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Craig, Timothy G. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization : origins and implications." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03sep%5FCraig.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003.<br>Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost, Lyman Miller. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-61). Also available online.
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Turner, Jefferson E. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization : paper tiger or regional powerhouse /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FTurner.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Anne L. Clunan, Christopher P. Twomey. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-132). Also available online.
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Salimova, Lola K. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Central Asian states." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1449195.
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Dauekeev, Bakhtiyar T. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a Counterbalance against the United States." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1301611496.
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Kucuk, Zeki Furkan. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization And Its Role In Chinese Foreign Policy Towards Central Asia." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610991/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a regional organization and its role on the policies of People&rsquo<br>s Republic of China towards Central Asia. Central Asia region is important for Beijing because of plenty of reasons like energy, commercial ties, balancing weight of United States and security of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. In this respect, relations of China with this important region constitute great importance in order to understand current situation and future of China. SCO, as mainly a security organization, has been transformed to a multi purpose organization and it has begun to occupy important place in policies of China towards Central Asia. SCO is a very effective instrument for China in order to implement her policies, increase her influence and solve her problems in the region.
This thesis consists of five chapters<br>explanation of conceptual framework and introduction of the study will be made in Chapter 1 and then broad definition of SCO will be made in Chapter 2. In the 3rd chapter, sources and aims of Chinese foreign policy, Central Asia policy and effects of SCO to these elements will be explained. In chapter 4, attitude of other important powers to SCO will be examined and at the last Chapter thesis will be concluded.
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Bryant, Kelly Ann. "Pacts and Pretenses, Competition and Cooperation: What Is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Why It Matters Now More Than Ever." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366035294.
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Yandas, Gokhan Osman. "Emerging Regional Security Complex In Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (sco) And Challenges Of The Post 9/11 World." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606201/index.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the changing characteristics of the regional security complex in Central Asia. The thesis focuses on the changes in the roles that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) plays in promoting regional security in Central Asia, especially since the formation of the international coalition against international terrorism in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. Contrary to the mainstream literature that focuses mainly on the security concerns of either regional powers or of great powers that considered this region as their own sphere of influence, this thesis argues that Central Asia&rsquo<br>s security issues that emerged in the aftermath of 9/11 could be explained better by taking the emerging regional security complex in Central Asia as the main unit of analysis.
The thesis consists of seven chapters: In Chapter 1, thesis is introduced. Chapter 2 develops a conceptual framework for the thesis by examining the nature of regional security complex theory. This is followed by the examination of the characteristics of regional security complex in Central Asia in Chapter 3. Next, Chapter 4 discusses the foreign policies of the United States, Russia and China towards Central Asia. Chapters 5 and 6 examine the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, its role in the struggle against international terrorism and their reflections on the changes of the characteristics of Central Asian regional security complex. Last chapter concludes the thesis.
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Zhang, Yike. "La Chine en Asie centrale à travers l’étude de l’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040255.
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L’émergence de la Chine ajoute une nouvelle donnée dans la reconfiguration géopolitique de l’Asie centrale après la dissolution de l’Union soviétique. Cependant il y a peu de connaissances sur les intentions de la Chine en Asie centrale et la façon dont la politique chinoise se développe vers cette région. Tout en partant de la méthodologie géopolitique, et empruntant quelques théories des relations internationales, l’étude analyse le positionnement de la Chine en Asie centrale. Nous constatons que la Chine s’adapte de plus en plus à la nouvelle situation centrasiatique par l’adoption de l’approche multilatérale dans sa politique étrangère. Ses activités dans la région sont principalement soutenues par l’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai, dont le prédécesseur est le Shanghai Cinq visant à résoudre la démarcation et la démilitarisation des zones frontalières. La Chine est ainsi devenue un acteur majeur et flexible, qui a relativement bien réalisé ses intérêts nationaux, tels que la stabilité du Xinjiang, la sécurité des frontières, le développement économique et l’importation énergétique<br>The emergence of China adds a new data in the geopolitical reconfiguration of Central Asia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, there is little knowledge about the intentions of China in Central Asia and how China’s policy is developing towards the region. Using the geopolitical methodology and borrowing some theories of international relations, the study examines the positioning of China in Central Asia. We noticed that China is becoming increasingly better adapted to the new Central Asian situation by adopting a multilateral approach in its foreign policy. Its activities in the region are mainly supported by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, whose predecessor is the Shanghai Five to resolve the demarcation and demilitarization issues of the border areas. China has become a major and flexible player, which has relatively well achieved its national interests, such as Xinjiang’s stability, border security, economic development and energy imports
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Qoraboyev, Ikboljon. "L'ordre régional en Asie centrale : l'émergence des organisations régionales dans l'espace post-soviétique." Toulouse 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01303900.
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Le début du 21e siècle en Asie centrale post-soviétique est caractérisé par l'émergence de plusieurs organisations régionales. La création des organisations internationales découle des quêtes des pays centrasiatiques pour les éléments d'un ordre régional dans la période post-soviétique. L'objectif de notre thèse est d'étudier l'évolution de trois organisations régionales post-soviétiques : l'Organisation de Coopération Centrasiatique, la Communauté Economique Eurasienne et de l'Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai. L'intérêt principal de l'étude est d'appréhender le phénomène des organisations régionales post-soviétiques en Asie centrale à travers le concept de l'ordre régional. Notamment, les rapports des organisations régionales avec les différentes perceptions et identités régionales communes aux pays membres, les enjeux et dynamiques de l'approfondissement et de l'élargissement des organisations, leurs finalités ainsi que leur positionnement au sein de la société internationale sont considérées. Le but recherché est d'élucider les prémisses de l'ordre régional en formation dans l'espace post-soviétique. Le cadre conceptuel interdisciplinaire de la thèse s'appuie sur les apports des études de régionalisme (Regionalism Studies) et de la théorie de l'Organisation internationale<br>The beginning of 21st century in post-Soviet Central Asia is characterized by the emergence of several regional organizations. The creation of these organizations derives from the quest for regional order common to Central Asian states in post-Soviet period. The aim of our thesis is to study three post-soviet regional organizations in Central Asia : Central Asian Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Community and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The main focus of the study is to make sense of the phenomenon of regional organization in Central Asia through the prism of the concept of order. In particular, the relations of Central Asian regional organizations with the concepts of regional identity and regional perceptions common to member States, the dynamics and the stakes of the deepening and widening of organizations, their finalities as well as their position within international society will be considered. The objective is to highlight the elements of emerging regional order in post-Soviet space. The conceptual basis of this interdisciplinary study draws on contributions from Regionalism Studies and the theory of International Organization
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Nicharapova, Jildiz. "L'organisation de coopération de Shanghai : un nouveau mode de coopération ou une nouvelle intégration régionale?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1040.
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La question principale de notre travail de recherche est: A quel type d'organisation internationale appartient l'OCS et quels sont ses buts d'existence ? Pourquoi les pays-membres coopèrent-ils au sein de l'Organisation ? Pourquoi coopèrent-ils dans des domaines dont ils ont établi les règles de coopération et sur quelles questions spécifiques ont-ils choisi de répondre ? Quels sont ses règles et les mécanismes de prise de décision, et quels sont sa structure organisationnelle et son mode de fonctionnement ? La deuxième question est : quelles sont ses raisons d'existence, ses buts et ses objectifs? Et la troisième interrogation est quelles sont ses promesses (potentiels) et ses limites ? En se basant sur la « théorie » des organisations internationales, à quel type d'organisation internationale l'OCS peut-elle appartenir ? Une Organisation de coopération ou d'intégration ? On peut se demander quels sont les véritables objectifs d'une telle organisation. Est-ce que l'OCS a pour but de contrebalancer l'Occident ou y a-t-il d'autres raisons à son existence ? Quelles sont ces raisons ? Pour répondre à ces interrogations, deux hypothèses doivent être mises en évidence. Dans la première hypothèse, l'OCS est une organisation de coopération régionale comme beaucoup d'autres organisations régionales déjà existantes (OTAN, OTSC, CEI, etc.) Dans la deuxième hypothèse, l'OCS est une organisation néo-réaliste ou même néo-libérale étant donné que de simple coopération elle se transforme en une organisation d'intégration régionale, qui conduit à l'apparition d'une nouvelle région unique (unifiée) et qui se dirige vers le régionalisme<br>The main question of our research is what kind of international organization is the SCO and what are its reasons for existence? In terms of the theory of international organizations to which type of international organization, the SCO can belong? The Organization of cooperation or integration? One wonders what the real objectives of the organization. Is the SCO aims to counteract the West, or there are other reasons for its existence? What are those reasons? Is it destined to exercise a single regional role in the manner of existing organizations such as CSTO, ECO, CIS, etc..., or does it move into the ranks of a world power? Are the objectives of the existence of this structure is to serve the great powers like Russia and China or it is also to serve to the small countries of Central Asia? Do the member countries have common objectives or individual, selfish? Is the SCO is an instrument of countries to achieve their national interests or they have a common desire to unite and grow together, to be a force in an "unfair" world?To answer these questions, two assumptions should be highlighted.For the first case, the SCO is a regional cooperation organization like many other existing regional organizations (NATO, CSTO, CIS, etc.). The SCO is an instrument of foreign policy of member countries to achieve its objectives joint problem solving as: regional security, economic development and cooperation policyIn the latter case, the SCO is transformed from mere cooperation in the organization of regional integration, which leads to the emergence of a new region (unified) - which moves towards regionalism. To these questions our dissertation is dedicated
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Zhang, Yike. "La Chine en Asie centrale à travers l’étude de l’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040255.
