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Journal articles on the topic 'Shanghai Cooperation Organisation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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1

Khan, Hameed Ullah, Muhammad Farooq Shah, and Muhammad Ilyas Khan. "SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION AND AFGHANISTAN: INTERESTS AND LIMITATIONS." Margalla Papers 27, no. 1 (2023): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/margallapapers.27.1.153.

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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation has greater relevance in Afghanistan because of its strategic importance and geographic proximity. For years, the country has harboured numerous extremist groups and insurgents. It has remained a battleground for US-led coalition forces and the Taliban for about two decades. Despite efforts by the US and its allies, peace has yet to be restored in Afghanistan, and the responsibility now rests on regional countries. It is crucial for these states, especially Eurasian nations, to work together to stabilise the war-torn country and bring lasting peace to the regi

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2

Albers, Martin. "Eurasian regionalism: the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 25, no. 2 (2012): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2012.679807.

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3

Sahai, Kajari. "Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." China Report 38, no. 1 (2002): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944550203800118.

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4

Kavalski, Emilian. "Eurasian Regionalism: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 10 (2012): 1945–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2012.730877.

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5

Kavalski, Emilian. "L.C. Kumar, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Eurasian Security through Cooperation." Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 2 (2012): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2011.646495.

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6

Roy, Meena Singh. "India's Options in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." Strategic Analysis 36, no. 4 (2012): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2012.689534.

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7

Alimov, Rashid. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Greater Eurasia." International Organisations Research Journal 13, no. 3 (2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2018-03-01.

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8

Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, Sarfraz Ahmed, and Stuti Bhatnagar. "Conflict or Cooperation? India and Pakistan in Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." Pacific Focus 34, no. 1 (2019): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12134.

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9

Stonis, Danylo. "Comparative Analysis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and European Union Strategy on Central Asia: Confrontation or Cooperation?" Polish Political Science Yearbook 51 (December 31, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202230.

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In 2021, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) turned 20 years old. With “Shanghai Spirit” as its guiding principle, the scope of SCO’s activity has significantly expanded, recently adding India and Pakistan to its members. As a result, SCO policy has heavily influenced the Central Asia region. In response, in 2019, the EU launched a new strategy for Central Asia, adopting “connectivity” as its core concept. As a result, both SCO and EU strategies in Central Asia tend to conflict with each other, thus leading to uneven and inconsistent development of the region. Therefore, this paper aim

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10

Kolegova, O. U. "KEY AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(33) (December 28, 2013): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-6-33-160-169.

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The article reviews the current and future directions of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) member states’ cooperation. The author emphasizes the need of the comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to the de-velopment and expansion of contacts of the countries participants of the organization. Analysis of the key areas of cooperation showed that the greatest prospect projects are in the areas of interaction such as infrastructure construction, transport, energy, technology, agriculture, humanitarian, cultural, and military cooperation. However, the article implies that the economic coop

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11

Pivovar, Efim I. "THE SCO SAMARKAND SUMMIT. PREPARATION, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF INTEGRATION EFFORTS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, no. 1 (2023): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2023-1-10-27.

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The article is about the summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation held on September 15–16, 2022, in Samarkand (the Republic of Uzbekistan) and attended by the leaders of its member states. The author’s outline of the progress and results of the summit is preceded by an overview of one-year presidency by the Republic of Uzbekistan at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation since September 2021. The article lists the key events held within the Organisation in 2021–2022 (meeting of the SCO member states, People’s Diplomacy and Regional Leaders’ Forums, economic forum and numerous ministerial

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12

Kobierecka, Anna. "Szanghajska Organizacja Współpracy jako jedna z form wielopłaszczyznowej współpracy Rosji i Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 54, no. 2 (2017): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2017.54.03.

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13

Kamaruddin, Saslina, and Muhammad Ikhsan. "THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION - BOOK REVIEW." International Journal of Law in Changing World 1, no. 2 (2022): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54934/ijlcw.v1i2.21.

