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Journal articles on the topic 'Shared liability'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Winig, Benjamin D., John O. Spengler, and Alexis M. Etow. "Shared Use and Safe Routes to School: Managing the Fear of Liability." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12212.

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This paper examines two policy initiatives that research shows can increase opportunities for physical activity and, in turn, improve health outcomes. These initiatives — shared use and Safe Routes to School (SRTS) — can and should be embraced by schools to improve student and community health. Fear of liability, however, has made many schools reluctant to support these efforts despite their proven benefits. This paper addresses school administrators’ real and perceived liability concerns and identifies four strategies for managing the fear of liability and mitigating any potential liability e

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Чернякова, Светлана, and Svetlana Chernyakova. "Protection of the rights of citizens participating in joint construction of apartment buildings." Services in Russia and abroad 8, no. 9 (2014): 171–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10806.

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This article analyzes the theoretical and practical problems encountered in the relation of shared construction of apartment buildings with the participation of citizens, considered as a means of ensuring the implementation of these commitments and to determine their effectiveness. One way to ensure fulfillment of the obligations of the builder is the colleteral. Described is a specific design of collateral with the plurality of persons in undertaking, which is a commitment to share, where each participant shared construction is entitled to the satisfaction of their claims due to the value of

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Hattori, Kumie. "Responsibilities for Climate Damage within Borders: Reconciling Liability with Shared Responsibility." Philosophies 6, no. 3 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6030065.

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The literature on climate justice has primarily focused on distributing the benefits and burdens of climate change, particularly those related to the costs of mitigation and adaptation. As such, less attention has been paid to emerging political issues surrounding loss and damage caused by the failure of mitigation and adaptation. This paper aims to fill this gap through discussions on reparative justice, which is correlated with the concept of liability. Since the concept of liability has controversial implications in climate politics and theory, investigating reparative justice for climate d

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REICHBORN-KJENNERUD, TED, ESPEN RØYSAMB, KRISTIAN TAMBS, et al. "Genetic and environmental influences on the association between smoking and panic attacks in females: a population-based twin study." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 7 (2004): 1271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002399.

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Background. Clinical and epidemiological studies have reported an association between lifetime cigarette-smoking and panic attacks. Several explanations for this relationship have been proposed, mostly focusing on direct causal pathways. The objective of this study was to investigate a hypothesis of shared vulnerability by examining whether panic attacks and cigarette-smoking share genetic or environmental liability factors.Method. Questionnaire data on 3172 female–female twins (1409 complete pairs), aged 18–31 years, from a population-based Norwegian twin registry, were used to calculate the

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Bares, Cristina B., Kenneth S. Kendler, and Hermine H. Maes. "Developmental Changes in Genetic and Shared Environmental Contributions to Smoking Initiation and Subsequent Smoking Quantity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood." Twin Research and Human Genetics 18, no. 5 (2015): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2015.48.

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Background: Few studies examining the genetic architecture of cigarette smoking have focused on adolescents or examined developmental changes in additive genetic, shared environment, and unique environmental influences on liability to initiate cigarette smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked. The aim of this study was to add to the literature on liability to initiate and use cigarettes during adolescence using a nationally representative sample. Method: Data for this study came from adolescent and young adult twin pairs (aged 14–33 years) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent t

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Vermes, Attila. "Share Capital or Liability Insurance?" Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no. 2 (2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2022.02.06.

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In my opinion, third-party liability insurance contracts could be an appropriate device in the future to replace the damaged reputation of shared capital described in the Hungarian Civil Code. Of course, in the future, it would be necessary to modify the rules of credit practices and creditworthiness assessments. I take the view that in order to make damage statistics more accurate and new insurance products more independent, this new insurance product called third-party liability insurance for share capital should be separated in the function of insurers by way of modifying the Hungarian Insu

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Zhang, Fuquan, Shuquan Rao, and Ancha Baranova. "Shared genetic liability between major depressive disorder and osteoarthritis." Bone & Joint Research 11, no. 1 (2022): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.111.bjr-2021-0277.r1.

