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Al-habshan, Khalid Saad. "The Current Rights of Minority Shareholders in Saudi Arabia." International Law Research 6, no. 1 (October 30, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v6n1p185.
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The preceding articles examined the legal framework of corporate governance in Saudi Arabia and the important elements of the institutional framework for Saudi corporate governance. The discussion in this chapter first focuses on government and government-regulated institutions established to enforce compliance and see that the actions of corporations are in line with corporate governance law. This chapter then examines minority shareholdings interests and rights and investigates minority shareholder protection under the CL. In addition, the board of directors is described, which controls and guides firm operations in compliance with corporate governance standards and regulations.
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Al-Saidi, Mejbel, and Bader Al-Shammari. "Ownership concentration, ownership composition and the performance of the Kuwaiti listed non-financial firms." International Journal of Commerce and Management 25, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcoma-07-2013-0065.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the relationship between ownership structure (ownership concentration and ownership composition) and firm performance in Kuwaiti non-financial firms. To this end, it examines the relationship between firm performance and ownership concentration to determine whether the impact of this relationship is conditional on the nature of the large shareholders. Design/methodology/approach – First, the relationship between ownership concentration and firm performance was tested using ordinary least squares regressions on 618 observations (103 listed firms) from 2005 to 2010; next, the ownership compositions were classified as institutional, government and individuals (families) and their impact on firm performance examined. Findings – The overall concentration ownership by large shareholders showed no impact on firm performance. However, when the type of shareholders was introduced, only the government and individuals (families) ownership categories influenced firm performance. Therefore, certain types of shareholders are better at monitoring, and not all concentration by large shareholders is beneficial to Kuwaiti firms. Research limitations/implications – This study examined only one important aspect of the corporate governance mechanisms, namely, ownership concentration. Thus, further study may include other mechanisms such as board variables, role of debt and shareholders rights in examining the firm performance. This study is limited to the Kuwaiti environment, and thus, next step can be very useful in case of comparing ownership concentration in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia) or across different Arab countries. Practical implications – The results of this study have important implications for the regulators in Kuwait in their efforts to increase the efficiency of the rapidly developing capital markets and in protecting investors and keeping confidence in the economy. They may mandate a corporate governance code to protect minority shareholders. Investors may use the findings to understand Kuwaiti companies. Such findings may assist them to diversify their investment portfolios. Originality/value – This paper extends literature review by investigating the role of large shareholders in the context of a developing country that is characterized by high level of ownership concentration and weak legal protection for investors as well as the absence of code that organized the corporate governance practices.
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Boshnak, Helmi A. "Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Firm Performance in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n3p446.
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This paper examines the impact of corporate governance mechanisms including board size, independence, and meeting frequency, audit committee size and meeting frequency, CEO duality and ownership concentration on the operational, financial and market performance of Saudi listed firms using a contingent theoretical-based framework drawing on agency theory, stewardship theory and resource dependence theory. This study examines 210 listed Saudi Stock Exchange firms over the timeframe 2017 to 2019. The paper applies both a manual content and regression analysis approach. The results show that firm performance deteriorates with board size and independence, audit committee and meeting frequency, and the presence of CEO role duality, while performance improves with board meeting frequency and ownership concentration. Thus, Saudi firms should respond by maintaining smaller boards and more frequent meetings, keeping the Chair and CEO roles separate, and maintaining smaller audit committees with more focused meetings. Further, the appointment of independent directors only makes a meaningful contribution to firm performance where they are truly independent. Finally, more concentrated ownership tends to encourage better firm performance due to the regime of monitoring and discipline concomitant with more powerful shareholders. The implications of this paper are threefold. First, the implementation by Saudi Arabia of the latest corporate governance regulations and IFRS adoption almost certainly impact firm performance markedly. Second, corporate governance regulations should recognize the role of more frequent board meetings and more concentrated ownership in enhancing corporate performance. Third, stakeholders should apply pressure on investee firms to maintain smaller boards, engage genuinely independent directors, separate the role of Chairman and CEO, and maintain smaller audit committees with fewer and more effective meetings. The results should help corporate boards when deciding on the best corporate governance mechanisms to enhance firm performance. Further, the study should provide policy makers with a better understanding of the corporate governance structures required to promote better performance by drawing on existing theories and the empirical modelling, in an emerging economy setting such as Saudi Arabia, a new and broader data set, thereby informing better future policy and protecting shareholders’ interests.
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Albaqme, Aidh Sultan. "Consumer Protection under Saudi Arabia Law." Arab Law Quarterly 28, no. 2 (July 10, 2014): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12341276.
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The development of consumer protection laws in Saudi Arabia is of great significance because of the critical role that the Kingdom plays in the Gulf-Corporation Council Alliance and the fact that not many studies have been conducted on the issue of consumer protection in the Kingdom. Therefore, this article will analyse Islamic (Sharī‛ah) law as the foundation of consumer protection in Saudi Arabia and also focus on the development of consumer protection under Islamic law. The article will also compare Islamic law with other legal systems that are applied in Western nations with regard to consumer protection and advertising. Finally, the article will focus on the importance of Islamic law as a tool to ensure that the rights of consumers are respected and that adherence to religion is guaranteed.
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Abdali, Obaid Saad Al. "Dynamics of consumer protection across Saudi Arabia." J. for Global Business Advancement 5, no. 1 (2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jgba.2012.048123.
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Mastura Muhammad Arif, Afida. "An analysis of copyright protection in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Law and Management 56, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-03-2012-0010.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the copyright laws of Saudi Arabia, illustrating the provisions governing the law. It seeks to outline Saudi Arabia copyright law within the framework of the international copyright protection, which include the Berne Convention and the TRIPS agreement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a thorough scrutinizing of the legal provisions of the Saudi Copyright Laws in regard to protected works, author's exclusive rights, lawful use of copyrighted works and the exceptions, mandatory licenses, duration of protection, provisions of infringements and penalties. The highlighted issue is concerning the exceptions in regard to public interest, particularly relating to education purposes. Findings – The paper finds that the Saudi Arabia Copyright Laws have met the requirement of the international copyright laws. The conditions for mandatory license and the 12 exceptions which permit lawful usage of copyrighted work under the copyright law without seeking the permission of the author are also in line with the international copyright laws, as public interest is the paramount consideration in exercising these exceptions. Originality/value – There is lack of study on copyright law in the Saudi Arabia per se. Therefore, this study on the Saudi Arabia copyright laws seeks to fill in this gap and to provoke further discussion on this issue. It should be useful to the academic community, particularly in the Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.
