Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shalom (Le mot)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Shalom (Le mot)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Shalom (Le mot)"

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Lin, Senmao, Shuqun Zhing, Caisheng Chen, Ruitang Liu, and Jie Wu. "Optical fuzzy logic array using shadow casting." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 5, no. 13 (December 1992): 659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650051302.

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周, 倩. "Research of Shadow Localization Model and Its Application." Modeling and Simulation 05, no. 02 (2016): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/mos.2016.52007.

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Awwal, A. A. S., and M. A. Karim. "Edge detection using polarization-encoded optical shadow-casting." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 1, no. 10 (December 1988): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650011008.

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Ahmed, Jamal U., and Abdul Ahad S. Awwal. "Polarization-encoded optical shadow casting: An efficient multiplier design." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 4, no. 8 (July 1991): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650040815.

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Lin, Senmao, Shugun Zhang, Caisheng Chen, and Itsuo Kumazawa. "Optical multiple-variable fuzzy logic array using shadow casting." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 6, no. 2 (February 1993): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650060207.

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Walk, Cynthia. "German Expressionist Cinema: The World of Light and Shadow." Monatshefte 102, no. 3 (2010): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mon.2010.0005.

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Rosati, Clayton. "“Mob Rule in Shadow and Light”." Human Geography 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19427786211007593.

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Schmidt, Peter, Sebastian Bamberg, Eldad Davidov, Johannes Herrmann, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "Die Messung von Werten mit dem “Portraits Value Questionnaire”." Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 38, no. 4 (January 2007): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.38.4.261.

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Zusammenfassung: In zwei Stichproben wird eine deutschsprachige 40-Item Version des “Portraits Value Questionnaire” (PVQ) validiert; in einer dritten Stichprobe (European Social Survey) wird eine verkürzte Version mit 21 Items dieses Werteinventars validiert. Bei dem PVQ handelt es sich um ein von Shalom Schwartz neu entwickeltes Instrument zur Überprüfung seiner Theorie grundlegender menschlicher Werte. Die Aufgabenstellung des PVQ unterscheidet sich konzeptionell deutlich von der des bisher verwendeten Standardinstrumentes “Schwartz Value Survey” (SVS). Das neue Instrument ist besonders für Probanden mit mittlerer und niedriger Schulbildung geeignet. Unsere Ergebnisse belegen die instrumentenunabhängige Validität der von Schwartz postulierten Wertetheorie. Der Vergleich mit dem SVS belegt die konvergente und diskriminante Validität der mit dem PVQ gemessenen zehn Wertetypen. Auch die vorhergesagten Beziehungen der Wertetypen mit zwei externen Konstrukten belegen die Konstruktvalidität des PVQ. In einer konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse wird die postulierte Zahl der unterschiedlichen Werte nicht bestätigt, da neun statt zehn Werte als empirisch angemessen erscheinen. Eine externe Validierung mit den Daten des repräsentativen European Social Survey in Deutschland durch eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (jedoch nur mit 21 Items) hat die Schwartz'sche Werteskala weitgehend bestätigt, allerdings mussten sechs der zehn Wertetypen zu dreien zusammengefasst werden.
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Alam, M. S., K. M. Iftekharuddin, and M. A. Karim. "Polarization-encoded optical shadow casting: Edge detection using roberts operator." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 6, no. 3 (March 5, 1993): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650060312.

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Backus, Margot. "Oscar’s Shadow: Wilde, Homosexuality and Modern Ireland (review)." Modernism/modernity 19, no. 2 (2012): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2012.0050.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shalom (Le mot)"

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Lojun, Sharon L. (Sharon Lee). "End of life resuscitation patterns : a socio-demographic study of intensive care unit patients by Sharon L. Lojun." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57804.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2010.
Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51).
This study investigates the effect of age, gender, medical condition, and daily free text input on classification accuracy for resuscitation code status. Data was extracted from the MIMICII database. Natural language processing (NLP) was used to evaluate the social section of the nurses' progress notes. BoosTexter was used to predict the code-status using text, age, gender, and SAPS scoring. The relative impact of features was analyzed by feature ablation. Social text was the greatest single indicator of code status. The addition of text to medical condition features increased classification accuracy significantly (p<0.001.) N-gram frequency was analyzed. Gender differences were noted across all code-statuses, with women always more frequent (e.g. wife>husband.) Visitors and contact were more common in the less aggressive resuscitation codes. Logistic regression on medical, age, and gender features was used to determine gender bias or ageism. Evidence of bias was found; both females (OR=1.47) and patients over age 70 (OR=3.72) were more likely to be DNR. Feature ablation was also applied to the social section of physician discharge summaries, as well as to annotated features. The addition of annotated features increased classification accuracy, but the nursing social text remained the most individually predictive. The annotated features included: children; living situation; marital status; and working status. Having zero to one child; living alone or in an institution; being divorced or widow or widower; and working, working in white collar job, or being retired, were all associated with higher rates of DNR status, and lower rates of FC status. Contrarily, living with family; being married; and being unemployed, were all associated with lower rates of DNR status, and higher rates of FC status. Some of these findings were gender and/or age dependent.
S.M.
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Yilmaz, Mustafa Tolga. "Seismically Induced Tilting Potential Of Shallow Mats On Fine Soils." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605402/index.pdf.