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a significant international gathering. The SCO, which was founded in June 2001, has grown to become the world's largest and most populous regional cooperation organisation, encompassing three-fifths of the Eurasian continent. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) book reflects and demonstrates the SCO's mission as a political, economic, and security entity in Eurasia. The book's goal and structure demonstrate that SCO topics are explored dynamically: whatthe SCO was when it was created, what it is now and how it works, and what its future po

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14

Lukin, Alexander. "Russian–Chinese Cooperation in Central Asia and the Idea of Greater Eurasia." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 1 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821477.

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The author argues that Russian–Chinese rapprochement is a fundamental feature of the current changing system of international relations. Apart from its own significance, it has become important because it stimulated and, in some cases, laid the foundation for many broader international processes: the creation of the multipolar world, the emergence of such international groups and organisations as BRICS and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the coordination between Eurasian Economic Union and the Chinese initiative of Silk Road Economic Belt and others. Recently, all these processes led

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15

Shaik-Peremanov, N. "The Eurasian Tiger: How Deep Are its Claws?" BRICS Law Journal 11, no. 1 (2024): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-1-149-164.

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The Shanghai Corporation Organisation arose from a set of desired ideals in the Eurasian region bolstered primarily by countries such as Russia and China. With diverging cultural, political, religious, and economic values, the security and economic values were primate on the Organisation’s Agenda giving way to the formation of a strong regional alliance that grew from a five Member State Organisation. Within the Organisation, the ideals of human security, regional security, information sharing and economic development with cooperation find common ground. Though challenged differing values, the

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16

Khan, Hameed Ullah, and Amna Mahmood. "The Stabilizing Role of Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Afghanistan." Central Asia 92, Summer (2024): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-92.200.

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Terrorism is one of the main reasons contributing to Afghanistan's insecurity. The fragile peace in Afghanistan has given terrorist groups much freedom to manoeuvre and grow. These situations require the countries in the region to assume greater responsibility to stabilise the country. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) member states and Afghanistan relations are based on historical friendship and shared interests. The SCO's involvement in Afghanistan is facilitated by the common interests of Pakistan, China, Russia, and other neighbouring countries. The withdrawal of the North Atlantic T

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17

Kuhrt, Natasha, and Filippo Costa Buranelli. "Russia and the CIS in 2018." Asian Survey 59, no. 1 (2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2019.59.1.44.

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Russia’s “Asian pivot” remains focused on China, despite energetic Russian diplomacy in 2018 vis-à-vis Japan and India. The benefits of the enlargement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to include Pakistan and India remained unclear, and the overlapping memberships of regional organizations highlighted the challenges for security and economic cooperation in Central Asia.

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18

Gatev, Ivaylo, and Glenn Diesen. "Eurasian encounters: the Eurasian Economic Union and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." European Politics and Society 17, sup1 (2016): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2016.1171364.

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19

Singh Roy, Meena. "Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in Afghanistan: Scope and Limitations." Strategic Analysis 34, no. 4 (2010): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2010.483149.

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20

Saha, Dr Anjan. "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and Grand Strategy of PRC: Some Observations." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (2023): 005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.82.2.

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Being the most populous country and the second biggest economy in the world, the PRC (Peoples Republic of China) is one of the most consequential State Actors in the contemporary international order/system by any yardstick. Like other great powers she follows a strategic vision or grand strategy to accomplish her aims. Meanwhile, importance of SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) can be gauged from the fact that this relatively new international body, set up in 2001, accounts for 60% of the land mass and 45% proven energy reserves in the world. In this essay I would like to analyse how SCO

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21

Revenko, Lilia. "Potential and prerequisites for economic cooperation of the member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." Asia and Africa Today, no. 1 (2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750013622-6.

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22

Vasa, László, and Rakhmatulla Nurimbetov. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization in a Changing Central Asian Geopolitical Context." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 20, no. 2 (2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2021.2.3.

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The article discusses the initial role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in Central Asia and the latest development trends, as well as possible scenarios for its transformation in the future, with a special focus on Central Asia. The enlargement of the SCO in 2017 enhanced its geopolitical weight and expanded opportunities for further multilateral cooperation. It has a chance to transform into the Eurasian organisation. Nevertheless, these perspectives remain unclear.

