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1
Shen, Hong. "On the evolution of the architectural style of Tao Fong Shan." International Journal of Arts and Humanities 1, no. 1 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ijah.2020.01.006.
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The characteristic architectural style of Tao Fong Shan in Hong Kong is unique in the sense that this Christian institution looks exactly like a traditional Chinese Buddhist monastery. What kind of secret exists behind this seemingly uncoordinated appearance? The two names of Karl Ludvig Reichelt and Johannes Prip-Møller are closely connected with Tao Fong Shan buildings, but few people know how exactly the Norwegian founder of The Christian Church for China’s Buddhists met and cooperated with the Danish architect in designing these buildings. The present paper is an effort to retrace the initial vision of architectural style for Tao Fong Shan shared by Reichelt and Prip-Møller, as well as the evolution of the later designs at different stages. Reichelt found many common features between Chinese Buddhism and the Gospel of John in New Testament. In order to promote the missionary work among China’s Buddhists, he tried to create an environment in which the inquiring Buddhists would find it comfortable and at ease. Reichelt’s another contribution is in raising money for the construction of Tao Fung Shan buildings. His method of crowd funding proved to be practical and effective. Prip-Møller had ten years’ experiences of working in China and was a top-notch expert in China’s Buddhist architecture. His professional expertise has ensured that Reichelt’s idea of combining the traditional Chinese Buddhist architectural style and the Christian nature of Tao Fong Shan buildings could be eventually realized.
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Kraushaar, Frank. "Translating personality into landscape." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2007.2.3733.
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University of LatviaThis essay stems from a hypothesis which belongs to a work in progress: an attempt to understand and to make translatable into contemporary conceptions the figure of the anonymous 隱者 (yin zhe) and its formation into a kind of humanistic cipher or an empty interior space sketched like a human being in classical Chinese poetry and Tang and Song painting. The idea is that the correspondence of personality and landscape in Chinese aesthetics replaces its Western counterpart―the relativity of subjectivity and outer space. The first part of the essay delineates differences in the approach to landscape or 山水 (shan-shui) and emphasizes that the appreciation of both essentially changes as soon as the cultural information does, which makes similarities of certain approaches―as in romantic landscapes and Chinese shan-shui―deluding rather than coherent. The last part focuses on a detail in the construction of the shan-shui in relation to concepts of personality which I call distance and framing. This combination of an absolute spatial order obtained by distance and its microcosmical, individual correspondence in a personally shaped frame seems the characteristic Chinese way to translate concepts of personality into an aesthetic reality―almost bare of any relation to the physical presence of the subject.
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Constance, L. "An instance of East-West confusion in Chinese Umbelliferae, or Arracacia out of Asia!" Edinburgh Journal of Botany 54, no. 1 (March 1997): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600003899.
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Franchet (1894) described two species from Yunnan as Arracacha (= Arracacia) delavayi and A. peucedanifolia, respectively, in a genus hitherto known only from Mexico to Bolivia in the New World. Wolff (1925) made A. delavayi the type of his new genus Physospermopsis, but neither de Boissieu (1906), Wolff, nor Norman could find an appropriate generic home for A. peucedanifolia. In 1980, Sheh and Shan established the new genus Cyclorhiza with one species and a second taxon which became C. major (M.L. Sheh & R.H. Shan) M.L. Sheh in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. This work does not mention either A. peucedanifolia or Cenolophiwn chinense M. Hiroe (1958), which was based on similar material. The correct name for A. peucedanifolia is Cyclorhiza peucedanifolia (Franch.) Constance, comb. nov. and the genus Arracacia is to be excluded from Asia.
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Yao, Yu-Shuang, and Richard Gombrich. "Christianity as Model and Analogue in the Formation of the ‘Humanistic’ Buddhism of Tài X? and Hs?ng Yún." Buddhist Studies Review 34, no. 2 (January 19, 2018): 205–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.35392.
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This article examines how modern Chinese Buddhism has been influenced by Christianity. For our purposes ‘modern Chinese Buddhism’ refers to a form of what has become known in the West as ‘Engaged Buddhism’, but in Chinese is known by titles which can be translated ‘Humanistic Buddhism’ or ‘Buddhism for Human Life’. This tradition was initiated on the Chinese mainland between the two World Wars by the monk Tài X?, and Part one of the article is devoted to him. Since the communist conquest of China, its main branches have flourished in Taiwan, whence two of them have spread worldwide. The most successful, at least in numerical terms, has been Fo Guang Shan (‘Buddha’s Light Mountain’), founded by a personal disciple of Tài X?, Hsing Yun, now very old, and it is on this movement that we concentrate in Parts two and three. We differentiate between conscious imitation and analogous development due to similar social circumstances, and show how Protestant Christianity and Roman Catholicism have had different effects. In Part four, we examine Fo Guang Shan as a missionary religion.
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Malcolm, Annie. "The past at the edge of the future: Landscape painting and contemporary places." Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 7, no. 2-3 (December 1, 2020): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca_00027_1.
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In this article, I offer an ethnographic account of Wutong Shan, and engage landscape painting as an interpretative device. Wutong Shan represents a unique phenomenon of urban transformation in that its residents cultivate a life harkening back to a rural past in an attempt to build a utopia unfettered by the deafening noise of modernity, which can easily be found down the road in Shenzhen, China’s newest city. Similar to what landscape painters throughout history have created through image, Wutong residents create a world of retreat, escape and natural beauty in a space at the edge of the urban. Both a landscape painting and this ethnographic place are built through a set of creative acts, a sense of self-cultivation, and a desire for escape. In Wutong Shan, the other side of the creative process is a livable environment rather than an art object. One of the ways I read landscape painting to understand Wutong Shan is by thinking with contemporary Chinese art works that, through illusion, revisit the landscape in light of industrial urbanization. I bring together three strains of thinking: (1) my contemporary ethnographic research on Wutong Art Village, (2) understandings of Chinese landscape paintings and their associated conceptions of nature and utopia and (3) contemporary art that renegotiates the landscape form, analysed through the emergent field of eco-art history.
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Yao, Yu-Shuang. "Masculinity and Femininity: Comparing and Contrasting Two Modern Buddhist Movements in Taiwan, Foguang Shan and Ci Ji." Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review 11, no. 1 (2020): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/asrr202011167.
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This article examines how modern Chinese Buddhism has been influenced by its interactions with the modern world. For our purposes, ‘modern Chinese Buddhism’ refers to a form of what has become known in the West as ‘Engaged Buddhism,’ but in Chinese is known by titles that can be translated as ‘Humanistic Buddhism’ or ‘Buddhism for Human Life.’ This tradition was initiated on the Chinese mainland between the two World Wars by the monk Tai Xu (1890–1947). Its main branches have flourished in Taiwan, whence two of them have spread worldwide. The most successful, at least in numerical terms, has been Fo Guang Shan (the Buddha’s Light Mountain) and Ci Ji (the Buddhist Compassion and Relief Society), the former founded by a personal disciple of Tai Xu, Xing Yun, the latter founded by Zheng Yan. Both of them are now very old but remain powerful charismatic leaders.