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Morris, David, and Maha Al Dabbagh. "The development of consumer protection in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Consumer Studies 28, no. 1 (January 2004): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2004.00336.x.
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AlShetwi, Mohammed. "Determinants of corporate social disclosure in Saudi Arabia: The role of social values and IFRS convergence." Accounting 7, no. 7 (2021): 1769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.020.
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This study investigates whether Corporate Social Disclosure (CSD) is affected by IFRS convergence and social value in a country that has strict societal norms (Saudi Arabia). Using a sample of 292 Saudi manufacturing and utilities firms listed on the Saudi Capital Market during the period of 2015-2019, the study finds that IFRS convergence is not related to the CSD of the Saudi manufacturing and utilities firms. On the other hand, social values (as modeled by adopting CSD as a strategic objective) are significantly related to CSD. These results provide evidence supporting the view that CSD is influenced by social values rather than the change in the corporate disclosure environment in countries that exhibit strong conformity to societal values, such as Saudi Arabia. Overall, the current study adds to an understanding of the factors that determine CSD outside the shareholder-stakeholder orientation model.
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Alwattar, Samir Nour Eldin. "THE PROTECTION OF URBAN HERITAGE INDICATORS IN SAUDI ARABIA." JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 903–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2015.115300.
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Alzamil, Zakarya A. "Information security practice in Saudi Arabia: case study on Saudi organizations." Information & Computer Security 26, no. 5 (November 12, 2018): 568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-01-2018-0006.
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Purpose Information security of an organization is influenced by the deployed policy and procedures. Information security policy reflects the organization’s attitude to the protection of its information assets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the status of the information security policy at a subset of Saudi’s organizations by understanding the perceptions of their information technology’s employees. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive and statistical approach has been used to describe the collected data and characteristics of the IT employees and managers to understand the information security policy at the surveyed organizations. The author believes that understanding the IT employees’ views gives a better understanding of the organization’s status of information security policy. Findings It has been found that most of the surveyed organizations have established information security policy and deployed fair technology; however, many of such policies are not enforced and publicized effectively and efficiently which degraded the deployed technology for such protection. In addition, the clarity and the comprehensibility of such policies are questionable as indicated by most of the IT employees’ responses. A comparison with similar studies at Middle Eastern and European countries has shown similar findings and shares the same concerns. Originality/value The findings of this research suggest that the Saudi Communications and Information Technology Commission should develop a national framework for information security to guide the governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as the information security practitioners on the good information security practices in terms of policy and procedures to help the organizations to avoid any vulnerability that may lead to violations on the security of their information.
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Ali, Raga, Maha Saied, and Momtaz Elsebaei. "Vegetable production in Saudi Arabia: Protection coefficients and relative efficiency." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 66, no. 2 (2019): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj1902457e.
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Ben Mahjoub, Lassaad, and Ines Amara. "The impact of cultural factors on shareholder governance and environmental sustainability: an international context." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 17, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-06-2020-0060.
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effect of the shareholder governance on environmental sustainability by the moderating effect of some cultural factors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have studied the extent of sustainability by continent. On the other hand, the authors have conducted three empirical models that deal with the effect of shareholder governance on environmental sustainability and also with the moderating effect of cultural factors.FindingsUsing a sample of 140 countries during the year 2018, the authors find a notable and positive effect of the shareholder governance on environmental sustainability. Regarding the role of cultural factors, the authors found that the factor gender parity is more important than other factors.Practical implicationsThe findings have policy implications for governments aiming to combat environmental sustainability and shareholder governance.Originality/valueThis research has approached cultural factors in a different context, which is an eastern country, which are completely different from those of western countries. On the other hand, the subject of sustainability is not sufficiently threated in this country (Saudi Arabia).
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Al-Harbi, Ibrahim Sulaiman. "The Information Security in Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia." Ulum Islamiyyah 22 (December 29, 2017): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol22no0.12.
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The information security in our time is the fundamental national security substrate, especially with the need for modern electronic services in various fields, however, the need for a protection of her which is called information security is considered most important topic. This research is contribution as a statement of information security and its relationship to national security, explanation of the basic elements of information security and its threats, analyses the prevention of information security crimes by a statement varieties of information security criminals and then release the protection of information security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher has used the descriptive study by following the analytical method by collecting information on each topic and related law then analyzed them. The research has divided into four chapters: the first chapter which is the subject of research, and the second chapter is the concept of information security and its relationship to national security, the third chapter which the basic elements of information security and its threats, the fourth chapter is the prevention of information security crimes، then the results of the study and recommendations.
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Jalal, Ejalal, Michelle O’Reilly, Treena Bhakta, and Panos Vostanis. "Barriers to implementing learning from child protection training in Saudi Arabia." International Social Work 62, no. 6 (November 2019): 1493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872819878485.
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The implementation of child protection training programmes can be influenced by a range of societal, policy, service and practice-related factors. The aim of this study was to establish the experiences of implementation barriers among 26 professionals from different disciplines in Saudi Arabia, 18 months after they had completed such training. The three identified themes related to customs and traditions; organizational, administrative and staff-related barriers; and challenges in contact with families. It is important that these inter-linked levels of barriers are tackled in co-ordination through policy, legislation, awareness campaigns and service development, and that they are anticipated holistically by educational programmes.
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Sulaib, Faisal Mukhyat Abu. "The Role of Religion in the Politics of Saudi Arabia." Contemporary Arab Affairs 13, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2020.13.3.51.
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This article examines factors that influence the stability of the Saudi political regime. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has faced serious threats that have had impacts on the country; however, none of them has threatened the survival of the Saudi royal family in the Kingdom. The Arab uprisings, the well-known Arab Spring, led to the collapse of political regimes in the Arab region surrounding Saudi Arabia, as in Egypt and Yemen. However, the Saudi political regime was able to overcome this wave of popular revolutions and changes. Thus, this study attempts to answer a major question: why is it difficult to topple the Saudi political regime? Whereas the country’s oil wealth or external protection by great powers, Great Britain in the past, and currently the United States, are seen as main factors in the stability of the Saudi political regime, it is suggested here that the key factor that has helped the Saudi political regime successfully confront all internal and external threats rests on the influence of the religious Wahhabi concept, called “ta’at wali al-amr.”