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L’émergence de la Chine ajoute une nouvelle donnée dans la reconfiguration géopolitique de l’Asie centrale après la dissolution de l’Union soviétique. Cependant il y a peu de connaissances sur les intentions de la Chine en Asie centrale et la façon dont la politique chinoise se développe vers cette région. Tout en partant de la méthodologie géopolitique, et empruntant quelques théories des relations internationales, l’étude analyse le positionnement de la Chine en Asie centrale. Nous constatons que la Chine s’adapte de plus en plus à la nouvelle situation centrasiatique par l’adoption de l’approche multilatérale dans sa politique étrangère. Ses activités dans la région sont principalement soutenues par l’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai, dont le prédécesseur est le Shanghai Cinq visant à résoudre la démarcation et la démilitarisation des zones frontalières. La Chine est ainsi devenue un acteur majeur et flexible, qui a relativement bien réalisé ses intérêts nationaux, tels que la stabilité du Xinjiang, la sécurité des frontières, le développement économique et l’importation énergétique<br>The emergence of China adds a new data in the geopolitical reconfiguration of Central Asia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, there is little knowledge about the intentions of China in Central Asia and how China’s policy is developing towards the region. Using the geopolitical methodology and borrowing some theories of international relations, the study examines the positioning of China in Central Asia. We noticed that China is becoming increasingly better adapted to the new Central Asian situation by adopting a multilateral approach in its foreign policy. Its activities in the region are mainly supported by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, whose predecessor is the Shanghai Five to resolve the demarcation and demilitarization issues of the border areas. China has become a major and flexible player, which has relatively well achieved its national interests, such as Xinjiang’s stability, border security, economic development and energy imports
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Oliveira, Luciana de Rezende Campos. "Os efeitos políticos da securitização internacional do terrorismo pós-11/09: o caso da Organização de Cooperação de Xangai." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9413.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Esta dissertação trata do que se entende como terrorismo após os atentados de setembro de 2001, seja como lógica de ação ou como método de ação. A partir desta data, o terrorismo alcançou enorme projeção e passou a figurar como tema central tanto na imprensa cotidiana quanto em reuniões internacionais de cúpula. O fenômeno era, muitas vezes, historicamente circunscrito às nações que enfrentavam esse problema. Após o Onze de Setembro, o debate expandiu-se e as políticas, e a propaganda, antiterroristas incidiram sobre a sociedade, modificando comportamentos individuais e coletivos. A associação entre Islamismo e terrorismo foi frequente e a Guerra Contra ao Terror (GCT), promovida pela política externa norte-americana de George W. Bush, contribuiu para difundir uma percepção do terrorismo como uma lógica de ação afeita à violência em si. Isso contrasta com a percepção quanto a grupos terroristas de momentos históricos anteriores, cujo recurso ao terrorismo era compreendido como método de ação com valor instrumental para alcançar objetivos políticos diversos, como a emancipação nacional e a desestabilização de regimes políticos estabelecidos. O estudo de caso da Organização de Xangai (OCX) visa demonstrar que a identificação entre terrorismo e Islã leva ao equívoco de compreender os grupos terroristas contemporâneos islâmicos, com lógicas próprias, como uma fenômeno só o que leva à imprecisão de atribuir ao terrorismo o caráter de primeiro fenômeno macro-securitizado. Este breve histórico da ascensão do terrorismo na agenda política contemporânea, mediante a análise do processo securitizador tanto na GCT quanto na Organização de Cooperação de Xangai, serve como referência para as análises contidas no trabalho que o leitor tem em mãos, uma vez que o sentido atribuído ao terrorismo só pode ser entendido em termos dos atores políticos envolvidos na sua definição e no contexto em qual o fazem. Na OCX, o verificou-se o entendimento do terrorismo como método de ação de grupos separatistas, o que não corresponde à ideia do terrorismo como lógica de ação contida na GCT.<br>We wrote about our understanding what terrorism, after the September 2001 attacks, is liking as a logic and a method of action. After September 2001, terrorism has achieved a huge projection and has been integrated as a central theme in both the daily press and in international summit meetings. The phenomena was often historically confined to nations facing this problem. After 9/11, the debate has expanded and the political counter-terrorism propaganda was focused on society changing individual and collective behavior. The association between Islam and terrorism was common and the War on Terror (WOT), promoted by the American foreign policy of George W. Bush, helped to spread a perception of terrorism as an logic action of pure violence itself. The contrast between perception of the terrorist groups in previous historical periods, whose thinking to practice to terrorism was understood as an method of action with instrumental value to achieve different policy objectives, such as national emancipation and the destabilization of established political regimes. This study of Shanghai Organization (SCO) seeks to demonstrate the identification between terrorism and Islam leads to misunderstanding of understanding (a lack of comprehension) between the contemporary Islamic terrorist groups, with their own logic, and as a phenomenon only - which leads inaccurate to attribute terrorism to an first macro-securitized phenomenon character. This brief history of the rise of terrorism in contemporary political agenda has been analyzing the securitizer process both in WOT and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This study serves as a reference about our thinking and analyzes terrorism not only can be understood in terms of the political actors involved in its definition but in the context in which they do. The SCO has a understanding about terrorism like a method of action of separatist groups, which does not correspond to the idea of terrorism as an logic of action contained in the WOT doctrine.
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Jurásek, Miroslav. "Úvahy o globálním řádu po skončení studené války: perspektiva Francise Fukuyamy a Samuela P. Huntingtona." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201131.
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The times coming with the End of the Cold War were very turbulent. Politicians had to take into the consideration lots of scenarios and the next global trends to make correct decisions. Most of the very numerous visions of the future global order followed more or less the twofold pattern: order or anarchy. "The End of History and the Last Man" and "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order" written by two prominent American political scientists Francis Fukuyama and Samuel P. Huntington and published at the beginning of the 90s are the most representative works that fit into this pattern. These provocative and controversial theories have been criticized and empirically challenged by many on one side, on the other side it hasn't impeded others to use them as a starting point for their next analyses. This dissertation thesis is a contribution to the debate between the dissenters and the supporters of these theories from a predictive point of view. Through the research theoretical methodology it is argued that the examined theories are still valid even nowadays because their theoretical essence (or hard core in the Lakatosian research program) has not been refuted yet. Nevertheless, the hard core of the theories determines their very specific character which puts forward the importance of the factors labelled in the Lakatosian framework as an external history of a science. These factors organized according to the Mehtas criteria of so called strong idea are, especially in the social sciences, decisive for how a theoretical construct is accepted in a broader non-academic context. It is demonstrated that both theories fulfill all criteria to be very influential in practice, although the idea of clash of civilizations is even more powerful in this respect. The specific features of all theories are illustrated on two case studies: Union of South American Nations and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Firstly, the selection of these case studies is justified and secondly, the anomalies in terms of the Lakatosian methodology are identified and then explained. There have been found no unexplainable anomalies, which practically confirms the validity of both research programs on one side, on the other side it facilitates a better assessment of the studied theories in a sense of their interpretative scope and possibilities.
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chen-nan, Tung, and 董振南. "Study on The Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34159385113908044944.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>國際政治研究所<br>92<br>The post-cold war United States had its way to NATO, reworked on Guideline for US-Japan Defense Cooperation, developed NMD & TMD and extent its force into Central Asia after 911 to reform neo- Strategies of Containment, which grew the anxieties of China and Russia, and pushed them into cooperation. These two countries set The Shanghai Cooperation Organization to deepen their relation.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, founded in Shanghai on 15 June 2001 by six countries, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, is a 1.5-billion-population regional association with its member states covering an area about third fifths of Euro-Asia.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization annually hold Council of Heads of State, Council of Heads of Government, Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, and irregularly meet Conference of Heads of Agencies, and Council of National Coordinators to adherence to the purposes and principles of The Cooperation. Two permanent organs, the Secretariat based in Beijing and a permanent organ based in Tashkent, are to function and coordinate SCO member activities.
The SCO built up trust in the border regions to mutually beneficial cooperation in the political, security, economic, trade, taffic and other areas among the six states. In the course of development, the SCO is moving upwards, especially the impact of the U.S- China-Russia Strategic Relations. It continuously induces worldwide attention.
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Hsu, Shu-li, and 許淑麗. "Researching on Shanghai Cooperation Organization from Neorealism." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y6h425.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>政治學研究所<br>96<br>The collapse of the USSR has caused the vacuum of power and ideology in the Middle Asian region; therefore, such situation has resulted in the coveat from the world power and terrorism.The discovery of natural resource (petroleum in particular) assures the strategic value of this region, which is a crucial factor of causing pivotal change if this region.The region of sovereignty is always interrelated to the geological location.In other words, the shift of sovereignty also restructures the relationship between the power and geological location.The establishment of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was jointly organized by China and Russia on the basis of such political and geological background.However, after the tragedy of 911, globalwide anti-terrorism has reached to its peak, which provides an opportunity to the US taking a position in this region. Due to this dramatic change, Middle Asian area has become a region of competition for the USA, Russia and China.