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Welch, Ian. "Our Neighbors but Not Our Countrymen.: Christianity and the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Victoria (Australia) and California." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 13, no. 1-2 (2006): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656106793645204.
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AbstractIn the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States of America and the British colonies of settlement in Australia shared the experience of gold rushes and the arrival of large numbers of immigrants including the Chinese. In both countries, the long-term impact of European imperialist expansion from the sixteenth century and the Anglo-Saxon dominance of the nineteenth-century world was inseparable from a wealth of explanatory theories about ethnicity in which culture, religion, and race contributed to a major (if unsubstantiated) corpus of evidence shared by the Anglo-Americans. The discovery of gold in 1847 in California (Gum San, Chin Shan—Gold Mountain) was followed by the 1854 gold rush to Victoria, Australia (Dai Gum San, Hsin Chin Shan—New Gold Mountain). The similarity of names indicates how close the connection was in Chinese minds at the time. This paper discusses one little-known aspect of the triangular relationship between China, America, and Australia during the second half of the nineteenth century—attempts by Protestant Christians to evangelize the Chinese immigrants.
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Long, Haiping. "On the Formation of Modern Chinese Pseudo-Possessive-Object Constructions." Studies in Language 42, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.16018.lon.
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Abstract Modern Chinese Pseudo-Possessive-Object Constructions (shortened as Modern Chinese PPO constructions; e.g. ta shuo le wo de haohua (他说了我的好话) ‘he has put in a good word for me’ and ta chi le wo de doufu (他吃了我的豆腐) ‘he has taken advantage of me’) are actually constructions displaying possessor-affectee syncretism. They derive from Early Modern Chinese Real-Possessive-Object constructions in bridging contexts, some examples being wo ye quande liewei daren de jiu (我也劝得列位大人的酒), ‘I also urged all the magistrates here to finish drinking your wine’ and shi nage zai jie wo de duan li (是那个在揭我的短哩) ‘who is uncovering my demerits’. Di-transitive constructions in Middle Chinese and Early Modern Chinese (e.g. Changxing! quan er yibei jiu (长星，劝尔一杯酒) ‘Comet! I urge you (to finish drinking) a cup of wine’ and shuru gan jie wu duanchu (竖儒敢揭吾短处) ‘how dare the Confucius scholar uncover my demerits’) have provided structural templates for the formation of Modern Chinese PPO constructions. They also have led to a condition in which there are more examples of a maleficiary Modern Chinese PPO construction than examples of a beneficiary Modern Chinese PPO construction (e.g. ta chi le wo de doufu (他吃了我的豆腐) ‘he has taken advantage of me’ vs. ta shuo le wo de haohua (他说了我的好话) ‘he has put in a good word for me’). The grammaticalization pathway can also explain the formation of other constructions including another Modern Chinese PPO construction (e.g. ta chi le wo de kui (他吃了我的亏) ‘he has suffered the loss caused by me’), a Modern Chinese pseudo-object construction (e.g. wo ganxie ni de haoxin (我感谢你的好心) ‘I thank you for your kindness’), and a Modern Chinese pseudo-modifier construction (e.g. wo pa le yi xiawu de shan (我爬了一下午的山) ‘I did mountain-climbing for the whole afternoon’).
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Xavier, Subha. "The global afterlife: Sino-French literature and the politics of translation." French Cultural Studies 30, no. 2 (May 2019): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957155819842980.
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Following the critical acclaim of Sino-French literature in recent years, an increasing number of Chinese presses have solicited translations of prize-winning novels written in French by authors of Chinese descent. Yet as the work of authors like François Cheng, Shan Sa, Ya Ding and Dai Sijie travels from French into Chinese, it also undergoes a transformation via the politics of translation and publication in China. This essay exposes the inner workings of translation between French and Chinese, as well as the politics that colour its publication and reception between France and China. The act of translating these works back into their authors’ native tongue signals a return to the national paradigms the writers initially sought to evade by writing in French. Translation here functions as a form of aggression, a forced return home that ultimately breaks with the poetic ethos that animates the original creative works.
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Hul, Oleksandra. "DISSIDENCE AND IMMIGRATION THROUGH THE WORLDVIEW OF “MISTY POET” BEI DAO." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.444-451.
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The key focus of the Article is based on the new trend in Chinese poetry named “Misty poetry”, which appeared in China in the 20 century as a rebellion and notice of appeal in the literary circles of young generation. Under the political and social pressure of the totalitarian regime in China, and in the conditions of total control over the literary process, there appeared a new style of expressing own thoughts and believes among youth, called “Misty poetry” or revolutionary poetry. This Article is revealing the aim, preconditions and key tasks of Misty poets. Being a leader of the Misty poets’ group, popular Chinese poet Bei Dao is taken as a vivid example of revolutionary youth of the 20 century. The Article shows his political, social and literary activity as an example of the whole Misty group idea. The main aspects provided in the Article are based on the great love and respect of the Misty poets towards China, Chinese language, Chinese nature and culture. The Article shows how difficult it was for the poets to be far away from their Motherland and to have no chance to come back, how dif- ficult it was to write Chinese poetry being forbidden in native country. The Article also reveals the “Secret code of culture and nation” which is based on the symbols and words of native language. The “Secret code of culture and nation” is understood only by the native speakers, loving their Motherland. The Article uses original poetry of Bei Dao and is also based on the original historical and political facts, taking into account interviews with the poet, which show his real way of thinking in the terms of Misty poetry. The inner world of Bei Dao is described in the examples of his poetry: “Local Dialect” (“乡音”), “Hello, Bai Hua Shan” (“你好，百花山”), “Let’s go” (“走吧”). Nearly all of his poetry tells about true love for China and a great dream of using native language without fear and persecution. We provide a description of the hidden way of Bei Dao’s thinking, while analyzing his great poem “Local Dialect” (“乡音”). Each word should be examined taking into account the unique symbols of China. Bei Dao believes that only people, loving Chinese culture and loving Chinese language can under- stand the deep meaning of Misty poetry.
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Seamen, Gary. "The Divine Authorship of Pei-yu chi [Journey to the North]." Journal of Asian Studies 45, no. 3 (May 1986): 483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056527.
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Pei-yu chi [Journey to the North] is a late Ming novel, which since Ch'ing dynasty times has usually been published together with three other short novels, namely Nanyu chi [Journey to the South], Tung-yu chi [Journey to the East], and Hsi-yu chi [Journey to the West], as a composite edition entitled Ssu-yu chi [The Four Journeys]. Authorship of Pei-yu chi is usually attributed to a certain Yü Hsiang-tou, but the work is popularly regarded as the mythic charter of divinity of the Emperor of the Dark Heavens (Hsüan-t'ien Shang-ti), apotheosis of the north. Arguments based on analogy with present-day religious practices on Taiwan, as well as the content and structure of Pei-yu chi, are used to support a theory that the text was originally composed as a religious tract (shan-shu) by Chinese spirit-medium cults.
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Zeng, Yu. "La naturaleza y Zen en la traducción de los poemas de Han Shan // Nature and Zen in the Translation of Han Shan's Poems." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 5, no. 1 (March 20, 2014): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2014.5.1.586.