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Al‐Ghamdi, Salem M., M. Sadiq Sohail, and Abdulaziz Al‐Khaldi. "Measuring consumer satisfaction with consumer protection agencies: some insights from Saudi Arabia." Journal of Consumer Marketing 24, no. 2 (March 27, 2007): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760710737076.
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Faraz, Najla. "Survey of radiography, radiographic equipment and radiation protection in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2, no. 2 (2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-3841.138633.
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Habibi, Khushal. "Arabian ungulates—their status and future protection." Oryx 20, no. 2 (April 1986): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300026338.
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Ungulate populations are at a low ebb in Saudi Arabia. Indiscriminate hunting and habitat degradation are the main factors causing population declines in three of the five endemic species. The author collected information on the status of these animals while working as a wildlife ecologist for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in the northern province of Al-Jouf.
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Williamson, Myra E. J. B. "Geographical Indications, Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Obligations and Opportunities for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Arab Law Quarterly 26, no. 1 (2012): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302512x612168.
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Abstract This article examines the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s legal obligations in one area of intellectual property law, namely, geographical indications (GI). It considers the opportunities for improving the existing legal framework from both a domestic and an international perspective. After an introduction, Section 2 presents a survey of the existing domestic and international laws pertaining to the protection of GIs. Section 3 outlines the relationship between GIs, biodiversity and traditional knowledge. Section 4 summarizes some of the latest developments and points of debate regarding increased protection of GIs. Finally, Section 5 puts forward several recommendations for improving the protection of GIs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Alshammary, Meshaal J. "Financial development and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from Saudi Arabia." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 2 (2014): 718–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i2c7p5.
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This study investigates the long-term and short-term relationships between capital market development and economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for the period from January 1993 to December 2009. It employs a wide range of vector autoregression (VAR) models to evaluate the importance and impact of capital market development on economic growth. We used real GDP growth rates and None Oil GDP as proxies for economic growth and the stock market index (SMI), the bank credits to the private sector (BCP) and the broad money supply (M2) as proxies for the capital market development. The VAR models indicate a positive and significant long-term causal relationship between capital market development and economic growth. Granger causality tests show that economic growth Granger-cause capital market development and vice versa when using the real GDP growth rate variables. The study implications are as follows. Firstly, investment in real economic activities leads to economic growth. Secondly, the stock market might hinder economic growth due to its volatile and international risk sharing nature, low free-floating share ratio, number of listed companies and the domination of Saudi Individual Stock Trades (SIST) characteristics. Thirdly, policymakers should seek to minimise stock market volatility and fluctuations, increase both the free-floating share ratio and number of listed companies and shift investment domination toward corporate investors by considering its effect on economic growth when formulating economic policies. Fourthly, the banking sector might hinder economic growth due to its lack of small and medium enterprises lending and shareholder concentration issues. Finally, policymakers should seek to encourage banks toward more involvement in small and medium enterprises SMEs’ lending, which will strengthen the private sector role.
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Elvianti, Witri, and Jihan Djafar Sidik. "The Consignment of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Saudi Arabia and Its Resilience: Examining the Impacts of Indonesia’s Moratorium Policy (2011-2015)." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.7.1.14-32.2018.
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Although Indonesian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia, particularly at informal sectors, have exponentially increased in last decades, most of the time, they have also faced several constraints such as the lack of protection that supposedly addressed by the Government of Indonesia (GoI) through Indonesian embassy, limited numbers of regulations that could protect the Indonesian migrant workers from the Government of Saudi Arabia, due to the absence of Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries. Such complex circumstances made the position of Indonesian migrant workers worsened due to their disability in gaining their rights. In the implementation process, the GoI’s protection has not been maximal in ensuring the safety of their workers abroad. The situation reached the peak when the death penalty for Ruyati binti Satubi was conducted by Government of Saudi Arabia without any initiatives informing Indonesian authority prior to the execution. Consequently the former President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, declared a moratorium policy during the cabinet meeting on June 23, 2011, in order to improve the protection mechanism of Indonesian migrant domestic workers. In milieu of this issue, the researchers attempted at analyzing the impacts of such a policy. The analysis was based on national interest theory. In the context of Indonesian migrant domestic workers, this study came to argue that the moratorium policy could be seen as a manifestation of political commitment from Indonesia’s government perceiving the protection of Indonesian migrant workers is high in the list.
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Rahmatullah, Tarik Anwar, Khalid Anwar Abo Alela, and Khalid Saeed Alanazi. "Medical Student's Knowledge of Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Protection in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 70, no. 1 (January 2018): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0042969.
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Rahmatullah, Tarik Anwar, Khalid Anwar Abo Alela, and Khalid Saeed Alanazi. "Medical Student's Knowledge of Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Protection in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 70, no. 2 (January 2018): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0043077.
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Mahbub, Rana Faruq, Li Jing Wang, and Lyndon Arnold. "The Necessity of Stab-Resistant Body Armour for Protecting Prison Officers in Saudi Arabia." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.272.
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Protection and comfort are significant aspects for body armour. This study surveyed 102 prison officers in Saudi Arabia about their opinion on the current body armour they may use in terms of protection and comfort. This is to understand the need for protection with body armour and improve protective fabric designs with enhanced comfort performance for future soft body armour. From the information gathered via a questionnaire survey, the risk assessment inside the prison and the percentage of prison officers being attacked were determined. The results revealed that 12% of male and 29% of female prison offices were attacked and protective measures against this violence level cannot be ignored.
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Nassar, Afnan A., and Abrar K. Demyati. "Informed Consent in the Health Care System: An Overview from a Dental Perspective in Saudi Arabia." Saudi Journal of Health Systems Research 1, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514405.
