Academic literature on the topic 'Shanghai (China) – Description and travel'

Walking is one of the most widely used means of transport. Neighborhood built environments have a direct influence on individuals’ daily commuting, recreational travel patterns, and shopping travel behavior. In Chinese cities, shopping activities are among the most frequent reasons for daily travel. Yet, research on the impact of neighborhood built environments on people’s shopping travel activities in high-density cities is limited. To fill this research gap, this study investigates how neighborhood built environments might affect pedestrians’ shopping travel activities in Shanghai, China. The data, which includes shopping travel patterns, perceived environmental characteristics, and individual socioeconomic status, were collected from a survey of 21 randomly selected neighborhoods in Shanghai in 2011. In total, data from 2,838 samples (participants) were collected. Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate how neighborhood built environments affect residents’ choice of travel mode for shopping, that is, the likelihood of taking transit, driving, or biking vs. walking. Results showed that nearly half of people surveyed (43.3%) used walking as their primary shopping mode. Road network density, presence of primary schools, and average sidewalk width were positively correlated with the likelihood of using walking as the primary shopping mode. Gender, age, and car ownership were also significant in the model.

The primary goal of this paper is to identify the influence factors of public transportation (PT) competitiveness as related to potential passengers through an analysis of travel intentions. The logistic regression model is utilized to analyze PT travel intentions of people who commute daily by car in Shanghai, China. Through comparing the service quality of PT and of car from five aspects (i.e., comfort, timeliness, reliability, economics, and safety), the significant influence factors are identified. The results reveal that the difference in service quality between PT travel and car travel is insignificant for safety and convenience, while comfort, reliability, and economics matter most to the willingness to travel via PT. In addition, increasing the cost of car travel and improving the service quality of PT are both helpful in attracting car users to switch travel mode and enhancing PT competitiveness. The findings and suggestions will provide support to decisions in PT development policy making.

The traffic state of the urban road network is determined by travelers’ choices of travel modes and routes. With the development of science and technology, people tend to have more travel choices and their distinctive temperaments often lead to different choices even in the same situation. Therefore, a study of different factors that may affect people’s travel choices plays a crucial role in the optimization of the traffic system. Focusing on the four major travel modes between Minhang campus and Xuhui campus of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) in Shanghai, China, this paper tries to gather the information of the factors that affect travel choices and the extent of such effects both in general cases and when prior information is given by means of questionnaires. Based on data processing, the paper draws pie charts on the travel choices under different circumstances and makes a qualitative analysis of the influential factors. Then, a quantitative analysis is made by using the models of utility function and linear programming. Finally, in contrast with the results, the paper finds out the extent of the effect of travel information on the choice of travel modes and routes of the travelers with different temperaments.

Alleviating traffic congestion and developing sustainable transportation systems in a city can be assisted by promoting environmentally friendly transportation modes such as walking, cycling, and public transport. Strategies for promoting these desirable transportation modes can be identified based on a sound understanding of how commuters choose travel modes. In this study, multi-day commuting travel mode data was used to explore factors that influenced commute mode choice. A multinomial logit model and a binary logit model were proposed to study commuter travel behavior. The results showed the following. (1) Age, gender, and marriage indirectly influence the commute mode choice; (2) The cost of travel mode has little effect on commute mode choice; (3) The probability of commute mode change mainly influences the car mode choice; (4) The number of transfer times and the distance to the nearest public transport stations are main factors that restrict commuters from choosing public transport; (5) The number of bicycles in the family and commute distance are main factors that restrict commuters from choosing cycling for commuting. Based on these findings, several potential measures are demonstrated to policymakers and transportation planners to alleviate traffic congestion and develop sustainable transportation systems.

With the rapid development of mobility services, e-hailing service have been highly prevalent and e-hailing travel has become a part of daily life in many cities in China. At the same time, travelers’ mode choice behaviors have been influenced to some degree by different factors, and in this paper, a web-based retrospective survey initially conducted in Shanghai, China is used to analyze the extent to which various factors are influencing mode choice behaviors. Then, a multinomial-logit-based mode choice model is developed to incorporate the e-hailing auto mode as a new travel mode for non-work trips. The developed model can help to identify influential factors and quantify their impact on mode choice probabilities. The developed model involves a variety of explanatory variables including e-hailing/taxi fare, bus travel time, rail station access/egress distance, trip distance, car in-vehicle travel time as well as travelers’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, etc. The model indicates that the e-hailing fare, travel companions and some travelers’ characteristics (e.g., age, income, etc.) are significant factors influencing the choice of e-hailing mode. The alternative-specific constant in the e-hailing utility equation is adjusted to match the observed market share of the e-hailing mode. Based on the developed model, elasticities of LOS attributes are computed and discussed. The research methods used in this paper have the potential to be applied to investigate travel behavior changes under the influence of emerging travel modes. The research findings can aid in evaluating policies to manage e-hailing services and improve their levels of services.