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El Zen es una de las diez escuelas principales del budismo chino que fue fundada por Bodhidharma, y Han Shan es uno de los poetas chinos más conocidos de la escuela Zen. Aunque no se conoce mucho de su vida, a través de sus versos hemos llegado a saber que dejó atrás el mundo laico, yéndose a la Montaña Tiantai, donde llevó una vida de ermitaño y escribió unos trescientos poemas. La mayor parte de estos poemas es sobre su comprensión de las enseñanzas del Zen. A través de la descripción del medio ambiente y del uso de las imágenes naturales que casi siempre son metáforas del camino espiritual, sus poemas logran producir una concepción artística del Zen. Es por ello que a Han Shan también se le conoce como el poeta del Zen. Ya sabemos que con frecuencia es imposible reproducir un poema de un idioma a otro, incluyendo la rima, la forma, y la concepción artística. De esta manera, nuestro objetivo es a través de nuestro trabajo, mejorar la comprensión de los lectores meta del Zen en la poesía de Han Shan y ofrecer nuestras sugerencias sobre cómo trasladar este Zen. Además nos complacería que los resultados de nuestro análisis puedan emplearse en el entendimiento y la traducción de las obras de otros poetas de la Escuela Zen, tales como Wang Wei, Bai Juyi, etc. Abstract Zen is one of the ten principal schools of Chinese Buddhism which was founded by Bodhidharma, and Han Shan is one of the most well-known Chinese poets of the Zen school. Although we do not know very well about his life, through his verses we know today that he left the lay world and went away to the Mountain Tiantai, where he lived as a hermit and wrote approximately three hundred poems. Most of his poems are about his understanding of the Zen education. Through the description of the environment and the use of natural images which are nearly always metaphors of the spiritual way, these poems manage to produce an artistic conception of Zen. This is why Han Shan was also known as a poet of Zen. Most of the time, it is impossible to reproduce a poem from one language to another, including the rhyme, the structure and the artistic conception of the original poem. So the aim of our work is to improve the target reader’s comprehension about the Zen in Han Shan’s poetry and offer our suggestions about how to translate it. Besides, we also expect that the results of our analysis could be used in the understanding and translation of other poets of Zen, such as Wang Wei, Bai Juyi, and so on.
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Alkaff, Nadira, and Hin Goan Gunawan. "REMEMBERING XIAO SHAN IN BA JIN ESSAYS THE WOUNDS OF THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION." Bambuti 2, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53744/bambuti.v2i1.11.
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The Cultural Revolution era was a dark period in Chinese history. The resistance to the power of Chairman Mao by literati people has resulted in deep wounds, as a result of intimidation, bad stigma, exclusion, and even imprisonment which often ends in death. Ba Jin's essay Remembering Xiao Shan can be seen as a mirror reflecting the deep wounds experienced by the author who is accused of being part of a counterrevolutionary group. Not only himself, but his beloved wife also had to bear the wounds of the Cultural Revolution. This study uses a hermeneutical analysis model to explore the author's "living world" in the text Reminiscing Xiao Shan about the sorrow experienced by himself, his fellow authors who were labeled as part of right-wing resistance, and the people he loved during repressive times under the control of Mao Zedong. The Cultural Revolution was long gone, but the wounds it caused were not easy to heal, and so Ba Jin documented it in the text in the form of an essay. In the end, time has proved that the idea of resistance carried out by people like Ba Jin is irresistible, as has been proven by the current capitalistic economic style in China. The close people, even Ba Jin's wife were indeed neglected by the Red Guards, but their thoughts are still alive today.
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Liu, Haitao, and Nannan Wang. "A Study on the Acquisition of Function Word Usages of ‘Shang’ in Chinese by Korean Speakers." Journal of Linguistics Science 96 (March 31, 2021): 167–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21296/jls.2021.3.96.167.
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Zhu, Shengyu. "A new perspective and method for understanding the relationship between characters and words in the Shang dynasty." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 4, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850219881218.
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Relationships between characters and words can be divided into two levels, the relationship among characters and the relationship among words – one of the core problems in Chinese philology. The relationships in Oracle Bone Inscriptions (OBIs) are very complicated due to the diversity of the configurations of graphs and the unclearness of phonetic information, which cause great difficulty in the study of these relationships, including whether characters are variants or have distinct meanings. OBIs have their own particularity, namely, a high degree of hieroglyphics. When studying the relationship between characters and words in OBIs, we are limited to actual divination materials and exploration of characters’ design intention. In this regard, relevant theories and methods in cognitive linguistics provide reference. In terms of characters, graphemes in the lao 牢-set, xian 陷-set, zhu 逐-set, kan 坎-set and che 车-set are visually distinct, but in terms of language are variants representing one word.
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Wang, X. W., J. Li, T. Guo, B. Zhen, Q. Kong, B. Yi, Z. Li, et al. "Concentration and detection of SARS coronavirus in sewage from Xiao Tang Shan hospital and the 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0266.
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A worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) had been reported. Over 8439 SARS cases and 812 SARS-related deaths were reported to the World Health Organization from 32 countries around the world up to 5 July 2003. The mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV has been limited only to close contacts with patients. Attention was focused on possible transmission by the sewage system because laboratory studies showed that patients excreted coronavirus RNA in their stools in Amoy Gardens in Hong Kong. To explore whether the stool of SARS patients or the sewage containing the stool of patients would transmit SARS-CoV or not, we used a style of electropositive filter media particle to concentrate the SARS-CoV from the sewage of two hospitals receiving SARS patients in Beijing, as well as cell culture, semi-nested RT–PCR and sequencing of genes to detect and identify the viruses from sewage. There was no live SARS-CoV detected in the sewage in these assays. The nucleic acid of SARS-CoV was found in the sewage before disinfection from both hospitals by PCR. After disinfection, SARS-CoV RNA could be detected from some samples from the 309th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, but not from Xiao Tang Shan Hospital after disinfection. In this study, we found that the virus can survive for 14 days in sewage at 4°C, 2 days at 20°C, and its RNA can be detected for 8 days though the virus had been inactivated. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the RNA of SARS-CoV could be detected from the concentrates of sewage of both hospitals receiving SARS patients before disinfection and occasionally after disinfection though there was no live SARS-CoV; thus much attention should be paid to the treatment of stools of patients and the sewage of hospitals receiving SARS patients.
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Sun, Zexi (Jesse). "Translating the Christian Moral Message: Reading Liang Fa's Good Words to Admonish the Age in the Tradition of Morality Books." Studies in World Christianity 24, no. 2 (August 2018): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2018.0215.
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This paper seeks to interpret Good Words to Admonish the Age, the most important writing of the first Chinese Protestant pastor, Liang Fa (1789–1855), in its complex relations with the tradition of morality books (shan shu). By doing so, the paper attempts to show Liang's subversive adoption of an existing social and religious genre that enjoyed widespread acceptance at the time. While Liang affirms the significance of moral values, he also distinguishes those practices held by morality books as meritorious from actual moral uprightness. In contrast, moral good for Liang is a result of divine intervention (that is, salvation) and a Christian duty, thus transcending the conventional purpose of earthly reward or securing one's own fate for blessings. In crafting his Good Words, the morality-book tradition forms an essential point of contact that Liang appropriated and adapted for delivering his Christian message – a message that is also in competition with the conventional moral view of salvation. For Liang, these moral tenets, which he still holds dear after his conversion, now culminate in a theological knowledge of God and his salvation plan.