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Background: Patient autonomy in the health care system is achieved by the vital principle of providing informed consent. Throughout history, informed consent gained recognition and improved to include more aids and steps to formalize and standardize the process of obtaining proper consent in medical and dental practice. Regardless of the type of informed consent obtained before the treatment, it should include an adequate understandable description of nature and diagnosis of the disease, treatment plan, proper alternatives, risks, and limitations. Summary: There is limited information in the ethics literature covering critical concepts related to different dental procedures in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, informed consent in dentistry is not well-documented. As everything is evolving and changing in Saudi society, litigation has progressed and impacted dentistry. This overview will help in addressing aspects related to informed consent and closing the gaps in the dental health care system in Saudi Arabia, managing complex ethical issues associated with dental patients. In addition, providing recommendations and shedding some light on the importance of informed consent will improve the situation of the informed consent process in Saudi Arabia. Key Messages: Informed consent allows patients to be part of the decision-making process, and it provides legal protection for the practitioners from practice lawsuit cases. Dentists should take extra care in documenting the consent process and patient’s choice regarding their treatment to avoid unfavorable consequences. In Saudi Arabia, attention should be drawn toward the crucial role of informed consent, and more studies should be published in order to enrich the knowledge and to improve the health care system.
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Al-Kayed, Lama Tarek. "Dividend payout policy of Islamic vs conventional banks: case of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 10, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-09-2015-0102.
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Purpose This paper aims to identify the factors that affect dividend payments for Saudi Arabian Islamic and conventional banks and to test whether the factors that affect Islamic banks’ dividend policy differ from the factors affecting conventional banks’ dividends. Design/methodology/approach Panel regression was run on data for six Islamic banks and six conventional banks. Findings The paper found that profitability, lagged dividends and leverage are all significant determinants of Islamic Banks’ dividend policy. Lintner’s (1956) model applies to Islamic bank’s dividend policy, as Islamic banks who payout dividends commit to their payments. All factors included in the study (profitability, liquidity, leverage, growth and lagged dividend) are found to be significant determinants of conventional banks’ dividend payments. Research limitations/implications Future research should include ownership variables in the regression to test the agency theory regarding dividends. Ownership variables were not included in the study because of data availability issues. Practical implications The results of this study have practical implications for analysts, investors and regulators. For Islamic banks to compete in the local and global deposit markets, their management must carefully decide upon their dividend policy. As conventional banks are distributing stable dividends, it is time for Islamic banks to plan for a stable dividend policy to send positive signals to the market. As newcomers to the market Islamic banks should avoid spontaneous and inconsistent dividend distributions that do not carry any signals to the market. It will be difficult for Islamic banks to raise capital or attract investors because of their lower dividend yields compared to conventional banks. Boards of directors of Islamic banks should use dividends as an agency monitoring device; large-scale retention of earnings encourages behaviour by managers that does not maximize shareholder value. Dividends, then, are a valuable financial tool for these firms because they help firms avoid asset/capital structures that give managers wide discretion to make value-reducing investments. Originality/value This is the first study – up to the author’s knowledge – to investigate the financial institutions (banks) dividend policy in Saudi Arabia.
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Arumsari, Ratu Rayanti. "PERAN PEMERINTAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA DALAM PERLINDUNGAN TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA (TKI) SEKTOR INFORMAL DI ARAB SAUDI." Global Political Studies Journal 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v3i1.2004.
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This study aims to determine how the developing country, Indonesia, affected Saudi Arabia to protect the domestic workers. Researcher are trying to understand and analyze how this cooperation in the agreement that related in placement and protection based on the moratory to overcome the violence to indonesian domestic workers. This study used qualitative research type. The research method used is descriptive analysis techniques. Most of the data collected through the literature and websites searching.Those data were analyzed by theory approach based on International Relations, International Cooperation, International Agreement, International Labour Regulation, National Interest and Negotiation Diplomacy. The results of this study show the cooperation between Republic of Indonesia and The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the placement and protection of indonesia labours post informal sector workers moratorium, during the process until invent to Memorandum of Understanding.
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AlJasser, Mohammed I., Abdullah Aljumah, Mohannad Alzaydi, Abdullah Alassaf, Suliman Alassafi, Maha T. Alassafi, Mohammed Almedlej, and Emad Masuadi. "Sunscreen Use among a Population of Saudi University Students." Dermatology Research and Practice 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4732721.
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Introduction. Sunscreen is an important method of sun protection. Many studies were conducted worldwide on the use of sunscreen but only few done in Saudi Arabia. The aim of our study is to assess the prevalence, practices, and factors associated with sunscreen use among Saudi university students. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire on the use of sunscreen was created in English. Quota sampling technique was used since the sample was divided according to gender and college year. Results. A total of 1,011 students were enrolled. Approximately half were males (n = 510). Half of the students used sunscreen (n = 515, 51%). Female gender, high family income, previous history of sunburn, tanning bed use, and use of other sun protection methods were factors independently associated with sunscreen use. The main reasons for using sunscreen were prevention of sunburns, dark spots, skin cancer, and overall skin darkening. Eighty percent of participants used other methods of sun protection. Sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) > 30 was used in 59% of students. However, the majority did not know if the sunscreen they use provided broad-spectrum coverage or not. Only 35% of students apply sunscreen in both sunny and cloudy days. Most students apply sunscreen less than 10 minutes before going out and do not repeat the application throughout the day. More than 90% of students seem to apply insufficient amount of sunscreen. Conclusion. Almost half of the population in the study use sunscreen. We have identified several areas of improper use of sunscreen. Increasing the awareness of effective sunscreen use in our community might be needed.
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Huang, Jun, Da Jing Fang, and Ya Ping Wang. "Impressed Current Cathodic Protection for Seawater Cooling Concrete Structures in Zawr Port, Saudi Arabia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5089.
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Impressed current cathodic protection is an international generally accepted and effective protection method of concrete is adopted in seawater cooling intake & outfall structures in Zawal port, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Total protected concrete area is about 27000m2, including diaphragm walls, edge beams, all walls (main wall and cross wall), floor slab, top slab and wing walls. This project is extensive, changed-constructed and the operating environment is severe. The successful implementation of this project has certain significance in relative projects in the industry.
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Mousa, Shaymaa, and Wejdan Barashi. "Ethical Hacking in the Saudi Government Institutions." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 10 (October 31, 2015): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss10.448.
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The Internet has become indispensable to governments by allowing them to conduct E-government, provide better citizen service, improve communications, and access needed information rapidly. While computer networks have revolutionized the way governmental institutions operate, the risks they introduce via interconnectivity can be devastating. Attacks on computer systems via the Internet can lead to lost money, time, reputation, and sensitive information. One reaction to this state of affairs is a behaviour termed “Ethical Hacking” which attempts to proactively increase security protection by indenturing and patching known security vulnerabilities on systems owned by other parties. The main purpose of this study is to address the problems related to the ethical hacking in governmental institutions in Saudi Arabia. The results show that there is a lack of awareness to issues of information security, and ethical hacking, Ethical hacking have a positive impact on the Saudi institutions, and most of ethical hacking problems in Saudi Arabia are related to senior management, staff, society and laws. More researches are needed to consider other measures and include other countries which may show different results.