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Aims Deciphering the genetic relationships between major depressive disorder (MDD) and osteoarthritis (OA) may facilitate an understanding of their biological mechanisms, as well as inform more effective treatment regimens. We aim to investigate the mechanisms underlying relationships between MDD and OA in the context of common genetic variations. Methods Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to test the genetic correlation between MDD and OA. Polygenic analysis was performed to estimate shared genetic variations between the two diseases. Two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomiza

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Birkeland, Søren, and Benjamin Moulton. "Shared Decision-Making and Liability in Aesthetic Surgery." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 36, no. 8 (2016): NP254—NP255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjw067.

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Spengler, John, and Selina Stasi. "Accessing Minnesota School Administrators’ Knowledge and Perceptions Related to Sharing School Play Spaces after the Passage of Minnesota Shared Use Legislation." Journal of Healthy Eating and Active Living 1, no. 1 (2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51250/jheal.v1i1.3.

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Lower levels of physical activity among children in the United States can be attributed in part to the lack of access to safe, low-cost recreational facilities. Shared use, or a partnership allowing the community to use school recreational facilities outside of normal hours, has received increased attention. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the extent of knowledge among school decision makers about a law passed clarifying liability for school shared use in Minnesota and to understand perceptions held by school decision makers regarding shared use of recreational faciliti

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Fajarisya Setiawan, Lintang. "Pembagian Harta Bersama Pada Saham Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas." Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Indonesia 3, no. 3 (2022): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.51749/jphi.v3i3.85.

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Divorcement of husband and wife does not necessarily terminate all matters between both divorced parties, there are legal consequences to be considered, one of which is joint property that must be shared. Positive law in Indonesia does not yet fairly regulate distribution of joint assets in shares of Limited Liability Companies in the Decision of the Supreme Court number 80/Pdt.G/2020/PN.JKT.UTR. Following the case above, the author is interested to discuss: (1) How is the distribution of joint assets in shares of the establishment of a limited liability company? (2) What are the Legal Consequ

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Luzon, Golan. "Challenges Shared by Restorative Justice and Strict Liability in the Absence of Mens Rea." New Criminal Law Review 19, no. 4 (2016): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2016.19.4.577.

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Restorative justice programs have rapidly gained in popularity as a means of peaceful conflict resolution. At the same time, the programs raise concerns because in order to join, offenders assume responsibility for their acts, are automatically held culpable, and forfeit their rights under criminal law for representation, judicial review, and uniform sentencing, among others. Restorative justice shares this automatic culpability with strict liability, an older and proven legal tool that has had long experience convicting defendants without the need to prove mens rea. The present article explor

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Bergstedt, Jacob, Joëlle A. Pasman, Ziyan Ma, et al. "Distinct biological signature and modifiable risk factors underlie the comorbidity between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease." Nature Cardiovascular Research 3, no. 6 (2024): 754–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44161-024-00488-y.

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AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often comorbid, resulting in excess morbidity and mortality. Here we show that CVDs share most of their genetic risk factors with MDD. Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of shared genetic liability between MDD and atherosclerotic CVD revealed seven loci and distinct patterns of tissue and brain cell-type enrichments, suggesting the involvement of the thalamus. Part of the genetic overlap was explained by shared inflammatory, metabolic and psychosocial or lifestyle risk factors. Our data indicated causal eff

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Edwards, A. C., H. H. Maes, N. L. Pedersen, and K. S. Kendler. "A population-based twin study of the genetic and environmental relationship of major depression, regular tobacco use and nicotine dependence." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 2 (2010): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710000589.

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BackgroundNumerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular tobacco use (RU) or nicotine dependence (ND). However, few have used a genetically informative design to assess whether these traits share a common genetic and/or environmental liability.MethodWe assessed MD, RU and ND in same-sex twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. In males, we examined both cigarette use and snus (smokeless tobacco) use. We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between MD, RU, and ND given RU.ResultsThe results s

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Bergen, Sarah E., Charles O. Gardner, Steven H. Aggen, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Socioeconomic Status and Social Support Following Illicit Drug Use: Causal Pathways or Common Liability?" Twin Research and Human Genetics 11, no. 3 (2008): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.3.266.

