Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Shareholder value creation'

In recent years, a variant of residual income often called Economic Value Added (EVA)' or Economic Income (EI) has become a popular concern in academia and business communities. This study investigates the general hypothesis that EVA is more highly associated with shareholder wealth and firm values than are traditional performance measures. Two commonly used value-based performance metrics namely, Total Shareholder Return (TSR) and Tobin's Q are also considered to highlight the valuerelevance of EVA vis-a-vis these measures in predicting shareholder wealth. Using a sample of panel data of around 12,000 firm-year observations taken from the Stem Stewart 1000 EVA/MVA database and the DATASTREAM file over the period 1991-2002, this study finds compelling evidence that shareholder value is a function of EVA. This study also provides evidence consistent with the notion that EVA outperforms other traditional performance measures in explaining shareholder wealth. Valuerelevance tests reveal EVA to be more highly associated with shareholder wealth than TSR and Tobin's Q. The incremental tests also suggest that EVA possesses the largest explanatory power (or information usefulness) over TSR and Tobin's Q. These results conclusively support the claims made by EVA proponents and further support the potential usefulness of the EVA metric for internal and external performance.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the value drivers that drive the value of companies, as reflected in the share-prices. Through this study, the aim is to draw conclusions on the aspects that drive the share-price of companies. A detailed literature study was performed on the value-creation process that takes place in a company. The literature study has a significant focus on Value-Based Management and the elements that should be considered when evaluating the manner in which companies create shareholder value through the operational activities that are performed. Through applying the principles of value-based management, the management of companies should maximise the value-created for shareholders by utilising company resources in the most effective and efficient way possible. Valuebased management should not be seen as a once-of initiative, but should be ingrained in the day-to-day operating and management activities of companies. The objective of applying value based management principles in a company should be to enhance the value of financial assets through the optimisation of the real assets of the company. Value is created in a company when the company can maintain a return on capital that is greater than the cost of capital. Through the literature study several value-drivers were identified that influence the shareholder value-creation process and that should be managed optimally. These value-drivers have been identified to be (1) sales growth, (2) cash profit margin - earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA), (3) cash tax rate, (4) working capital, (5) capital expenditure, (6) WACC- the risk and inflation adjusted weighted average cost of capital, and (7) the competitive advantage period. The competitive advantage period is defined as the time during which a company has a positive net present value when discounted at the WACC. Any actions that the management of a company can take to optimise these value-drivers will have a positive effect on the value created for shareholders. The link between shareholder value-creation and share-price was investigated in the literature study. It was found that different factors influence share prices and that some have nothing to do with the company itself, but more with investor sentiment about the economy as a whole and other socio-political factors. The empirical study was based on analysing key value-drivers and financial ratios that were identified during the literature study, in order to establish the relationship between company value-creation and the share-price. The data sample that was used in the empirical study consisted of 55 publicly listed companies that had a net asset value of one billion rand (R1, 000,000,000) or more in 1998. This data sample parameter was chosen in order to consider companies in the empirical study that have significant market presence in the respective industries, sectors and sub-sectors. The time horizon of the empirical study was over a 1 0-year period, from 1998 to 2007. The relationship that exists between the dependent variables of (1) Average Share Price (ASP) and (2) Year-End Share Price (YESP) and the independent variables of (1) net assets, (2) turnover, (3) trading profit, (4) operating profit, (5) profit before interest and tax, (6) Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT), (7) retained profits, (8) free cash flow, (9) Economic Value-Added (EVA), (1 0) Earnings Per Share (EPS), (11) Cash Flow Per Share (CFPS), (12) the price earnings ratio, (13) operating assets, (14) Return On Assets (ROA), and (15) Return On Equity (ROE) were analysed during the empirical study. These dependent and independent variables were chosen based on the insights gained through the literature study and was identified as appropriate to formulate conclusions on the relationship that exists between shareholder value-creation and share-price. The distributions of the above-mentioned variables are discussed in detail and distribution figures are provided to contextualise the spread of the variables and provide background on the data that was used in the empirical study. Although the study of the variables was conducted over a 1 0-year period, from 1998 to 2007, distribution figures for the years 1998 and 2007, are depicted and discussed in order to provide a comparison of the changes that took place over the 1 0-year period. Due to the nature of the variables analysed during the empirical study, the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient is used to measure the relationship that exists between the dependent and independent variables. The Spearman Rank Coefficient is a factor model that explains complex phenomena through a small number of basic causes or factors. Given the relative large number of shares available on the share market, the estimation of dependent, share-price variables cannot be performed without simplification to dimensionality, therefore the use of the Spearman Rank Coefficient. The coefficient of correlation between the dependent and independent variables was calculated for the each of the years over the 1 0-year period and the applicability to explain the relationship between shareholder value-creation and share-price was analysed. Through the statistical analyses and the interpretation of the results, it was concluded that earnings per share and cash flow per share are the most appropriate indicators for estimating the relationship that exists between shareholder value-creation and the share-price as reflected on the share market.<br>Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