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Shubayr, N., and Y. Alashban. "INVESTIGATIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSE INCIDENTS RELATED TO MEDICAL PRACTICES IN SAUDI ARABIA." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 195, no. 1 (June 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab109.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate national incidents related to medical radiation practices in Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2019, and the actions taken to deal with these cases. The radiation protection program of the Saudi Ministry of Health monitors occupational doses for medical staff. When the radiation doses exceed the assigned investigation levels, an investigation protocol should be followed to identify the reasons and present recommendations. A total of 96 cases of radiation doses were above the investigation levels; 70% above level I, and 30% above level II. These cases were found to be 44% overload exposure, 32% intentional exposure, 8% accidental/unintentional exposure and 16% dosimeter misadventure. The majority of cases (80%) were in 2015 and 2016 with a significant drop in cases following these 2 years mainly due to continuing education and training. Investigations of incidents and the actions taken contributed to improving the radiation protection program.
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Koshak, E. A., and R. Z. Tawfeeq. "Tuberculin reactivity among health care workers at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 5-6 (March 31, 2003): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.5-6.1034.
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Tuberculosis is both a nosocomial and an occupational infection. The prevalence of positive tuberculin skin reactions at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia, was investigated by testing 298 health care workers. Conventional tuberculin skin testing was performed using 0.1 mL of purified protein derivative injected intracutaneously. After 48-72 hours, induration size was recorded. The prevalence of positive tests [induration > / = 10 mm] was 78.9% overall, 60.0% for Saudi Arabians compared with 81.8% for non-Saudi Arabians [P < 0.01]. The mean response size [8.9 +/- 7 mm] for Saudis was also significantly lower than for non-Saudis [13.9 +/- 7 mm, P < 0.001]. To enhance the protection of both health care workers and hospitalized patients, effective preventive measures and annual tuberculin testing of health care workers should be considered
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Amghar, Samir. "The Muslim World League in Europe: An Islamic Organization to serve the Saudi Strategic Interests?" Journal of Muslims in Europe 1, no. 2 (2012): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341234.
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Abstract In order to struggle against the growing influence in the Arab world of the secular nationalism promoted in Egypt by President Nasser, Saudi Arabia decided in the ‘60s to appear as a center of religious and ideological influence. The cornerstone of the hegemonic politics of Saudi Arabia for the world leadership of Islam was the creation, in 1962, of the Muslim World League. This organization was in charge of financing projects related to the development of Islam in the world. It is probably in Europe that the proselyte activities of the League are the most important. If the League holds a predominant position in the soft power politics of the Saudi kingdom, its mission is also to struggle against ideologies that are likely to threaten the stability of the regime. It funds projects of mosques construction, distributes Korans and brochures, organizes Islamic classes and conferences, hoping to create networks of clientele and of non-critical allegiances to the Saudi kingdom in the Muslim populations. The League advocates a heterogeneous salafism, which indeed resembles, at least on a dogmatic level, the salafism advocated by theologists of Saudi Arabia but dissociates itself from it on a social and a political level. Confronted to the multiplication of international risks (the Iraq War, al-Qaeda, Saudi jihadists . . .), the League takes part in a vast institutional ensemble “of protection of the Saudi throne,” like the Dar al Ifta, Council of the Saudi ulamas, which pledges allegiance to the authority and fight against anti-establishment Islamism and Islamic terrorism with its different fatwas.
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Al haiz, Aqil S., Ataur Rahman Khan, Ahmed Abdulmohsen Albin Saleh, Shaher Zafer Al Shehri, and Amr A. Sabra. "Perception of Saudi Mothers of Their Children with Down Syndromein Al-Khobar City, Saudi Arabia." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 5 (October 19, 2016): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n5p166.
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<p><strong>PURPOSE:</strong><strong> </strong>To evaluate the perception (awareness, feeling, belief and intention of attribute, characteristics and behaviors) of Saudi mothers of their children with DS and to identify the possible factors that affect their perception.</p><p><strong>MATERIALS </strong><strong>& METHODS:</strong> A cross sectional survey was conducted in Al-Khobar city, Saudi Arabia (SA),in 2015 involving all Saudi mothers of children with DS in special education schools in the private sector (n=100). Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Al-Khobar city, Saudi Arabia (SA),in 2014involving all Saudi mothers of children with DS in special education schools in the private sector (n=100). Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire.A Spss 21 was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong><strong> </strong>The response rate was 73%. The study found that 53.4% had a positive perception of their children with DS while 46.6 % perceived their children negatively. It is concluded that this positive perception of Saudi mothers of their children with DS related to: the burden (effect) imposed by the children with DS on the family and society, causal attribution of DS, education of children with DS, social integration and discrimination as well as health, treatment and care of the children with DS. The negative perception related to acceptance and joy with DS children, the quality of life of DS children, over-protection and dependence of these children as well as an embarrassment and disappointment of having children with DS.</p><p>Accordingly, it is recommended that educational programs be designed form others with children with DS, and for the community to improve mothers' disposition toward their children.</p>
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Cunningham, Peter Low, and Torsten Wronski. "Twenty years of monitoring of the Vulnerable Farasan gazelle Gazella gazella farasani on the Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia: an overview." Oryx 45, no. 1 (January 2011): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001298.
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AbstractThe mountain gazelle Gazella gazella in Saudi Arabia is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On the mainland the species’ survival depends on a few remnant populations in the western Mountains and coastal plains and on two reintroduced populations. The largest natural population of G. gazella in Saudi Arabia is the Farasan gazelle subspecies G. g. farasani, which inhabits the Farasan Islands in the Red Sea. We review and collate the available literature on this subspecies, mainly unpublished reports presenting wildlife census data, and supplement this with the most recent, 2009, count. The number of free-ranging gazelles has remained approximately constant since the first counts in 1988, with an overall density of 0.64 km-2 and an estimated population of 1,039 on Farasan Kebir in 2009. The populations on two other islands, As Saqid and Zifaf, have not fared as well, possibly because of uncontrolled hunting pressure, competition with domestic stock or poor habitat conditions overall. The population on Qummah Island is extinct. Threats to this subspecies include uncontrolled hunting and uncoordinated development. Continued protection of this apparently stable population of mountain gazelle in Saudi Arabia is imperative to ensure the survival of the species.