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Occurrence of displacements of shallow mat foundations resting on saturated silt-clay mixtures were reported in Mexico City during 1985 Mexico Earthquake, and in Adapazari during 1999 Kocaeli (izmit) Earthquake. Soft surface soils, shallow ground water, limited foundation embedments and deep alluvial deposits were the common features pertaining to such foundation displacements in either case. Experience shows, while uniform foundation settlements, even when excessive, do not limit post earthquake serviceability of building structures, tilting is particularly problematic. In this study, a simplified methodology is developed to estimate the seismically induced irrecoverable tilting potential of shallow mats on fine saturated soils. The undrained shear and deformation behavior of silt-clay mixtures encountered at the Adapazari sites with significant foundation displacements are investigated through a series of standard and rapid monotonic, and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests conducted over anisotropically consolidated natural soil samples. Test results show that, while the shear strength of these soils do not significantly degrade under means of loading comparable to that of Kocaeli earthquake, their plastic strain accumulation characteristics critically depend on the mode of loading as well as the relative levels of applied load with regard to the monotonic strength. Based on the results of laboratory tests, the response of nonlinear soil-foundation-structure system is reduced to a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator with elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. The natural period of the system is expressed by simplified soil-structure-interaction equations. Pseudo-static yield acceleration, which is required to initiate the foundation bearing capacity failure when applied to the structural mass, is estimated by the finite-element method. Eventually, the tilting potential of the foundations is estimated utilizing inelastic response of the nonlinear oscillator. Response of the deep alluvium sites, which involves velocity pulses with periods consistent with the fundamental site period, is significant in determination of inelastic response of low bearing capacity systems. Predictive capability of the methodology developed is tested with actual case data. The methodology is observed to predict irrecoverable tilting potential of foundations consistent with the observations, except for the cases with low seismic bearing capacity. Deviations are explained considering the sensitivity of low-strength systems to asymmetrical behavior and uncertainties involved in seismic demand.
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Yoo, Kyung-Dong. "Two-dimensional dopant profiling for shallow junctions by TEM and AFM." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342122.

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Kerns, Jessica L. "Contrasting depositional environments of North American black shales illuminated through geochemical techniques and modern analogs /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421149.

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Yamamoto, Nobutaka. "Numerical analysis of shallow circular foundations on sands." University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0038.

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This thesis describes a numerical investigation of shallow circular foundations resting on various types of soil, mainly siliceous and calcareous sands. An elasto-plastic constitutive model, namely the MIT-S1 model (Pestana, 1994), which can predict the rate independent behaviour of different types of soils ranging through uncemented sands, silts and clays, is used to simulating the compression, drained triaxial shear and shallow circular foundation responses. It is found that this model provides a reasonable fit to measured behaviour, particularly for highly compressible calcareous sands, because of the superior modelling of the volumetric compression. The features of the MIT-S1 model have been used to investigate the effects of density, stress level (or foundation size), inherent anisotropy and material type on the response of shallow foundations. It was found that the MIT-S1 model is able to distinguish responses on dilatant siliceous and compressible calcareous sands by relatively minor adjustment of the model parameters. Kinematic mechanisms extracted from finite element calculations show different deformation patterns typical for these sands, with a bulb of compressed material and punching shear for calcareous sand, and a classical rupture failure pattern accompanied by surface heave for siliceous sand. Moreover, it was observed that the classical failure pattern transforms gradually to a punching shear failure pattern as the foundation size increases. From this evidence, a dimensional transition between these failure mechanisms can be defined, referred to as the critical size. The critical size is also the limiting foundation size to apply conventional bearing capacity analyses. Alternative approaches are needed, focusing mainly on the soil compressibility, for shallow foundations greater than the critical size. Two approaches, 1-D compression and bearing modulus analyses, have been proposed for those foundation conditions. From the validations, the former is applicable for extremely large foundations, very loose soil conditions and highly compressible calcareous materials, while the latter is suitable for moderate levels of compressibility or foundation size. It is suggested that appropriate assessment of compression features is of great importance for shallow foundation analysis on sand.
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Cook, Delia Crutchfield. "Shadow across the Columns : the bittersweet legacy of African Americans at the University of Missouri /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9712796.

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Nguyen, Huong T. D. "Voices in the Shadow of Independence: Vietnamese Opinion on Some National Issues in the Period of 1979–1986." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1275682901.

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Shala, Nadire. "Mäns våld mot kvinnor i heterosexuella parrelationer." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25288.