Urban parks and public transport are indispensable elements of a compact megacity for their environmental and social values. However, few measures of urban park accessibility have considered the public transport travel mode. Based on the framework of geographic information systems (GIS) network analysis, this study proposes an innovative method to incorporate public transport travel mode into urban park accessibility evaluations. Taking Shanghai, China, as the study area, we measured home to park and park from home travel times on multi-modal transport networks, calculated the accessibilities by multiple equations, and compared accessibilities for different districts. These methods extend current accessibility measures by calculating accessibility at a realistic level, and provide a measure of public transport service for urban parks. The results for Shanghai show that approximately 99.95% of home to park routes might include public transport. The distribution of home to park public transport accessibility of the city was uneven. The patches with best accessibility tend to be distributed in the built-up area in the city centre. Public transport access to urban parks is inhomogeneous for different districts, because of urban park locations, road network characteristics, and uneven public transport supply. The distribution of park from home public transport accessibility has no significant correlation with district development stage. Public transport service in Shanghai takes no account of the factors of park star rating or size. Positive actions are required to improve the equity of public transport access to the important public health resources of urban parks.

Along with the rapid development of China economy, more people pour into large cities since 2000. In order to settle the housing problem timely, large communities emerged in big cities of China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou. There is usually a high population density and high proportion of commuter travel in large communities, and the traffic development of which is relatively difficult, this paper aims to solve this problem. Taking TTY district of Beijing as an example, a large scale resident trip survey was conducted. The travel indicators travel time, travel distance, etc, were detailed discussed. The main traffic problems of TTY district were summarized as: 1) separation of office and residence; 2) insufficient traffic supply; 3) unreasonable road network structure. Finally, corresponding countermeasure was proposed in the article to deal with the existing problems.

With China ageing rapidly, the health of the elderly has become a public concern. Access to urban parks, offering both physical and psychological health benefits to people, is critical for the elderly. To explore whether there are disparities in park access for the elderly, we collected and processed population data, point of interest and travel time from census tracts to parks by public transport in Shanghai. The visuals based on the data indicate that, in Shanghai, most of the elderly are able to reach large parks in 30 minutes, but gaps remain in the number of accessible parks. Although the ageing population living between the inner ring road and the external ring road is as large as that inside the inner ring road, the number of accessible parks for this population is much lower than for the latter.

Big cities in China are reforming their old downtown areas and demolishing substandard housing. The government relocates residents to large-scale residential areas on the city periphery, where the residents often find transport service unsatisfactory. However, in the search for policies that could be applied to ease this problem, there were no studies supplying effective quantitative forecasts that assessed improvements in travel quality in such areas. To provide a policy scenario forecast that could measure travel quality, one that is also subject to the so-called transit priority strategy, this study takes the case of Jinhexincheng, Shanghai, China, analyzes its residents’ characteristics, estimates a mode choice mixed logit model, and applies the model to six policy scenario forecasts. Consumer surplus is calculated as the travel quality metric; mode shares are calculated as the transit priority metric. Results show that central city migrants and the others are similar in gender, education, years living locally, and transportation-related decisions, despite their different motives for moving to the area. People are different in age, in whether they have Shanghai permanent residency, in apartment ownership, and in years living in Shanghai. In all possible mode choice logit models, there is no sign of different mode preferences; so in the policy scenario forecasts, they are considered the same. Of all six sets of possible policy scenarios, building retail closer has the highest consumer surplus increase—thus, it improves travel quality the most. Meanwhile, it also has an acceptable transit share. This means the scenario is not against transit priority. In future planning, this policy should be the first considered.

China Run is a 92 1/2 minute documentary film which portrays an ultramarathon runner's record-setting 2,125 mile run across China in 53 days, starting at the Great Wall north of Beijing and concluding in Guangjhou (Canton). It is a story of the difficulties, both physical and emotional, suffered by the runner, as well as the story of his encounters with the people of China.

Outer Edges of the Middle Kingdom is a narrative by the author about his two years as a teacher in the People's Republic of China. Organized chronologically, the account begins in August, 1985, and ends in June, 1987. The narrator describes meeting students at Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, designing English classes for English majors, daily episodes in the classroom, and interaction with Chinese colleagues. The narrative alternates between life on a university campus and extensive trips the narrator made to various cities in China, including Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Kunming, Guilin, Harbin, Hohot, and Guangzhou. Also recounted are the narrator's reactions to the student demonstrations of December, 1986, and the resulting anti-bourgeois liberation campaign of January-April, 1987.