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23

ÇEŞTEPE, Hamza, and Bersu BAHTİYAR. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND TRADE OPENNESS: THE CASE OF SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION COUNTRIES." Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 13, no. 25 (2022): 393–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.017.

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Bu çalışmada, çoğu 1990’ların başından itibaren piyasa ekonomisine geçişle birlikte dışa açık ticaret politikaları izlemeye başlayan Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü ülkeleri için enerji tüketimi, ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki dinamik ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. 1990-2018 dönemini kapsayan çalışmada panel nedensellik, panel eşbütünleşme ve panel vektör hata düzeltme modeli yöntemi kullanılarak, çalışmaya konu olan sekiz ülke için değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin geçerliliği ve yönü incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, söz konusu üç değişken arasında nedensellik ilişkis

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24

Hashmat, Shahid. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Conference 2022 and Pakistan’s Expectations." Pacific International Journal 6, S1 (2023): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6is1.247.

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation (INGO) that was established on the edifice laid by Shanghai Five. That was established in 1996. The SCO Charter was signed on 7 July 2002 in and entered into force on 19 September 2003. The SCO focuses on cooperation with international and regional organizations. The main objectives of the SCO is to strengthen relations and promote cooperation among member states SCO initial membership of six states has increased to eight permanent members. India and Pakistan have joined SCO 2017. With Iran

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25

Smirnov, V. V., and A. V. Mulendeeva. "Factor Analysis of Financial Standing of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States." Digest Finance 23, no. 4 (2018): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/df.23.4.373.

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26

Tsybulenko, Evhen, and Anastassiya Platonova. "Legal Instruments of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: A Case of Missed Opportunities?" Central Asian Yearbook of International Law and International Relations 1, no. 1 (2022): 244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/cayilir/277314562022001001012.

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27

Aris, Stephen. "The Response of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to the Crisis in Kyrgyzstan." Civil Wars 14, no. 3 (2012): 451–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2012.706954.

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28

Wendong, Zheng, and Wang Luyao. "On the mechanism of Chinese-Russian humanitarian exchange in the new era." World of Russian-speaking countries 1, no. 7 (2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-7866-2021-1-7-33-43.

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Humanitarian exchange is an important means of building mutual trust and plays an important role in establishing long-lasting friendly relations between the two countries. The ChineseRussian humanitarian exchange mechanism is the first foreign exchange mechanism of its kind initiated by China and is considered to be a creative step of the Chinese government. This article outlines the mechanism of Chinese-Russian humanitarian exchange in its vertical and horizontal dimensions, analysing its multilateralism, complex structure and large scale character. In its vertical dimension, the mechanism of

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29

Alimov, Rashid. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Its role and place in the development of Eurasia." Journal of Eurasian Studies 9, no. 2 (2018): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2018.08.001.

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30

Niblock, Tim. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Structure and Dynamics, and the Role of Gulf States." Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 12, no. 4 (2018): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2018.1564857.

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31

Mochulskii, A. "On Specifics of China’s Policy in Issues of Economic Cooperation within SCO." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2010): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-10-84-90.

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The article is dedicated to the issue of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) evolution since its beginning in 2000. To date it has evolved into an international structure with a wide range of missions on security and stability in Central Asia, increasingly setting long-term economic cooperation goals as well. In this sense, China is posing as highly interested in stability near its national borders in Central Asia by means of trade creation. This may obviously become one of important items of Russia–China political dialogue.

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32

Tufekci, Ozgur, and Zehra Aksu. "Energy Regionalism in Theory and Practice: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 27, no. 3 (2024): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2024.27.3.29.

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Due to the use of energy in regions and regionalism contexts began in the 20th century, the concept of energy regionalism has emerged as a new and significant field of study. This paper, which analyses the SCO established on an energy region in the post-Cold War period within the context of energy regionalism, will theoretically contribute to the literature by both theoretically explaining the concept of energy regionalism through utilising different evaluations of the concept and examining the SCO as a pioneering case in the energy regionalism context. The paper hypotheses that energy issues

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33

Salter, M., and Y. Yin. "Analysing Regionalism within International Law and Relations: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation as a Grossraum?" Chinese Journal of International Law 13, no. 4 (2014): 819–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmu044.