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AbstraktDetta är en D-uppsats om ämnet ”Mäns våld mot kvinnor”. Uppsatsen är kvalitativ och jag har intervjuat 8 kvinnor som har levt i våldsamma relationer. Jag har även intervjuat en socionom vid kvinnojouren och en polis som i sitt arbete kommer i kontakt med detta fenomen. Mitt huvudsyfte genom denna undersökning har varit att förstå och förklara vad som får en kvinna att stanna i ett destruktivt förhållande där våld förekommer. Jag har utifrån tidigare forskning så som Eva Lundgren, Margareta Hydén och Mona Eliasson samt information från mina informanter kunnat se vissa mönster. De huvudteorier som har använts i undersökningen har varit Eva Lundgrens ”Normaliseringsprocess” samt Margareta Hydéns ”Individuella livsprojekt och gemensamma parprojekt” och även Mona Eliassons teori om könsnormer. Ett genomgående tema som har framkommit i undersökningen har varit att kvinnan ofta är underordnad mannen och av olika anledningar som presenteras närmare i studien anpassar sig efter honom. Ett annat relativt återkommande tema i uppsatsen har varit de stereotypa könsroller som är vanligt förekommande i förklaringar kring destruktiva förhållanden. Jag har med hjälp av Carin Holmberg och Viveca Enanders forskning samt mina informanter även kunnat se hur olika band har skapats mellan mannen och kvinnan dessa förhållanden. Jag har kunnat urskilja att flera av dessa band fungerar som starkt kvarhållande i en relation. Det är mycket svårt att luta problemet kring kvinnomisshandel på enbart en förklaringsmodell och teori utan man måste se det från en bredare kontext då det finns många olika förklaringar.
AbstractThis is a D-essay on the theme of "Violence against women". The essay is qualitative and I have interviewed eight women who have lived in violent relationships. I have also interviewed a social worker at the helpline (kvinnojouren) and a policeman who in his work comes into contact with this phenomenon. My main purpose in this study was to understand and explain what makes a woman stay in a destructive relationship in which violence occurs. I have based on previous research, such as Eva Lundgren and Margareta Hydén and Mona Eliasson and the information from my informants seen some patterns. The main theories that have been used in the study are Eva Lundgren's Normalization Process and Margaret Hydéns Individual lifeplans (individuella livsprojekt) and common coupleprojects (gemensamma parprojekt) and the theory by Mona Eliasson about gender norms. A recurring theme that has emerged in the investigation has been that the woman often is subordinate to the man and that she for various reasons which are presented in the study adapts to him. Another fairly recurrent theme in the paper has been the gender stereotypes that are commonly used in explanations of destructive relationships. With help from Carin Holmberg and Viveca Enanders research and my informants I have also been able to see how different bands are created between men and women who live in these conditions. I have been able to discern that many of these bands serve as a strong retention in a destructive relationship. To understand the violence against women you have to look at the problem in a context. It is difficult to tilt the problem surrounding domestic violence in only one theory and model of explanation and because of that this studie explores multiple different perspectives.
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Cristiano, Filadelfo. "Ion Implantation‐Induced extended defects: structural investigations and impact on Ultra‐Shallow Junction properties." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00919958.

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This dissertation summarises my research activities in the field of Ion Implantation-Induced extended defects and of their impact on the properties of Ultra-Shallow source/drain junctions (USJs) in miniaturized MOS transistors. The most common method for the fabrication of source/drain regions consists in the localized doping of the substrate material by ion implantation, followed by thermal annealing to achieve electrical activation. The major problem related to the use of ion implantation is the formation of various defect types resulting from the precipitation of the large amounts of interstitials and vacancies generated during the implantation process and their interaction with dopant atoms during annealing. The various complex interactions between the defects and the implanted dopants are at the origin of the diffusion and activation anomalies that represent the major obstacles to the fabrication of USJs satisfying the ITRS requirements. The main results of my work will be presented in three parts. The first part is dedicated to the fundamental studies on the formation and evolution of implant-induced defects and on their impact on transient enhanced diffusion (TED). These studies contributed (i) to provide a unified description of implantation-induced defect evolution, explaining why, depending on the implant and annealing conditions, a given defect type is formed, dissolves during annealing or transforms into a larger defect with different crystallographic characteristics and (ii) to improve the existing models by extending them to all defect families, including a correct TED dependence on the defects' size distributions. In the second part, I will focus on the defect-dopant interactions causing dopant activation anomalies, due to their impact on the active dose and is some cases, also on the carrier mobility. In the case of p+-n junctions formed by Boron implantation, these anomalies are due to the formation of small Boron-Interstitial Clusters (BICs), which will be at the centre of all the studies presented in this part. Other investigated defect-dopant interactions include the formation of Fluorine-related Si interstitial traps, used to reduce both B Transient Enhanced Diffusion and dopant deactivation, and the dopant trapping by implantation-induced defects. The progressive introduction of advanced processes and materials in the semiconductor industry during the last decade raised some specific questions related to the fabrication of USJs, including the formation of implant-induced defects during ultra-fast annealing, their evolution in the presence of the buried Si-SIO2 interface in SOI materials or the Boron activation stability in Germanium. We will address these issues in the third part of this presentation. Due to the increased difficulties to maintain the MOS miniaturization pace (as well as to the approaching of its physical limits), the general context of the MOS-related research domain has largely evolved over the last years. On the one hand, the continuous optimisation of advanced doping and annealing schemes for the fabrication of USJs will therefore have to deal with the increasingly important requirement of reducing power consumption in future device generations. On the other hand, the years 2000s have seen the emergence of the so-called "More-than-More" domain, consisting in the addition of novel functionalities to electronic devices based on (or derived from) Silicon MOS technology. The perspectives of my research activity within this "extended-CMOS" context will finally be presented at the end of the presentation.
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Brewer, Shannon K. "Evaluating the role of shallow habitats to the spawning success of fish species in the Marais des Cygnes River /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421119.