To, Tin Wei.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-202).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ABSTRACT --- p.i
論文摘要 --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xviii
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction and background --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Tourism in Hong Kong --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Sustainable tourism development in the Hong Kong context --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Tourism cluster --- p.6
Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptual framework --- p.8
Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives --- p.13
Chapter 1.4 --- Research significance --- p.15
Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of thesis --- p.17
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.20
Chapter 2.1 --- Concept of Sustainable Tourism --- p.20
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Development and definition of Sustainable Tourism --- p.20
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Principles of Sustainable Tourism --- p.24
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Methods of Sustainable Tourism assessment --- p.28
Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Indicators of Sustainable Tourism --- p.28
Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Carrying Capacity --- p.31
Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Other technical measures for Sustainable Tourism assessment --- p.31
Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Perception study in Sustainable Tourism assessment --- p.32
Chapter 2.2 --- Clustering of tourism resources --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Tourism cluster --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Advantages of the formation of tourism cluster --- p.38
Chapter 2.3 --- The role of clustering of tourism resource in Sustainable Tourism development --- p.39
Chapter 2.4 --- Situation of Hong Kong --- p.41
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Trend and implementation of Sustainable Tourism in Hong Kong --- p.41
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Clustering of tourism resource in Hong Kong --- p.44
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Tourism study conducted on Lantau Island --- p.47
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY AREA --- p.49
Chapter 3.1 --- Inventory of Lantau Island --- p.51
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Resources and attractions --- p.51
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Capital --- p.58
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Policies and planning --- p.59
Chapter 3.2 --- The Ngong Ping tourism cluster --- p.62
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Tourist attractions --- p.64
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Po Lin Monastery --- p.65
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- The Big Buddha --- p.67
Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Ngong Ping 360 --- p.68
Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Wisdom Path --- p.71
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.73
Chapter 4.1 --- Tourism Rapid Assessment (TRA) --- p.73
Chapter 4.2 --- Hierarchical structure of tourism resources inventory of Lantau Island --- p.75
Chapter 4.3 --- Interviews and questionnaire survey --- p.78
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Structured interview with stakeholders --- p.79
Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Sample selection --- p.79
Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Questionnaire design --- p.79
Chapter 4.3.1.2.1 --- SWOT analysis --- p.80
Chapter 4.3.1.2.2 --- In-depth open-ended interview --- p.81
Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Data analysis --- p.82
Chapter 4.3.1.3.1 --- Informal content analysis --- p.82
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Structured questionnaire survey with tourists --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Sample selection --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Questionnaire design --- p.83
Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Data analysis --- p.84
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Structured interviews with local community --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Sample selection --- p.85
Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Questionnaire design --- p.86
Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Data analysis --- p.86
Chapter 4.4 --- Perception of stakeholders as the basis for assessment --- p.87
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- UNDERSTANDING LANTAU ISLAND AND TOURISM CLUSTER FROM STAKEHOLDERS' PERSPECTIVE --- p.90
Chapter 5.1 --- Results of SWOT analysis from stakeholders' perspective --- p.90
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Strengths --- p.95
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Weaknesses --- p.96
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Opportunities --- p.98
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Threats --- p.99
Chapter 5.2 --- Understanding Sustainable Tourism and tourism cluster by stakeholders --- p.100
Chapter 5.2.1 --- "General attitudes about ""Sustainable Tourism""" --- p.101
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Tourism policies and development of Hong Kong and Lantau Island --- p.102
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Tourism cluster on Lantau Island --- p.104
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Performance of Ngong Ping tourism cluster in the context of Sustainable Tourism --- p.106
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- ATTRACTIONS AND PERCEPTION OF NGONG PING TOURISM CLUSTER --- p.110
Chapter 6.1 --- Results of questionnaire survey with tourists --- p.110
Chapter 6.2 --- Perception and satisfaction of tourists in Ngong Ping tourism cluster --- p.113
Chapter 6.3 --- Understanding Sustainable Tourism --- p.119
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Performance of tourism cluster in the context of Sustainable Tourism --- p.122
Chapter 6.3.1.1 --- Environmental aspect --- p.123
Chapter 6.3.1.2 --- Socio-cultural aspect --- p.125
Chapter 6.3.1.3 --- Economic aspect --- p.126
Chapter 6.4 --- Investigation from the local community perspective --- p.127
Chapter 6.4.1 --- Impacts of Ngong Ping tourism cluster in the context of Sustainable Tourism --- p.128
Chapter 6.4.1.1 --- Environmental impacts --- p.129
Chapter 6.4.1.2 --- Socio-cultural impacts --- p.132
Chapter 6.4.1.3 --- Economic impacts --- p.134
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- DISCUSSIONS - DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ON LANTAU ISLAND --- p.135
Chapter 7.1 --- Review of tourism policies in Hong Kong and Lantau Island --- p.135
Chapter 7.2 --- Interests of respondents --- p.140
Chapter 7.3 --- Meaning and Conceptualization of Sustainable Tourism --- p.142
Chapter 7.4 --- Potentials and limitations of Lantau Island for Sustainable Tourism development --- p.144
Chapter 7.4.1 --- Potentials of Lantau Island for Sustainable Tourism development --- p.145
Chapter 7.4.1.1 --- Natural and cultural resources with diversified attractions --- p.145
Chapter 7.4.1.2 --- Improved transport networks --- p.146
Chapter 7.4.1.3 --- Availability of trails --- p.146
Chapter 7.4.1.4 --- Distinct location: rural destination for leisure --- p.147
Chapter 7.4.1.5 --- Environmental initiative of The Ngong Ping 360 Project --- p.147
Chapter 7.4.1.6 --- Nature Conservation Policy --- p.147
Chapter 7.4.1.7 --- Benefits of tourism clustering for sustainability --- p.148
Chapter 7.4.2 --- Limitations of Lantau Island for Sustainable Tourism development --- p.149
Chapter 7.4.2.1 --- Lack of long term vision and holistic planning --- p.149
Chapter 7.4.2.2 --- Absence of guidelines and regulation for the implementation of Sustainable Tourism practices --- p.150
Chapter 7.4.2.3 --- Lack of awareness and promotion of Sustainable Tourism --- p.151
Chapter 7.4.2.4 --- Lack of local community participation --- p.152
Chapter 7.4.2.5 --- Economic oriented development with many purposely- built artificial attractions --- p.153
Chapter 7.4.2.6 --- Did not utilize the benefits of tourism clustering --- p.153
Chapter 7.5 --- Performance of tourism cluster in Ngong Ping in the context of Sustainable Tourism --- p.155
Chapter 7.5.1 --- Protection of the destination's resources attractions --- p.155
Chapter 7.5.2 --- Visitor satisfaction with their experience --- p.156
Chapter 7.5.3 --- Residents assessment on tourism development --- p.157
Chapter 7.5.4 --- Return on investment --- p.158
Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- CONCLUSION --- p.162
Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.162
Chapter 8.1.1 --- Concept of Sustainable Tourism --- p.162
Chapter 8.1.2 --- SWOT of Lantau Island --- p.163
Chapter 8.1.3 --- Performance of Ngong Ping tourism cluster in the context of Sustainable Tourism --- p.165
Chapter 8.2 --- Strategy and recommendations for Sustainable Tourism Development --- p.166
Chapter 8.2.1 --- Establishment of vision and principles for Sustainable Tourism development with holistic planning --- p.167
Chapter 8.2.1.1 --- "Reach consensus, set clear vision with all-inclusive planning" --- p.167
Chapter 8.2.1.2 --- Conservation of natural environment as the primary principle --- p.170
Chapter 8.2.1.3 --- Involvement of all stakeholders through consultation --- p.171
Chapter 8.2.1.4 --- Using research and baseline information --- p.172
Chapter 8.2.1.5 --- Sustainable Tourism implementation and monitoring --- p.174
Chapter 8.2.2 --- Promotion of tourism clustering --- p.175
Chapter 8.2.2.1 --- Enhance the attractiveness of destinations --- p.175
Chapter 8.2.2.2 --- Enhancing sustainability by tourism clustering --- p.175
Chapter 8.2.3 --- Utilization of existing resources and encouraging local participation --- p.176
Chapter 8.2.3.1 --- Make use of existing assets instead of constructing artificial attractions --- p.176
Chapter 8.2.3.2 --- Encourage more local communities' participation --- p.177
Chapter 8.2.4 --- "Education, training and provision of sufficient supporting facilities" --- p.178
Chapter 8.2.4.1 --- Increase awareness on the importance of Sustainable Tourism development --- p.178
Chapter 8.2.4.2 --- Provision of tour guides and staff training --- p.179
Chapter 8.2.4.3 --- Provision of sufficient supporting infrastructures and facilities --- p.180
Chapter 8.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.181
Chapter 8.4 --- Recommendations for further studies --- p.183
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.185
APPENDICES --- p.203