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Al Faryan, Nawaf, Margarita Frederico, and Janelle Young. "Listening to child protection workers in Saudi Arabia: Child protection workers speak of how they experienced the policies and programs introduced to protect children between 2010 and 2013." International Social Work 62, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 768–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817742695.
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The protection of children at risk of abuse and neglect requires engagement of the whole community. In this article, child protection managers and direct service workers in Saudi Arabia report their experiences in implementing new policies. Findings of the study showed that early improvements to child protection policies and programs led to confusion among workers regarding their role and were perceived by the workers to be placing children at risk. Limited power assigned to workers, conflict with cultural norms, and a lack of specialist education in child protection were among the barriers preventing workers from undertaking their roles effectively.
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Alashban, Yazeed, and Nasser Shubayr. "OCCUPATIONAL DOSE ASSESSMENT FOR NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND RADIOTHERAPY TECHNOLOGISTS IN SAUDI ARABIA." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 195, no. 1 (June 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab112.
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Abstract This study estimated the occupational radiation dose received by nuclear medicine and radiotherapy technologists in Saudi Arabia. A retrospective analysis of personal dosemetry data of 1243 nuclear medicine and radiotherapy technologists from 28 medical centers across Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2019 was conducted. Thermoluminescent dosemeters were employed to monitor the occupational radiation dose. For the study period, the average annual values for nuclear medicine and radiotherapy technologists were found to be 1.22 mSv (SD = 1.00 mSv) and 0.73 mSv (SD = 0.40 mSv) for Hp(10) and 1.23 mSv (SD = 1.07 mSv) and 0.72 mSv (SD = 0.41 mSv) for Hp(0.07), respectively. The work routines of nuclear medicine technologists cause them to be exposed to higher radiation doses than radiotherapy technologists. The occupational doses for all technologists were found to be below the annual dose limits, which indicates satisfactory working conditions in terms of radiation protection.
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Islam, Md Mazharul, Majed Alharthi, and Md Wahid Murad. "The effects of carbon emissions, rainfall, temperature, inflation, population, and unemployment on economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An ARDL investigation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): e0248743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248743.
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Objective While macroeconomic and environmental events affect the overall economic performance of nations, there has not been much research on the effects of important macroeconomic and environmental variables and how these can influence progress. Saudi Arabia’s economy relies heavily on its vast reserves of petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, and copper, but its economic growth trajectory has been uneven since the 1990s. This study examines the effects of carbon emissions, rainfall, temperature, inflation, population, and unemployment on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Methods Annual time series dataset covering the period 1990–2019 has been extracted from the World Bank and General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection, Saudi Arabia. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration has served to investigate the long-run relationships among the variables. Several time-series diagnostic tests have been conducted on the long-term ARDL model to check its robustness. Results Saudi Arabia can still achieve higher economic growth without effectively addressing its unemployment problem as both the variables are found to be highly significantly but positively cointegrated in the long-run ARDL model. While the variable of carbon emissions demonstrated a negative effect on the nation’s economic growth, the variables of rainfall and temperate were to some extent cointegrated into the nation’s economic growth in negative and positive ways, respectively. Like most other nations the short-run effects of inflation and population on economic growth do vary, but their long-term effects on the same are found to be positive. Conclusions Saudi Arabia can achieve both higher economic growth and lower carbon emissions simultaneously even without effectively addressing the unemployment problem. The nation should utilize modern scientific technologies to annual rainfall losses and to reduce annual temperature in some parts of the country in order to achieve higher economic growth.
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Elimam, Haga. "The Role of Small Businesses (Small Scale Economic Projects) in Alleviating the Acuity of Unemployment." International Business Research 10, no. 3 (February 9, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n3p120.
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Small businesses are the essential constituents in the development of economy and generating employment opportunities within country. Unemployment is the major concern, which is spreading its roots in various forms and dimensions. The objective of the study was to examine the role of small businesses in alleviating the acuity of unemployment rate. Quantitative approach has been utilized to examine the role of small businesses. Therefore, data was collected from general statistics, directorate of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the years 2005-2013. Multiple Regression Analysis using the time series approach has been implemented to analyze the gathered information through SPSS version 20.0. The findings have stated that there was a significant impact of small projects on the unemployment rate of Saudi Arabia (p=0.097). Furthermore, statistically insignificant results were revealed for amount of funding variable (p=0.451). A negative relationship has been determined between unemployment rate and amount of funding; while positive and direct relationship was determined between unemployment rate and population. Small businesses are vital in escalating the economy of the country and sustaining the environmental protection. However, small businesses must amend themselves according to the strategies devised for large projects to contribute more to alleviate unemployment rate in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Aldhafeeri, F. M. "Radiographers’ knowledge regarding patients’ ionizing radiation doses during common radiological procedures in Saudi Arabia." Radioprotection 55, no. 1 (January 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2019048.
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To evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness regarding radiation doses from common radiological examinations among 100 radiographers working in different hospitals across Saudi Arabia, a questionnaire comprising 21 multiple-choice questions was electronically distributed to 180 radiographers working in medical imaging departments in various hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Participants were instructed to estimate the radiation dose administrated to patients during common radiological procedures. I received 100 survey responses. Only 13% (n = 13) of the participants correctly identified the effective radiation dose from 1-view chest and abdominal X-ray, whereas 7% (n = 7) correctly identified the dose from 2-view chest X-ray. Approximately half of the participants underestimated the patient dose from head and abdominal computed tomography and 2-view unilateral mammogram. Moreover, 17–26% correctly estimated the patient’s risk of fatal cancer from common radiological procedures. These results revealed a remarkably low level of knowledge among radiographers regarding radiation dose and risks. The vast majority of radiographers underestimated radiation doses and associated risks from common radiological examinations. The number of bachelor’s programs in Saudi Arabia has been extremely limited in the past decade. Most radiographers hold a diploma degree, which does not include any courses on radiation dose or protection. Continuous professional development in radiation safety is required to practice radiography.