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Books on the topic "Shalom (Le mot)"

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Nichols, Ronald H. In Custer's shadow: Major Marcus Reno. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.

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Lotte, Reiniger, Städtisches Museum Schloss Rheydt, and Stadtmuseum im Kornhaus (Tübingen, Germany), eds. Lotte Reiniger: "Mit zaubernden Händen geboren" : drei Scherenschnittfolgen = "Born with enchanting hands" : three silhouette sequels. Tübingen: Wasmuth, 2010.

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Stahl, Günter. Verlorene Blätter für Shalom: Entgegen vielfältiger Ursprünge der Gewalt, Kriege--mit Dennochs. Offenbach a.M: A. Otto, 1996.

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L, Weibert Don, ed. Sixty-six years in Custer's shadow. Billings, Mont: Falcon Press, 1985.

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Weibert, Henry. Sixty-six years in Custer's shadow. Billings, Mont: Bannack Pub. Co., 1985.

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Bockmann, Melanie Scherencel. In the shadow of the Mob / Melanie Scherencel Bockmann. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Pub. Association, 2011.

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Bockmann, Melanie Scherencel. In the shadow of the Mob / Melanie Scherencel Bockmann. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Pub. Association, 2011.

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Beck, Elizabeth. In the shadow of death: Restorative justice and death row families. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Litigating in the shadow of death: Defense attorneys in capital cases. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2006.

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The wind and the source: In the shadow of Mont Ventoux. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shalom (Le mot)"

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Balkan, Aral, Josh Dura, Anthony Eden, Brian Monnone, James Dean Palmer, Jared Tarbell, and Todd Yard. "Light and Shadow." In Flash 3D Cheats Most Wanted, 15–37. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0814-3_2.

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Blindow, Irmgard, and Manuela Schütte. "Elongation and mat formation of Chara aspera under different light and salinity conditions." In Shallow Lakes in a Changing World, 69–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6399-2_7.

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Ohta, Y., and R. Eder. "Exact Diagonalization Study of Strongly Correlated Electron Models: Hole Pockets and Shadow Bands in the Doped t-J Model." In Spectroscopy of Mott Insulators and Correlated Metals, 80–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57834-2_7.

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Jaeggi, David, Paul Bossart, and Christophe Nussbaum. "The Rock Mechanical Behavior of Opalinus Clay – 20 Years of Experience in the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory." In Advances in Laboratory Testing and Modelling of Soils and Shales (ATMSS), 351–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52773-4_41.

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Bellia, Andrea Francesca, Julian Evans, and Sandro Lanfranco. "A Drone’s Eye View: A Preliminary Assessment of the Efficiency of Drones in Mapping Shallow-Water Benthic Assemblages." In Proceedings e report, 501–9. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.50.

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The study assesses consumer drone efficiency for surveying shallow-water benthic cover. We hypothesised that using a drone would reduce duration, and manpower requirements, while increasing accuracy, relative to manual surveys. Results obtained during this study clearly indicated that automated drone surveys were faster and more accurate than manual survey methods under most circumstances. This result has important implications for the scientific and economic aspects of the process and would have a multiplicative effect in monitoring programs that require regular surveys.
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Bellissimo, Giancarlo, Benedetto Sirchia, and Vincenzo Ruvolo. "Assessment of the ecological status of Sicilian coastal waters according to a macroalgae based index (CARLIT)." In Proceedings e report, 519–28. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.52.

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In the frame of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC), a macroalgae based index (CARLIT) was applied along the Sicilian coastal water bodies (WBs) in order to assess for the first time their ecological status and collect accurate information on the distribution and abundance of shallow-water communities, especially of those most sensitive. The ecological quality ratio values, sensu WFD, showed “high”/“good” levels in all WBs with lushy forests of Cystoseira amentacea except two with “moderate” level due to the presence of stress-tolerant species related to local factors.
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"shallow mat (foundation) (system)." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1212. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_192679.

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Ball-Burgess, Joanne. "The Girl Who Met Her Shadow." In Covid Stories from East Africa and Beyond, 87–92. Langaa RPCIG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b74222.13.

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Pop-Eleches, Grigore, and Joshua A. Tucker. "Communism’s Shadow." In Communism's Shadow. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175591.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter addresses the question of why post-communist citizens are less supportive of democracy and markets, and more supportive of state-provided social welfare. The most intuitive answer to this question is that it is somehow a legacy of communism. However, as popular as it has become to attribute outcomes of interest in post-communist countries to “legacies,” and despite some recent theoretical efforts to conceptualize historical legacies more carefully, there is no clearly established theoretical or empirical blueprint for analyzing the effect of legacies on attitude. Accordingly, there are two more theoretically precise potential answers to the question of “why”: it may be because of the experience of living through communism; or it may be because of the experience of living in a post-communist country.
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"Dusk in the Tropics, a Parable of Light and Shadow." In The Painted Bunting's Last Molt, 41–42. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvwrm672.33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shalom (Le mot)"

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Lei, Le, Kong Ling, and Wen-Quan Tao. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NUCLEATE BOILING IN SHALLOW LIQUID BY VOSET." In Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2017.mst.017893.