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AbstractThe negative social attributes associated with drug use and abuse/dependence may arise as a result of shared genetic or environmental factors rather than through causal pathways. To evaluate this possibility, structured interviews were conducted for 3969 male and female twins from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry and evaluations of their socioeconomic status (SES), social interactions, and use of drugs were obtained. Drug involvement was categorized as never used, tried, or met criteria for abuse or dependence. A co-twin control design was implemented using hierarchical linear modeling t

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Knopik, V. S., L. C. Bidwell, C. Flessner, et al. "DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: an investigation of shared liability in female twins." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (2013): 1053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001396.

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BackgroundDSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are not met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure.MethodWe examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11–19 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy.ResultsThe mo

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Bradbury, Mark D. "Voluntary Shared Leave: An Exploratory Analysis." Public Personnel Management 49, no. 4 (2019): 532–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091026019889378.

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Voluntary leave sharing programs allow an employee to donate accumulated leave to a coworker who is experiencing a hardship and has exhausted their leave balance. This study examines a voluntary leave sharing program at a state agency and concludes that the program is an effective strategy for reducing the agency’s unfunded liability posed by accumulated leave balances. Such programs may also be an appealing type of family-friendly benefit as female employees are also more likely to participate in the program and receive more generous donations of leave than their male colleagues.

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Sharfina, Nurul Hulwanita. "A Comparison of Liability Between Partners in a Civil Partnership and Partners in a Firm." Alauddin Law Development Journal 6, no. 2 (2024): 348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/aldev.v6i2.48285.

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The research aims to examine the distinctions in liability between partners in civil partnerships and those in firms, while exploring the legal implications of the partnership establishment from the Civil Code perspective. The research was a normative juridical approach with legislative and used the qualitative analysis. The research found that the necessity for civil partnerships to adhere to the guidelines outlined in Regulation No. 17 of 2018. While aligning a civil partnership's name with Regulation No. 17 of 2018 does not alter partners' liability towards third parties to mimic that of fi

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Dhanudibroto, Handojo. "LIABILITY FOR COMPENSATION ON HOSPITALS DUE TO HEALTH WORKFORCE NEGLIGENCE (A CRITIQUE)." International Journal of Social Service and Research 5, no. 3 (2025): 308–15. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v5i3.1207.

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This research examines the implications of Article 193 of Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health, which imposes sole liability on hospitals for negligence by health workers. This provision raises concerns about fairness and justice, as it deviates from established principles of shared accountability in Indonesian civil law. The study aims to critique this legal framework, assess its alignment with international standards, and explore its impact on healthcare delivery. Using a descriptive method, the research analyzes legal documents, case law, and relevant literature to understand the complexiti

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Mello, Michelle M., Meredith Rosenthal, and Peter J. Neumann. "Direct-to-Consumer Advertising and Shared Liability for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers." JAMA 289, no. 4 (2003): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.4.477.

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Davis, Christal N., Wendy S. Slutske, Nicholas G. Martin, Arpana Agrawal, and Michael T. Lynskey. "Genetic and environmental influences on gambling disorder liability: a replication and combined analysis of two twin studies." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 10 (2018): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002325.

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AbstractBackgroundGambling disorder (GD), recognized in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version 5 (DSM-5) as a behavioral addiction, is associated with a range of adverse outcomes. However, there has been little research on the genetic and environmental influences on the development of this disorder. This study reports results from the largest twin study of GD conducted to date.MethodsReplication and combined analyses were based on samples of 3292 (mean age 31.8, born 1972–79) and 4764 (mean age 37.7, born 1964–71) male, female, and unlike-sex twin pairs from the Austral

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Yang, Yidong. "Between Sea and Sky: Understanding Liability for Private and Commercial Space Operations." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 39, no. 1 (2024): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/39/20240680.

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The legal framework for commercial space activities has been an emerging issue in recent decades. Understanding and addressing liability in space activities is crucial for the sustainable and responsible development of the commercial space industry, analogous to laying the foundation for a sturdy structure that can withstand the challenges of the ever-evolving space frontier. This article explores the concept of liability for private and commercial space launches and its importance in ensuring the safe and responsible operation of activities in space. Examining liability in lex maritima and co

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Edwards, A. C., A. R. Docherty, A. Moscati, et al. "Polygenic risk for severe psychopathology among Europeans is associated with major depressive disorder in Han Chinese women." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 5 (2017): 777–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717002148.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that several major psychiatric disorders are influenced by shared genetic factors. This shared liability may influence clinical features of a given disorder (e.g. severity, age at onset). However, findings have largely been limited to European samples; little is known about the consistency of shared genetic liability across ethnicities.MethodThe relationship between polygenic risk for several major psychiatric diagnoses and major depressive disorder (MDD) was examined in a sample of unrelated Han Chinese women. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were gene

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Betlem, Gerrit. "Standing for Ecosystems—Going Dutch." Cambridge Law Journal 54, no. 1 (1995): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300083197.