This paper starts with the discussion of the development of Realism, followed by the comparison of Realism and the correction of Neo-Realism. The basis of analysis on the historical background of Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)is from the Neo-Realism perspective.SCO is not a military alliance but an organization to maintain regional safety and economic development, which also exclude the possibility of sole power in one region and result to certain type of power balance in one region.Since its establishment, SCO has played an influential role; however, China and Russia are the two leading countries that may change the current balanced situation. Many countries in Middle Asian area would like to use SCO as a diplomatic leverage and both Russia and China also try to make SCO as a tool to expand its power, which change the features of international order in 21th century.
This kind of change is vital to Taiwan. If the relationship among China and Russia or other countries in this area is stable, China will not have to worry about the threats from the north and be able to concentrate on the problems in Taiwan Strait and South Sea.For this reason,it is worthy for us to pay close attention to this issue.
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Kan, Ko-yi, and 甘可怡. "A study of the Shanghai cooperation organization." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74248237264595972627.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>俄羅斯研究所<br>93<br>After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in Central Asia emerged five states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. These countries are not only have the rich natural resources, but also take the important role of the global geostrategic patterns. Traditionally, Central Asia was viewed as a part of Russian’s influence and is adjacent to China. Beyond question, such an unusual area lures the international powers to engage the affairs of it. Since the 911 event, the U.S. acquired the opportunity to deploy their military in Central Asia. By means of military presence, the U.S. found the way to counteract the influence of Russia and China in Central Asia. Consequently, the Central Asia became the focus in international politics.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan in 2001. This dissertation examines the origins and prospects of the SCO, analyzes the variation of geostrategic situation in Central Asia, and discusses how the U.S. military presence in Central Asia influenced the development of SCO.
Since the end of the Cold War, the Central Asia has played a significant role in global geostrategic patterns. The motive of China and Russia to promote the establishment of SCO in 2001 is to seek the predominance in the Central Asia. After the 911 event, the U.S. military presence appeared in Central Asia. And this fact indeed affected the development of SCO. China, Russia and U.S. as the three main actors of the ongoing New Great Game, which is occurring in Central Asia. The results of the New Great Game are as follow, U.S. temporarily stands on a vantage point in the present days. As for Russia, it takes the second place by controlling the CIS Collective Security Treaty Organization. As regards China, by exerting the SCO to enhance the economic and political ties with Central Asia countries, it still strives to maintain the influence in Central Asia.
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Sun, Pi-Yang, and 孫丕洋. "Studies for the security Cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67879686638090381962.
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碩士<br>清雲科技大學<br>中亞研究所<br>98<br>Studies for The security cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Student：Sun , Pi-Yang Adviser：Prof. Fu , Jen-Kun
Graduate Institute of Central Asia Studies
Ching Yun University
Abstract
Since the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was founded, regional security cooperation remains one of the most important issues. Up to now, security cooperation under the SCO framework have included not only from traditional security territories to non-traditional security territories, but also single cooperation territories tp multiple cooperation territories, This repersents the huge effort of perusing peace and development conducted by the new cooperative organization even under unstable region after the post-cold war era. Without a doubt, Central asia still remains a region embedded with abundant potential conflict factors, in which the solution to solve national, social, racial, and religion conflicts has been the major task within the cooperation of regional security. Throughout conducting military maneuvers by UN forces, the determination of membership states willing to restore regional security and fighting “Terrorism,Secessionism and Extremism”can be clearly demonstrated. However, related old grudges and boundary disputes within central asia countries result in the conflicts between each nation’s standpoints, harsh negotiations and complex restrains. Moreover, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan competed to become the leader among the region, which leads to additional variables toward the formation of the SCO organisation. Besides, even though the strategic objectives between China and Russia were “similar but different”, both sides can still achieve regional development if they can hold on to progress common prosperity snd regional stability. Conversely, if both sides possess their own political intentions or seek military expansion, the Central asia might fall into an unstable area. This research discovered that the development of SCO depends on its integration and cooperation between the collective security treaty organizations and the European Asia economy community, especially the main observation point was to monitor the progress in mainland China achieving consensus on its “China threat”issue between other membership countries.
Keyword: Central Asia , Shanghai Cooperation Organization , Traditional security
, Non-traditional security , Terrorism,Secessionism and Extremism .
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Lin, Ling-Ling, and 林玲怜. "China’s strategic meaning in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52279345831899095502.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>國際政治研究所<br>95<br>The stability of China’s northwest not only establishes the stable development environment for China’s western development, but also reduces China’s extra worries moving toward a great power of the world stage. Besides, China’s northwest and central Asia is connected. Because of dealing with the boundary problem properly which the former Soviet Union leaved, the “Shanghai-five” was formed. On the other hand, both China and Russia realized the cooperation of each other would be advantageous in resisting the Western strength to permeate the central Asia .Therefore, they urged the loose regional forum the “Shanghai-five” to advance to the international organization the “Shanghai Cooperation organization (SCO)”.
This thesis use the way of “geopolitics” to analyze the geographic strategic meaning of central Asia after five nations in central Asia been independent, and the strategic meaning of China, U.S. and Russia in the central Asia. Also use the way of “realism” and “new security concept” to observe the development of every member’s cooperation in the SCO. And to analyze the realization of
On the globalization time, economic cooperation question would be more important. How to provide the economic interest for every member of the SCO is the direction of the organization. China praises itself being a great power. If China could rely on the superiority of the economy grow and the geography, it would be continue to display influential.
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Lu, Hsyue Yen, and 呂學燄. "Security role of the Shanghai cooperation organization studies." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75950871359290446161.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班<br>98<br>1980 to early 1990s, the international system develops from " one superpower and several powers " into a multi-polar direction due to severe turbulences and changes of
the international situation, the disintegration of Soviet Union and the drastic changes of Eastern Europe, and the end of the 40-years Cold War which caused by the "a two-confrontation" bipolar situation between U.S.A and the Soviet Union in the past. At this point, there are also great changes in China’s the overall national development,
For instance, a positive trend towards big power relations reorientation. Except to focus on internal development, China places more importance on security relations
with neighboring countries. China knows that a stable, harmonious surrounding is conducive to China's sustainable development. To establish security and stability buffer zone in the surrounding can avoid conflict with other powers. Since a secure environment is the key to a stable society and a fully develop economic while interdependence and cooperation of security need and economic benefit is the
essential element of maintaining this relationship.
"Shanghai Cooperation Organization" develops from the "Shanghai Five" mechanism which established in 1996. It was the Sino-Soviet bilateral talks about border between
the two countries, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became the "Shanghai Five" bilateral negotiations which is followed into the "Shanghai Five State "in
multilateral talks. This development not only opened consultation mechanism talks on the border military security, also opened a stable regional security, multilateral relations, and regional cooperation. After Uzbekistan joined in June 15, 2001, six heads of state announced the establishment of the "Shanghai Cooperation
Organization" which based on the "Shanghai Five" mechanism and issued a "Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." This is the first multilateral
organization which promoted by China and is the first intergovernmental organization in the name of Chinese city. The member States includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and other six countries.
The first and foremost task of "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" is to ensure
peace, security and stability of the organization, and resolutely combat the "three
forces", drugs, smuggling and other illegal transactions. And to aware that the current
international security must be based on national equality, mutual trust, mutual benefit
and cooperation. By holding annual heads of states summit meeting, Prime Ministers
meeting, Foreign Ministers meeting, and occasional meetings of national coordinators,
leaders of various departments to form the operating mechanism of organizations. The establishments of two permanent organizations, the Secretariat in Beijing and the 4 regional anti-terrorism agency in Tashkent, lead the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to move towards a broader direction. This paper attempts to find out the operation and development direction of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" after the end of Cold War and "911" terrorist attacks in the United States, and the degree of how does this directly or indirectly affect the regional economic and
military security so far? In addition, what is the impact that the relationships of the"Shanghai Cooperation Organization" between other major countries or international
organizations affects on global strategic? Especially the development of multi-strategic relations between China, the United States, Japan and Russia, is very worthwhile continuing being concerned.
Keywords：Shanghai Cooperation Organization, economic security, military security,
Central Asia, relations among major powers
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王宣堯. "China and Russia's Policy Research of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80869207381859061575.
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Chin, Mei-Chuan, and 金美娟. "China’s Multilateral Diplomacy: A Study of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52890515065762276936.
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碩士<br>銘傳大學<br>社會科學院國家發展與兩岸關係碩士在職專班<br>98<br>This study addresses China’s Multi-lateral Diplomacy from three different perspectives: first, China’s diplomatic traditions as handed down by the founding fathers of CCP, second, its changing national interests since the post-Mao reforms, and finally, its gradually ascendancy as one of the world’s major powers. Under such circumstance, China needs to maintain cordial relations with other powers, close contacts with neighboring countries, and take a part in international or regional arrangements. Taken together, these constitute the core of China’s foreign policy in the post-Cold War period. Given all the concerns, for China, a multi-lateral approach to strengthen its relations with other countries seems extremely desirable and attractive. Among these efforts to build multi-lateral relationship, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is the most remarkable one; it is the first international organization proposed and concerted by China. Choosing the SCO as the topic, this thesis analyzes its development, operation, and future expansion. After such analysis, the thesis goes on to show that the SCO should be understood as the typical case to observe China’s strategy to implement its multi-lateral relations with other countries.
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Huang, Tony, and 黃一哲. "The Reserch of PRC's regional security cooperation-A Case of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77638793820174488242.