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Li, Zhong-zhen, L. Chen, Ya-Ling He, and Wen-Quan Tao. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Methane Adsorption in Shale Matrix." In First Thermal and Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfesc1.mnt.013032.

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Sayed, Mohammed A., Ghaithan A. Al-Muntasheri, and Feng Liang. "Required Understanding for the Development of Shale Reservoirs in the Middle East in Light of Developments in North America." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172939-ms.

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Abstract The ever-increasing international energy demands require exploration of new fossil energy resources. Unconventional oil and gas have received a great deal of attention in recent years as the technological advancements have made their production possible and more economical. Most of the shale developments took place in North America where the learning curve is being developed. Although shales still require lots of understanding and more advanced technologies, a substantial experience has been developed in North America. This paper presents an effort to summarize the current experience in shales of North America from different angles: rock mechanics, rock/fluids interaction, gas flow mechanisms through shale rocks, proppant embedment and water recovery after shale fracturing. Three prospective areas for unconventional gas were found in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: in the Northwest, South Ghawar and condensate-rich shale gas in the Rub' Al-Khali area. The main targeted formations for unconventional natural gas are: the Ordovician Sarah, Silurian Qulibah, Qusaiba hot shale, Devonian Jauf and Permian Unayzah formations. The Qusaiba shale is located at depths of 7,500 to 20,000 ft throughout Saudi Arabia's basins. The Qusaiba Hot Shale in the Northwest area is relatively thick and it is considered to be the richest in all possible source rocks with a maximum total organic content of 6.15%. Shales are composed of: kerogen, rock matrix and natural fractures. The mineralogy of shale varies from one field to another. Literature has confirmed that for Haynesville shale, the rock becomes more ductile with the increase in its clay content. Similar trends were seen for Lower Bakken shale. While other shale reservoirs, like Eagle Ford, Barnett and Middle Bakken are harder since they contain more quartz and calcite. The exposure of these clay-sensitive rocks to fracturing fluids does change their rock mechanical properties. This has been confirmed in literature where Middle Bakken shale lost 52% of its Young's modulus after exposure to 2 wt% KCl slickwater at 300°F for 48 hours. The use of slickwater in fracturing represents a major challenge as it consumes huge volumes of this valuable resource. Recycling of produced water has been attempted in North America in Marcellus. An average amount of 3 to 8 million gallons of water are used in fracturing one well in Marcellus shale formation. In one application, re-use of the flowback water resulted in 25% reduction in the fresh water volumes and it reduced the cost of disposing produced water by 45 to 55%. The paper presents a summary of all of these findings from North America. A comprehensive understanding and analysis on unconventional reservoirs is required for the Middle Eastern reservoirs.
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Chen, Z. M., X. W. Liao, X. L. Zhao, X. J. Li, W. L. Jiang, L. T. Zhu, L. Wang, and Y. H. Xia. "Appraising Carbon Geological Storage Potential in Unconventional Reservoirs Using Well-Testing Method: Engineering Parameters Analysis." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2565782-ms.

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ABSTRACT Most of work focus on influences of reservoir parameters of depleted shales on carbon storage capacity. This is useful for selecting a good candidate as a repository. However, engineering parameters of shales are also important factors for carbon sequestration. So, necessary work is still needed. Following a detailed introduction of a trilinear flow model for carbon sequestration (Chen et al., 2016), this paper continues to study impacts of engineering parameters on carbon storage potential. Firstly, the methodology for appraising carbon sequestration potential was introduced, containing (1) introducing the conceptual model, (2) developing the mathematical model, (3) obtaining the wellbore-pressure solution, (4) determining the injection time, and (5) appraising the carbon sequestration capacity. In the conceptual model, the shale formation were divided into two subsystems and three regions, including matrix subsystem, natural-fracture subsystems, hydraulic-fracture region, inner region, and outer region. With basic equations, a mathematical model was developed in those subsystems and regions. Then, based on the mathematical model, CO2 storage potential in abandoned shales was investigated at different values of fracture conductivity, fracture number, fracture length, inner permeability, and wellbore length. This meaningful work provides a guideline to select wells and monitoring facilities for storing CO2 in residual depleted shale reservoirs.
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Yin, Ying, Zhiguo Qu, Liang Zhou, and Hui Wang. "SHALE GAS TRANSPORT IN NANOPORES COUPLED WITH REAL GAS EFFECT AND SURFACE DIFFUSION." In Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2017.mnt.017625.

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Rodrigues, Fernando, Wesley Thereza, Darley De Almeida, and Uilliam Oliveira. "Shadow IT como Ferramenta Educacional: Uma Abordagem no Ensino Superior." In Escola Regional de Informática de Mato Grosso. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eri-mt.2019.8624.

