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1

Reghunadhan, Arunima, Keloth Paduvilan Jibin, Abitha Vayyaprontavida Kaliyathan, Prajitha Velayudhan, Michał Strankowski, and Sabu Thomas. "Shape Memory Materials from Rubbers." Materials 14, no. 23 (2021): 7216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237216.

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Smart materials are much discussed in the current research scenario. The shape memory effect is one of the most fascinating occurrences in smart materials, both in terms of the phenomenon and its applications. Many metal alloys and polymers exhibit the shape memory effect (SME). Shape memory properties of elastomers, such as rubbers, polyurethanes, and other elastomers, are discussed in depth in this paper. The theory, factors impacting, and key uses of SME elastomers are all covered in this article. SME has been observed in a variety of elastomers and composites. Shape fixity and recovery rat
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Wu, Xue Lian, Wei Min Huang, Hai Bao Lu, Chang Chun Wang, and Hai Po Cui. "Characterization of polymeric shape memory materials." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 1 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0370.

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Abstract After a short discussion of various shape memory related phenomena and the basic working mechanisms behind the shape memory effect (SME) in polymeric shape memory materials (SMMs), standard techniques and procedures to characterize these types of materials are reviewed in details (including the concerns in the selection of testing methods and parameters). Although the focus of this paper is on the heating-responsive SME, important issues in the chemo-responsive SME are addressed. Furthermore, some other shape memory related phenomena, such as various kinds of temperature memory effect
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Gao, Jun Peng, Chen Qian Zhang, Xian Cheng He, et al. "Smart Materials of Cured Epoxy Polymer Modified by 6F-PEEK with Shape Memory Effect." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.530.

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We demonstrated a method of fabricating thermosetting epoxy polymer with shape memory effect modified Poly (ether ether ketone) (6F-PEEK) based on the formation of a phase-segregated morphology. The peculiarities of shape memory effects of the epoxy resin modified by 6F-PEEK were investigated. DMA result showed two glass transition temperatures in this blended material. The cured epoxy phase showing high Tg of 223oC acted as hard-segment-forming phase the and was responsible for the permanent shape. The 6F-PEEK can be used as switching phase for a thermally induced shape-memory effect. The tra
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Yang, Xifeng, Lin Wang, Wenxi Wang, Hongmei Chen, Guang Yang, and Shaobing Zhou. "Triple Shape Memory Effect of Star-Shaped Polyurethane." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 9 (2014): 6545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am5001344.

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5

Topel-Zeren, Esra, Aysun Akşit, and Yıldırım Aydoğdu. "Shape memory effect of polymeric composite materials filled with NiMnSbB shape memory alloy for textile materials." Materials Research Express 7, no. 5 (2020): 055702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab8c6e.

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6

Hu, Jin Lian, Zheng E. Dong, Yan Liu, and Yi Jun Liu. "The Investigation about the Shape Memory Behavior of Wool." Advances in Science and Technology 60 (September 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.60.1.

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Shape memory polymers are a promising class of stimuli-responsive materials that have dual-shape capability. This kind of materials can recover their shape in a predefined way from temporary shape to desired permanent shape when exposed to an appropriate stimulus. In the development and extensive application of synthetic shape memory polymers on textile industrials, the thermal and hygrothermal effects of wool materials have attracted considerable attention. In this article the fundamental concept of the shape memory polymers and the fundamental aspects of the shape-memory effect were reviewed
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Abuzaid, Wael, and Huseyin Sehitoglu. "Shape memory effect in FeMnNiAl iron-based shape memory alloy." Scripta Materialia 169 (August 2019): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.05.006.

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8

Niu, Guoguang. "Water Triggered Shape Memory Materials." Science Insights 3, no. 1 (2013): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.13.rp010.

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The term "shape memory effect" refers to the ability of a material to be deformed and fixed into a temporary shape, and to recover its original, permanent shape upon an external stimulus (1). Shape memory polymers have attracted much interest because of their unique properties, and applied tremendously in medical area, such as biodegradable sutures, actuators, catheters and smart stents (2, 3). Shape memory usually is a thermally induced process, although it can be activated by light illumination, electrical current, magnetic, or electromagnetic field (4-6). During the process, the materials a
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9

Zhang, Jiang, Yong-hong Ma, Ruo-lin Wu, and Jing-min Wang. "Shape memory effect of dual-phase NiMnGaTb ferromagnetic shape memory alloys." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 26, no. 3 (2018): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0144-x.