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碩士<br>國防大學政治作戰學院<br>政治研究所<br>97<br>Abstract
After end of Cold war, the Central Asia area appears 5 new independent countries .The past critic Sino-Soviet boundary has became the multi-relationship among PRC, Russia and Central Asia countries. Under the positive negotiation of all quarters has form「The Shanghai Five」.Since 1998 the regional forum of 「The Shanghai Five」has gradually developed toward regional cooperation . In July 15 2001 the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has established.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization is the first international regional organizations which participated by Mainland China. It is also the provision of security cooperation and the dialogue channel with Russia and Central Asian countries. Central Asia is in the intersection of the Eurasian continent. It maintains important strategic position of the Mainland China, Russia, the United States and other large countries . In 2004 to 2005 the S.C.O. accepted Mongolia, Pakistan, India and Iran as an observer country. That was a significant scope of cooperation extended to North-East Asia, South Asia and West Asia. The situation also caused geopolitical changes among multilateral relations in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
The article is under premise of regional security cooperation of PRC to discuss the establishment and the development of the Shanghai Cooperative Organization by the New Regionalism, and analyzing the security cooperation relations by the New Concept of Security among countries in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
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Chang, Chan-Hua, and 張展華. "The Central Asian Regional Strategy of China：Case of Shanghai Cooperation Organization（SCO）The Central Asian Regional Strategy of China：Case of Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71965329903244153775.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>公共行政暨政策學系<br>95<br>Since the establishment of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2001, SCO Summit has been held for 6 years. During this period of time, its cooperation content has gone from border security to multiple issues, encompassing regional security, economics, transportation, communications, and energy. Under the trend of globalization, internal and external affair cannot be fully separated; instead, it must be taken into consideration the internal as well as external factors influencing China’s constructing the tactics of Central Asia at the same time. In addition, after 911, US power crept into Central Asia and reshaped the power structure of this region, these changes have great impacts on “Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” It turns out to be an important topic for the policy maker of China to adjust the organizational orientation of SCO and maintain its own power influence since China is the initiator of SCO and one of the most powerful countries in this region. The purpose of this article attempts to explore how the geographical tactics of China and its external and internal factors affect the development of SCO.
The first chapter is the introduction. It is focused on giving some explanation for the motivation of research, purpose, and research framework, and examining the related research literature on SCO. The second chapter is to introduce the establishing background of SCO and its purpose. Next, in the chapter three and four, we analyze the external and internal factors that influence China’s establishing the regional strategy of Central Asia. Based on previous two chapters, Chapter five examine China’s “inward and outward linkage” strategy for Central Asia. In the last chapter, this theses conclude four research findings as follows:
First, by the building of “Confidence-Building Measures”（CBM’s） and the united military exercise via SCO, China makes use SCO to reflect “new security views” however, the main purpose of China is to enhance the consolidation of its members in the organization and develop a regional organization for anti-America.
Second, the energy and traditional security are the main reasons why China wants to interfere with Central Asia via SCO
Third, China’s central government developed the western area purposefully, which is used as the foundation for economic of trading cooperation of .SCO
Forth, China’s strategy for Central Asia is using SCO as a core, and the open market of “Western development” is the means of “inward and outward linkage” strategy.
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Deng, Yun-lei, and 鄧雲雷. "The CBMs of China after Cold War- Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19744451171049052271.
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碩士<br>東吳大學<br>政治學系<br>94<br>In the aftermath of the end of the Cold war, many tensions in the international society appear to be eased. The collapse of Soviet Union means that the bipolar international system has come to an end and the United States has become the sole superpower in the world. However, with the rise of China, the security situation and balance of power in East Asia has changed in a different way. The so-called China threat has surfaced as a challenging issue for many regional countries.
To ease the concerns of other countries, China has taken a new approach in its foreign policies. Since 1990, China has gradually modified its foreign policy from emphasizing unilateralism and bilateralism to stressing multilateralism. China concluded many confidence-building-measures（CBMs）agreements with other countries and groups of countries, including India, Russia, and ASEAN. China also actively joined many international organizations or regimes.
”Shanghai Cooperation Organization” （SCO） is one of the most important CBMs of China’s design because it is the first one initiated by China. The members of SCO include China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyztan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, and the observers are Mongolia, India, Pakistan and Iran.
The motives of China efforts to established CBMs with Central Asia can be summarized as follows, 1) the power concern, 2) geopolitical strategy, 3) nationalism, and 4) energy security. On the other hand, SCO is different from other CBMs participated by China. SCO has three distinctive features, 1) it has very comprehensive communication systems, 2) it has conducted large scale military exercises, and 3) its has very strong anti-West sentiment.
Still, the relationship between China and Central Asia is going to be asymmetric. China is a strong power but Central Asian countries are in general minor powers. This asymmetric relationship gives China a chance to influence the regional affairs in Central Asia. In short, this CBMs with Chinese characteristics deserve further discussion and careful analysis.
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Liu, Bo Fu, and 劉柏甫. "CPC Central Asia Petroleum Strategy: " Shanghai Cooperation Organization as an example ."." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rpmrd7.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班<br>104<br>1991 Soviet collapse ended the Cold War , the Central Asian countries into an international pattern of new geo- strategic space . It is a great nation with a variety of political forces competing geostrategic . Therefore , geopolitical and eostrategic not just about learning a particular country or a particular region , but enlarged to learning throughout the world geopolitical movements. From the geo-economic point of view , rich in oil and natural gas in Central Asia is the most important strategic significance of energy , with the continuous development of the Caspian Sea resources , geo-economic significance of Central Asia is increasing. Geo- economics advocates to influence and promote change , that is, economic and ecological advantages of changes in the alignment control different parts of the world .
April 26, 1996 , five heads of state meeting in Shanghai Hai held in the CPC initiative , with Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and other five countries in Shanghai announced the establishment of the "Shanghai Five" (Shanghai Five); to 2001 " Shanghai cooperation Organization , " the establishment of a regional cooperation organization formed on the Eurasian arena of international relations after the Cold War ; it is an important development in the post-Cold War Eurasian Geopolitics changing . Subsequently the Member States to strengthen mutual trust and good-neighborliness ; maintaining and strengthening regional peace , security and stability , combating terrorism , separatism and extremism " three forces " , drug trafficking , illegal arms trafficking and other transnational crimes ; economic and trade , environmental protection , culture , science and technology , education, energy , transportation and finance and other fields of cooperation , and promote a comprehensive and balanced development of the regional economy , society and culture , and improve the living standards of the people of the Member States ; forward the establishment of a democratic , just and rational international political The new economic order. This paper attempts to understand the Cold War after the termination of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the US , the impact of the operation and development of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization " , the other Party through the " Shanghai Cooperation Organization " and its powers and Central Asian regional situation changes, the CCP Central Asia Petroleum Strategy how the impact of ? especially the United States , Russia and Central Asian countries related to multi- strategy development , continue to be very worthy of note .
Keywords ：Shanghai Cooperation Organization , geostrategic, Central Asia, relations between big powers
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Chang, Chin-Che, and 張欽哲. "Study on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and its joint military exercise." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35569885986025875765.
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碩士<br>健行科技大學<br>中亞研究所<br>101<br>Under the background of the terrorism causes local crisis , the Central Asia Shanhai Cooperation member countries (China, Russia, Kazakh, Kirghizia, Tadzhikistan) conducted Peace Mission 2010 joint anti-terrorism military exercise from September 9th to 25th in the Kazakh.
Under the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Peace Mission 2010 drill was the 7th joint anti-terrotism exercise, and also the biggest scale drill that the PLA coordinated with the foreign forces to conduct anti-terrorism live military drill in 2010. The participating countries total attended more than 5,000 troops and weaponry , and maneuvered to the exercise area by airborne or railway. The dirll phaese divided into three parts, stratigic negotiation, the preparation of the join anti-terrorism campaign and join anti-terrorism exercise. The key points of the action items were focused on the military anti-terrorism operation command, coordination, safeguard,and examination.
The drill was ended in September 25th,all the participating troops returned to their home stations continously. According to the drill results, the stratigic meaning including of 4 synthetic aspects, political diplomacy, economical energy, military cooperation and social security.By reseaching the Peace Mission series military exercise that held by SCO member countries, we can get a grip on that how come the central Asia countries are going to become the competition focal point between the internation might power(America, China, Russia) and egional power. After the description of this thesis, we can realize the unique and important regional politics and economical values in the central Asia.
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Tai, Chun-min, and 戴君珉. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization with China in Central Asia perimeter security." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65174476604609315998.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>中國大陸研究所碩士在職專班<br>97<br>The post-Cold War security environment surrounding the Chinese Communists have taken place in very complex changes. First of all, the original after the disintegration of the bipolar system, surrounding a variety of forces appear, contradictions and conflicts have deepened. Secondly, the surrounding countries in the pattern of ever-changing force, it will directly affect the forces surrounding the strategic balance and China’s security. Third, in a secure peace and economic development in the international environment, competing for domestic political, economic and military reform. Finally, the establishment of new international political and economic order is the common aspiration of surrounding countries, because the countries involved in international status, interests and power structure of the reorganization.
The Communist China’s “perimeter security” in time with long-term nature of the layout, this paper first of all, “the geopolitical research approach”, analysis of China and Central Asia among countries affected by the geopolitical changes in the development, as well as in the United States and Russia after the Cold War in strategy for the impact of the Chinese Communists; Further to “the historical research approach” analysis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization of the origins, evolution and development of operation of the Central Asian regional security and the security situation surrounding the impact of the Chinese Communists; Finally in order to “the national interest research approach” analysis of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on the Chinese Communist security surrounding the actual impact and operational level as a mechanism to establish how the Chinese Communists in the national interest in the circumstances, make full use of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Central Asia with the Chinese Communists to the safety of surrounding policy.
