Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia"

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Al-habshan, Khalid Saad. "The Current Rights of Minority Shareholders in Saudi Arabia." International Law Research 6, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v6n1p185.

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The preceding articles examined the legal framework of corporate governance in Saudi Arabia and the important elements of the institutional framework for Saudi corporate governance. The discussion in this chapter first focuses on government and government-regulated institutions established to enforce compliance and see that the actions of corporations are in line with corporate governance law. This chapter then examines minority shareholdings interests and rights and investigates minority shareholder protection under the CL. In addition, the board of directors is described, which controls and guides firm operations in compliance with corporate governance standards and regulations.
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Al-Saidi, Mejbel, and Bader Al-Shammari. "Ownership concentration, ownership composition and the performance of the Kuwaiti listed non-financial firms." International Journal of Commerce and Management 25, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcoma-07-2013-0065.

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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between ownership structure (ownership concentration and ownership composition) and firm performance in Kuwaiti non-financial firms. To this end, it examines the relationship between firm performance and ownership concentration to determine whether the impact of this relationship is conditional on the nature of the large shareholders. Design/methodology/approach – First, the relationship between ownership concentration and firm performance was tested using ordinary least squares regressions on 618 observations (103 listed firms) from 2005 to 2010; next, the ownership compositions were classified as institutional, government and individuals (families) and their impact on firm performance examined. Findings – The overall concentration ownership by large shareholders showed no impact on firm performance. However, when the type of shareholders was introduced, only the government and individuals (families) ownership categories influenced firm performance. Therefore, certain types of shareholders are better at monitoring, and not all concentration by large shareholders is beneficial to Kuwaiti firms. Research limitations/implications – This study examined only one important aspect of the corporate governance mechanisms, namely, ownership concentration. Thus, further study may include other mechanisms such as board variables, role of debt and shareholders rights in examining the firm performance. This study is limited to the Kuwaiti environment, and thus, next step can be very useful in case of comparing ownership concentration in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia) or across different Arab countries. Practical implications – The results of this study have important implications for the regulators in Kuwait in their efforts to increase the efficiency of the rapidly developing capital markets and in protecting investors and keeping confidence in the economy. They may mandate a corporate governance code to protect minority shareholders. Investors may use the findings to understand Kuwaiti companies. Such findings may assist them to diversify their investment portfolios. Originality/value – This paper extends literature review by investigating the role of large shareholders in the context of a developing country that is characterized by high level of ownership concentration and weak legal protection for investors as well as the absence of code that organized the corporate governance practices.
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Boshnak, Helmi A. "Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Firm Performance in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p446.

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This paper examines the impact of corporate governance mechanisms including board size, independence, and meeting frequency, audit committee size and meeting frequency, CEO duality and ownership concentration on the operational, financial and market performance of Saudi listed firms using a contingent theoretical-based framework drawing on agency theory, stewardship theory and resource dependence theory. This study examines 210 listed Saudi Stock Exchange firms over the timeframe 2017 to 2019. The paper applies both a manual content and regression analysis approach. The results show that firm performance deteriorates with board size and independence, audit committee and meeting frequency, and the presence of CEO role duality, while performance improves with board meeting frequency and ownership concentration. Thus, Saudi firms should respond by maintaining smaller boards and more frequent meetings, keeping the Chair and CEO roles separate, and maintaining smaller audit committees with more focused meetings. Further, the appointment of independent directors only makes a meaningful contribution to firm performance where they are truly independent. Finally, more concentrated ownership tends to encourage better firm performance due to the regime of monitoring and discipline concomitant with more powerful shareholders. The implications of this paper are threefold. First, the implementation by Saudi Arabia of the latest corporate governance regulations and IFRS adoption almost certainly impact firm performance markedly. Second, corporate governance regulations should recognize the role of more frequent board meetings and more concentrated ownership in enhancing corporate performance. Third, stakeholders should apply pressure on investee firms to maintain smaller boards, engage genuinely independent directors, separate the role of Chairman and CEO, and maintain smaller audit committees with fewer and more effective meetings. The results should help corporate boards when deciding on the best corporate governance mechanisms to enhance firm performance. Further, the study should provide policy makers with a better understanding of the corporate governance structures required to promote better performance by drawing on existing theories and the empirical modelling, in an emerging economy setting such as Saudi Arabia, a new and broader data set, thereby informing better future policy and protecting shareholders’ interests.
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Albaqme, Aidh Sultan. "Consumer Protection under Saudi Arabia Law." Arab Law Quarterly 28, no. 2 (July 10, 2014): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12341276.