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10

Zhou, Jian Wei, Jiang Yuan Hou, and Yong Tao Shi. "Shape Memory Alloy Materials and Exercise-Induced Bone Injury." Applied Mechanics and Materials 454 (October 2013): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.454.257.

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Shape memory materials are materials with special functions set of sensing and actuation in one. The shape memory alloy is one of the most important materials in shape memory materials. Shape memory alloy is a kind of alloy that alloy with initial shape in low temperature by the plastic deformation and fixed into another shape, by heating to a temperature above the critical, can be restored into the initial shape. The characteristic of shape memory alloy mainly has the shape memory effect and super elastic effect. Nickel titanium memory alloy is not used in the fracture of limbs, in recent yea
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11

Planes, Antoni, and Lluís Mañosa. "Ferromagnetic Shape-Memory Alloys." Materials Science Forum 512 (April 2006): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.512.145.

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The magnetic shape-memory effect is a consequence of the coupling between magnetism and structure in ferromagnetic alloys undergoing a martensitic transformation. In these materials large reversible strains can be magnetically induced by the rearrangement of the martensitic twin-variant structure. Several Heusler and intermetallic alloys have been studied in connec- tion with this property. In this paper we will focus on the Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloy which is considered to be the prototypical magnetic shape-memory alloy. After a brief summary of the general properties of this class of materials,
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12

Wayman, C. M. "Shape Memory Alloys." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 4 (1993): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037350.

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Numerous metallic alloys are now known to exhibit a shape memory effect through which an article deformed at a lower temperature will regain its original undeformed shape when heated to a higher temperature. This behavior is basically a consequence of a martensitic phase transformation. When compared, the various shape memory materials are found to have common characteristics such as atomic ordering, a thermoelastic martensitic transformation that is crystallographically reversible, and a martensite phase that forms in a self-accommodating manner. The explanation of the shape memory phenomenon
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13

Sun, L., W. M. Huang, C. C. Wang, Y. Zhao, Z. Ding, and H. Purnawali. "Optimization of the shape memory effect in shape memory polymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49, no. 16 (2011): 3574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24794.

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14

Thamburaja, P., and L. Anand. "Polycrystalline shape-memory materials: effect of crystallographic texture." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 49, no. 4 (2001): 709–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5096(00)00061-2.

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15

Mei, H., J. C. Liu, F. Chen, Y. X. Tong, and M. Zarinejad. "Martensitic transformation and shape memory effect of Ni49.6Ti45.4Ta5 shape memory alloy." Materials Letters 337 (April 2023): 133937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.133937.

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16

Chen, Zeyu. "Application of SMA materials in aerospace." Applied and Computational Engineering 25, no. 5 (2023): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/25/ojs/20230728.

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 The various characteristics of shape memory alloys, such as hyperelasticity, memory alloy effect and so on, make shape memory alloys become a new type of material with broad engineering applications. These components developed based on the characteristics of shape memory alloys are not only used in the aerospace field, but also in various fields such as bridges and railways, and can be used for various purposes such as bridge vibration control and intelligent hybrid control. This article mainly introduces several characteristics of shape memory alloys, and explains the practical applica
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17

Chen, Zeyu. "Application of SMA materials in aerospace." Applied and Computational Engineering 25, no. 1 (2023): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/25/20230728.

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The various characteristics of shape memory alloys, such as hyperelasticity, memory alloy effect and so on, make shape memory alloys become a new type of material with broad engineering applications. These components developed based on the characteristics of shape memory alloys are not only used in the aerospace field, but also in various fields such as bridges and railways, and can be used for various purposes such as bridge vibration control and intelligent hybrid control. This article mainly introduces several characteristics of shape memory alloys, and explains the practical application an
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18

Tang, C., W. M. Huang, C. C. Wang, and H. Purnawali. "The triple-shape memory effect in NiTi shape memory alloys." Smart Materials and Structures 21, no. 8 (2012): 085022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/21/8/085022.

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19

Dayyoub, Tarek, Aleksey V. Maksimkin, Olga V. Filippova, Victor V. Tcherdyntsev, and Dmitry V. Telyshev. "Shape Memory Polymers as Smart Materials: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 17 (2022): 3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173511.