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Serruys, Paul L.-M. "18. Graphic Identification, Semantic Interpretation and Phonological Implications in the Oracle Writing of Shang." Early China 9, S1 (1986): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800003059.
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ABSTRACTAll translations or interpretations of the Shang oracular texts are ultimately founded on the way in which one understands the system of the early Chinese writing and its underlying principles. This writing system cannot be fully understood unless the study of the graphic structure of each writing unit is combined with that of all other factors that can be observed from the point of view of semantic content and phonology. A short discussion of these three aspects or factors in the writing system is intended to show that any graphic analysis from the very beginning needs to consider the word that is represented by the graphic unit and to determine it in meaning(s) and pronunciation(s), grammatical function(s), and its relationship with other words, whether cognates, synonyms or homonyms, liable to be used as loan units ( ). The graphic analysis must not only explain the pictographic aspects of the graphs, but also determine the possible phonetic, semantic, or etymonic roles played by any of its constituent parts. In this respect, processes like polyphony, polysemy, graphic convergence and confusions, and loan graph substitutions all require vigorous scrutiny from the point of view of the phonology of the Shang language. Besides using information from later bronze texts, classics, and early dictionaries, it is important to let the Shang data speak for themselves.
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Dong, Yuhong, Margaret Trey, and Kai-Hsiung Hsu. "Case Report: A 73-year-old suspected COVID-19 patient with severe dyspnea fully recovers after reciting nine true words from Falun Gong." F1000Research 10 (March 1, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50940.1.
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Background: The most common severe symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are breathing difficulty and respiratory failure. Unfortunately, mortality of COVID-19 patients with severe breathing difficulties is high. Clinical finding and diagnosis: This report describes the case of a woman in her seventies, who could not taste anything except a metallic taste, had pains all over, low-grade fever, and who soon developed severe breathing difficulties in 15 days. At the time, her doctors described her as having suspected COVID-19 and advised her to self-quarantine at home. Interventions and outcomes: When the patient had her initial symptoms, her treating physician prescribed Tylenol which she took for 13 days. The patient initially felt better, but then developed severe fatigue, achiness within a week, and then severe breathing difficulties. The patient was sometimes unable to breathe and could not walk from her bed to the bathroom. She started feeling fearful of death after 15 days had lapsed. She then started to recite the nine Chinese characters "Fa-Lun Da-Fa Hao, Zhen-Shan-Ren Hao” daily. After she started reciting these nine true words (NTW) frequently and sincerely, the patient felt her lungs opened and she was able to breathe longer and deeper. Within three days of constantly reciting the NTW, her breathing returned to normal and all symptoms ceased. Conclusions: This suspected COVID-19 patient gained significant clinical benefits after sincerely reciting the nine-character true words from Falun Gong.
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Tsybenov, Bazar D. "Языки и диалекты национальных меньшинств Хулун-Буира как объект исследования." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-615-624.
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Introduction. The article examines languages of some national minorities living in the Hulun Buir Urban District of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (PRC). The study is relevant since the Han majority subjects national minorities to strong linguistic assimilation. Timely study of the languages and dialects of this region is necessary for a comparative analysis with the languages of the Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu peoples living in Russia. Goals. The research primarily aims to examine some aspects of linguistic studies in publications of Inner Mongolia’s philologists. The work solves the following tasks: 1) review of languages and dialects of Hulun Buir ethnic groups, including in publications of Russian researchers; 2) research of some works dealing with the Old Barga dialect of the Mongolian language; 3) analysis of publications on the Dagur language and one scientific article about the Evenki language. Materials. The article analyzes scientific works of researchers from Inner Mongolia, such as Bousian, Enkhabatu, Tseberkhas, Urangua, Yu Shan, Serenbatu. Results. The existing division into languages and dialects has some differences in China and Russia. This unequal linguistic status requires the development of a single generally accepted standard. The Old Barga dialect has preserved a number of words from the language of medieval Mongols. This Barga dialect also borrowed some words from Manchu, Japanese and Russian. Philologists of Inner Mongolia actively study the Dagur language and dialects. They carry out comparative analyses of the latter and Mongolic languages, identify features of the Hailar and Buteha dialects of the Dagur language. So, scientists conducted a sociological survey on whether the Daur people know their native language, as well as Mongolian and Chinese. Professor Serenbat analyzed Evenki verb endings in comparison with Mongolian, Manchu and Dagur ones. Conclusions. The important issue is a standardization of languages and dialects of the region. It must be done in accordance with generally accepted standards in Russia and China. Russian philologists should begin comprehensive studies of the scientific developments of Inner Mongolia’s researchers. The study of the historiography of languages and dialects of Hulun Buir has great prospects.
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Inglis, Douglas. "Khamti Shan anti-ergative construction." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.17001.ing.
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Abstract It is widely recognized that Khamti Shan is unique among Tai languages in evidencing a basic (A)OV word order, quite likely due to extensive language contact with Tibeto-Burman languages. Much less recognized in Khamti Shan is that some functional objects take a postposition marker, revealing a striking, but not necessarily unexpected, resemblance to a Tibeto-Burman-like anti-ergative construction. The deictic mai² ‘here’ grammaticalizes an anti-ergative function in which it acts as a marker for certain monotransitive ‘objects’ which are analyzed as pragmatically foregrounded referents in the information structure of the sentence.
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Ying-Shan, Han. "Chinese business information sources." Business Information Review 12, no. 2 (October 1995): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026638219501200206.
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Han Ying-Shan is the managing director of Han Consultants. He specializes in providing Chinese business and marketing information in English. He has published several English-language directories, and also offers market studies, direct marketing and database services, translation, literature design and printing.
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Chen, Jenn-Yeu, and Cheng-Yi Li. "Word form encoding in Chinese word naming and word typing." Cognition 121, no. 1 (October 2011): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.009.
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O’HARA, JAMES E., HIROSHI SHIMA, and CHUNTIAN ZHANG. "ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF THE TACHINIDAE (INSECTA: DIPTERA) OF CHINA." Zootaxa 2190, no. 1 (August 6, 2009): 1–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2190.1.1.