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The development of consumer protection laws in Saudi Arabia is of great significance because of the critical role that the Kingdom plays in the Gulf-Corporation Council Alliance and the fact that not many studies have been conducted on the issue of consumer protection in the Kingdom. Therefore, this article will analyse Islamic (Sharī‛ah) law as the foundation of consumer protection in Saudi Arabia and also focus on the development of consumer protection under Islamic law. The article will also compare Islamic law with other legal systems that are applied in Western nations with regard to consumer protection and advertising. Finally, the article will focus on the importance of Islamic law as a tool to ensure that the rights of consumers are respected and that adherence to religion is guaranteed.
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Abdali, Obaid Saad Al. "Dynamics of consumer protection across Saudi Arabia." J. for Global Business Advancement 5, no. 1 (2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jgba.2012.048123.

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Mastura Muhammad Arif, Afida. "An analysis of copyright protection in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Law and Management 56, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2012-0010.

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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the copyright laws of Saudi Arabia, illustrating the provisions governing the law. It seeks to outline Saudi Arabia copyright law within the framework of the international copyright protection, which include the Berne Convention and the TRIPS agreement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a thorough scrutinizing of the legal provisions of the Saudi Copyright Laws in regard to protected works, author's exclusive rights, lawful use of copyrighted works and the exceptions, mandatory licenses, duration of protection, provisions of infringements and penalties. The highlighted issue is concerning the exceptions in regard to public interest, particularly relating to education purposes. Findings – The paper finds that the Saudi Arabia Copyright Laws have met the requirement of the international copyright laws. The conditions for mandatory license and the 12 exceptions which permit lawful usage of copyrighted work under the copyright law without seeking the permission of the author are also in line with the international copyright laws, as public interest is the paramount consideration in exercising these exceptions. Originality/value – There is lack of study on copyright law in the Saudi Arabia per se. Therefore, this study on the Saudi Arabia copyright laws seeks to fill in this gap and to provoke further discussion on this issue. It should be useful to the academic community, particularly in the Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.
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Morris, David, and Maha Al Dabbagh. "The development of consumer protection in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Consumer Studies 28, no. 1 (January 2004): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2004.00336.x.

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AlShetwi, Mohammed. "Determinants of corporate social disclosure in Saudi Arabia: The role of social values and IFRS convergence." Accounting 7, no. 7 (2021): 1769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.020.

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This study investigates whether Corporate Social Disclosure (CSD) is affected by IFRS convergence and social value in a country that has strict societal norms (Saudi Arabia). Using a sample of 292 Saudi manufacturing and utilities firms listed on the Saudi Capital Market during the period of 2015-2019, the study finds that IFRS convergence is not related to the CSD of the Saudi manufacturing and utilities firms. On the other hand, social values (as modeled by adopting CSD as a strategic objective) are significantly related to CSD. These results provide evidence supporting the view that CSD is influenced by social values rather than the change in the corporate disclosure environment in countries that exhibit strong conformity to societal values, such as Saudi Arabia. Overall, the current study adds to an understanding of the factors that determine CSD outside the shareholder-stakeholder orientation model.
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Alwattar, Samir Nour Eldin. "THE PROTECTION OF URBAN HERITAGE INDICATORS IN SAUDI ARABIA." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 903–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2015.115300.

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Alzamil, Zakarya A. "Information security practice in Saudi Arabia: case study on Saudi organizations." Information & Computer Security 26, no. 5 (November 12, 2018): 568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-01-2018-0006.