Ng Kar Man Carmen.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 267-298).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- BACKGROUND OF HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- THE GROWTH OF HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- RESEARCH QUESTION --- p.6
Chapter 1.4 --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.13
Chapter 1.6 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY --- p.16
Chapter 1.7 --- OUTLINE OF THE THESIS --- p.19
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- INTRODUCTION OF THE SITE --- p.22
Chapter 2.1 --- SITE SELECTION CRITERIA --- p.22
Chapter 2.2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA --- p.24
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.28
Chapter 3.1 --- DEFINITION AND ELEMENTS OF HERITAGE --- p.28
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Understanding heritage Demand --- p.29
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Understanding heritage supply --- p.30
Chapter 3.2 --- NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THEIR DERIVATIVES --- p.32
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Heritage tourism as a type of special interest tourism --- p.33
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Assessing the supply of heritage tourism --- p.34
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Different methods and criteria for assessment --- p.35
Chapter 3.3 --- MARKETING HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.36
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Understanding market segment and assessing heritage demand --- p.38
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Understanding market segment and assessing heritage motivations --- p.39
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The major motivations of heritage tourism --- p.40
Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Analyzing motivations of heritage tourism --- p.41
Chapter 3.4 --- ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE TOURISM DEMAND BASED ON PUSH AND PULL FACTORS --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.1 --- What are push factors? --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- The use of push factors in research --- p.43
Chapter 3.4.2 --- What are pull factors? --- p.45
Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- The use of pull factors in research --- p.45
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Relationship between the push and the pull factors --- p.46
Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Researches utilizing both factors --- p.48
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Images and perceptions influence over satisfaction in demand --- p.48
Chapter 3.5 --- HERITAGE TOURISM MANAGEMENT --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.1 --- Importance of heritage tourism management --- p.50
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Different aspect of heritage management --- p.52
Chapter 3.5.3 --- The relationship between management and tourism --- p.53
Chapter 3.5.4 --- Objectives of tourism management --- p.54
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.56
Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.56
Chapter 4.2 --- ASSESSING THE MARKET DEMAND --- p.57
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Data sources --- p.57
Chapter 4.2.2 --- The questionnaire design --- p.58
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.59
Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Factor analysis --- p.59
Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Canonical correlation analysis --- p.59
Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Cluster analysis --- p.60
Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Discriminant analysis of motivation --- p.60
Chapter 4.3 --- ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY´ةS ATTRIBUTE --- p.61
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Data source --- p.61
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Basic structure of the matrix --- p.62
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Data interpretation --- p.64
Chapter 4.4 --- ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY'S PERCEPTION AND CONCERN…… --- p.64
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Data Source --- p.64
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Questionnaire setting --- p.65
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ASSESSMENT OF MARKET DEMAND --- p.68
Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.68
Chapter 5.2 --- THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS --- p.68
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Nationality --- p.68
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Gender --- p.68
Chapter 5.2.3 --- age --- p.69
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Education level --- p.69
Chapter 5.2.5 --- Career --- p.69
Chapter 5.2.6 --- Income level --- p.70
Chapter 5.3 --- THE CONTEXT OF DEMAND --- p.72
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Visitors motivation for travel --- p.72
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Factor analysis of push and pull factors --- p.73
Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Factor grouping of push factors --- p.73
Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Factor grouping of pull factors --- p.75
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Segmentation based on canonical correlation analysis --- p.77
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Comparing the results generated by factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis --- p.79
Chapter 5.3.5 --- Identification of market segment based on cluster analysis …… --- p.80
Chapter 5.3.6 --- The discriminant analysis --- p.84
Chapter 5.3.6.1 --- The general result from the discriminant analysis --- p.84
Chapter 5.3.6.2 --- Discriminant functions，predicting power --- p.85
Chapter 5.4 --- THE CONTEXT OF VISITORS' PERCEPTION --- p.86
Chapter 5.4.1 --- VISITORS´ة PERCEPTION ON HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.86
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Visitors´ة perception on the destination's image and attributes --- p.90
Chapter 5.5 --- "VISITORS TRAVELING PATTERN: DURATION, TIME AND COMPOSITION" --- p.93
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Visiting time --- p.93
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Visiting component --- p.94
Chapter 5.6 --- VISITORS SATISFACTION --- p.97
Chapter 5.7. --- IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENCES AMONG THE CLUSTERS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS --- p.99
Chapter 5.7.1 --- Difference among socio-demographic factors among the four clusters --- p.99
Chapter 5.7.2 --- Difference in terms of the push factors --- p.101
Chapter 5.7.3 --- Differences in terms of the pull factors --- p.103
Chapter 5.7.4 --- Differences among traveling pattern --- p.105
Chapter 5.7.5 --- Difference in perception --- p.105
Chapter 5.7.6 --- Difference among satisfaction --- p.107
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCES FOR HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.111
Chapter 6.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.111
Chapter 6.2 --- THE RESOURCE AUDIT --- p.111
Chapter 6.3 --- ASSESSING THE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF EACH ASSET --- p.119
Chapter 6.3.1. --- The promenade --- p.120
Chapter 6.3.2 --- The General Rock --- p.123
Chapter 6.3.3 --- The natural mangrove --- p.126
Chapter 6.3.4 --- Chinese White Dolphin --- p.130
Chapter 6.3.5 --- Hung Shing Temple --- p.133
Chapter 6.3.6 --- Yeung Hau Temple --- p.136
Chapter 6.3.7 --- Tin Hau Temple at Market Street --- p.139
Chapter 6.3.8 --- Tin Hau Temple at San Tsuen --- p.142
Chapter 6.3.9 --- Lung Ngam Monastery --- p.144
Chapter 6.3.10 --- KWAN TAI TEMPLE --- p.147
Chapter 6.3.11 --- Kwa Kwong Temple --- p.150
Chapter 6.3.12 --- Fuk Tak Palace and the Door To Tei --- p.152
Chapter 6.3.13 --- Museum --- p.154
Chapter 6.3.14 --- Stilt-houses --- p.157
Chapter 6.3.15 --- Disused salt pan --- p.161
Chapter 6.2.16 --- Old Police Station --- p.164
Chapter 6.3.17 --- Tai O Cultural Workshop --- p.167
Chapter 6.3.18 --- Wing On Street --- p.170
Chapter 6.3.19 --- Hand-pulled ferry --- p.173
Chapter 6.3.20 --- Shrimp Paste Factory --- p.176
Chapter 6.3.21 --- Tanka wedding ceremony --- p.179
Chapter 6.3.22 --- Obelisk --- p.182
Chapter 6.4 --- OVERALL TOURISM POTENTIAL --- p.190
Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- LOCAL COMMUNITY'S ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION --- p.196
Chapter 7.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.196
Chapter 7.2 --- DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY VISITATION --- p.196
Chapter 7.2.1 --- Increasing traffic congestion --- p.197
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Pressure on local facilities --- p.198
Chapter 7.2.3 --- Destruction on heritage resources --- p.198
Chapter 7.2.4 --- Over commercialization --- p.199
Chapter 7.2.5 --- Littering --- p.199
Chapter 7.2.6 --- Declining exotic ambience of the destination --- p.200
Chapter 7.2.7 --- Noise pollution --- p.200
Chapter 7.2.8 --- Air pollution due to increasing traffic --- p.201
Chapter 7.2.9 --- Language and cultural conflicts --- p.201
Chapter 7.3 --- BENEFITS BROUGHT BY THE VISITATIONS --- p.202
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Allow younger generation to learn more about the destination's characteristics --- p.203
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Devoting more resources to Tai o --- p.203
Chapter 7.3.3 --- IMPROVING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY --- p.204
Chapter 7.3.4 --- PRESERVING THE TRADITION OF O --- p.204
Chapter 7.3.5 --- Packaging to target foreign visitors --- p.205
Chapter 7.3.6 --- Allow more people to get to know Tai O --- p.205
Chapter 7.3.7 --- The role of government --- p.206
Chapter 7.3.8 --- Increased unity of the local community --- p.206
Chapter 7.3.9 --- Provision of job opportunities --- p.207
Chapter 7.4. --- LOCAL PARTICIPATION ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT --- p.208
Chapter 7.4.1 --- Local community's perception on heritage tourism --- p.209
Chapter 7.4.2 --- Willingness to participate in tourism development ofTai O --- p.210
Chapter 7.4.3 --- Community's perception on initiatives to promote the site --- p.212
Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- DISCUSSION: INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK ENGAGING MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES --- p.216
Chapter 8.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.216
Chapter 8.2 --- THE GENERAL MARKET SITUATION --- p.216
Chapter 8.2.1 --- Market share of different segments --- p.217
Chapter 8.2.2 --- Identify the potential market --- p.218
Chapter 8.3 --- ENHANCING THE POTENTIAL MARKET --- p.223
Chapter 8.3.1 --- Provision of educational experience --- p.223
Chapter 8.3.1.1 --- Opening the stilt-houses for visitation --- p.224
Chapter 8.3.1.2 --- Stilt-houses for accommodation --- p.225
Chapter 8.3.1.3 --- Resumption of hand-pulled ferry services to enhance unique experience --- p.227
Chapter 8.3.1.4 --- Learning traditional cultural and practices --- p.228
Chapter 8.3.1.5 --- Establishing eco and religious trails --- p.228
Chapter 8.3.1.6 --- Better interpretative resources --- p.231
Chapter 8.3.2 --- Promotional channel for the novelty seekers --- p.233
Chapter 8.3.3 --- Education --- p.234
Chapter 8.3.4 --- Mass media --- p.234
Chapter 8.3.5 --- Memory enhancement --- p.235
Chapter 8.4 --- IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION --- p.236
Chapter 8.4.1 --- IMAGE AND SATISFACTION --- p.236
Chapter 8.4.2 --- Appropriate image positioning --- p.238
Chapter 8.5 --- INTEGRATING MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING INITIATIVES --- p.241
Chapter 8.5.1 --- Managing the visitor flow and time of visit --- p.241
Chapter 8.5.2 --- Selective promotional strategy and visitors' code of conduct --- p.243
Chapter 8.6 --- EQUIP THE LOCAL COMMUNITY'S READINESS FOR PARTICIPATION --- p.244
Chapter 8.6.1 --- Arouse the local concern towards management and sustainable tourism --- p.244
Chapter 8.6.2 --- Equip local community for direct participation --- p.246
Chapter 8.6.3 --- Equip the local community with a stable financial support --- p.247
Chapter 8.7 --- GOVERNMENTAL EFFORT IN WIDENING THE ATTRIBUTES´ة ROBUSTICITY AND APPEAL --- p.249
Chapter 8.7.1 --- Technical support from government --- p.249
Chapter 8.7.2 --- Introducing a supportive government policy --- p.250
Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSION --- p.252
Chapter 9.1 --- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.252
Chapter 9.2 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.260
Chapter 9.3 --- RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.262
Chapter 9.3.1 --- Applying the framework and methodology at potential sites --- p.262
Chapter 9.3.2 --- Improving the matrix --- p.263
Chapter 9.3.3 --- Categorize potential visitors --- p.264
Chapter 9.3.4 --- The future direction of research --- p.265
REFERENCES --- p.267
APPENDIX 1 --- p.299
APPENDIX 2 --- p.302
APPENDIX 3 --- p.304