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The Tachinidae of mainland China and Taiwan (generally referred to as China herein for brevity) are catalogued. A total of 1109 valid species are recorded of which 403 species (36%) are recorded as endemic. Distributions within China are given according to the 33 administrative divisions of the country, and distributions outside China are given according to a scheme of geographical divisions developed for this catalogue and most finely divided for the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. The catalogue is based on examination of the primary literature comprising about 670 references and also includes a small number of records based on unpublished data from specimens examined in collections. Taxa are arranged hierarchically under the categories of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus (where recognized), and species. Nomenclatural details are provided for nominal genera and species. This includes synonyms at both levels for taxa described or recorded from China. For valid species, distributions are provided along with complete name-bearing type data for associated names. Additional information is given in the form of notes, numbering more than 300 in the catalogue section and about 50 in the references section. Six genera are newly recorded from China: Calliethilla Shima (Ethillini), Chetoptilia Rondani (Dufouriini), Demoticoides Mesnil (Leskiini), Pseudalsomyia Mesnil (Goniini), Redtenbacheria Schiner (Eutherini), and Rutilia Robineau-Desvoidy (Rutiliini). Fourteen species are newly recorded from China: Actia solida Tachi & Shima, Atylostoma towadensis (Matsumura), Chetoptilia burmanica (Baranov), Demoticoides pallidus Mesnil, Dexiosoma lineatum Mesnil, Feriola longicornis Mesnil, Frontina femorata Shima, Phebellia laxifrons Shima, Prodegeeria gracilis Shima, Prooppia stulta (Zetterstedt), Redtenbacheria insignis Egger, Sumpigaster subcompressa (Walker), Takanomyia frontalis Shima, and Takanomyia rava Shima. Two genera and 23 species are recorded as misidentified from China. New names are proposed for three preoccupied names: Pseudodexilla O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum for Pseudodexia Chao, 2002; Admontia longicornalis O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum for Admontia longicornis Yang & Chao, 1990; and Erythrocera neolongicornis O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum for Pexopsis longicornis Sun & Chao, 1993. New type species fixations are made under the provisions of Article 70.3.2 of ICZN (1999) for 13 generic names: Chetoliga Rondani, Discochaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, Erycina Mesnil, Eurigaster Macquart, Microvibrissina Villeneuve, Oodigaster Macquart, Plagiopsis Brauer & Bergenstamm, Prooppia Townsend, Ptilopsina Villeneuve, Ptilotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, Rhinotachina Brauer & Bergenstamm, Schaumia Robineau-Desvoidy, and Setigena Brauer & Bergenstamm. Subgenus Tachina (Servillia Robineau-Desvoidy) is reduced to a synonym of subgenus Tachina (Tachina Meigen). The valid names of two species are reduced to nomina nuda and replaced by other available names with new status as valid names: Siphona (Aphantorhaphopsis) perispoliata (Mesnil) replaces S. (A.) mallochiana (Gardner), and Zenillia terrosa Mesnil replaces Z. grisellina (Gardner). The following 12 new combinations are proposed: Carcelina shangfangshanica (Chao & Liang), Drino (Drino) interfrons (Sun & Chao), Drino (Zygobothria) hirtmacula (Liang & Chao), Erythrocera longicornis (Sun & Chao) (a preoccupied name and replaced with Erythrocera neolongicornis O’Hara, Shima & Zhang, nomen novum), Isosturmia aureipollinosa (Chao & Zhou), Isosturmia setamacula (Chao & Liang), Isosturmia setula (Liang & Chao), Paratrixa flava (Shi), Phryno jilinensis (Sun), Phryno tibialis (Sun), Prosopodopsis ruficornis (Chao), and Takanomyia parafacialis (Sun & Chao). The following 19 new synonymies are proposed: Atylomyia chinensis Zhang & Ge with Tachina parallela Meigen (current name Bessa parallela), Atylomyia minutiungula Zhang & Wang with Ptychomyia remota Aldrich (current name Bessa remota), Carcelia (Carcelia) hainanensis Chao & Liang with Carcelia rasoides Baranov, Carcelia frontalis Baranov with Carcelia caudata Baranov, Carcelia hirtspila Chao & Shi with Carcelia (Parexorista) delicatula Mesnil (current name Carcelia (Euryclea) delicatula), Carcelia septima Baranov with Carcelia octava Baranov, Carcelia (Senometopia) dominantalis Chao & Liang with Carcelia quarta Baranov (current name Senometopia quarta), Carcelia (Senometopia) maculata Chao & Liang with Carcelia octava Baranov, Drino hersei Liang & Chao with Sturmia atropivora RobineauDesvoidy (current name Drino (Zygobothria) atropivora), Eucarcelia nudicauda Mesnil with Carcelia octava Baranov, Isopexopsis Sun & Chao with Takanomyia Mesnil, Mikia nigribasicosta Chao & Zhou withBombyliomyia apicalis Matsumura (current name Mikia apicalis), Parasetigena jilinensis Chao & Mao with Phorocera (Parasetigena) agilis takaoi Mesnil (current name Parasetigena takaoi), Phebellia latisurstyla Chao & Chen with Phebellia latipalpis Shima (current name Prooppia latipalpis), Servillia linabdomenalis Chao with Servillia cheni Chao (current name Tachina (Tachina) cheni), Servillia planiforceps Chao with Tachina sobria Walker, Spiniabdomina Shi with Paratrixa Brauer & Bergenstamm, Tachina kunmingensis Chao & Arnaud with Tachina sobria Walker, and Thecocarcelia tianpingensis Sun & Chao with Drino (Isosturmia) chatterjeeana japonica Mesnil (current name Isosturmia japonica). Musca libatrix Panzer is a nomen protectum and Musca libatrix Scopoli and Musca libatrix Geoffroy are nomina oblita. Similarly, Redtenbacheria insignis Egger is a nomen protectum and Redtenbacheria spectabilis Schiner is a nomen oblitum. Lectotypes are designated for the following 12 nominal species based on name-bearing type material in CNC: Akosempomyia caudata Villeneuve, Blepharipoda schineri Mesnil, Carcelia puberula Mesnil, Compsoptesis phoenix Villeneuve, Ectophasia antennata Villeneuve, Gymnosoma brevicorne Villeneuve, Kosempomyia tibialis Villeneuve, Phasia pusilla Meigen, Tachina fallax pseudofallax Villeneuve, Tachina chaoi Mesnil, Wagneria umbrinervis Villeneuve, and Zambesa claripalpis Villeneuve.China is an expansive country of 9.6 million square kilometers in eastern Asia. It is a land of physical and ecological extremes: southern subtropical and tropical forests, richly diverse southwestern mountains, towering Himalayas, harsh and inhospitable Tibetan Plateau, western Tien Shan range, dry Taklimakan and Goli Deserts, northeastern temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests, and eastern fertile plains and lesser mountains. Along its southern and western borders are portions of four of the world’s 34 “biodiversity hotspots”, places recognized by Conservation International for their high endemicity and threatened habitat. These are the Indo-Burma hotspot, Mountains of Southwest China hotspot (particularly Hengduan Shan), Himalaya hotspot, and Mountains of Central Asia hotspot (represented in China by Tien Shan) (http:// www.biodiversityhotspots.org). These biodiversity hotspots, and other biodiverse places in China, have given rise to an endemic fauna and flora of significant size. In the plant world, for example, the Hengduan Shan is known as the hotbed of Rhododendron evolution with about 230 species. Among the vertebrates are such Chinese endemics as the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus spp.), baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), and brown eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum). Less conspicuous, but many times more numerous in species, are the endemic invertebrates that have evolved within present-day China. Biogeographically, China is unique among the countries of the world in lying at the crossroads of the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Hence, for most groups of organisms, the species of China consist of a combination of Palaearctic, Oriental, and endemic elements. This is true also of the Tachinidae of China. The Tachinidae are one of the largest families of Diptera with almost 10,000 described species and many thousands of undescribed species (Stireman et al. 2006). The family is correspondingly diverse in China, but because the Chinese tachinid fauna is still in a period of discovery and study, it must be significantly larger than the numbers given here might suggest. We record 1109 species and 257 genera of Tachinidae from mainland China and Taiwan, the former number representing about 11% of the world’s described tachinid species. From mainland China we record 1040 species, which compares to 754 and 832 species recorded from the same area by Chao et al. (1998) and Hua (2006), respectively. Our higher number is partly a reflection of species described from China since those works, or described from elsewhere and recently recognized from China, but a significant number of species were presumably overlooked by Chao et al. (1998) and Hua (2006) in the voluminous literature that exists on Chinese insects. The Chinese tachinid fauna has very few endemic genera and none of significant size, but has 403 species recorded as endemic to China plus Taiwan. This represents 36% of the total tachinid fauna. We record 343 species as endemic to mainland China and 32 species as endemic to Taiwan. The total number of species recorded from Taiwan is 231; some of these species are shared with the Oriental Region but not with mainland China.