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Traditionally, common lawyers are used to examining other jurisdictions of their legal family as a source of inspiration for law reform or even as persuasive authority for the development of case law. Developments in continental civil law jurisdictions are less noted. However, particularly in the field of public law, English law is now being influenced by civil law concepts through the mediation of Community law.1 Product liability provides an example in private law of rules shared by the civil and common law jurisdictions of the European Union due to harmonisation by the Product Liability Dir

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Abolhassani, Hammid, Alireza Entezari Najafabadi, and Saeed Shariati. "Imposing Civil Liability on Multiple Causes of Harm in Cyberspace in Iranian Law." Comparative Studies in Jurisprudence, Law, and Politics 5, no. 4 (2023): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/csjlp.5.4.4.

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Cyberspace, characterized by its unique features such as being borderless, has expanded the possibility of norm violations to all corners of the world. The purpose of this study is to examine the imposition of civil liability on multiple causes of harm in cyberspace under Iranian law. The research method is descriptive-analytical, relying on library resources. In Iranian law, given the absence of a specific mechanism for the emergence of civil liability in cyberspace, civil liability can be imposed equally or jointly on multiple causes based on traditional and general civil liability doctrines

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Zhang, Ruixuan. "Autonomous Vehicles: Legal Governance of Civil Liability Risks." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 96, no. 1 (2025): 108–14. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2025.bo24130.

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The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has driven transformative shifts in transportation, evidenced by the accelerated transition of autonomous vehicles from controlled trials to large-scale public implementation. However, this technological evolution has exposed unprecedented civil liability risks that surpass the governance capacity of conventional traffic legal frameworks. This urgency calls for establishing a systematic legal governance framework focused on liability allocation rules, designed to address the unique challenges of civil liability risks in autonomous dr

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Zawertailo, Laurie, Sophia Attwells, Wayne K. deRuiter, Thao Lan Le, Danielle Dawson, and Peter Selby. "Food Addiction and Tobacco Use Disorder: Common Liability and Shared Mechanisms." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (2020): 3834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123834.

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As food addiction is being more commonly recognized within the scientific community, parallels can be drawn between it and other addictive substance use disorders, including tobacco use disorder. Given that both unhealthy diets and smoking are leading risk factors for disability and death, a greater understanding of how food addiction and tobacco use disorder overlap with one another is necessary. This narrative review aimed to highlight literature that investigated prevalence, biology, psychology, and treatment options of food addiction and tobacco use disorder. Published studies up to August

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Lindor, Rachel A., Marleen Kunneman, Matt Hanzel, Jeremiah D. Schuur, Victor M. Montori, and Annie T. Sadosty. "Liability and Informed Consent in the Context of Shared Decision Making." Academic Emergency Medicine 23, no. 12 (2016): 1428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.13078.

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Rasyid, Wahyu, and Retno Indah. "JURIDICAL REVIEW OF JOINT LIABILITY AGREEMENTS IN OVERCOMING NON-PERFORMING LOANS AT PERMODALAN NASIONAL MADANI." HERMENEUTIKA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9, no. 1 (2025): 68–79. https://doi.org/10.33603/hermeneutika.v9i1.9936.

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This study examines the juridical review of the joint liability system in addressing non-performing loans at PNM Mekaar Kita in Soppeng Regency. The objective of this research is to understand the implementation of the joint liability system by PNM Mekaar Kita and to analyze the juridical aspects of non-performing loan resolution. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative-empirical approach through literature study, observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that the joint liability system emphasizes shared responsibility in repaying group-based microlo

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MAES, HERMINE H., PATRICK F. SULLIVAN, CYNTHIA M. BULIK, et al. "A twin study of genetic and environmental influences on tobacco initiation, regular tobacco use and nicotine dependence." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 7 (2004): 1251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002405.