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34

Aryal, Saroj Kumar. "The Struggle Between Norms and the International Organisation: A Case Study of India in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)." Review of International Affairs 73, no. 1184 (2022): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/iipe_ria.2022.73.1184.2.

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35

Khalafyan, Rustam. "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Reassessment of the Priorities Against the Background of Old Problems and New Challenges. Book Review: «The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Exploring New Horizons»." International Organisations Research Journal 18, no. 1 (2023): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2023-01-10.

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This review examines the results of the unique international study devoted to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). The project was carried out on the initiative of eminent Russian specialists and covers the period of the SCO’s formation, the search for new areas of cooperation, and promising fields of interaction among the participating countries. The authors (including lawyers and economists) assess the current state of this regional organization and its future, which allows us to form a quite complete understanding of the SCO and the emerging directions of its development. The monogr

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36

Na-Xi, Lu, Huang Meng-Fang, and Lu Shan-Bing. "How the Belt and Road Initiative Can Help Strengthen the Role of the SCO and Deepen China’s Cooperation with Russia and the Countries of Central Asia." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 1 (2019): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821484.

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China and Russia issued a joint statement on 8 May 2015 outlining the main approaches to linking the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) projects. Both parties believe that to build the ‘Belt and Road’ project, it is necessary to use economic integration laws and actively enhance the role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SOC) in stimulating regional economic cooperation, promoting construction of the SREB and linkage to and cooperation with the EAEU, creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) in the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and simultaneously begin creating a

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37

Chen, Ian Tsung-Yen. "Cross-border Threats, Reputational Costs and the Evolution of an Authoritarian Club: The Case of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 10, no. 2 (2023): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477970231173537.

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This article adopted a repeated stag hunt game-theoretic model to explain the evolution of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). It shows that the degree of state cooperation with the SCO relates positively to the expected benefits of legitimate suppression of domestic unrest, to the material and reputational costs of enforcing anti-human rights norms, to the continuation of the three evils and to the tolerance for other members’ occasional betrayal. The SCO thus faces a dilemma. On the one hand, to sustain cooperation, it supports authoritarian leaders’ suppression of political disside

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38

Chhibber, Ajay. "China's Belt and Road Initiative and India's options: Competitive cooperation." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 1, no. 2 (2017): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v1i2.83.

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India and China have a competitive yet cooperative relationship. India has not signed on to the Belt and Road Initiative as it has concerns over some aspects of it-especially the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Maritime Silk Road-and has proposed its own "Spice Route" or SAGAR project, with India at the centre of Indian Ocean relations. Nevertheless, India has joined the new financial institutions of the New Development Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (as its second largest shareholder after China) and most recently the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Th

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39

Abudukeremu, Abudureyimu, Asiyemu Youliwasi, Buwajian Abula, Abulaiti Yiming, and Dezhen Wang. "Study on the Evolution of SCO Agricultural Trade Network Pattern and Its Influencing Mechanism." Sustainability 16, no. 18 (2024): 7930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16187930.

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Investigating the evolution of the agricultural trade network pattern of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) countries and its influencing mechanism is of vital importance for clarifying each country’s trade position, ensuring China’s food security, and stabilizing the supply of major agricultural products. This paper adopts complex network analysis and the time-indexed random graph model (TERGM) to systematically study the evolution trajectory of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) agricultural trade network and its influencing factors during the period from 2003 to 2022. The resu

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40

Yussupzhanovich, Ruslan Izimov, and Zamira Muratalieva Tulkunovna. "Role of SCO in the Eurasian Continent." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 1 (2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418821487.

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With an official accession of India and Pakistan to Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), its capacity has considerably increased. The organisation has also faced new challenges, to which the member states must respond rapidly. Thus, the expansion of the list of members blurs to a large extent the SCO area of efforts application. A traditional spotlight, shining for a long time on Central Asia, will be now inevitably shifted towards South Asia. The task of maintaining the basic principles of the SCO functioning and the balance of forces between the major and other members in the Organizatio

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41

ÖZKAN, Guner. "Security Promises of the East: Meeting the Expectations of Turkey in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)." Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5, no. 2 (2020): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31454/usb.774666.