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2016.
In this, Part 1 of a two-part MSc, the geology of the area between Lukla and Mount Everest is described. An outcome of the MSc is the production of a field guide to this area, presented as Part 2 of this thesis. The collision between India and Asia resulted in the Himalayan orogen, 3000 km in lateral extent, an elevated Tibetan Plateau and a crust of at least 60 km in thickness. The resulting crustal flow from under this region is in the direction of least resistance, eastwards towards the Pacific subduction zones, but there is also southwards flow towards the Indian subcontinent resulting in vertical complexity. This southwards extrusion of mid-crustal rocks through a mechanism termed channel flow explains the presence of Miocene leucogranite between Ordovician limestones comprising the summit of Everest, and granite gneiss underlying the exhumed granite. Rapid rates of denudation assisted the extrusion of crustal slabs between the South Tibetan Detachment (STD) and the Main Central Thrust (MCT). Low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Everest Series are juxtaposed across the STD with the underlying high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS). The GHS rocks in turn, are juxtaposed across the MCT with the underlying low-grade Siwaliks. Everest Series schists record temperatures of between 600 °C and 650 °C, and pressure estimates for these rocks ranging from 2.9 ± 0.6 kbar to 6.2 ± 0.7 kbar, corresponding to burial depths of between 10 km and 20 km. The GHS experienced eclogite facies metamorphism with pressures of > 14 kbar (>45 km depth) before being exhumed to granulite facies conditions of 4-6 kbar and 700-800 °C. High-temperature metamorphism of the GHS has resulted in partial melting and melt segregation and ascent to form the High Himalayan Leucogranites, a number of granitic bodies that have accumulated near the top of the GHS. Intense erosion through the action of glaciers, rivers, landslides and earthquakes (as the 25th April 2015 magnitude 7.8, and 12th May 2015, of magnitude 7.3 earthquakes attest), balance uplift of the Himalaya.
LG2017