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Background. Numerous twin studies have reported significant genetic contributions to the variability of tobacco initiation (TI), while fewer studies have shown similar results for the persistence of smoking behavior, or nicotine dependence (ND). As the development of ND requires regular tobacco use (RTU) which in turn requires TI, a conditional approach is necessary.Method. We used structural equation modeling of multi-step conditional processes to examine the relationship between genetic and environmental risk factors for TI, RTU and ND. The tobacco variables were assessed by personal intervi

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Grant, J. D., M. T. Lynskey, P. A. F. Madden, et al. "The role of conduct disorder in the relationship between alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use disorders." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 16 (2015): 3505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001518.

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Background.Genetic influences contribute significantly to co-morbidity between conduct disorder and substance use disorders. Estimating the extent of overlap can assist in the development of phenotypes for genomic analyses.Method.Multivariate quantitative genetic analyses were conducted using data from 9577 individuals, including 3982 complete twin pairs and 1613 individuals whose co-twin was not interviewed (aged 24–37 years) from two Australian twin samples. Analyses examined the genetic correlation between alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence and cannabis abuse/dependence and the extent

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Bergin, Jocilyn E., and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Common Psychiatric Disorders and Caffeine Use, Tolerance, and Withdrawal: An Examination of Shared Genetic and Environmental Effects." Twin Research and Human Genetics 15, no. 4 (2012): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.25.

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Background: Previous studies examined caffeine use and caffeine dependence and risk for the symptoms, or diagnosis, of psychiatric disorders. The current study aimed to determine if generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, major depressive disorder (MDD), anorexia nervosa (AN), or bulimia nervosa (BN) shared common genetic or environmental factors with caffeine use, caffeine tolerance, or caffeine withdrawal. Method: Using 2,270 women from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders, bivariate Cholesky decomposition models were used to determine

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FOLEY, D. L., M. C. NEALE, and K. S. KENDLER. "Genetic and environmental risk factors for depression assessed by subject-rated Symptom Check List versus Structured Clinical Interview." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 8 (2001): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004755.

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Background. It is not known if a subject's characteristic level of self-rated depression symptoms index their genetic or environmental liability to major depressive disorder when measurement error and other occasion-specific influences are taken into account.Method. Monozygotic (N = 408) and dizygotic (N = 295) adult female twin pairs from a population-based registry were surveyed twice with an average follow-up interval of 61 months. At each occasion subjects completed a structured clinical interview (SCID) to assess lifetime history of major depression and the subject-rated Symptom Check Lis

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Wieczerzyńska, Beata. "Parent Company’s Liability for Anti-Monopoly Damages to its Subsidiary’s Creditors Considering the New Regulations of Corporate Groups." Review of European and Comparative Law 51, no. 4 (2022): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.14604.

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The operations of a corporate group managed by a parent and guided by a shared strategy and interests of the group may in some cases cause damage to a subsidiary’s creditors. This study will in particular focus on the liability towards creditors for anti-monopoly damages caused by a breach of competition laws and not resulting from the binding orders of a parent company to its subsidiary. It is especially important to establish if and possibly how a parent’s liability arises for antimonopoly damages to its subsidiary’s creditors where it’s not related to a binding order, considering the specia

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Baranova, Ancha, Vikas Chandhoke, Hongbao Cao, and Fuquan Zhang. "Shared genetics and bidirectional causal relationships between type 2 diabetes and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." General Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (2023): e100996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2022-100996.

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BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder with high comorbidity with mental disorders. The genetic links between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and T2D have yet to be elucidated.AimsWe aim to assess shared genetics and potential associations between ADHD and T2D.MethodsWe performed genetic correlation, two-sample Mendelian randomisation and polygenic overlap analyses between ADHD and T2D. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary results of T2D (80 154 cases and 853 816 controls), ADHD2019 (20 183 cases and 35 191 controls from the 2019 GWAS ADHD d

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Schmitt, J. Eric, Carol A. Prescott, Charles O. Gardner, Michael C. Neale, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "The Differential Heritability of Regular Tobacco Use Based on Method of Administration." Twin Research and Human Genetics 8, no. 1 (2005): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.8.1.60.