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Purpose Information security of an organization is influenced by the deployed policy and procedures. Information security policy reflects the organization’s attitude to the protection of its information assets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the status of the information security policy at a subset of Saudi’s organizations by understanding the perceptions of their information technology’s employees. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive and statistical approach has been used to describe the collected data and characteristics of the IT employees and managers to understand the information security policy at the surveyed organizations. The author believes that understanding the IT employees’ views gives a better understanding of the organization’s status of information security policy. Findings It has been found that most of the surveyed organizations have established information security policy and deployed fair technology; however, many of such policies are not enforced and publicized effectively and efficiently which degraded the deployed technology for such protection. In addition, the clarity and the comprehensibility of such policies are questionable as indicated by most of the IT employees’ responses. A comparison with similar studies at Middle Eastern and European countries has shown similar findings and shares the same concerns. Originality/value The findings of this research suggest that the Saudi Communications and Information Technology Commission should develop a national framework for information security to guide the governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as the information security practitioners on the good information security practices in terms of policy and procedures to help the organizations to avoid any vulnerability that may lead to violations on the security of their information.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia"

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Al-Habshan, Khalid Saad. "Corporate governance disclosure practices and protection of shareholders in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11065.

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Corporate governance in general has become the new crucible in which corporations are tested and declared worthy of the trust of international investors. In an age when countries compete in a global economy, compliance with corporate governance standards has become crucial to the survival of businesses. Especially in the Middle East, which is culturally and politically distant from the rest of the world, compliance with the internationally accepted principles of corporate governance has become a challenge. This thesis aims to examine how a specific aspect of corporate governance—disclosure and transparency—is viewed and applied in the Saudi Arabian context. The results of this study are important primarily for Saudi Arabian businesses positioned to play a significant role in the global economy. The Saudi economy is one that has a number of industries such as the oil industry, which forms the largest contributor of the GDP of the nation; about 67%. Other companies in the country include those, which deal in consumer goods, the financial sector, the media, retail, telecommunications, technology, travel and leisure and telecommunications. The largest conglomerates are those that deal in the oil and gas industry. These companies could benefit greatly from the financial strength provided by international investments, the technical and strategic advantages offered by partnerships and joint ventures with foreign companies and the market leadership obtained by gaining the trust and confidence of consumers in the global market. Achieving these benefits becomes feasible only if Saudi firms can comply with the minimum disclosure and transparency requirements. The thesis employs critical and comparative analyses. It explores the academic literature on corporate disclosure and discusses the theories and principles espoused in the context of the Saudi Arabian legal and regulatory framework. Also discussed is the vital role of the Islamic principles in Sharia law, which forms the basis of the Saudi legal system. This study proposes corporate disclosure practices as the basis for comprehensive reform of Saudi Arabia’s Capital Market Authority. The idea of corporations is alien to the Islamic law, but the idea of disclosure and transparency is a fundamental of the Islamic corporate governance. The disclosures that the organizations make have a target of attaining transparency and the promotion of market discipline concerning the same institutions. There is also the conceptualization of the fact that the effectiveness of the corporate organizations relies on how they complement the international standards. The study offers recommendations for increasing transparency, disclosure and the associated principles in the Saudi Arabian stock market and better protecting minority shareholders. These recommendations follow the United Kingdom’s corporate governance approach but reflect the interests, culture, treaties, Sharia principles and legislative reforms of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The thesis concludes by presenting the Saudi perspective on disclosure and transparency and its prospects for future development.
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Almadani, Mahmoud H. "The reform of minority shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia and Dubai in private companies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3354/.

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This thesis explores the state of the law as it affects the protection of minority shareholders in private companies in Saudi Arabia and Dubai. This research was precipitated by the apparent insufficiency of the law in these two jurisdictions as far as minority shareholder protection is concerned. It has been found that the minority shareholder's rights and interests are not satisfactorily protected by the company law in these two countries. In fact, the law grants majority shareholders an unrestricted control over the company that is capable of causing abuses and injustice as far as minority shareholders are concerned. Thus, for these two countries to meet domestic demands to have effective protection and to match international trends in order to attract foreign investment, it is argued that they should develop and improve their company law in this respect. This research has sought to address the following questions. How should Saudi Arabian and Dubai law be reformed in terms of minority shareholder protection? How can the UK company law with its long experience and knowledge proffer a way forward for the reform of both jurisdictions? What is workable in the context of SA and Dubai if UK law is adopted, and what adaptations may be required? In order to answer these questions the research has employed doctrinal, theoretical and empirical approaches. The products of this research are proposals for wide-ranging reforms to the system for minority shareholder protection that exist in SA and Dubai. The research has come up with codification of minority shareholder protection that follows in the footsteps of the UK statute, but not in every respect. The code has been carefully examined to comply with the needs, culture, tradition, conventions and Shari a that exist in both jurisdictions.
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Aljahdali, Hani. "Building an effective framework for institutional investor activism and minority shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia : lessons from the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/building-an-effective-framework-for-institutional-investor-activism-and-minority-shareholder-protection-in-saudi-arabia-lessons-from-the-uk(23c54771-8219-4c55-8fee-7876c145fbcd).html.