Experiences from this study pointed out that, First, the international recognition of the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” consider weak and lax, and even predicted that the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” will appear hollow trend. However, facts have proven that since the “911 incident” the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” does not move toward disintegration, and Member States to support and further development of the mechanism of the Member States consider necessary, and in the maintenance of security in the region are need to exist. Second, the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” are the Chinese communists in the post-Cold War international environment, in accordance with the international security situation and the region surrounding environment, take geography as condition in Eurasia center region establishment security cooperation mechanism. Speaking of the Chinese Communists, Central Asia region is the Chinese Communists safeguards west the peripheral security, the promotion economy development, a maintenance politics stable important strategic point, also is exterior influence attempts to carry on the seepage the possible channel. Third, the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” is from solves the Chinese Communists boundary problem to start to form, the protection of border security are its main purposes. The Shanghai Cooperative organization’s smooth development and the effective display function to maintain the Chinese communists peripheral environment the stability, expands the Chinese Communists and the peripheral national politics, the economy and the safe relation has the significant practical significance. Fourth, the Central Asian region as a result of the complex security situation, the United States and NATO and Russia is unable alone to guarantee the Central Asia security, the current “Shanghai Cooperation Organization” in the maintenance of the Central Asian regional security and stability, as well as the Chinese Communists have gained a stable surrounding security environment, will still be able to play a unique role. The Communist Communists hopes to expand into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to the economic cooperation organization, in the economic and energy fields exert a greater impact.
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Mongush, Arzhaana, and 王敏. "Russian Policy in Central Asia and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2000-2009)." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91309008889392393406.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班<br>98<br>After the collapse of the Soviet Union five new states emerged in Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Adjacent to China and traditionally being viewed as part of Russia’s sphere of influence, Central Asia not only has vast natural resources, but also occupies important geostrategic position, which lures the international powers to engage in the area’s affairs. By military presence emerged after September 11 event, the US found a way to counteract the influence of Russia and China in Central Asia. Consequently, Central Asia has become the focus of international politics.
Applying a geopolitical and national interest approaches to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) established by Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan in 2001, the thesis examines the origins and prospects of the SCO as well as the economic and security cooperation within its framework. It is also explores how the national interests of Russia and other member states drive their policies towards the interaction within the SCO, in particular, of those Russia and China.
The SCO serves as a useful forum for its member states in balancing interests between each other. As well as being an instrument for pursuing key interests between Russia and China, the SCO also functions as a consolidating factor in the Russian-Chinese relationship by offering a vehicle for managing their affairs. For Russia, the SCO provides an opportunity for strengthening its political, military and economic ties with Central Asian countries and for constraining the growth of China’s influence in the region while at the same time balancing US influence. Russia’s most important concern about possible future developments in the SCO is China’s policy of using the organization as a vehicle for the economic penetration of Central Asian countries. Russia will strive for a balanced distribution of power within the SCO, thus hindering China’s aspirations to win greater influence in Central Asia through the organization. It should be appealing for Russia to establish itself as a “bridge” between the SCO and Euro-Atlantic institutions, such as the EU or NATO, which have manifested their increasing interest in Central Asia. This move could serve to emphasize Russia’s unique geopolitical position as a link between Europe and Asia, and raise its standing within the SCO itself.
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Sun, Pi-Yang, and 孫丕洋. "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization member countries within the framework of security cooperation in the study." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85200628259760411894.
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碩士<br>清雲科技大學<br>中亞研究所<br>98<br>Since the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was founded, regional security cooperation remains one of the most important issues. Up to now, security cooperation under the SCO framework have included not only from traditional security territories to non-traditional security territories, but also single cooperation territories tp multiple cooperation territories, This repersents the huge effort of perusing peace and development conducted by the new cooperative organization even under unstable region after the post-cold war era. Without a doubt, Central asia still remains a region embedded with abundant potential conflict factors, in which the solution to solve national, social, racial, and religion conflicts has been the major task within the cooperation of regional security. Throughout conducting military maneuvers by UN forces, the determination of membership states willing to restore regional security and fighting “Terrorism,Secessionism and Extremism”can be clearly demonstrated. However, related old grudges and boundary disputes within central asia countries result in the conflicts between each nation’s standpoints, harsh negotiations and complex restrains. Moreover, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan competed to become the leader among the region, which leads to additional variables toward the formation of the SCO organisation. Besides, even though the strategic objectives between China and Russia were “similar but different”, both sides can still achieve regional development if they can hold on to progress common prosperity snd regional stability. Conversely, if both sides possess their own political intentions or seek military expansion, the Central asia might fall into an unstable area. This research discovered that the development of SCO depends on its integration and cooperation between the collective security treaty organizations and the European Asia economy community, especially the main observation point was to monitor the progress in mainland China achieving consensus on its “China threat”issue between other
membership countries.
Keyword:Central Asia,Shanghai Cooperation Organization,Traditional security,Non-traditional security,Terrorism,Secessionism and Extremism
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FU, Shun-Hong, and 傅順洪. "Russia-China Great game - A Study of the Security Cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78779161017735918673.
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Liu, Li-Ying, and 劉立穎. "Counter-terrorism Issues with the Actual Operation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38485488109219942340.
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碩士<br>健行科技大學<br>中亞研究所<br>101<br>The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is the first international organizations, led by China, and was the first to oppose and fight against the " Terrorism,Secessionism and Extremism " created for the main task of the international organization, and is the highest degree of China''s participation in regional security organization.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the field of counter-terrorism cooperation, but to establish the basis of an effective solution on border security issues. View terrorism increasingly serious security threat in Xinjiang, Central Asia, North Caucasus region, it is clear that a single country alone can not be an effective deterrent against regional or international cooperation, and therefore must practice. The fight against terrorism became the main topic of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
This article will be a new geopolitics theory from the political, geographical, economic and awareness (social) form of four-oriented from the regional angle degree cut into, to explore the Shanghai Cooperation Organization''s anti-terrorism co-operation area, surrounding the geopolitical war strategy and the future development andproblems faced.
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Yao, Chen-Hui, and 姚辰蕙. "The security Cooperation between Russia and China in the Post-cold Era: Analyzing from Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80760137172502125245.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>俄羅斯研究所<br>91<br>After the Cold War, Russia and Mainland China justify the way of thinking in security. It is no longer in the way of Realism thinking which emphasizing military alliance, competing, and war preparation but towards to the way of security cooperation, nonmilitary type of Neo-Liberal Institutionalism of thinking. The way it goes mainly because of the change of international structure as well as the influence coming from Russia and Mainland China domestic environment. This had resulted the forming of security mechanism of Shanghai Five Nations Cooperation in 1996 and the set up of Shanghai Cooperation Organization later.
Based on the observation of above, the author made a research on Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter explains the motive and purpose of the research, methodology of the research, scope of the research, and terminology illustration. Chapter two outlines the security policy of Russian and Chinese in different stage, so as to understand how it transformed. Chapter three discusses the background of Russia-China security cooperation and how it developed. Chapter four points out the common interests in Central Asia is the reason of the formation and development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Chapter five explores the push and obstacle factors of the development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The last chapter makes a conclusion for the research.
From the research, it is clear that after the Cold War the change of nations’ relationship is between influences security policy of nations. Facing the constraint of United States, Russia and China conformed to the sense of security cooperation. For Mainland China and Russia, it is mutual beneficiary in many ways such as war strategy, economics, security of Central Asia, and trade of arms. All of these have made the interaction soaring. The cooperation in Central Asia was an important indication. Mutual interests in Central Asia took the lead of security cooperation for both parties. It was decided that the security cooperation was the key issue for Shanghai Five Nations Cooperation and Shanghai Cooperation Organization mechanism. Economics cooperation is another important issue for the same mechanisms.
At the period of Post-Cold War, Shanghai Cooperation Organization had its push for development. However, there was constraint facing too. After September 11 tragedy, United States force has penetrated into Central Asia successfully, the interaction between Russia and United States has softened, countries in Central Asia, for their own benefits concern, keep distance with Mainland China, the argue caused by the expansion of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, all these have generated an obstacle for the development of the cooperation. It is deemed that in the future the cooperation will be in the form of forum rather than in the way of alliance. Therefore the liability of the cooperation will remain to be seen.
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Gonzalez, Benjamin F. "Charting a new Silk Road? The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Russian foreign policy." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/204.
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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) first came into being as a result of border negotiations between Russia and China but evolved shortly thereafter into more than this. A regional organization comprised of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and China the SCO’s mandate now encompasses trade and security. Most secondary literature on this organization tends to detail the interests of its constituent members, while overlooking the historical relationships underlying the SCO’s growth and evolution. This thesis argues that Russia’s long-standing relationships with the states of Central Asia created the conditions making the SCO a necessary tool of Russian foreign policy, while Moscow’s relations with China and the US have driven the development of the group. It concludes that the SCO has become the most viable of Central Asia’s regional organizations because it has effectively resolved contradictions and conflicts in Russia’s relationships with the other SCO members.