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A área de Tecnologia da Informação (T.I.) tem se modificado devido às tecnologias que os profissionais têm trazido para o interior das organizações sem o conhecimento dessa ciência. Assim, surge o termo Shadow IT que está relacionado à utilização de qualquer hardware e software que são usados para manipular dados da organização e o TI não tem conhecimento. O objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar se há o uso de Shadow IT no ambiente educaciona. Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre Shadow IT, além de uma investigação na área da informática na educação, a fim de estabelecer a relação entre o uso pelos alunos de hardware e softwares que não pertencem a Instituição, para se ter o aprendizado no âmbito do Ensino Superior.
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Kristiansen, Tron Golder, Laurent Delabroy, Guillermo Andres Obando Palacio, Tonje Winther, Nils Andre Aarseth, Andreas Bauer, Karstein Hagenes, Anders Lindal, and Pål Tyberø. "Implementing a Strategy for Shale as Well Barrier in New Wells." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204075-ms.

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Abstract Shale is an effective barrier material. It has a proven track record of acting as a seal (barrier) for oil and gas reservoirs for millions of years. Shale with high clay content and especially high smectite has low permeability, in the nanodarcy range, compared to standard class G laboratory cement that has permeability in the 10–20 microdarcy range. Weak ductile shales will also have a self-healing behavior should fractures be induced at some point. Shale is approved by regulators to be used as well barriers and part of permanent plug and abandonment (P&A) for oil and gas wells. Examples of regulations are Norsok D-010, 2013 in Norway and O&G UK, 2012. In Norsok D-010, one suggests the formation of shale barriers to happen due to creep in ductile shales. Creep occurs in many materials and is observed as deformation under constant load and is also well described in rock mechanics literature. In a previous paper (Kristiansen et al., 2018), it was discussed how shale can be activated as a barrier to form around the wellbore in some shale types. This can be done by inducing a pressure drop in the open annulus (rapid drawdown), by heating the shale by a couple of hundred degrees Celsius, or by chemical processes. In that paper, the process found most effective and practical at that time was demonstrated: the activation of shale barriers with a rapid pressure drop in the annulus. It was also shown that the barrier can be verified days after by standard verification methods used in the industry (pressure testing and bond logging). The shale barrier verification criteria are analogous to cement barriers. In this paper we share the experience from the implementation of a strategy to use shale as well barriers in new wells at Valhall and a second field, Ula, around 100 km away. The method used to activate the shale barriers has revealed some challenges from a well control point of view, but it has also shown that waiting a couple of weeks, or in some cases a couple of months, shale barriers are forming with the same quality as when they were activated or logged later as part of P&A. From this work it can be concluded that the shale barriers logged during P&A are, in some cases, in place only weeks or months after the wells have been drilled. The activation seems to induce an acceleration of time-dependent deformation that will naturally happen over longer time and is consistent with rock mechanics principles of time-dependent deformations in rocks (like creep and consolidation).
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Pasic, Borivoje, Nediljka Gaurina-Medjimurec, and Bojan Moslavac. "Application of Artificial Clay Samples (Pellets) in Laboratory Testing of Shale/Drilling Fluid Interaction." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10211.

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Wellbore instability was and is one of the most frequent problems in petroleum industry, especially in the drilling operations. It is mainly caused by the shale formations which represent 75% of all drilled formations. The wellbore instability problems involve tight hole spots, wellbore diameter enlargement, the appearance of cavings, the inability of carrying out wireline operations, poor hole cleaning, unsuccessful wellbore cementing operations and other. The wellbore instability is the result of mechanical and physico-chemical causes mostly acting concurrently. The shale instability basically comes out of its mineralogical composition (especially clay minerals content) and physico-chemical properties. Shale-mud interaction includes water/ions movement in and out of the shales due to pressure differential, osmosis, diffusive flow and capillary pressure. Many research activities about shale instability causes and shale properties (affecting shale behavior) definition have been carried out by now. Different shale samples, laboratory equipment and inhibitive muds have been used. Laboratory tested shale samples are provided by the wellbore cores, surface sampling or, which is the simplest method, by collecting the samples at the shale shakers during drilling operation. The amount of these samples is not enough for laboratory testing. Another problem is closely connected to sample quality and preservation. There are also differences in drilling fluids used in these laboratory tests, especially in their composition (sometimes containing more than one shale inhibitor). It is difficult to compare test results and conclusions made by different authors. The laboratory study presented within this paper are done with artificial clay samples (pellets) made by compacting the powderish material containing exact quantity of quartz, montmorillonite and kaolinite. The laboratory testing is done by treating the powderish samples inside the desiccator (24 hours), compacting (30 minutes), swelling (24 hours) and drying samples (24-hour). Sample swelling is tested by using different mud types and the sample mass is measured in each above mentioned phase. Special attention is directed to preparation and pellets content definition as a good replacement for the original shale in laboratory testing of shale and drilling fluid interaction. The influence of used muds on the total pellet swelling and swelling intensity, especially at the early phase of testing was determined.
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Schuller, Volker, Andras Zamolyi, Eirik Stueland, István Dunkl, Michael Kettermann, and Zsolt Schleder. "Fault Rock Property Prediction On Jurassic Clastics Of The Barents Sea/Norway." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206290-ms.