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Polymer smart materials are a broad class of polymeric materials that can change their shapes, mechanical responses, light transmissions, controlled releases, and other functional properties under external stimuli. A good understanding of the aspects controlling various types of shape memory phenomena in shape memory polymers (SMPs), such as polymer structure, stimulus effect and many others, is not only important for the preparation of new SMPs with improved performance, but is also useful for the optimization of the current ones to expand their application field. In the present era, simple u
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20

Ivošević, Špiro, and Rebeka Rudolf. "Materials with Shape Memory Effect for Applications in Maritime." Scientific Journal of Polish Naval Academy 218, no. 3 (2019): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjpna-2019-0016.

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Abstract In this review it is presented the insight of challenges faced by all branches of industry in the new age, and especially the maritime industry, strive for sustainable development, better energy control, use of materials with functional properties such as shape memory, all in the direction of increasing safety and comfort. Therefore, the development of new materials with shape memory, which is associated with the introduction of optimized production and the achievement of better functional properties. This leads to new applications in different systems and possible use on devices, whi
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21

Adiguzel, Osman. "The Role of Twinned and Detwinned Structures on Memory Behaviour of Shape Memory Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1105 (May 2015): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1105.78.

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Shape memory alloys have a peculiar property to return to a previously defined shape or dimension when they are subjected to variation of temperature. Shape memory effect is facilitated by martensitic transformation governed by changes in the crystalline structure of the material. Martensitic transformations are first order lattice-distorting phase transformations and occur with the cooperative movement of atoms by means of lattice invariant shears in the materials on cooling from high temperature parent phase region. The material cycles between the deformed and original shapes on cooling and
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22

SUN, L., Y. ZHAO, W. M. HUANG, H. PURNAWALI, and Y. Q. FU. "WRINKLING ATOP SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS." Surface Review and Letters 19, no. 02 (2012): 1250010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x12500102.

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Many surface related properties, such as surface roughness, surface tension and reflection etc are heavily dependent on the surface morphology of materials. Patterned surfaces may have significant effects on these properties. In this paper, we compare wrinkles produced atop three different types of shape memory materials, namely, shape memory alloy, shape memory polymer and shape memory hybrid. We show the advantages and disadvantages of them in terms of the processing techniques and the resultant wrinkle patterns.
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23

Guan, Xiaoyu, Hairong Chen, Hong Xia, Yaqin Fu, Yiping Qiu, and Qing-Qing Ni. "Multifunctional composite nanofibers with shape memory and piezoelectric properties for energy harvesting." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 7 (2020): 956–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20906477.

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Although many kinds of flexible piezoelectric materials have been developed, there were few reports on flexible multifunctional nanofibers for energy harvesting. In this study, we prepared multifunctional nanofibers from lead zirconate titanate particles and shape memory polyurethane by electrospinning. The resulting nanofibers had both piezoelectric and shape memory effects. To improve the dispersion, lead zirconate titanate particles were modified by silane coupling agents. The lead zirconate titanate/shape memory polyurethane nanofibers were used to harvest energy from sinusoidal vibrations
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24

Kow, Yu Yang, Ai Bao Chai, and Jee Hou Ho. "Experimental and Modelling of Shape Memory Effect of Shape Memory Natural Rubber." Materials Science Forum 1113 (February 15, 2024): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-zts6ld.

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Shape memory natural rubber (SMNR) is a form of smart material that can memorise its permanent shape in response to temperature. In this article, a phenomenological constitutive model was adopted to predict the stress-strain evolution during the shape memory process of SMNR to understand the behavior of SMNR. A standard linear solid (SLS) model with Kelvin Voigt element was extended with two Mooney Rivlin models to account for the mechanical response, while a thermal strain model represented the change of length during the programming process and recovery process. An external temperature law w
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25

Dai, Yurong, Ying Chen, Huimin Shen, Zhifang Zhang, and Yening Wang. "Shape memory effect of antiferroelectrics." Ferroelectrics 251, no. 1 (2001): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190108008503.

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26

Ma, J., I. Karaman, and Y. I. Chumlyakov. "Superelastic memory effect in Ti74Nb26 shape memory alloy." Scripta Materialia 63, no. 3 (2010): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.03.037.

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27

Xu, Tianding, Xiao-Dong Wang, Eric M. Dufresne, et al. "Shape memory effect in metallic glasses." Matter 4, no. 10 (2021): 3327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.08.010.