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Li, Mei. "Exploration and Practice of Urban Characteristics on Shan-Shui City and Historic City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.420.
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Shan-shui City rooted in Chinese classical culture and history, which contains Chinese philosophy of “man is an integral part of nature”, and made the natural landscape apply to urban construction, so it creates a number of historical and cultural cities which have significant Shan-shui characteristics. The urban style design of Ji’an city, Jilin province, relies on natural ecological conditions, Shan-shui environment construction and the protection of historical and cultural environment, to protect and utilize Shan-shui landscape by the design concept of showing mountain, water and green friendly. Also the urban style design of Ji’an city create urban space with significant characteristics and full of attractive by redistributing the Old Town, restoring the historic environment of Guonei city, protecting ancient sites, building eco-cultural scenic spots to achieve a small city style design concept of sustainable development.
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Keightley, David N. "Neolithic and Shang Periods." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (February 1995): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911800021604.
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The common occurrence of cults of the dead in Neolithic and early Bronze Age societies around the world raises at least one major question about early Chinese religion: what factors account for the elaboration of ancestor worship in China and for the degree to which—compared to its role in other cultures—it endured? The study of Chinese religion in the Neolithic and Shang periods (ca. 4000–1050 B.C.E.) can contribute to our understanding of such matters, but the bulk of recent scholarship is inevitably and properly focused on technical analyses of sites, artifacts, rituals, and spiritual Powers. Many studies address problems of definition, such as the nature of Ti, the high god of the Shang, and his cult (Akatsuka 1977:471–537; Ikeda 1981:25–39; Eno 1990); images of T'ien (Heaven, Sky) (Hayashi 1989a); the nature of the Earth Power and its associated altar of the soil (Tai Chia-hsiang 1986); the role of sun, bird, and other totems in Neolithic and Shang belief (Hu Hou-hsüan 1977; Allan 1981; Tu Chin-p'eng 1992; Wu Hung 1985; Paper 1986; Ch'ien Chihch'iang 1988; Juyü 1991; Wang Chi-huai 1992; Xiong Chuanxin 1992; Chang Teshui 1993; Chang Wen 1994; Wang Lu-ch'ang 1994); methods and objects of sacrifice (Ikeda 1980; Ch'iu Hsi-kuei 1985; Childs-Johnson 1987; Lien Shao-ming 1989; Itō 1990; Hao Pen-hsing 1992); the religious dimensions of illness (Takashima 1980) and of settlement building (Akatsuka 1977:494–99).
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Heinsch, MaryFran, Pamela B. Vandiver, Kyra Lyublyanovics, Alice M. Choyke, Chandra Reedy, Perry Tourtellotte, and Claudia Chang. "Ceramics at the Emergence of the Silk Road: A Case of Village Potters from Southeastern Kazakhstan during the Late Iron Age." MRS Proceedings 1656 (November 5, 2015): 251–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.841.
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ABSTRACTBetween the fourth century B.C. and second century A.D., changes in climate, culture and commerce converged to extend networks of influence and intensify social stratification in communities situated along the Silk Road. The horse-riding nomads and agro-pastoralists of what is now Southeastern Kazakhstan were important actors in the unfolding of these events. The settlements and kurgan burials of the Saka and Wusun could be found dotting the alluvial fans north of the Tien Shan Mountains just a short time before Alexander the Great founded outposts in the Ferghana Valley and Chinese emissaries formalized relations with their periphery. In other words, the appearance of Iron Age Saka-Wusun sites anticipated the formation of the Silk Road’s northern branch and subsequently helped mediate long-distance relationships connecting East and West. Historical accounts appear to confirm the presence of the Saka and Wusun in this role, but there is much that remains unknown regarding relationships both within and across their communities. Typological variability in their material culture has fed speculation concerning their position within trade networks, but there has been very little in the way of materials analysis to test the validity of these assumptions.The ceramics recovered at Tuzusai near Almaty provide an excellent opportunity for examination of the impacts and implications of extended regional contacts throughout the region. Although no Persian or Chinese ceramic imports were identified, an extensive vocabulary of pot forms was locally produced. However, the pottery, particularly pitchers, drinking cups and bowls, and, especially with bright red surface decoration, is found in elaborate burial kurgans. The pottery is coarse, perhaps better called a “rock body” than a clay body, as very little clay is present. The frequency of sherds from the excavation (over 1000) and from surface survey is very low (e.g. 3 surface sherds for one-half days effort) compared with excavations in Southwest Asia or China. Rims are unusually worn. Thus, we suggest pottery was precious and high status, but difficult to make. A local survey of clay resources produced meager results. Tests showed that the finest sediments had perhaps 3% clay-sized particles. Among the adobe houses at Tuzusai is evidence of courtyard work areas for pottery production with fired remains of a possible firing pit or kiln and bone potting tools. Other courtyards were areas for dairying and spinning and some copper alloy and iron metal working. Our aim was to establish the life history, production sequences, status and uses of the pottery. Given our current understanding of local production resources and the technical difficulty associated with the production of thin walled forms using these materials, we suggest that these ceramics were high-status goods, many used in feasting activities, and valued not solely for their function in feasting activities, but for the labor and skill required to produce them. Study of the ceramics, clay sources, production methods, and decoration suggests greater social permeability of Saka-Wusun communities than was previously proposed and allows us to understand the formative dynamics of village along the Silk Road.
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Jia, Ruinuo, Tanyou Shan, Fuyou Zhou, Anping Zheng, Lixin Wan, Zhiqiao Xu, Guobao Zheng, et al. "A randomized, open-label, multicenter trial of the concurrent chemoradiotherapy of capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin versus cisplatin with 5-FU for Chinese squamous esophageal cancer: An interim report from CRTCOESC." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 4063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.4063.