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AbstractSeveral large studies have demonstrated that the liability to smoke cigarettes is strongly genetically influenced. However, the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in the use of other common forms of tobacco use has yet to be studied. Data on the regular use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, dip (moist snuff), and chewing tobacco from 2634 male twins were analyzed with ACE structural equation models. Twin similarity for regular cigarette and dip use was largely genetic in origin. However, twin resemblance for chewing tobacco was just about equally the result of genes and shared

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van Beijsterveldt, Toos C. E. M., and Dorret I. Boomsma. "An Exploration of Gene–Environment Interaction and Asthma in a Large Sample of 5-Year-Old Dutch Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 11, no. 2 (2008): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.11.2.143.

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AbstractA consistent finding from twin studies is that the environment shared by family members does not contribute to the variation in susceptibility to asthma. At the same time, it is known that environmental risk factors that are shared by family members are associated with the liability for asthma. We hypothesize that the absence of a main effect of shared environmental factors in twin studies can be explained by gene–environment interaction, that is, that the effect of an environmental factor shared by family members depends on the genotype of the individual. We explore this hypothesis by

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Olivares, Emily L., Kenneth S. Kendler, Michael C. Neale, and Nathan A. Gillespie. "The Genetic and Environmental Association Between Parental Monitoring and Risk of Cannabis, Stimulants, and Cocaine Initiation in a Sample of Male Twins: Does Parenting Matter?" Twin Research and Human Genetics 19, no. 4 (2016): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.52.

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Our aim was to test the direction of causation between self-report parental monitoring (PM) and the liability to illicit drug initiation (DI) as indicated by cannabis, cocaine, and stimulants. We fitted a multiple indicator model to test causal and non-causal models based on a large, genetically informative cross-sectional sample of male twins. The sample comprised 1,778 males aged 24–62 years from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Data came from self-report measures of lifetime cannabis, stimulants, and cocaine initiation, and retrospective assessment o

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Wilson, Sylia, Stephen M. Malone, Ruskin H. Hunt, Kathleen M. Thomas, and William G. Iacono. "Problematic alcohol use and hippocampal volume in a female sample: disentangling cause from consequence using a co-twin control study design." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 10 (2017): 1673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717003166.

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AbstractBackgroundAlthough there is extensive evidence that problematic alcohol use is associated with smaller hippocampal volume, the typical cross-sectional study design cannot determine whether hippocampal deviations reflect pre-existing liability toward problematic alcohol use or instead reflect an alcohol exposure-related effect. We used the co-twin control study design, which capitalizes upon differences within a twin pair in levels of drinking, to differentiate pre-existing liability from an effect of alcohol exposure.MethodsThe sample included 100 female twins, prospectively assessed f

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Maes, Hermine H., Judy L. Silberg, Michael C. Neale, and Lindon J. Eaves. "Genetic and Cultural Transmission of Antisocial Behavior: An Extended Twin Parent Model." Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, no. 1 (2007): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.1.136.

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AbstractConsiderable evidence from twin and adoption studies indicates that both genetic and shared environmental factors play a substantial role in the liability to antisocial behavior. Although twin and adoption designs can resolve genetic and environmental influences, they do not provide information about assortative mating, parent–offspring transmission, or the contribution of these factors to trait variation. We examined the role of genetic and environmental factors for conduct disorder (CD) using a twin–parent design. This design allows the simultaneous estimation of additive genetic, sh

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Schoemaker, Paul J. H., and Joyce A. Schoemaker. "Estimating Environmental Liability: Quantifying the Unknown." California Management Review 37, no. 3 (1995): 29–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165798.

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In 1990, a Missouri jury awarded $16.2 million in damages to a family that sued Georgia-Pacific and Temple Industries for health effects suffered from particleboard in their home. In 1992, Boeing agreed to pay more than $500,000 to settle a suit filed by a former employee who claimed that his leukemia was caused by exposure to electromagnetic radiation. There are now about 500.000 known hazardous waste sites in the United States. which will cost at least $1.7 trillion to remediate (according to the EPA). In September 1994, an Alaskan jury imposed the largest punitive five in history on Exxon—$

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Colyer-Patel, Karis, Teeuw Jalmar, Rachel Brouwer, and Hilleke Hulshoff Pol. "Shared Genetic and Environmental Influences on Altered Functional Connectivity and Schizophrenia Liability." Biological Psychiatry 89, no. 9 (2021): S364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.906.