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42

Aris, Stephen. "A new model of Asian regionalism: does the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation have more potential than ASEAN?" Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, no. 3 (2009): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557570903104040.

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43

Naarajärvi, Teemu. "China, Russia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: blessing or curse for new regionalism in Central Asia?" Asia Europe Journal 10, no. 2-3 (2012): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-012-0329-z.

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44

Kembayev, Zhenis. "Implementing the Silk Road Economic Belt: from the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to the Silk Road Union?" Asia Europe Journal 16, no. 1 (2017): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10308-017-0483-4.

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45

Hao, Yun, Miao Wu, Xiaoyun Zhang, Lixian Wang, and Jingjing He. "Research on the implementation of the convention on biological diversity among the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation countries." Regional Sustainability 4, no. 3 (2023): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2023.08.005.

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46

Xie, Xianggang. "Is the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank's assistance to Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO) member states revisionist and status quo?" International Theory and Practice in Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 6 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.70693/itphss.v2i6.1046.

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This paper examines whether China’s assistance to Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) member states through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) reflects a revisionist strategy that seeks to reshape the international order or a status quo approach that reinforces the existing global system. By applying international relations theories of revisionism and status quo, and analyzing AIIB-financed infrastructure projects in Uzbekistan, the study finds that China’s approach exhibits dual characteristics. On the one hand, China uses the AIIB to enhance its influence in global financial

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47

MURATSHINA, KSENIA G., and EVGENY L. BAKHTIN. "RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES IN YOUTH EXCHANGES WITHIN THE SCO." CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture 66, no. 1 (2021): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2021-66-1-115-121.

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Youth exchanges have become an essential component of people-to-people exchanges in international relations, both in bilateral and multilateral formats. This paper analyses the participation of Russia and its Central Asian partners (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) in youth exchanges in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. The authors consequently discuss the institutional structure and formats of the multilateral cooperation, its development within the last decade, and the representation and role of the member states. The research is based on the study of the SCO multilate

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48

Muratshina, Ksenia. "On the Question of SCO Bank Institutionalisation." Administrative Consulting 97, no. 7 (2017): 44–54. https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2017-7-44-54.

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This paper is aimed at the analysis of the institutionalization of financial organ in the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The paper outlines such aspects as: historical background and basic stages of SCO Bank concept development, correlation of SCO Bank concept with the general view of China’s economic strategy in Central Asia and the two alternatives of SCO financial institution — namely SCO Development Bank and SCO Foundation. The first one is promoted by the People’s Republic of China, while the second one was put forward by the

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49

Dałek, Przemysław. "Why do «neighbouring» powers help? India, China, Russia, and their approaches to development in 2001–2021 Afghanistan." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 3 (May 7, 2025): 9. https://doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17703.2.

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The paper identifies the development approaches of China, India, and Russia towards 2001–2021 Afghanistan, and investigates the complex mechanism of their impact on international relations in the region of wider Central Asia. The main finding is that only India has tried to incorporate Afghanistan into its regional economic initiatives. For China and Russia, Afghanistan has been a ‘troubled neighbour’, and they acted as free riders benefiting from the US security and economic presence there, regardless of their claims. Despite its minor activity in Afghanistan, China is becoming the most domin

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Mir Sherbaz Khetran. "SCO Membership and Pakistan: Prospects of Relations with Central Asia." Strategic Studies 39, no. 2 (2019): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.02.00113.

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In June 2017, Pakistan gained the permanent membership of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in its 16th Heads of State Summit in Astana. As its permanent member, Pakistan hopes to attain immense support to address its economic, security and social issues. By sharing a membership with two major regional powers, Russia and China, in SCO, Pakistan sees itself an elevated contributor to the regional development. Moreover, full membership of the SCO has the potential to improve the image of Pakistan in the international arena. This paper is an endeavour to look into the potential benefits

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