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Corporate governance practice differs regionally and nationally, depending on how each legal environment protects minority investors, capital markets and company ownership structure. Governance can also change spectacularly in regions or countries with comparatively high levels of institutional investment. The notion of institutional investors' activism is increasingly important in developed markets as the ideal corporate governance mechanism to monitor corporate managers and overcome agency problems arising from dispersed corporate ownership in modern companies. These institutions can work together on an improved corporate governance framework more effectively than individual investors, monitoring corporate controllers of listed companies in emerging and developing markets, using their influence more vigorously and in ways more fitting to a concentrated ownership environment such as that in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, the role of institutional investors in emerging and developing markets will depend strongly on institutional investors' activism and the arrangements determined and undertaken by the corporate governance regulatory framework in these markets. In considering the influential role of institutional investors to improve corporate governance practice, a high level of minority shareholder protection thus remains an indicator of good corporate governance and regulatory pressure of rights and incentives, which are necessary to empower non-controlling shareholders in these concentrated ownership markets to exert a strong activist influence in monitoring corporate activities, thus improving the corporate governance practices of investee companies. In this context, this thesis contends that in Saudi Arabia in particular, shareholder involvement in corporate governance is inadequate, as a result of a variety of economic and regulatory obstacles. It goes on to identify what improvements are necessary and where, to ensure a sound framework for effective institutional investor activism and to improve the level of minority shareholder protection. It also cautions Saudi legislators against erecting hurdles to the future engagement of Saudi and foreign institutional investors in monitoring corporate activities which may affect the conditions for access, allocation and monitoring of equity, which is so important for value creation and sustainable economic growth. The main benefit to be derived from this research is that it facilitates a fuller understanding of the Saudi approach to corporate governance, the corporate ownership environment and trends in the capital market. The analysis also deepens knowledge of corporate governance regimes, including the role of institutional investors, and of their characteristics and investment behaviours. In short, it considers whether institutional investors are willing or have been encouraged to use their power to engage in the companies in which they invest and whether they are qualified to solve the agency problem.
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Alkahtani, Faisal. "Legal protection of foreign direct investment in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2254.

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Developing countries are converging in their Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies. This reflects not just the external pressure to liberalise economic policies but also the growing realisation that Multi National Corporations (MNCs) have played and will continue to playa leading role in transnational investment. This is particularly so when it comes to the exploration for and development of oil and gas resources. The role of MNCs In the explorations and development of petroleum resources in Saudi Arabia since the 1930s has indeed been significant. Saudi Arabia has been seeking economic diversification since the 1970s. It dec~ded to change its development strategy so as to become less dependent on oil revenues. The Kingdom thus embarked upon various legal and policy reforms to improve the investment climate in the country. This subject is highly important to foreign investors in Saudi Arabia because of the potential returns offered by what is becoming a more attractive investment environment. A key issue for foreign investors is the availability of an adequate legal framework for foreign investment which facilitates the establishment and operation of their business in Saudi Arabia and provides them with adequate protection for their investments. However, there are concerns which have arisen amongst foreign investors. These concerns mainly stem from a sense of legal uncertainty and unpredictability of the laws and dispute settlement systems relating to FDI in Saudi Arabia, including where relevant Shari'a which is fundamental to the Saudi legal system. This study is therefore concerned with the identification and analysis of these legal problems - both existing and perceived - in the laws of Saudi Arabia as well as the stability of investment agreements under Shari' a which is necessary for conducting business there. As the title of this study indicates, its primary objective is to examine the legal security and protection ofFDI in Saudi Arabia. The examination of this topic will be conducted in the light of the rules relating to FDI which are designed to provide effective protection for foreign investment. Since Shari'a is the main source oflaw within the Saudi legal system, the relevant Shari'a principles will also be addressed in this study. The study also examines the mechanisms available for the settlement of foreign investments disputes in Saudi and asks whether or not these mechanisms provide independent and impartial bodies capable of settling such disputes. The study is intended to make an original contribution to current and prospective foreign investors' understanding as well as to inform proposals for action on the part of the Saudi government.
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Fallatah, Hussam Ibrahim. "Addressing the need for consumer protection in e-commerce in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18133/.

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In traditional commercial transactions, consumers are usually regarded as the vulnerable party.1 This vulnerability is, arguably, more pronounced in e-commerce due to the way this particular kind of business is conducted, and this creates additional complications that do not exist in a traditional trade transaction. E-consumer concerns can be reduced by creating an appropriate legal environment, including the introduction of consumer protection regulations. Most developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, have realised that empowering consumers is important for fostering the e-commerce market.2 However, in developing countries, the lack of consumer protection regulations for e-commerce is one of the main barriers to the progression of e-commerce. Saudi Arabia is one country affected by a lack of efficient protection for e-consumers.3 This lack of efficiency is attributed to the ambiguity of current measures available for protecting e-consumers; current measures are based on basic consumer protection principles gleaned from Sharia and some other standard regulations that are used for protecting e-consumers. In the context of e-commerce, these general rules require further explanation and clarification.4 Therefore, the overriding objective of this research is to address the need for e-consumer protection regulations in Saudi Arabia by proposing a legal framework that might be used to provide efficient protection. This research identifies areas that contribute to the ambiguity of current measures, including a lack of clear unified regulations for e-consumer protection, and a lack of clear provisions in specific areas including: information obligation, the right to cancel, and rights of redress. In order to address these needs, a legal framework is suggested. This was built by using UK regulations as a model, with consideration given to their suitability for the Saudi Legal system, and its culture and traditions.
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Al-Refaei, Fahad M. Z. "The protection of the marine environment from oil pollution by ships in the Arabian Gulf and the role of Saudi Arabia : a study in international law with special reference to Islamic law." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2009. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/protection-of-the-marine-environment-from-oil-pollution-by-ahips-in-the-arabian-gulf-and-the-role-of-saudi-arabia(7e8f8eb0-8571-452f-994d-01e9aa77f587).html.

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Marine pollution is currently a major and pressing issue, as the world strives to reduce the associated risks and to develop effective and appropriate solutions. Moreover, oil pollution is a major and hazardous source of pollution in the waters of the Arabian Gulf. It is an indisputable fact that the marine environment of the region has suffered greatly since the export of oil began, as a result of the multiple harmful activities associated with that trade, such as the loading of oil, the emptying of contaminated ballast tanks, the various exploration, prospecting and manufacturing processes, in addition to oil pollution incidents resulting from collisions between ships or from fires and explosions that affect ships and marine oil installations. Further environmental damage has been caused by deliberate attacks related to armed conflict in the region during the past few years.
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Books on the topic "Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia"

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Publications, USA International Business. Saudi Arabia Ecology & Nature Protection Handbook. Intl Business Pubns USA, 2005.

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Saudi Arabia. Maṣlaḥat al-Arṣād wa-Ḥimāyat al-Bīʼah., ed. Environmental protection standards in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: General standards. [Jiddah]: The Administration, 2001.

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Group, The Manufacturing Research. Fire Protection Equipment in Saudi Arabia: A Strategic Entry Report, 1998. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia"

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Krell, Dominik. "Saudi Arabia." In Filiation and the Protection of Parentless Children, 299–323. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-311-5_11.

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"Environmental protection, regulation and policy." In Saudi Arabia, 247–79. Taylor & Francis, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203030882.ch10.

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"Environmental protection, regulation and policy." In Saudi Arabia: An Environmental Overview, 269–302. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203030882-15.

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"5. INDEPENDENCE AND BRITISH PROTECTION, 1914-1915." In The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia, 112–35. Harvard University Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c5.