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Alghamdi, Amani Khalaf, Ali Tared Aldossary, and Philline Deraney. "Graduate students' perceptions of and recommendations pursuant to Saudi Arabia’s COVID 19 “Stay-at-Home” initiative." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i2.5644.
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The global spread of COVID-19 has prompted countries worldwide to design initiatives and measures to ensure public health and safety. Saudi Arabia launched a “Stay-at-Home” initiative in March 2020 involving all sectors of society. This exploratory study employed a qualitative research design using written journal reflections to discern the views and opinions of Saudi female graduate students at a large public university in the Eastern Province. The research posed three questions: (1) What were participants’ perspectives of the impact of the “Stay-at-Home” initiative; (2) What values did participants manifest during the initiative; and, (3) What were participants’ recommendations and innovative solutions to deal with the initiative’s effects? Findings reveal that boredom and loneliness, fear of infection, and financial concerns dominated students’ perceptions of the impact of the initiative. Participants further identified divine protection and global unity as two key values that were heightened to deal with the initiative and the pandemic. Finally, innovative solutions to mitigate the effects of the initiative were categorized into 13 sub-themes organized around two main spheres of Saudi life — public (governmental/societal) and private (family/home).
Keywords: COVID-19, Saudi Arabia, higher edducation
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et al., Alshahrani. "Perspective of healthcare workers regarding self-protection during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 2 (February 2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2021.02.014.
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The aim of this study was to assess the perception of healthcare workers regarding self-protection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. The novel COVID-19 pandemic has completely changed the dynamic of governments, social lives, global economy, and health care systems priorities. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are one of the most group of people at risk of acquiring the infection, especially those who are taking care of COVID-19 patients. This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted among HCWs during the period between May to July 2020 in Saudi Arabia. More than 70% of participating HCWs were able to access the personal safety policies and procedures in the workplace and COVID-19 treatment algorithm. In addition, the presence of an infection control team was also present in most of the institutes. The most common accessible personal protective equipment was hand gel sanitizer (89.9%), followed by disposable gloves (82.5%) and disposable masks (78.9%). More than 75% of participants reported that their institute has a special infection control team during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the respondents (~75%) believe that their institute would take all necessary measurements to protect their personal integrity at work. Several precautionary measures were undertaken appropriately by the Saudi Government to overcome the COVID-19 immediate and futuristic consequences. Personal protective equipment and protective measures would be crucial for public health if implemented appropriately during highly spreading infections (e.g., COVID-19) to minimize the transmission and preserve health
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Wang, Ya Ping, Da Jing Fang, Jun Huang, and Er Bu Shen. "A Study on Cathodic Protection Current Density on Rebar in Onshore Concrete Structure of Persian Gulf." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.270.
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The service life of reinforced concrete structure has been greatly influenced by corrosion of steel, however, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system is able to control corrosion of steel, especially which is corroded by chloride along the coast areas. In this work protection current and related technical parameter in both intake and outfall structure has been investigated in the seawater cooling structure along the coast area of Persian Gulf in Saudi Arabia. The most suitable protection current density provided by ICCP system is 5mA/m2for reinforced concrete structure in the severe marine corrosion area in Middle East.
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Abdalla, Ayman, and Samy El-Gamal. "Measurement of indoor radon concentrations in different dwellings in Arar, Saudi Arabia." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 3 (2018): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1803293a.
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Indoor radon concentrations in 33 dwellings in Arar city were measured using a CR-39 detector. This work is the first in the region and was done to assess the health risks. The exposure time was about 4 months, from May to September 2017. It was found that the indoor radon concentration changed in the range from 7.7 to 89.1 Bqm-3 with an overall average of 44.05 ? 6.21 Bqm-3 while the geometric mean is 39.51 Bqm-3 with a geometric standard deviation of 1.67. These values are within the acceptable level set by the International Committee for Radiation Protection. The annual effective dose received by the population of Arar was reported and it varied in the range 0.16 -1.82 mSv with an average value of 0.9 ? 0.16 mSv and the geometric mean is 0.81 mSv. The exposure to radon progeny was studied where the minimum, maximum, average, and geometric mean of exposure are 0.83?10-3, 9.63?10-3, 4.76 ? 0.67? 10-3 and 5.05?10-3 WLM, respectively. Finally, for the estimation of cancer risks, the excess lifetime cancer risk was investigated. Its average value was 3.7?10-3 which is relatively higher.
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أروي احمد الحارثي و ميسون بركات الزغول, أروي احمد الحارثي و. ميسون بركات الزغول. "Trends change of temperature and rainfall in southwestern of Saudi Arabia." journal of King Abdulaziz University Arts And Humanities 28, no. 14 (May 12, 2020): 23–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.28-14.2.
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the current study presents the analyses of monthly, seasonal and annual temperature and rainfall data for the period (1987 – 2017) across seven climatic zones in southwestern Saudi Arabia (Abha, Khamis Mushait, Bisha, Najran, Jazan, Sharurah and Al-Baha, monitored by the General Authority for Meteorology and Environmental Protection). The analyses aim to investigate the overall variations in rainfall and temperatures recorded in these seven climatic zones. The study employs the descriptive analytical approach. Several descriptive statistical analyses have been carried out on the obtained meteorological data including linear regression, arithmetic averages, standard deviation and arithmetic average. Findings of the study show that there is a rising trend in monthly, seasonal and annual temperatures in most climatic zones investigated in this study. The overall annual temperature rise during the study period was (+0.06°). Furthermore, findings have shown that there is a falling trend in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall levels in most climatic zones investigated in this study. The overall variation during the study period was (-2.87)m, which indicates that a climate change has impacted the southern west of Saudi Arabia. In the light of the study findings, it is recommended that climate change measures are actively taken in order to respond to the changes in climate and mitigate their implications. Furthermore, it is recommended to establish advanced meteorological stations in the villages and settlements of the towns and cities investigated in this study. Finally, it is important that further research be carried out using various climate elements order to further investigate the climate changes on the southern west of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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SALEH, MOHAMMED ABDULLAH EBEN. "Alternative land management approaches in the highlands of south-western Saudi Arabia." Environmental Conservation 25, no. 4 (December 1998): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000381.