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Abstract We analysed the fault rocks of a compartmentalized field in the Barents Sea, in an area with several tectonic elements, which formed at different tectonic events. Standard Fault Seal Analysis (FSA) was conducted to predict the shale content of the fault rock (SGR). A static cellular model based on well data, seismic data and geological concepts served as input. The fault rock calibration workflow required various data acquired by different methods. We analysed the Mid-Triassic to Upper Jurassic clastic deposits to reconstruct the tectonic history. Apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He thermochronology were used to determine the maximum burial depths and exhumation history. The results of high-resolution shale ductility analysis (BIB-SEM), a compaction trend study, kinematic analysis and structural modelling (section balancing) served as additional input constraints for fault rock calibration. The evaluation of the results helped to reconstruct the following tectonic evolution: The orthogonal faults of the analysed area developed at an early stage, during Late Triassic to Early Jurassic times at relatively shallow depth, below 1000 m. Ongoing subsidence created accommodation space for Upper Jurassic to Cenozoic deposits with a maximum burial depth of 2000 m for the analysed Mid-Jurassic rocks. Exhumation of the area started around 10 Ma and continued through to Quaternary times. The calculated values for fault rock permeability show a wide range when using poorly constrained input for fault rock calibration: 10 to 1000 mD for SGR values around 0.08 at reservoir/reservoir juxtaposition. Fault rock calibration using above described results concluded in reliable values for fault rock permeability and ultimately, for transmissibility multipliers. The reason for the sensitivity of the fault rock calibration is a combination of multiple factors: highly permeable reservoir sandstone, shallow depth of initial faulting, maximum burial depth and low shale content at the primary reservoir level. The study shows that an accurate reconstruction of the geohistory provides essential parameters for fault rock calibration and fault rock permeability calculation. The range of values can widely scatter if preconditions are not acknowledged. Well-constrained fault rock calibration reduces the uncertainty on possible flow scenarios, increases the reliability on production forecasts and helps to determine the most efficient drainage strategy.
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Chen, Yufei, Changbao Jiang, Guangzhi Yin, Andrew K. Wojtanowicz, and Dongming Zhang. "Triaxial Testing of Gas Shale Permeability Dependence on Heterogeneous Stress With Respect to Bedding." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96707.

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Abstract Shale gas has recently become the most promising source of unconventional hydrocarbon energy. Shale gas well deliverability and economics depend on extremely low permeability that is not only dependent on the rock bedding trend but is also controlled by in-situ stresses. Thus, prediction of well’s deliverability requires understanding permeability of a dipping shale with natural bedding under conditions of unequal stresses in-situ. The purpose of this study was to determine relative contributions of normal and tangential stresses with respect to the rock bedding plane on permeability evolution of Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. The study involved an analysis of the rock bedding structure, followed with triaxial testing of rock samples and theoretical modeling. We used SEM observation to identify existence of microfractures and numerous inter-particle pores along the shale bedding planes that provide dominant pathways for gas flow depending upon closing stress value. Stress-dependent permeability was tested with a newly-developed multi-functional true triaxial geophysical (TTG) apparatus providing for a steady state gas flow through the rock sample under conditions of normal stress and two unequal tangential stresses. Also simulated were the effects of stress-bedding and load cycling. The results showed shale permeability reduction during the stress loading process and its gradual recovery during the unloading process for both normal and tangential stress loading cycles. A hysteresis of the permeability response to cyclic loading was the largest when normal stress cycling was dominant. Moreover, permeability change was more pronounced in response to normal stress but some effects of the tangential stresses were also observed — particularly when the tangential stresses were dominant. A theoretical model was derived to describe permeability change with effective stress in the presence of normal and tangential stresses. The model was empirically matched with the experimental results. Assessment of relative contributions of normal and tangential stresses was quantified with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis revealed significance levels of normal stress, and two tangential stresses σt1 and σt2 on shale permeability as 81%, 5% and 14%, respectively, showing dominant effect of normal stress with clear contribution of tangential stresses. An almost 20-percent contribution of tangential stress loading to permeability response indicates a need for improvement in computing effective stress in permeability predictions of the Longmaxi shale. It also warrants testing other gas shales to specifically determine the effect.
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Reports on the topic "Shalom (Le mot)"

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Sloan, Steven, Shelby Peterie, Richard Miller, Julian Ivanov, J. Schwenk, and Jason McKenna. Detecting clandestine tunnels by using near-surface seismic techniques. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40419.