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28

Wu, Xuelian, Wei Huang, Yong Zhao, Zheng Ding, Cheng Tang, and Jiliang Zhang. "Mechanisms of the Shape Memory Effect in Polymeric Materials." Polymers 5, no. 4 (2013): 1169–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym5041169.

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29

Glushchenkov, V., V. Alekhina, and R. Bikbaev. "Materials with Memory Shape Effect. Heating Speed – Response Speed." KnE Materials Science 4, no. 1 (2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v4i1.2135.

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30

TAKASHINA, Kentarou, Hiromasa YABE, Kazuya OGURI, and Yoshitake NISHI. "Study of shape memory effect of bi-glassy materials." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.1 (2000): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.1.0_51.

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31

Zhou, Ye, and Wei Min Huang. "Shape Memory Effect in Polymeric Materials: Mechanisms and Optimization." Procedia IUTAM 12 (2015): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.piutam.2014.12.010.

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32

Adiguzel, Osman. "Phase Transitions and Elementary Processes in Shape Memory Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.124.

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Shape memory effect is a peculiar property exhibited by certain alloy systems, and shape memory alloys are recognized to be smart materials. These alloys have important ability to recover the original shape of material after deformation, and they are used as shape memory elements in devices due to this property. The shape memory effect is facilitated by a displacive transformation known as martensitic transformation. Shape memory effect refers to the shape recovery of materials resulting from martensite to austenite transformation when heated above reverse transformation temperature after defo
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33

Meng, X. L., Y. F. Zheng, W. Cai, and L. C. Zhao. "Two-way shape memory effect of a TiNiHf high temperature shape memory alloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 372, no. 1-2 (2004): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.020.

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34

Nie, Danli, Xianze Yin, Ziqing Cai, and Jintao Wang. "Effect of Crystallization on Shape Memory Effect of Poly(lactic Acid)." Polymers 14, no. 8 (2022): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081569.

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The opportunity for the preparation of high-performance shape memory materials was brought about by the excellent mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). As the effect of crystallization on shape memory was still unclear, this brings constraints to the high-performance design of PLA. The PLA plates with different aggregation structure were prepared by three kinds of molding methods in this paper. The PLA plates were pre-stretched with a series of different strains above glass transition temperature (i.e., 70 °C). The recovery stress and ratio of the material were measured above stret
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35

Senatov, F. S., R. A. Surmenev, and I. О. Pariy. "SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT AND PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT OF POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYLACTIDE FOR ADAPTIVE MEDICAL STRUCTURES." http://eng.biomos.ru/conference/articles.htm 1, no. 19 (2021): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37747/2312-640x-2021-19-27-29.

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The activation parameters of the Shape memory effect of polylactide were reduced by creating a polymer-polymer composite material based on it. The improved material was used to obtain porous scaffolds by electro-spinning, the shape memory effect and the piezoelectric effect were studied for these scaffolds.
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Lendlein, Andreas, and Tilman Sauter. "Shape-Memory Effect in Polymers." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 214, no. 11 (2013): 1175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201300098.

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37

Zheng, Yanjun, Juntao Li, and Lishan Cui. "Repeatable temperature memory effect of TiNi shape memory alloys." Materials Letters 63, no. 11 (2009): 949–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.01.069.

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38

Du, Haiyang, Yongtao Yao, Yang Liu, and Wei Zhao. "Two-Way Shape Memory Effect of a Shape Memory Composite Strip." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (2023): 4715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084715.

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In this work, a NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) wire was embedded into a rubber/shape memory polymer (SMP) soft matrix to form a composite strip with a two-way reversible bending behavior. First, the elastic moduli of SMA wire were characterized as increasing about 3 times (18.6 GPa at martensite phase and 50.1 GPa at austenite phase) from 25 °C to 90 °C. Then, an SMA composite strip using SMP to replace the rubber matrix was fabricated to significantly improve the load-bearing ability (16-fold) at 28 °C. After that, the good two-way bending behaviors of the rubber/SMP-based SMA strip with high
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Liu, Li Li, Fa Cheng Yi, and Wei Cai. "Synthesis and Shape Memory Effect of Poly(Glycerol-Sebacate) Elastomer." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2141.