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Hsu, Hsiang-Ta, and 徐祥大. "The Interactions between China and Russia in the Context of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87836960418183622087.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>國際政治研究所<br>98<br>Since the beginning of 21st century, the world has been subjected to attack by terrorists; while in the Central Asia regions, three forces of terrorism, separatism and extremism have been developed and converged. After the 911 incident, the United States has begun to intervene extensively in Central Asia regions in the name of counter-terrorism measures. This has caused China and Russia to feel uneasy in face with that fact that their geopolitical strategic spaces have been squeezed. In June 15, 2001, China and Russia co-established to dominate in Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Under the framework of SCO, this study aims to analyze and preview the interaction between China and Russia in hope to clarify the strategic power in the Central Asia regions and the evolution potential of the security situation.
The study has discovered that China and Russia have done pragmatic cooperation based on similar worldview and the determination to maintain geopolitical interests, and so have jointly dealt with the complicated geopolitical and security situations in the Central Asia regions. Currently, as the Sino-Russia relations are till in the peak of the history, the close cooperation relationship of both countries within the framework of SCO would be able to determine whether or not such organization would continue to flourish. In addition, although both China and Russia have sustained common interests and cooperative orientation in the Central Asia regions, but this does not mean such cooperation would definitely move smoothly into deeper development. The fundamental reason lies in the conflict between traditional security and non-traditional security. Thus, the cooperation between China and Russia would inevitably be affected by competitive factors outside the framework of SCO. Therefore, Sino-Russia relations would still be an important variable to affect the future development of SCO.
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Chang, Yih-Ming, and 張益銘. "Study on the Development of the regional organization of Central Asia – in case of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55513400669792933809.
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碩士<br>清雲科技大學<br>中亞研究所<br>95<br>Since five countries of Central Asia have announced the independence . In order to ensure national security, guarantee the stability of the society, and revitalize the economy, they developed diplomatic work, including join various kinds of regional organizations. And Shanghai Cooperation Organization (S.C.O.) is exactly one of them. Before S.C.O. was officially founded, it passed two phases. The Sino-Russian Boundary Negotiation and the talks among the leaders of “Shanghai Five”. After the Secretariat of S.C.O. and the “Tashket Anti-terrorism Executive Committee” in Uzbekistan have been set up, S.C.O. became a permanent organization. The topics of S.C.O. also expanded from Boundary Security and Military Trust to economic, investment, transport, environment protection, etc. Beside Mongolia, Pakistan, India and Iran who have become the observers, more countries intend to join in S.C.O. Indeed, S.C.O. holds a crucial position in the region. By closely inspectyng the developíent of S.C.O., this paper aims to research the possible perspective and limitations of regional organizations of Central Asia.
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Chen, Chia-Chi, and 陳家齊. "The Research of China’s Foreign Strategy From The Establishment of The Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48642717423215456244.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>政治學研究所<br>94<br>Abstract
Organization and system can be used to connect the network relationship for the doers at various levels, which both imply the way and result that will affect the acquisition and utilization of resources of the doers. That is to say, they both imply the specific stake mode related to the political and economic characteristics of each doer, this mode can be abbreviated as the Bias. The Bias of a good or more feasible organization and system shall be able to match up with the internal and external political and economic power system as well as the rationalized direction of politics and economy, otherwise the relevant politics and economy shall be adjusted. (Shiau, Chyuan-Jeng, Mar. 1997, The National Chi Nan University Journal)
This study focuses on “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization” (SCO), a permanent intergovernmental international and the first multi-lateral cooperation organization. Named after “Shanghai”city. The SCO was proclaimed in Shanghai in the early twentieth century consisting mainly of six countries-People’s Republic of China, Russian Federation, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Tajikistan and Republic of Uzbekistan. It was established on the basis of the "Shanghai Five" mechanism. Except for Uzbekistan, the other countries had been members of the Shanghai Five; after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001, the members renamed the organization. Its member states cover an area of over 30 million km2, or about three fifths of Eurasia, with a population of 1.455 billion, about a quarter of the world''s total. The SCO accepted Mongolia, India, Pakistan and Iran as observers. From Shanghai Five to the establishment of the SCO, the implied political and economic characteristics, the “Bias Mobilization”, has associated with the China diplomacy to some degrees.
The People’s Republic of China, established in 1949, ranging from Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin, has proposed ''Three World'' Theory”, “Reformation and Opening-up”, “Peace and Development” and “Multi-faceted Diplomacy”. Besides, under the national development strategy of “Rise in Peace”, Mainland China has shaped the “Peace, Cooperation, and Development” foreign strategy. This transition reveals Mainland China made “Mobilization of bias” with regard to its change of situation in different periods. Mainland China is aggressively participating and joining the operation of international or regional organizations, and leading to establish different kinds of regional cooperative organization. The said organization shall be one of tools for Mainland China to object the hegemony, regional despot, break out the encirclement of the United States and European countries, and challenge the unilateralism of the United States as well as contend the hegemony with the United States. Whether the foreign strategy of Mainland China is effective or not, especially the strategic objective of “Stabilizing the Northeast, Progressing to the Southwest”, will depend on whether the operation of this organization is successful or not, which is one of the evaluation indexes.
The framework of this study is based on three parts: the historical level, organizational level, systematic level. Under this framework, we try to analyze the establishment, operation, change process of the SCO and "Shanghai Five"; meanwhile, this study also examines whether the “Mobilization of bias” of the SCO is in correspondence to the Mainland China foreign strategy. Studies show that the SCO has an important position in geo-economics, energy and security, of which the establishment, operation, and the adjustment of cooperative topics, items, contents of the relevant system of the SCO is compatible with foreign strategic demand of Mainland China at different periods. It also shows the “Mobilization of bias” of its predominating in the establishment, operation and change of said organization. As regards the history of the SCO development, from strengthening mutual trust and good-neighborly relations in military and international security to promoting their effective cooperation in political affairs, economy and trade, scientific-technical, cultural, and educational spheres as well as in energy, transportation, and environment protection fields; Mainland China will continue to strengthen the cooperation in aspects such as politics, economics, security, energy and anti-terrorism. In the meanwhile, it will also take a further step to recruit more members to join this organization, to enhance the cooperation and relation with other international or regional organizations, and to reduce the degree of dependence of countries in Central Asia and in Mainland China border regions dominant to the west head of the United States to accord with its foreign statement opposing local despots, reach its goal to dominate in local area, and then reach its wild ambition of contending for hegemony with the western big countries, such as the United States, European countries etc.
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Huang, Hsu-Min, and 黃旭民. "The Development of PRC''s Diplomatic Regionalism: A Case Study of The Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95609451376498479617.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>中國大陸研究所碩士班<br>93<br>The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the motives and intentions of PRC’s diplomatic regionalism after PRC changed their diplomacy policy from PRC’s perspective. In order to have basic knowledge of PRC’s development of regionalism and PRC’s strategic role in central Asia, the thesis focuses on the development of SCO (The Shanghai Cooperation Organization): What are the factors for PRC’s aggressive actions towards SCO and the resistances met; What are the impacts caused by USA’s interference in Central Asia after 911.
The whole article is divided into six chapters, with the content being summarized as followed:
Chapter One: Introduction. To expound the research motives and objectives, research method and approach, research scope and limitation, and research structure.
Chapter Two: The Theory and Development Background of Regionalism. In addition to clarifying the definition of region and regional organization, the thesis also introduces the development of regionalisms theory and its international background. Since the development of Regionalism is so multi-faceted and the object of this study is PRC, the thesis will have an introduction for the development of Regionalism in East Asia.
Chapter Three: The Development of PRC’s Diplomatic Regionalism. First, the development of PRC’s diplomatic policy and guiding principle from 1980 to the present will be expounded. Second, the assistance PRC receives and the impact on its foreign policy due to its development of diplomatic regionalism and active involvement with international regional organizations.
Chapter Four: The Importance of the Foreign Relations between PRC and Russia and The General Situation of Central Asia. Because PRC must take Russia’s standpoint into account when making foreign policy toward Central Asia, this chapter is divided into two parts. First, the foreign relations between PRC and Russia will be briefly explained, which leads to the importance of their diplomatic interaction in Central Asia. Second, in order to get a comprehensive understanding of SCO’s background, the general situation of Central Asia and PRC’s foreign policy toward Central Asia will be analyzed.
Chapter Five: The Construction and Function of SCO. The historical introduction of SCO’s development will be presented. The cooperative relationship of SCO’s member and an elementary research of PRC’s intentions and motives to SCO will be analyzed.
Chapter Six: Conclusion. In addition to providing general review of the thesis, the conclusion provides PRC’s motives, intentions, and limits in accordance to the development of its diplomatic regionalism. Advice for PRC’s future development of diplomatic regionalism will be provided.
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Lin, Chiang Po, and 蔣柏燐. "China’s Anti-Terrorism Strategy and Regional Anti -Terrorism Cooperation：Take the Shanghai Cooperation Organization for an Example." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c2qdjj.
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碩士<br>國防大學政治作戰學院<br>政治研究所<br>102<br>Currently terrorism has become one of the greatest dangers for countries around the world including communist China. As one of the toughest issues, East Turkistan Islamic Movement is now a major stumbling block in China’s development in her western frontier. On June 15, 2001, China’s leaders and the Central Asian heads of state met in Shanghai, signed the "Declaration on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization," and vowed to fight against separatism, terrorism and extremism. China wants to show her importance in Asia and act as a model for countering terrorism by emphasizing the leading role of the United Nations and the needs for bilateral and multilateral cooperation among different countries.