Tan, Xilin.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-127).
Abstracts in English and Chinese ; includes Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Controversies over the Ghost City --- p.1
Fengdu --- p.2
The Ghost City and Popular Religion --- p.3
The Three Gorges Reservoir and the Relocation --- p.8
Developing Tourism --- p.9
Popular Religion in China --- p.13
Revival of Popular Religion --- p.13
Legitimatization of Popular Religion --- p.15
Organization of the thesis --- p.17
Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Landscape of Fengdu --- p.20
Landscape of Fengdu County --- p.20
The Reservoir Area in Chongqing --- p.20
Population --- p.23
Influence of the Dam --- p.25
Fengdu Religious Landscape --- p.30
The Ghost City after the 1980s --- p.33
The Divine Palace: A Modern Amusement Park --- p.48
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Legitimating the Ghost City --- p.51
The Ghost City in Dispute --- p.51
The Ambiguous Use of Wenhua --- p.52
“The Culture of the Ghost City´ح --- p.54
Promoting Righteousness --- p.56
New Symbols of Fengdu: from Ghost to Divinity --- p.60
Promoting the Ghost City --- p.63
Another Version of Local Culture --- p.65
Conclusion --- p.67
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Fengdu Temple Festival 2009 --- p.70
Fengdu Incense Festival in the Past --- p.70
Festival Origins and the Incense Festival Before 1949 --- p.70
Names and Organization --- p.73
The Fengdu Temple Festival in 2009 --- p.75
The Parade: Memories of Fengdu --- p.77
Emperor of the Netherworld and His Wedding --- p.78
Fengdu in History and the New Cultural Symbolism --- p.80
People's Participation --- p.80
Conclusion --- p.84
Chapter Chapter 5: --- People's Religious Life in Current Fengdu --- p.87
Tourism and Its Influence --- p.87
Tour Guides --- p.87
Communal Temples --- p.96
The Wantian Shrine --- p.101
Why do local people go to the Ghost City? --- p.102
Spirit Mediums --- p.107
Grandma Long --- p.108
Water Bowl Augur --- p.109
A Physiognomist --- p.110
Conclusion --- p.111
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.113
A Rise of Superstition? --- p.113
In the Name of Development --- p.115
Promoting Tourism as a Means to Vitalize the County's Economy --- p.116
The Wenhua of the Ghost City --- p.117
The Culture of the Ghost City --- p.118
The Lost Ghost --- p.118
Popular Religious Practices in Daily Life --- p.119
Alternative Interpretations of the Ghost City --- p.119
Local Pilgrim --- p.121
Bibliography --- p.124