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4063 Background: CRT with 5- FU and cisplatin (PF) has shown greater clinical efficacy for local advanced esophageal cancer (EC) but with high rate of acute toxicities (ATs). CRTCOESC is a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial designed to evaluate the effect and safety of capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin versus PF with CRT in Chinese EC. Methods: Pts with biopsy-proven squamous EC (T2-4N0-2M0) were randomized to single capecitabine (Arm1), capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (Arm2), or PF (Arm3), while daily radiation 50Gy/2Gy for all. Pts were stratified by different regimens cycles. Both grade3-5 ATs and 2-year OS were the primary endpoint, with a planned accrual of 249 pts to detect a decrease in Grade3-5 ATs from 40% to 20%. The secondary endpoint included objective response rate (ORR) and 2-year progression free survival (PFS). Interim analysis of ATs and ORR was planned for the first 120 pts. Results: The study accrued 128 pts from 2014.10-2016.12, 118 were eligible. 86 patients were finished 16-weeks follow-up at least and analyzed in the interim report (Arm1: Arm2: Arm3 = 24: 37: 25). There was no difference between three arms on pts pretreatment characters (age, gender, weight, performance status, clinical stage, lymphonodus status, and pathology grade). Incidence of grade3-5 ATs in Arm1/2/3 were 25%: 32.4%: 64% ( p = 0.03); it was significantly lower in Arm1/2 than Arm3 (Arm1 vs Arm3, p = 0.041; Arm2 vs Arm3, p = 0.022); and there no meaningful different between Arm1 and Arm2 ( p = 0.738). The pCR rate and ORR were 50%: 48.6%: 48% and 87.5%: 83.8%: 100% in Arm1/2/3 ( p = 0.99; p = 0.133). 56 patients had been finished 1 year follow-up (Arm1: Arm2: Arm3 = 12: 26: 18). The 1-year OS and PFS were 75%: 91.9%: 76% and 66.7%: 62.2%: 60% in Arm1/2/3 ( p = 0.166; p= 0.926). Conclusions: Compared with PF, CRT with single capecitabine with or without oxaliplatin shown lower incidence of ATs and similar ORR and 1-year OS. The single capecitabine seemly carried out a benefit of lower ATs than it plus oxaliplatin; there was no meaningful difference for them on ORR and 1-year OS. Ruinuo Jia and Tanyou Shan did equal work. Clinical trial information: NCT02025036.
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Lee, Shih-Chang, Chin-Chun Tsai, Jung-Chou Chen, Chun-Ching Lin, Miao-Lin Hu, and Shin Lu. "The Evaluation of Reno- and Hepato-Protective Effects of Huai-Shan-Yao (Rhizome Dioscoreae)." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 30, no. 04 (January 2002): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x02000624.
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Huai-Shan-Yao (Chinese yam; Rhizome Dioscoreae) is a common food in china. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effects of the crude extract of Huai-Shan-Yao on acute kidney and liver injuries in rats induced by ethanol. Results of pharmacological, biochemical and pathologic observations all showed that rats treated with the extract of Huai-Shan-Yao had decreased damage in renal tubules as well as decreased inflammation in the central vein and necrosis in the liver tissue.
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Xu, Dan. "Postverbal word order in chinese." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 19, no. 1 (1990): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1990.1312.
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Ruomei, Fu. "Chinese Affixes and Word Formation." Humaniora 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v5i1.2990.
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Chinese language is one of the typical isolated languages. It lacks morphological variation; part of speech has no morphological signs; the additional component of word formation is less; and the roots never change their forms. The major method of Chinese word formation is the combination of roots according to certain grammatical relations. Although the affix word formation is not part of mainstream Chinese word formation, affix-formation is still an integral part of the Chinese word-formation. Article used literature review, summarized the types and meanings of Chinese affixes. And meanwhile, article analyzed word formation function of Chinese Affixes and quasi-affixes. The Chinese quasi-affixes have stronger capabilities in forming new words, but development direction of Chinese quasi-affixes has to stand the test of time.
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Gui, Kun Zhi, Yong Ren, and Zhao Meng Peng. "CRFs Based Chinese Word Segmentation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4376.
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Chinese word segmentation is a fundamental problem in natural language processing. CRFs (Conditional Random Fields, CRFs) is an undirected graph model. It can work well with a variety of features, full use of the text information. Thus, this article adopts CRFs based Chinese word segmentation. This paper first gives the definition of CRFs model, the model parameter learning methods and reasoning algorithms. Then, it introduces the word tagging system which is widely used in Chinese word segmentation. The Bakeoff 2005 corpora are used in Chinese word segmentation experiments, and we achieve an excellent result on both MSRA and PKU corpora. The F-Measures on both corpora are 0.964 and 0.943, while the ROOV Values are 0.705 and 0.765.
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Dan, Xu. "Postverbal Word Order on Chinese." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 19, no. 1 (1990): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000036.
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Mao, Gaga. "Study on Chinese Word Segmentation." Advances in Higher Education 3, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/ahe.v3i3.1393.
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<p>Search engine technology is widely applied currently, which gradually deepens the research of full-text retrieval technology and Chinese word segmentation technology. Chinese word segmentation is one of the key technologies of Chinese languages information, the quality of which directly affects the information processing efficiency of Chinese languages. </p>
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Yang Xi Peng. "Chinese Characters Cause word "Reanalysis"." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 74 (April 2017): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15792/clsyn..74.201704.177.
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Tien. "The Pinxxiee Chinese Word Processor." Computer 18, no. 1 (January 1985): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.1985.1662685.
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Lin, Tzu-Jung, Richard C. Anderson, Yu-Min Ku, Kiel Christianson, and Jerome L. Packard. "Chinese children's concept of word." Writing Systems Research 3, no. 1 (January 2011): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wsr/wsr007.
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SHAVRIN, ALEXEY V. "Three new species and a new combination in the genus Omaliopsis Jeannel, 1940 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Omaliini) of China and Nepal." Zootaxa 4603, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4603.2.8.
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Three new species of the genus Omaliopsis Jeannel, 1940 from East Asia are described: O. amplimaculata sp.n. (China: Sichuan, Emei Shan), O. bimaculata sp.n. (China: Yunnan, Xue Shan and Haba Shan) and O. schmidti sp.n. (central Nepal). A new combination is proposed for Chinese O. musaphila (Rougemont, 2017) comb. n., originally described in the genus Phyllodrepa Thomson, 1859. A key for species of Omaliopsis known from East Asia is proposed. Members of the genus Omaliopsis are recorded for the first time from China and Nepal.
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Lin, Shike, Naesinee Chaiear, Jiraporn Khiewyoo, Bin Wu, and Nutjaree Pratheepawanit Johns. "Preliminary Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Work-Related Quality of Life Scale-2 in the Nursing Profession." Safety and Health at Work 4, no. 1 (March 2013): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.37.
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MIYAZAWA, Masayori. "How Shan-Dao Utilized Chinese Thought Jaoism in his View." Journal of Research Society of Buddhism and Cultural Heritage 2015, no. 24 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5845/bukkyobunka.2015.24_1.
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Yin, A., S. Nie, P. Craig, T. M. Harrison, F. J. Ryerson, Qian Xianglin, and Yang Geng. "Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan." Tectonics 17, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97tc03140.
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CHEN, LIN, CHARLES PERFETTI, YING LENG, and YOU LI. "Word superiority effect for native Chinese readers and low-proficiency Chinese learners." Applied Psycholinguistics 39, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 1097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000255.