This paper attempts to explore how China would develop her strategic partnership with Central Asian countries in the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and further study whether China would use Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a platform in her internal and external counter-terrorism campaign and whether it would use it for regional influence and strategic purposes.
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Hsiao, Ju-Shing, and 蕭如杏. "The Formation and Development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization: US "New Containment Policy" vs. Sino-Russian Strategic Options." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25463727308679574417.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>國際政治研究所<br>95<br>This thesis aims to explore the implications of the formation and development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) based on the viewpoints of the resurgency of geopolitical thinking and the strategic interactions among the superpowers.
In the post-Cold War era, the international security system transformed fundementally that Euroasia became the ''grand chessboard'' in terms of the new global strategic game among the strong powers. Since the 911 terrorist attack, moreover, the US posed military presence in Central Asia that conducts a strategic containment towards Russia and China. What is the context of US policies towards Central Asia? How Russia and China recogsnize such a ''New Containment Policy'' raised by US ? Is the SCO the critical option of Sino-Russian strategic responses to the US?
This paper, firstly reviews the research literature on ''geopolitics'' and ''superpower strategies'' to demostrate the transformation of international strategic framework, and then defines the role of Central Asia in it. Secondly, this paper analyzes the contexy of US global and regional strategic policies as well as the meanings and effects of US economic assistance and military presence in Central Asia. Thirdly, the Sino-Russian Central policies also be discussed under the concepts of the legacy of Russian traditional interests in this area as well as the ''peaceful ascendency'' of China. In addition, the security and development needs of Central Asian states also examines to correspond to the SCO construction. Finally, this paper answers the research guestions regarding the characteristics of SCO and predicts its evolution in the near future.
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Lei, Yow-Tai, and 雷又台. "Study on P.R.C''s Regional Security Strategy After Cold War Era: Analysis of Shanghai Cooperation Organization.(1991-2004)." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10816268190060747452.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>國際事務與戰略研究所<br>93<br>The two main geostrategy the United States adopts after the Cold War Era are building strong military alliance with the Japanese and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) eastward enlargement. The characteristic of these two actions express The United States’ attempt to keep P.R.C. in strageical containment, therefore; achieve the goal of controlling Eurasia and gain global hegemony. This theory greatly reflects Harlford Mackinder’s Heartland theory and Nicolas J. Spykman’s Rimland theory.
NATO’s eastward enlargement to P.R.C. western border limits its geostrategy and impact on the benefits in Central Asia, which has been concerned by P.R.C. The enlargement of NATO also creates military threats to western border leading to the crsis of P.R.C. being containminated. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is founded based on P.R.C. regional security strategy which politically prevent the independence of Xinjiang while providing regional security; In the meantime, developing economic realtionship with Central Asia’s petroleum resource supply will accelerate P.R.C.’s “Western Development” policy and this will indeed stop the converging attack from the United States. The thesis will be focused on the role of SCO and how P.R.C. act through SCO to procure its goal on regional security strategy.
SCO is the only organization that has not been influenced by the United States; not only that, Nato led by the United States purport to expand to Russian border making it easier to envelop Russia and R.P.C.; However, The foundation of the SCO certainly reconciles United States’ strategy.
After the September 11 event, the United States zealously interfere Eurasia’ affairs by anti-terrorism, providing emmense economic support to countries in Central Asia; on the other hand, because of the anti-terrorism led by the U.S. in Central Asia, it has made Russia and members of SCO such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan to give immediate effective support by allowing the garrisoning of American troops. The above contradiction may have great impact on the relationship between SCO members; therefore, if the SCO can extend its economic area and set military security as an auxiliary, then the SCO will not be easily replaced by the Americans.
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Chang, Ken-chin, and 張耿晉. "The Practice of China''s "New Security Concept": A Case Study of the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization"." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02714050857050989294.
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碩士<br>南華大學<br>國際暨大陸事務學系亞太研究碩士班<br>100<br>Since China’s reformation and opening in many ways from 1978, it has become a rising big nation. For the whole globe, it’s “China threat theory”. For this, China brought up such peaceful statement as “Peaceful development”, trying to weaken the international agitation caused by it’s rising. Among these, “New Security Concept” is doubtless the most important pillar, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization stands as the best representation. Shanghai Cooperation Organization is established for the safety of borders by China, Russia and Central Asian countries. Central Asian area is under the traditional sphere of influence of Russia, for owning abundant natural resources and important geographical strategic position, attracting each countries to compete to get in here. After the 911 attack, the USA garrisons in Central Asia in the name of anti-terrorism. The structure of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the beneficial foundation of every country and cooperative businesses should be rearranged. China does his best to prove that the New Security Concept is concrete and workable with Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
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Chuang, Tang Ching, and 莊棠清. "The Study of China's Central Asia Policy from the View of Energy Security：the case of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40787969322869855615.
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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>戰略暨國際事務研究所<br>100<br>In the marketing economy of the capitalist system, the productivity decides the size of market, but the resources decide productivity. The strength of a country's economy should not be depended entirely on how much of the country's productivity, but on how much the country can control the resources. Under international political economy competitionin, a country's strength should not only depends on the sum of the country's economy, institutio, andl infrastructure, but also depends on the possession of these resources to maintain its strength development. In other words, the resources decide strategy. One, who controls resources, will be able to control the world.
In today's international politics, the oil is the driving force of the global struggle. Facing the oil shortage in the future, Each countries has to develop new sources of oil, actively developing strategic cooperation with oil producers and substitute energy. Since the breakout of oil crisis in 1973, trade development and market demand is on the increase, which has become an important international strategic materials, i.e. "black gold."
In 1978, since China began to reform and open to the world, its economy has been rapidly taking off. In 1993, China became a net importer of petroleum products, highlighting its demand on the oil and gas and other energy. Over a long period of exploration and practice, China has formed a set of energy policy, which found itself that can not just rely on the oil from the Middle East. Therefore, by diplomacy and foreign investment and merger policies of state-owned companies, China changes its traditional focus on oil and energy policy to look around the oil source all over the world. Moreover, China actively participates in energy exploration and production abroad, expecting to reduce the dependence on a single oil-producing region.
To ensure the possession of oil and energy, th China regrads the five Central Asian countries, independentthe from the Soviet Union, as a substitute for the second Middle East oil region while the Cold War was over. Then, in 1996, China set up the "Shanghai Five" from border security, and then set up the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Shanghai Cooperation Organization - SCO)", and expanded to include the energy into the scope of cooperation.
The purpose of this study mainily attempts to analyze from the viewpoints of geopolitcs and geo-political theory, and mainly explore the background, factors, basis, motivation, limitations and its challenges that China makes use of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to conduct bilateral energy cooperation relations with the Central Asian countries from the points of view on the energy factors of geopolitics and the national interest.
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Keng-Sheng, Chou, and 周耿生. "The Political and Economic Interaction Between China and Countries in Central Asia : An Analysis Based on "Shanghai Cooperation Organization"." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81944320951229975301.
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博士<br>中國文化大學<br>中山學術研究所<br>93<br>Shanghai Cooperation Organization (S.O.C.), the new regional cooperation organization in Europe and Asia, was established on June 14, 2001. The organization owns one quarter of world population. Three fifths of the European and Asian areas are included. It plays an important role in terms of Geopolitics and Geo-economics. Before S.O.C. was officially founded, the first phase was known as Sino-Russian Boundary Negotiations. The second phase was the talk among the leaders of “Shanghai Five.” Currently, Secretariat of S.O.C. has been set up and eventually becomes a permanent organization. The current trend of global anti-terrorism situation urges S.C.O. to build up “Tashkent Anti-terrorism Executive Committee” in Uzbekistan, which is the permanent executive organization in Central Asia. Besides, more and more countries intend to join in S.C.O. Last year (2004), Mongolia has become the observer. Shanghai Cooperation Organization, indeed, holds a crucial position in Central Asia.
This paper aims to find out how complicated the political and economical situations are in Asia in terms of New Geopolitics. Besides, the different stages that S.C.O. goes through would be fully discussed. Last, the result that the Organization achieves would be presented. It is hope that the more we know the prospects and limitations of the Organization, the more we would understand the situations in Central Asia.
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Cheng-Yi, Lin, and 林正益. "The Construction of Military Diplomacy under the Administration of Hu Jintao Regime: A Case Study of Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zx33zu.
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碩士<br>國防大學<br>戰略研究所<br>102<br>This paper adopts the approach of social constructivism to explore the construction of military diplomacy under the administration of Hu Jintao regime. The case of Shanghai Cooperation Organization is studied and the arguments of constructivism are employed to illustrate and examine the construction of Hu’s military diplomacy.
The research findings are as follows. Hu’s military diplomacy is designed to adopt different strategic measures for different countries or regional political systems. During Hu’s tenure of office, for instances, China stresses and seeks strategic mutual trust with America in anti-terrorism, strategic complement with Russia in landpower, strategic reciprocity with Japan and Association of Southeast Asian Nations in seapower, and strategic interaction with European Union in history.
Military diplomacy woven by such strategic measures is oriented toward cooperative security in the field of international system, toward common interests in the field of national interest, and toward peaceful development in the field of strategic culture. As a whole, these strategic measures converge toward consolidating the legitimacy of the perpetual ruling by the Communist Party. Consequently, in the perspectives of constructivism, military diplomacy under Hu’s regime is systematically intended to sustain a peaceful international environment conducive to its economic development, prevent conflict that might derail its peaceful development, and avoid breaching the red line of the international community that might entail conflict.