Shanghai-based, double-bass player Da Ren Zheng published a recollection of the jazz scene in Shanghai before and right after World War II, and during Mao Zedong's era. This chapter presents his description of the evolutionary formation of all-Chinese jazz bands in this period. The details provided by his narration are not only informative, but also highly credible if for no other reason than all other descriptions of this period with respect to jazz and the dance halls are told by non-indigenous Chinese writers, such as Andrew F. Jones in Yellow Music and Andrew David Field in Shanghai's Dancing World. Da Ren Zheng, while not an academic, provides detailed descriptions that have the strong ring of authenticity. He was in his late twenties and early thirties when these events took place. As he was there observing these events unfold, his narration is first person, not based on secondary or tertiary sources.

The Beijing-Shanghai High speed railway line (Hereinafter referred to as “Jing-Hu HSL”) is one of the most important railway lines in the Chinese rapid passenger transportation network and will be put into operation at the end of 2011. Train line planning directly reflects the quality and competition ability of train services. The characteristics of operational conditions and passenger flow of this corridor HSL bring about a few new issues on train line planning like night train operation, train OD sets, cyclic operation, and train stop schedule. For the first issue, a large amount of long distance travel demand put forward the demand for night services, which causes great conflict with the time-window for maintenance work. The confliction can be solved by harmoniously utilizing the parallel lines. For the second one, in view of the differences of technical and economic factors between HSL and conventional railways, high frequency and medium-long distance train will dominate HSL’s train service plan rather than low frequency and long distance trains on conventional railways. Thus, part of long-distance passenger flow has to transfer at some stations. Considering the whole possible ODs over Jing-Hu HSL and the transfer condition of related stations, the optimal OD sets and corresponding transfer plan is suggested. High frequency makes HSL possible to operate trains cyclically to improve service quality. However, with too many train ODs and some special trains, e.g. night train, an incomplete cyclic train operation mode is more practical. The ODs which can provide cyclic service for Jing-Hu HSL need to be identified. For the last issue, although non-stop long-distance train is a very popular kind of service in China, it should be reconsidered for Jing-Hu HSL line because of massive intercity travel demand and regular stops required. Each of the above issues is very complex. What is more, they have close relationship between each other. Due to limited space, the methods used to solve these issues are given in conceptual way rather than detailed description of mathematical model. The research paves the way for future integration study to design an efficient, economic, convenient, and regular train service plan for Jing-Hu HSL.