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There is debate world-wide over urbanization, structured planning, deforestation and land management; these issues are no less important in Saudi Arabia.State tenure of traditionally protected lands in Saudi Arabia has created gaps in the protection of the ecosystem and control of urbanization that indigenous peoples can fill. The present situation has emerged since 1932 when local control of resources was lost in the drive to unify the Kingdom politically. An alternative to the practised system of land management and planning is proposed. The alternative is that which recognizes indigenous people as potential stewards of the vernacular landscape and it may play a leading role in the conservation and management of the highlands of the south-western region of Saudi Arabia.To strengthen the 1993 Law of Regions which aimed at improving the standard of administrative work and development in the Kingdom will require the establishment of a new relationship between indigenous people, scientists and national governmental organizations. In this, indigenous peoples should have juridical recognition and control over large areas of forests around their settlements in exchange for a commitment to conserve the ecosystem and protect biodiversity. In essence, such an outcome may offer the integration of two knowledge systems into an innovative resource-management strategy and land-conservation plans.
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Rasheed, Zafar, Ali Shariq, Ghaida B. AlQefari, Ghayda S. Alwahbi, Amal I. Aljuaythin, Fidaa S. Alsuhibani, Daliyah F. Alotaibi, et al. "Toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent Saudi women: Correlation with vitamin D." Women's Health 17 (January 2021): 174550652110438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455065211043844.
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Objective: Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii) is a life-threatening parasite particularly infecting the immunocompromised women. Deficiency of vitamin D is well reported in several infectious disorders. This study was undertaken to investigate a correlation of vitamin D deficiency with the onset of T. gondii infection in immunocompetent women from the central of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 304 Saudi women from the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Specific immunoassays were used to determine the levels of T. gondii immunoglobulin G and vitamin D. The SPSS and the Prism Graph Pad statistical software were used for the data analysis. Results: Out of 304 women, 18.8% were found to be positive for toxoplasmosis. Interestingly, the serum levels of vitamin D in toxoplasma positive cases were found to be significantly low as compared with the levels of vitamin D in toxoplasma negative cases. Moreover, sociodemographic risk factors such as age, residence location, and consumption of fruits/vegetables were also found to be associated with vitamin D deficiency and with the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis. Conclusion: This study investigated a direct correlation of vitamin D deficiency with the severity of the toxoplasmosis in Saudi women. Therefore, it is predicted that vitamin D supplementation may provide protection against toxoplasma infection.
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Alharbi, Fahad, and Denes Csala. "Saudi Arabia’s Solar and Wind Energy Penetration: Future Performance and Requirements." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030588.
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Saudi Arabia fully depends on fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas to generate its electricity. Fossil fuels may have limited life and a history of fluctuating costs, which will lead to multiple issues that can affect the energy security of this country in the long-term. Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) is a concept different to “energy security”, which must consider the solar and wind energy as basic sources of energy supplies in Saudi Arabia. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Brownian Motion (BM) approaches were employed to predict the future behaviour of solar and wind energy, along with long-term temperature performance, based on 69 years of historical daily data. MCS and BM were employed to provide a wide range of options for future prediction results. A validation exercise showed that the north-western region was the most highly recommended region for deployment of solar and wind energy applications due to an abundance of solar and wind energy resources with low temperature supported by a clearer sky during the year. This is followed by the southern region, which exhibited good solar and wind energy resources. This study can be considered as a roadmap to meet the climate and sustainability goals by providing a long-term overview of solar energy, wind energy, and temperature performance in some countries that have a lack of long-term future prediction analysis such as Saudi Arabia.
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Alotaibi, Layali, and Bassam Alkhalifah. "Assessment of knowledge and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection in al Qassim region, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Medicine 7, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijm.v7i1.25784.
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Background: Ionizing radiation is important medical imaging techniques. Medical imaging is a powerful tool for diagnosis of many diseases. Although, it has potential benefits and it has harmful risks that should not be ignored.Objective: This study aims to assessing the current knowledge and attitude toward radiation protection, radiological examination doses, and impact of radiation exposure among radiographers working in health facilities in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.Design and Setting: This cross sectional prospective survey included 100 radiographers from different governmental and private hospitals in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia, in the duration from October 2018 to December 2018, through self –administered questionnaires The questionnaire consisted of three sections: the first section focused on radiographers’ demographic data, the second assessed the current knowledge and attitude towards radiation protection, and the third assessed the current knowledge and attitude towards radiological examination doses .Results: Out of the 100 responders to the survey, 69 male and 31 female radiographers were included. It was observed that most of the radiographers were younger than 30 years old, with less than five years of experience in 54% of them. Most of the responders (84%) had a bachelor degree or higher.The level of education and years of experience influenced the knowledge of radiation doses especially for abdominal/pelvis CT p=0.016), thyroid isotope scan (p<0.001) and brain MRI doses (p=0.002). Additionally, a significant difference was found in awareness to patient radiation protection measures (p<0.001) and the radiographers’ opinion on the personnel who are exposed to radiation the most (p<0.001).Conclusion: the current level of knowledge is inadequate. Training programs and on job training can improve the practice. Further studies with larger sample size are needed.
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Alhazmi, Abdulaziz, Edrous Alamer, Dalia Daws, Mashael Hakami, Majid Darraj, Siddig Abdelwahab, Amani Maghfuri, and Abdullah Algaissi. "Evaluation of Side Effects Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines in Saudi Arabia." Vaccines 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060674.
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Background: Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca are recently introduced vaccines to combat COVID-19 pandemic. During clinical trials, mild to moderate side effects have been associated with these vaccines. Thus, we aimed to evaluate short-term post-vaccination side effects. Methods: Cross-sectional, retrospective study using an online questionnaire was conducted among COVID-19 vaccines recipients in Saudi Arabia. General and demographic data were collected, and vaccine-associated side effects after receiving at least one dose of each vaccine were evaluated. Results: Our final sample consisted of 515 participants with a median age of 26 years. Most of the study participants were female (57%). Nearly 13% of the study subjects have reported previous infections with SARS-CoV-2. Oxford-AstraZeneca and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines have been received by 75% and 25% of the study participants, respectively. Side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines have been reported by 60% of the study subjects, and most of them reported fatigue (90%), pain at the site of the injections (85%). Conclusion: Side effects that are reported post Oxford-AstraZeneca and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines among our study participants are not different from those that were reported in the clinical trials, indicating safe profiles for both vaccines. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the current vaccines in protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfections.