive verse, sixteenth-century writers used the sequence to test new possibilities and integrate prior knowledge. In this diachronic reading of poetic embodiments, we can begin to see verse sequences as a technology that merges compelling perceptual observation with high abstraction, and that allows for opposing ideas to take place across the text, resolving rigid binaries and synthesizing opposites. Although my project attempts to view the poets together, each chapter provides evidence of significant differences across sixteenth-century poets. Although Wyatt and Vaughan Lock both utilized serial poems to test evangelical beliefs regarding conscience and penitence, they signal opposing impulses when it comes to gendered power. Moreover, Shakespeare's sonnets are more ostensibly amatory than religious in their overall intent. Shakespeare's metaliterary discourses, moreover, mobilized the serial format as an even more reflexive form. The project may be a skeletal map of the space between the evangelical procedures of conscience (which were themselves very reflexive) and Shakespearean procedures of mind. By comparing these differences, we may cast light on the ways in which psalm paraphrase (as a mode and a sequential format) influenced English amatory verse sequences. The dissertation works to address unstudied connections between diverse poets from the period of Henry VIII through the early reign of James I. But the dissertation also forges new routes in Renaissance studies, by proposing directions and methods for studying literary embodiment. I believe that sixteenth-century embodiment is best viewed through the lens of religious history and print technology. Moreover, I argue that the study of sixteenth-century embodiment should also incorporate contemporary historical ideas about the mind. By engaging both New Historicism and the discourse of embodied cognition from neuroscience, finally, the project creates a comparative view of cognition, translating between empirical methods and historicist techniques in English studies.
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My dissertation revises our assumptions about the Renaissance commonplace that poetic monuments last longer than marble ones. We tend to understand the commonplace as being about the materiality of artistic media and thus the comparative durability of text and stone. In contrast, I argue that English Renaissance poets and theorists treat the monument of verse as a space where their hopes for the poem’s future converge with broader cultural concerns about the reception of the ancient past and the place of English vernacular poetry within the hierarchy of classical and contemporary European letters. In Renaissance poetics manuals, authors appropriate a newly classicizing architectural vocabulary to communicate confidence in the lasting power of English poetic structures. Through their use of architectural metaphors, they defend their vernacular against charges of vulgar barbarism and promote the civilizing potential of English verse. Yet if lyric poets also turn to architectural metaphors to make claims about poetry’s enduring quality, they simultaneously disclose a deep unease about the perils of textual transmission. Indeed, monumentalizing conceits often appear most powerfully in poetic genres predicated on failed hopes and frustrated desires, that is, in the sonnet sequences and complaints of Edmund Spenser, Samuel Daniel, and William Shakespeare. In acknowledging the fragility of the textual and architectural remains of antiquity, lyric poets from Spenser forward consider their own textual futures with an entirely new sense of urgency. I argue, however, that their unease about the future of their art has as much to do with the genres in which they write and their suspicions about the shifting reading practices of future audiences as it does with the material vulnerability of the medium that transmits that art. In the sonnet sequence in particular, lyric poets who monumentalize their beloved partake in—and anxiously question—early modern practices of constructing funeral monuments for the living. I argue that these poets’ fantasy of entombing those who are still in the prime of their lives turns out to be less about a future rebirth than an obsessive, premature preparation for death.
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