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Lin, Po-Yung, and 林伯雍. "China''s Balancing Strategy against the U.S. in the Post-Cold War Era: A Case Study On the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99017896718164793598.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>國家發展研究所<br>101<br>For a long time, the interactive logic between realist countries has been the traditional balance of power theory. However, it is questionable if the great powers still follow this logic in the hegemony system. In 2001, a non U.S. leading security organization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), was founded under current international regimes. The cooperation strategy of the SCO began with traditional security cooperation and expanded to non-traditional one. Whether one of the intents for the SCO is to balance the power of the U.S. or not has been a controversial issue in academia. In order to explore the security strategies of the great powers in the hegemony system, this Research will conduct a case study based on the interaction between the U.S. and China in the post-Cold War era. The establishment of the SCO is a substantial practice of China''s security strategy: New Security, which was proposed in the post-Cold War era. To clarify China''s strategic intention, the major research question of this Research is: In the era of post-Cold War, how China interacts with the U.S. through the SCO?
This Research examines China''s security strategies from three perspectives. First of all, this Research explores the intention of China concerning to China-Russia Cooperation and Shanghai Five Group. Furthermore, this Research analyzes if there is any connection between the consequences of subsequent cooperation and the intention. Finally, this Research discusses China''s New Security based on the empirical analyses.
The discoveries of this Research according to the discussion on the strategic intention, non-traditional and traditional cooperation of the SCO during 1996 and 2012 are as follows:
1. In the progress of cooperation, China and Russia are the leading countries of the SCO. And the strategic arrangements of China-Russia Cooperation and Shanghai Five Group are the responses to the power expansion of the U.S. in the era of post-Cold War, confirming that China''s strategic intention is to balance the U.S.
2. From the perspective of non-traditional security cooperation, China gradually accumulates its power and balancing capital through the SCO and resists the containment pressure from the U.S. China gets involved in Central Asia affairs, achieves cooperation in energy and anti-terrorism, and raises its great power position in Central Asia. Therefore, China has more impacts on issues of strategies, energy and security. Respecting to the cooperation with Russia, it enhances the energy security.
3. From the perspective of traditional security, China amplifies its military power by means of the military maneuvers performed by the SCO and deters the peripheral countries in the region. From the perspective of diplomacy, a diplomatic platform without American factor was set up through the expansion and institutionalization of the SCO. The member states of the SCO express support with each other and state opinions to balance the U.S.
In summary, China''s emphasis on New Security is just camouflage. The hidden intention is a developmental security strategy: to cover China''s development, take control of energy, develop security alliance, and increase diplomatic influences. It is apparent that China''s security strategy is adversarial instead of non-adversarial New Security. Therefore, the SCO can be seen as an organization to greatly balance the U.S. The type of balance is not comprehensive but only limited (Limited Balance). For China and the SCO, comprehensive balance is not an optimal choice. Considering limited balancing capital, no increased containment pressure from the U.S., and uncertain internal leadership of the SCO, Limited Balance will continue to be the balancing strategy for China to the U.S.
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Hshie, Yu Chang, and 謝有昌. "The Study of China''s Response and Reaction to Non-Traditional Security Threat :In Case of Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Counter-Terrorism." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3bun49.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>國際事務與戰略研究所碩士在職專班<br>101<br>In the first decade of 21st century, disasters occured around the world ,the traditional security framework and theories cannot interpret the cause of natural and human factors. By the end ofcold war,the “non-traditional security” academic issue discussed widespread, because the damages and casualties of conflict resulted by non-traditional security are more than the war. Such as the 2008 Sichuan earthquake occurred and caused more than seventy thousand dead, injured or missing, the effect of earthquake is more significantly than those dead in the wars during the last five decade.It means the damaged derived from non-traditional security pose intensive threat to China and the world.
In the statue of “China Rising”, China not only learns to be a real actor in international politics, but tries to mandate and cooperate with neighboring countries .In case of non-traditional security threat, China’s reaction to internal separatism“The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement“synchronizes with the West and global counter-terrorism.Additionally,China emphasizes the positive diplomat policies with United States and participate the multilateral organizations, like APEC, ASEAN and WTO so on. The aim of China is to win the international support for territory integration.
In regarding of the potential conflict and intension of Central Asia burst in post-cold-war period, the China and neighboring countries such as Russia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,and Tajikistan recognized the importance of cooperation and responsibility to reduce the territorial threat. The creation of multilateral organization named “The Shanghai Five“ aims its goal to shape new concept of Geographical Politics , and China will play the leading role in the region.
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Fudała, Piotr. "Szanghajska Organizacja Współpracy a Azja Centralna." Praca doktorska, 2011. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/52271.
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Lin, Chien-Chih, and 林建志. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Role in Silk Road Economic Belt." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uj3yvb.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班<br>106<br>The ancient “Silk Road” opened up a convenient channel of communication between eastern and western civilization, and it also cultivated the continuous Eurasian economic cooperation zone. On September 16th, 2013, Chinese Chairman Xi Jinping put forward the “Silk Road economic belt” strategic vision in Kazakhstan’s speech. The construction of “Silk Road economic belt” is beneficial to form a new international political and economic pattern, to promote the construction of central Asia’s“harmonious region”, and to coordinate economy development of China’s eastern and western parts. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s member states are located in the only way which must be passed by three lines of the ancient “Silk Road”, and is a major land route access in connection with Eurasia. Therefore, it plays an important role in building the network node of connectivity infrastructure in the future of the “Silk Road economic belt”, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is playing an important role in building the “Silk Road economic belt”. Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s demonstrative effects in politics, security, economy and culture aspects are becoming more and more important after its establishment in 2001 And the Silk Road Economic Belt not only has great effects in balancing the domestic economic and social development, expanding the national strategic development space, but also has great significance innovating regional cooperation model, realizing the transformation and upgrading of China’s neighboring diplomacy.On the one hand, based on the perfect harmony of “the Spirits of Shanghai” and “the Spirit of the Silk Road”, the SCO with its own regional cooperation achievements and experiences, lays the foundations for promoting the Silk Road Economic Belt, including political safety guarantee and regional economic cooperation platform.
Keywords: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Central Asia, Economic Regional Governance, the Silk Road Economic Belt
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TSAI, TSUNG-YU, and 蔡宗祐. "The Strategic Implications and Impact of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Military Exercises (2002-2016) on Central Asia Security." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88475m.
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碩士<br>國防大學<br>戰略研究所<br>105<br>After the end of the Cold War, with the transformation of the bipolar pattern, making Central Asia's unique geopolitical environment and rich natural resources to become the focus of competing for the major countries. China's reform and opening up policy, the external emphasis on "five principles of peaceful coexistence." and actively cooperate with the world's powerful countries and developing countries to have a peaceful environment conducive to economic development. Therefore, in the military strength as a defense backing on the basis of participation in international military exercises has become China's military function on an important way.
On June15,2001, the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" was established in China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. This is the first time that China has led the creation of the organization. In the context of maintaining regional security, the trend of military exercises under the SCO framework has been developed from traditional security to non-traditional security areas; from bilateral military exercises to multilateral joint military exercises. Based on the connotation and practice of China 's new security concept, this paper adopts the national interest research approach to study the trend and change of PLA's military exercises in the previous "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" Analyzes the purpose and strategic meaning of China's participation in military exercises, and then finds its intention to provide academic reference value.
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Lee, Ming-Chen, and 李明錚. "Study on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization：A New-Type Regional Security Institution under the Perspective of International Regime Theory." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67200004674884679552.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>國家發展研究所<br>97<br>“Shanghai Cooperation Organization”（SCO） is the first multilateral international institution created by the Communist Party of China (CPC)﹐is deeply contains the meaning of symbol of multilateral diplomacy and the new deed of security issues of CPC. It is also the first international organization which takes the “anti-terrorism” as the main demand﹐and gradually expands it to other non-traditional security cooperation fields such as economy﹐environmental protection. Compared to other major international organizations which are committed to focus on the emphasis of working and cooperation of a particular item in Europe or Asia﹐the cooperation issues of SCO are increasing and evolving constantly﹐which shows that the organization has its own institutional specificities.
Generally﹐the characteristics and orientation of the regional institution presented by Europe and Asia are totally different. Therefore﹐this thesis is going to question：the SCO that as being in Central Asia﹐but be with the potential capacity for influencing entire North-East Asia﹐Eurasia﹐and the Asia-Pacific region﹐which character （Western or Asian type） is the most in this regime？ Is it unique？ Or even whether a “new-type” regional security institution different from the present in Asia？ How will its trend of progress be in the future？ It is quite worthy of our study.
This thesis is going to cite the “International Regime Theory” from international relations theories﹐with some arguments relative to the cooperation of regional institution﹐and induce several common characteristics of regional security institution﹐then make them the analytical indicators of this study﹐as try to examine the SCO through them. Furthermore﹐we also make some brief﹐assistant comparison with the main security institutions in Europe and Asia﹐such as North Atlantic Treaty Organization（NATO）﹐Association of Southeast Asian Nations（ASEAN）and the ASEAN Regional Forum（ARF）﹐during the procedure of characteristics analysis. In this approach﹐essay to find out the primary institutional character and uniqueness of the SCO.