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Geophysical detection of clandestine tunnels is a complex problem that has been met with limited success. Multiple methods have been applied spanning several decades, but a reliable solution has yet to be found. This report presents shallow seismic data collected at a tunnel test site representative of geologic settings found along the southwestern U.S. border. Results demonstrate the capability of using compressional wave diffraction and surface-wave backscatter techniques to detect a purpose-built subterranean tunnel. Near-surface seismic data were also collected at multiple sites in Afghanistan to detect and locate subsurface anomalies (e.g., data collected over an escape tunnel discovered in 2011 at the Sarposa Prison in Kandahar, Afghanistan, which allowed more than 480 prisoners to escape, and data from another shallow tunnel recently discovered at an undisclosed location). The final example from Afghanistan is the first time surface-based seismic methods have detected a tunnel whose presence and location were not previously known. Seismic results directly led to the discovery of the tunnel. Interpreted tunnel locations for all examples were less than 2 m of the actual location. Seismic surface wave backscatter and body-wave diffraction methods show promise for efficient data acquisition and processing for locating purposefully hidden tunnels within unconsolidated sediments.
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Montefusco, Maria, and Kai Koivumäki. Nordic indicators for cooperation on disability – Monitoring the implementation of UNCRPD and Agenda 2030. Edited by Christina Lindström. Nordens välfärdscenter, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52746/ovbi5427.

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No person with a disability shall be left behind. This report presents suggested indicators for monitoring the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability and Agenda 2030 in the Nordic region. The vision of the Nordic cooperation is to become the most integrated and sustainable in the world by 2030. The vision mirrors the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030, according to which no-one shall be left behind. Persons with disabilities have the right to inclusion, and the Nordic countries monitor the developments of living conditions for persons with disabilities. All countries have also ratified the Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and have high ambitions with regard to Agenda 2030. Throughout the region we face similar challenges concerning inclusion. Participation is not equal, not in employment, nor in education, economy, or health. But to improve this we need to see it. Even if a set of indicators is not the only way forward, they can help us measure if we are on the right track. In this report, we suggest a set of indicators that could be developed further and used to follow the developments towards inclusion and measure living conditions. By developing such a set of comparable indicators in the Nordic countries, we can see whether the countries separately and collectively follow the intentions of the UNCRPD to improve the living conditions of people with disabilities. The indicators are also an aid in the work to identify whether we are working correctly to achieve the Agenda 2030 targets.
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Wadman, Heidi, and Jesse McNinch. Spatial distribution and thickness of fine-grained sediment along the United States portion of the upper Niagara River, New York. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41666.

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Over 220 linear miles of geophysical data, including sidescan sonar and chirp sub-bottom profiles, were collected in 2016 and 2017 by the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the upper Niagara River. In addition, 36 sediment grab samples were collected to groundtruth the geophysical data. These data were used to map the spatial distribution of fine-grained sediment, including volume data in certain locations, along the shallow shorelines of the upper Niagara River. Overall, the most extensive deposits were spatially associated with either small tributaries or with man-made structures that modified the natural flow of the system. Extensive beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) were also mapped. Although always associated with a fine-grained matrix, the SAV beds were patchy in distribution, which might reflect subtle differences in the grain size of the sediment matrix or could simply be a function of variations in species or growth. The maps generated from this effort can be used to guide sampling plans for future studies of contamination in fine-grained sediment regions.
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Chapman, Ray, Phu Luong, Sung-Chan Kim, and Earl Hayter. Development of three-dimensional wetting and drying algorithm for the Geophysical Scale Transport Multi-Block Hydrodynamic Sediment and Water Quality Transport Modeling System (GSMB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41085.

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The Environmental Laboratory (EL) and the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) have jointly completed a number of large-scale hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport studies. EL and CHL have successfully executed these studies utilizing the Geophysical Scale Transport Modeling System (GSMB). The model framework of GSMB is composed of multiple process models as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) accepted wave, hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport models are directly and indirectly linked within the GSMB framework. The components of GSMB are the two-dimensional (2D) deep-water wave action model (WAM) (Komen et al. 1994, Jensen et al. 2012), data from meteorological model (MET) (e.g., Saha et al. 2010 - http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1), shallow water wave models (STWAVE) (Smith et al. 1999), Coastal Modeling System wave (CMS-WAVE) (Lin et al. 2008), the large-scale, unstructured two-dimensional Advanced Circulation (2D ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model (http://www.adcirc.org), and the regional scale models, Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three dimensions-Multi-Block (CH3D-MB) (Luong and Chapman 2009), which is the multi-block (MB) version of Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three-dimensions-Waterways Experiments Station (CH3D-WES) (Chapman et al. 1996, Chapman et al. 2009), MB CH3D-SEDZLJ sediment transport model (Hayter et al. 2012), and CE-QUAL Management - ICM water quality model (Bunch et al. 2003, Cerco and Cole 1994). Task 1 of the DOER project, “Modeling Transport in Wetting/Drying and Vegetated Regions,” is to implement and test three-dimensional (3D) wetting and drying (W/D) within GSMB. This technical note describes the methods and results of Task 1. The original W/D routines were restricted to a single vertical layer or depth-averaged simulations. In order to retain the required 3D or multi-layer capability of MB-CH3D, a multi-block version with variable block layers was developed (Chapman and Luong 2009). This approach requires a combination of grid decomposition, MB, and Message Passing Interface (MPI) communication (Snir et al. 1998). The MB single layer W/D has demonstrated itself as an effective tool in hyper-tide environments, such as Cook Inlet, Alaska (Hayter et al. 2012). The code modifications, implementation, and testing of a fully 3D W/D are described in the following sections of this technical note.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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