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Poly (glycerol-sebacate) (PGS) is a recently synthesized elastomer with superior mechanical property, biocompatibility and biodegradation, and serves as soft tissue regeneration and engineering materials or contact guidance materials. The samples for shape memory measurements were prepared by a two steps method. The microstructure and thermal properties of PGS are studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) methods. The shape memory effect of PGS is recorded by bending test. It was found that a crosslinked, t
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Ma, Yunqing, Shuiyuan Yang, Cuiping Wang, and Xingjun Liu. "Tensile characteristics and shape memory effect of Ni56Mn21Co4Ga19 high-temperature shape memory alloy." Scripta Materialia 58, no. 10 (2008): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.01.013.

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Chen, Peng, Yunfan Liu, Na Min, et al. "Enhanced two way shape memory effect in nanocrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy wires." Scripta Materialia 236 (November 2023): 115669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115669.

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Waitz, T., K. Tsuchiya, T. Antretter, and F. D. Fischer. "Phase Transformations of Nanocrystalline Martensitic Materials." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 11 (2009): 814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.231.

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AbstractThe physical phenomena and engineering applications of martensitic phase transformations are the focus of intense ongoing research. The martensitic phase transformation and functional properties such as the shape-memory effect and superelasticity are strongly affected by the crystal size at the nanoscale. The current state of research on the impact of crystal size on the phase stability of the martensite is reviewed summarizing experimental results of various nanostructured martensitic materials and discussing the corresponding theoretical approaches. The review outlines the effects of
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43

Defossez, Marc. "Shape memory effect in tensegrity structures." Mechanics Research Communications 30, no. 4 (2003): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-6413(03)00030-2.

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44

Ren, Lei, Zhenguo Wang, Luquan Ren, et al. "Tunable shape memory effect and omnidirectional shape change of polyetheretherketone." Journal of Materials Science 57, no. 7 (2022): 4850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06900-x.

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Samal, Sneha, Orsolya Molnárová, Filip Průša, et al. "Net-Shape NiTi Shape Memory Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041802.

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An analysis of the shape memory effect of a NiTi alloy by using the spark plasma sintering approach has been carried out. Spark plasma sintering of Ti50Ni50 powder (20–63 µm) at a temperature of 900 °C produced specimens showing good shape memory effects. However, the sample showed 2.5% porosity due to a load of 48 MPa. Furthermore, an apparent shape memory effect was recorded and the specimens were characterized by uniformity in chemical composition and shape memory alloys of NiTi showed significant austenite phases with a bending strain recovery of >2.5%.
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46

Wang, Zhiguo, Xiaotao Zu, and Yongquing Fu. "Review on the temperature memory effect in shape memory alloys." International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 2, no. 3 (2011): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2011.592866.

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47

Zhou, Bo, Xue Lian Wu, Yan Ju Liu, and Jin Song Leng. "Study on Shape Recovery Behaviors of Epoxy-Based Shape Memory Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.325.

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The glass transition temperatures of epoxy-based shape memory polymers (SMPs), which contain a flexibilizer at various contents of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% respectively, are determined through DMA tests. The shape memory effect of such materials is investigated through shape recovery experiments. Experimental results show that the content of flexibilizer has much influence on the shape memory effect of epoxy-based SMP. A shape recovery equation is developed based on the results of shape recovery experiment. Numerical calculations show that the developed shape recovery equation well predicts the sha
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Pandini, Stefano, Simone Passera, Theonis Riccò та ін. "Tailored One-Way and Two-Way Shape Memory Response of Poly(ε-Caprolactone)-Based Systems for Biomedical Applications". Advances in Science and Technology 77 (вересень 2012): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.313.

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A series of crosslinked poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) materials were obtained starting from linear, three- and four-arm star PCL functionalized with methacrylate end-groups, allowing to tune the melting temperature (Tm) on a range between 36 and 55°C. After deforming the specimens at 50% above Tm, the materials are seen to fully restore their original shape by heating them on a narrow region close to Tm; further, when the shape memory effect is triggered under fixed strain conditions, the materials are able to exert stress on a range between 0.2 and 7 MPa. The materials also display two-way shape
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49

Mor, Maurizio. "State of the Art of Shape Memory Materials and their Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.255.

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The shape memory effect is associated to the recovering of a previous memorized shape due to an external action, generally a thermic triggering. In this work, we show the state of the art of shape memory materials and their applications especially as actuators and integrated in more complex machines.
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Gong, Xun, Kai Tan, Qian Deng, and Shengping Shen. "Athermal Shape Memory Effect in Magnetoactive Elastomers." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 14 (2020): 16930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c01453.

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