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Alrawaibah, Alaa. "Archaeological Site Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Protection or Isolation?" In Cultural Heritage in the Arabian Peninsula, 143–56. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315575285-10.

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Blumi, Isa. "Making Yemen Dance." In Destroying Yemen. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520296138.003.0006.

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It is in this chapter that I begin my detailed revisionist accounting of Yemen’s recent history. Crucially, I do so by emphasizing the global dynamics behind events occurring in Southern Arabia since 2000. The focus will be to identify the origins of the so-called Arab Spring in 2011. I incrementally “retell” what led to the direct confrontation between different groups in Yemen. Quickly identifying these factions may prove useful here. The most important, are a cluster of parties crudely reduced to the “Houthis” found in the Northwest in Yemen. As of March 2015, when Saudi Arabia, the US/UK and UAE initiated a war to reassert hegemony over Yemen, this coalition of parties known as “Huthis” aligned with the Ali Saleh who commands considerable support within the Yemeni military services. Their main rivals are the so-called southern separatists. These southern Yemenis have forged a precarious alliance with other rivals of the “Huthis,” including Islamist groups under the protection of competing external powers—ostensibly pitting Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE against each other—as well as with “President” Hadi, whom the US and Saudi Arabia/UAE claim to be the head of Yemen’s “legitimate” government.
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Casoria, Maria, and Eman Mahmood AlSarraf. "The Impact of the GDPR on Extra-EU Legal Systems." In Personal Data Protection and Legal Developments in the European Union, 224–37. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9489-5.ch011.

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The chapter discusses the influence of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on legal systems extra-EU and particularly the Kingdom of Bahrain, country member to a regional organisation located in the Arabian Gulf denominated Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is exclusive to six states (i.e., Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, and Kuwait in addition to Bahrain). Amongst these countries, Bahrain is the only one that has recently enacted its own separate Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) mostly resembling the GDPR due to the ever-increasing commercial relationship with business undertakings in Europe. Moreover, the adoption of the data protection law counts as a huge leap forward taken by the kingdom in reforming its legal framework, since it is the state's striving strategy to grow into a midpoint for data centre, just on time for the launch of data centres opening in Bahrain that are endorsed by Amazon Web Services.
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Conference papers on the topic "Shareholder protection in Saudi Arabia"

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Chelluri, Saroj, David Dolezilek, Jason Dearien, Amandeep Kalra, Zafer Korkmaz, and Ammad Ali. "Validating mission-critical ethernet networks for protection, automation, and control applications." In 2014 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2014.7274298.

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Albinali, H. F., and A. P. Meliopoulos. "Hidden failure detection via dynamic state estimation in substation protection systems." In 2017 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2017.8356476.

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Abdel-Salam, M., R. Kamel, M. Khalaf, and K. Sayed. "Analysis of overcurrent numerical-relays for protection of a stand-alone PV system." In 2014 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2014.7274302.

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Almutairy, I. "A review of coordination strategies and techniques for overcoming challenges to microgrid protection." In 2016 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2016.7849681.

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Marenbach, R., and O. Janke. "Impact of new requirements for DER onto protection functions and its testing procedures." In 2017 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2017.8356493.

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Zeinhom, Ahmed Nasr. "Phasor measurement unit-based distance protection & fault location algorithm for series-compensated transmission lines." In 2014 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2014.7274293.

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Al-Sharif, Noor, and Soloman Almadi. "Intelligent Field Infrastructure Embedded Cyber Security Protection." In SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172198-ms.

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Herrera, Javier Martin, Matias Sanchez Mingarro, Santiago Lopez Barba, David Dolezilek, Fernando Calero, Amandeep Kalra, and Brian Waldron. "Case study of time-domain automation and communications: Field-proven benefits to automation, control, monitoring, and special protection schemes." In 2017 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2017.8356482.

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Al-Dossari, Hmood. "A reputation-based approach for consumer protection in Saudi Arabia." In 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational Aspects of Social Networks (CASoN). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cason.2012.6412422.

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Ilamparithi, T., Simon Abourdia, and Thomas Kirk. "On the use of real lime simulators tor the lest and validation of protection and control systems of micro grids and smart grids." In 2016 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid (SASG). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasg.2016.7849658.

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