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Moore, Joshua J., and Aaron G. Matlock. "Shared Liability? Consultants, Pharmacists, and the Emergency Physician: Legal Cases and Caveats." Journal of Emergency Medicine 46, no. 5 (2014): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.035.

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43

Spengler, John O., Daniel P. Connaughton, and Jason E. Maddock. "Liability Concerns and Shared Use of School Recreational Facilities in Underserved Communities." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41, no. 4 (2011): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.031.

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Buiten, Miriam C., Alexandre de Streel, and and Martin Peitz. "Rethinking liability rules for online hosting platforms." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 2 (2020): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa012.

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Abstract With the growing economic and societal importance of online platforms, the question of their liability for illegal content or products they host becomes more important. Based on an analysis of platforms’ incentives, we address the appropriate liability rule for hosting service providers and derive policy recommendations for an efficient liability regime in the European Union. Online hosting platforms may take monitoring efforts on their own initiative that are suboptimal due to the presence of externalities and asymmetric information problems, warranting some form of liability rules.

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Kim, Euisin. "Learning from Mutual Liability of Accidents -A Philosophical Approach on How Airlines Learn from Mutual Liability among Code Shared Members." Korean Logistics Research Association 31, no. 4 (2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17825/klr.2021.31.4.41.

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Moosa, Christina Shaheen. "Individual Obligations, Climate Change, and Shared Responsibility." Edukacja Etyczna 17 (2020): 42–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20838972.17.3.

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Eff ectively addressing climate change has proven to be intractable, even as the impacts of increased climate variability have become more prominent. In this paper, I consider the existence of individual moral obligations regarding climate change. Through an engagement with Walter-Sinnott-Armstrong and Avram Hiller’s debate concerning the moral signifi cance of individual level GHG emis-sions, I diagnose a fi t problem that exists in the application of our ordinary ways of thinking about individual moral obligations (what I call the causal liability model) to the ethical challenges of climate

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Wood, A. C., P. Asherson, J. J. van der Meere, and J. Kuntsi. "Separation of genetic influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and reaction time performance from those on IQ." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 6 (2009): 1027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170999119x.

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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows a strong phenotypic and genetic association with reaction time (RT) variability, considered to reflect lapses in attention. Yet we know little about whether this aetiological pathway is shared with other affected cognitive processes in ADHD, such as lower IQs or the generally slower responses (mean RTs). We aimed to address the question of whether a shared set of genes exist that influence RT variability, mean RT, IQ and ADHD symptom scores, or whether there is evidence of separate aetiological pathways.MethodMultivariate structur

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Choi, Hae-Youn, Sang-Kyu Lee, and Min-Hee Kim. "Comparison of Responsibility Mental Models of Fire Brigades in Charge of Nuclear Power Plants." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.cbbe34b0.

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The responsibility mental model (RMM) is an important factor in an effective cooperation system that affects decision-making, role adjustment, and performance. For this purpose, 186 firefighters from an off-site fire brigade and 65 firefighters from an on-site fire brigade participated in the study. We compared the levels of the RMM for a fire at a nuclear plant and analyzed whether the RMM is shared internally in each fire brigade through latent profile analysis. The results showed that the responsibility of on-site fire brigades is prioritized for fire liability in nuclear plants. Both briga

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Pelled, Omer Y. "All-or-Nothing, or Something – Proportional Liability in Private Law." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 22, no. 1 (2021): 159–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2021-0008.

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Abstract Judges and juries often make factual decisions even if the facts are disputed and there is no clear-cut evidence available. Despite this common state of uncertainty, verdicts are thought of as having clear winners and losers––either the plaintiff wins and receives a full remedy, or the defendant wins and the plaintiff gets nothing. In private disputes, factfinders base their binary factual determinations on the preponderance of the evidence. There are, however, several doctrines that allow for partial remedy, discounted by the probability that the facts support the plaintiff’s case, g

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Bohlken, Marc M., Rachel M. Brouwer, René C. W. Mandl, René S. Kahn, and Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol. "Genetic Variation in Schizophrenia Liability is Shared With Intellectual Ability and Brain Structure." Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, no. 5 (2016): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw034.

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