The supply of healthy food is distributed unequally in city. The accessibility of healthy foods is affected by both locations and traffic conditions. This paper examines spatio-temporal disparities in healthy food accessibility in Shanghai communities. Firstly, we choose all communities in Shanghai and use python as a crawling tool to collect healthy food store POI (e.g. agricultural markets, vegetable markets, fruit markets, aquatic seafood markets, supermarkets and comprehensive markets) from Gaode Map and get 23,436 points to calculate the amount and density of healthy food store in various communities. Secondly, after comparing Baidu Map and Gaode Map, leading platforms of Web GIS services in China, we choose Baidu Map to collect data to study the spatio-temporal difference in accessibility by using network analysis and developing a crawling tool to collect different travel time (e.g. walking and public transportation) for each community to the closest healthy food store at each time of day (0:00-24:00). Thirdly, we set up a variable to see at what time are people in the communities able to reach their nearest healthy food store in 15 minutes and the ratio of the above-mentioned time to the whole day is calculated so that we can evaluate the temporal disparities of healthy food accessibility. Additionally, we use global and local spatial autocorrelation to analyze the spatial patterns of the temporal disparities of healthy food accessibility, based on the Moran’s index and the local indicator spatial association (LISA) index. Finally, on the basis of the research above, the food desert map is drawn. The results of this analysis identify the communities in Shanghai with the greatest need for improved access to healthy food stores and the variance of accessibility affected by the traffic in different times will be taken into account. Ultimately, this study explores a more complete and realistic condition of healthy food accessibility in Shanghai and the corresponding improvement strategy is proposed.

At present, more than 50% of children live in big cities. But with the increasing number of motor vehicles and shrinking public spaces , children have less and less opportunities for outdoor activities, resulting in obesity and sub-health problems. Therefore, it is very important to build children-friendly public spaces in metropolis. This study takes the Shanghai,china as an example.Firstly,through questionnaires,it is found that ensuring the safe movement of children and inspiring their spontaneous activities are key points to build children-friendly public spaces. Meanwhile, The public spaces near the home are the most used environment by children. Therefore, open spaces in metropolis areas need to be planned carefully for children near their homes. Then it is way much better to make sure children's places of daily life, such as homes, schools, green spaces, sports venues and so on, can be connected in a safe path. Secondly, for building the safe path for children ,the safety of each spot along the path is analyzed by SP method, which is a mathematical algorithm , in order to find the risk factors and to avoid them in the future. Then we establish the action plan of "line space + point space" to build the children-friendly urban public space system. Line space refers to meeting the basic safety space needs of children through the improvement of the routes to school, including reducing the impact of motor vehicles, safe road facilities, and enhancing road lighting system. "Point space" refers to the promotion of children's outdoor activities through the arrangement of multi-level outdoor children's playgrounds and green spaces, including safe green parks, security platforms and so on. Finally, it is hoped that the "Safety Line Space + Interesting Point Space" plan will establish a safe and inspiring path for children to travel, linking home, school, green space and sports venues, which they use mostly in their daily life. Then we can ensure the safe movement of children and inspire children's spontaneous games in big cities for a children-friendly goal

Equity and justice have always been important norms in the field of urban planning. With the gradual deepening of understanding of residential environment, the research context of equity and justice related to location is becoming more and more sophisticated. Recently, varieties of subjects Including Public Health and Geography focus on the inequity of public resources in spatial distribution and how to measure the degree of this gap. In general, the mainstream measurement methods can be summarized into two categories: (1) The description of phenomenon caused by the spatial inequities, and accessibility is a typical method of this type. (2) the direct quantification of inequity, such as Gink Coefficient which is originated from the economics field and introduced into the measurement of health equity, and Getis-Ord General G, together with Moran’ index is the most commonly method used into the general spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, based on the overall literature review of the concept of equity in the study using these methods and a summary of their specific context of the measurement using, nursing institution in Shanghai, China are regarded as a typical case to practice these methods and compare the differences in using. Meantime, the impact of the politics and planning related to this special facility is also been considered. Results show that, accessibility of nursing institution among elderly groups is much different under different research distance, and the overall trend seems like the research units in suburb appears higher accessibility than those in highly urbanized area. And Gink Coefficient helps us determine the proportion of the elderly population in different reachable areas in Shanghai is within a reasonable range. However, Global Moran’ index provide reliable evidence that the existence of the aggregation combined by the high-value units. It indicates that there are inequities among the distribution of aged-nursing resources, and Local Moran I （LISA）help us to find the specific boundaries of these areas. In general, in the study of the equity related to location, accessibility can only reflect the differences phenomenon in distribution, but it is not clear to describe this gap to what extent, and it’s difficult to achieve the possibility of comparison among different periods and different subjects. The Gini coefficient often focuses on the unfairness of the distribution of people, but ignored the aggregation characteristics of the spatial dimension, which the analysis of spatial autocorrelation can make up. All these methods proved that it’s necessary to consider both the spatial distribution of supply and demand. And the discussion about equity related to location should be strictly qualified in study.