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ABSTRACTWritten word recognition in Chinese links the perception of individual characters with whole words. With experience in reading, a high-quality word representation can provide top-down influence on the perception of its constituent characters, thus producing a word superiority effect (WSE). In experiments using the Reicher–Wheeler paradigm, we examined the WSE in two-character words for native Chinese readers (Experiment 1) and low-proficiency adult Chinese learners with Thai (Experiment 2a) and Indonesian (Experiment 2b) as native language backgrounds. For native Chinese readers, the WSE was smaller for high-frequency than low-frequency characters, reflecting rapid access to more frequently experienced characters and a consequent reduction of top-down word-level effects. Learners of Chinese, however, showed a strong WSE for both low-frequency and high-frequency characters, reflecting less well-established character representations combined with word-level knowledge sufficient to support character recognition. The results suggest that native Chinese readers develop strong representations at both the character and the word level, while low-proficiency Chinese learners are more dependent on the word level. We discuss the possibility that a word-level emphasis Chinese foreign language instruction is one reason for this pattern.
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Liu, Ping, Ping Yang, and Lan Zhang. "Mode of Action of Shan-Zhu-Yu (Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.) in the Treatment of Depression Based on Network Pharmacology." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (November 22, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8838888.
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Background. Although the traditional Chinese medicine Shan-Zhu-Yu may be efficacious against depression, its mechanism of action is unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the possible mechanisms of action of Shan-Zhu-Yu in the treatment of depression using network pharmacology. Methods. The active ingredients and targets of Shan-Zhu-Yu were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) database and converted into gene names using UniProt. Then, the target genes of depression were collected using GeneCards and OMIM. Drug disease intersection genes were obtained using a Venn tool, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING. Cytoscape was used to construct an active ingredients-targets-drug-disease network. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed using DAVID. Furthermore, Autodock was used to evaluate drug and target binding and explore possible molecular mechanisms. Results. We identified 9721 disease genes, 13 active ingredients, 50 target genes, and 48 drug disease intersecting genes. The results of the GO enrichment analysis suggested that Shan-Zhu-Yu affects the activity of G protein-coupled amine, neurotransmitter, steroid hormone, nuclear, and G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors in the treatment of depression by acting on hormone and nuclear receptor binding. The main signaling pathways were associated with neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium, cGMP-PKG, apoptosis, estrogen, p53, and AGE-RAGE. Molecular docking confirmed that the active components of Shan-Zhu-Yu (e.g., telocinobufagin and β-sitosterol) docked suitably with NR3C1, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Shan-Zhu-Yu may exert its therapeutic effects on depression via multiple targets and pathways. Conclusions. The present study elucidates that Shan-Zhu-Yu suppresses the expression of Bax and caspase-3 and promotes that of NR3C1 and Bcl-2 through neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and apoptosis signaling pathways. Therefore, Shan-Zhu-Yu is a potential treatment option for depression, and the results of this study will provide new reference points for future experimental research and a scientific basis for its widespread clinical application.
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Gao, Lu, Jianhui Wei, Lingxiao Wang, Matthias Bernhardt, Karsten Schulz, and Xingwei Chen. "A high-resolution air temperature data set for the Chinese Tian Shan in 1979–2016." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 2097–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2097-2018.
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Abstract. The Chinese Tian Shan (also known as the Chinese Tianshan Mountains, CTM) have a complex ecological environmental system. They not only have a large number of desert oases but also support many glaciers. The arid climate and the shortage of water resources are the important factors restricting the area's socioeconomic development. This study presents a unique high-resolution (1 km, 6-hourly) air temperature data set for the Chinese Tian Shan (41.1814–45.9945∘ N, 77.3484–96.9989∘ E) from 1979 to 2016 based on a robust elevation correction framework. The data set was validated by 24 meteorological stations at a daily scale. Compared to original ERA-Interim temperature, the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient increased from 0.90 to 0.94 for all test sites. Approximately 24 % of the root-mean-square error was reduced from 3.75 to 2.85 ∘C. A skill score based on the probability density function, which was used to validate the reliability of the new data set for capturing the distributions, improved from 0.86 to 0.91 for all test sites. The data set was able to capture the warming trends compared to observations at annual and seasonal scales, except for winter. We concluded that the new high-resolution data set is generally reliable for climate change investigation over the Chinese Tian Shan. However, the new data set is expected to be further validated based on more observations. This data set will be helpful for potential users to improve local climate monitoring, modeling, and environmental studies in the Chinese Tian Shan. The data set presented in this article is published in the Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.887700. The data set includes 288 nc files and one user guidance txt file.
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ZHANG, Cong-pin, Li-li ZHAO, and Chang-mao WU. "Method of Chinese word segmentation based on character-word classification." Journal of Computer Applications 30, no. 8 (September 2, 2010): 2034–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2010.02034.
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Kwong, O. Y. "Enhancing Word Access in Chinese Dictionaries:Implications from Word Association Norms." International Journal of Lexicography 28, no. 1 (December 23, 2014): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecu027.
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Pei-yuan, Xu. "Chinese Dual Frequency Water Vapor Radiometer for VLBI." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 129 (1988): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900135570.
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A Chinese VLBI Network Project is under construction in China. The first 25-m antenna and associated VLBI system have just been completed at the She-Shan Station of the Shanghai Observatory. Both geodetic and astrophysical VLBI programs will be undertaken with the Network. A dual frequency water vapor radiometer is being developed to determine the tropospheric path delay correction.
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Møllgaard, Eske J. "Zhuangzi’s Word, Heidegger’s Word, and the Confucian Word." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 41, no. 3-4 (March 2, 2014): 454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0410304014.
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Traditional Chinese commentators rightly see that understanding Zhuangzi’s way with words is the presupposition for understanding Zhuangzi at all. They are not sure, however, if Zhuangzi’s words are super-effective or pure nonsense. I consider Zhuangzi’s experience with language, and then turn to Heidegger’s word of being to see if it may throw light on Zhuangzi’s way of saying. I argue that a conversation between Heidegger and Zhuangzi on language is possible, but only by expanding Heidegger’s notion of Gestell (enframing) and through a destruction of the dominant Confucian discourse that obscures Zhuangzi’s way of saying.
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Zhang, Meishan, Yue Zhang, and Guohong Fu. "Transition-Based Neural Word Segmentation Using Word-Level Features." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 63 (December 23, 2018): 923–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11266.
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Character-based and word-based methods are two different solutions for Chinese word segmentation, the former exploiting sequence labeling models over characters and the latter using word-level features. Neural models have been exploited for character-based Chinese word segmentation, giving high accuracies by making use of external character embeddings, yet requiring less feature engineering. In this paper, we study a neural model for word-based Chinese word segmentation, by replacing the manually-designed discrete features with neural features in a transition-based word segmentation framework. Experimental results demonstrate that word features lead to comparable performance to the best systems in the literature, and a further combination of discrete and neural features obtains top accuracies on several benchmarks.
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Youyong Qian. "Word Order Variation in Chinese Compounds." Language Facts and Perspectives 46, no. ll (February 2019): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20988/lfp.2019.46..85.
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