In this thesis it is recognised that marketing has a dual role to satisfy both customer and shareholder objectives. The issue of shareholder value creation of marketing is an important and immediate agenda for marketing executives, management and academics. To date, marketers have not been able to adequately quantify and measure shareholder value creation through marketing assets and marketing expenditure. This has led to a dilution of marketing power and influence in the boardroom with management tending to treat marketing as discretionary expenditure and not as an asset. Academics have responded with conceptual models that relate marketing assets back to shareholder value, generally through cash flow or sales models. The creation of shareholder value through marketing assets and expenditure is then conceptualised and tested empirically. The conceptual model builds on the theory of agency and incomplete markets setting to illustrate the flow effects through marketing assets to shareholder value. The conceptual model also demonstrates that marketing expenditure can have stock and/or flow impacts on shareholder value. Flow effects are indirect effects that are mediated through sales, cash flows, and earnings and can be either temporary or longer term. It is concluded that in listed markets stock prices are the general surrogate for shareholder value, and risk adjusted earnings are the appropriate surrogate in non-listed markets. The thesis then empirically illustrates and tests the relationships between marketing communications expenditure on two data sets representing firms in listed and non-listed settings. The empirical results reveal that marketing expenditure does play an important role in the creation of shareholder value and that stock and flow effects are both present. Knowledge of the various empirical impacts from marketing across firm size, industry and listed and non-listed market settings observed in this thesis should prove highly valuable for marketers and managers. Finally, a conceptual understanding by marketers of the financial metrics that are required to be influenced in order to increase shareholder equity will provide greater clout in negotiations with management and boards of directors.

In this thesis it is recognised that marketing has a dual role to satisfy both customer and shareholder objectives. The issue of shareholder value creation of marketing is an important and immediate agenda for marketing executives, management and academics. To date, marketers have not been able to adequately quantify and measure shareholder value creation through marketing assets and marketing expenditure. This has led to a dilution of marketing power and influence in the boardroom with management tending to treat marketing as discretionary expenditure and not as an asset. Academics have responded with conceptual models that relate marketing assets back to shareholder value, generally through cash flow or sales models. The creation of shareholder value through marketing assets and expenditure is then conceptualised and tested empirically. The conceptual model builds on the theory of agency and incomplete markets setting to illustrate the flow effects through marketing assets to shareholder value. The conceptual model also demonstrates that marketing expenditure can have stock and/or flow impacts on shareholder value. Flow effects are indirect effects that are mediated through sales, cash flows, and earnings and can be either temporary or longer term. It is concluded that in listed markets stock prices are the general surrogate for shareholder value, and risk adjusted earnings are the appropriate surrogate in non-listed markets. The thesis then empirically illustrates and tests the relationships between marketing communications expenditure on two data sets representing firms in listed and non-listed settings. The empirical results reveal that marketing expenditure does play an important role in the creation of shareholder value and that stock and flow effects are both present. Knowledge of the various empirical impacts from marketing across firm size, industry and listed and non-listed market settings observed in this thesis should prove highly valuable for marketers and managers. Finally, a conceptual understanding by marketers of the financial metrics that are required to be influenced in order to increase shareholder equity will provide greater clout in negotiations with management and boards of directors.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Marketing<br>Full Text

The primary goal of a publicly traded company is to maximise the wealth of its shareholders. This implies that the management of the firm, as agents of the owners, has to manage the firm in such a manner as to create value from every decision taken. Value-based management (VBM) is a management strategy aimed at achieving shareholder wealth creation and is based on the effective management of a set of internal value drivers to maximise wealth creation. The primary objective of the current study is to investigate the quantification of the relationship between internal value drivers and shareholder wealth creation in the Mining sector of JSE listed companies in South Africa. In order to achieve this, the internal value drivers were identified from literature, the necessary financial data was collected and the value drivers as well as actual shareholder wealth were quantified. Revenue growth, operating profitability, capital requirements and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) were identified as the value drivers while total shareholder return (TSR) was identified as the actual shareholder wealth creator. For the purpose of the current study, WACC was excluded from the analysis. By application of linear regression, it was found that revenue growth and operating profitability have a positive, statistically significant effect of TSR. After analysing the effect size, it is however concluded that the effect is not practically significant. These findings concur with similar research in the field of VBM.<br>Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Value based management is a process that can be used to determine a business’s value drivers. It attempts to determine how the drivers link to value creation, and then break down the value drivers into achievable activities that can be pursued by employees. Due to strict medicine pricing regulations in the country, it is becoming increasingly difficult for pharmacy businesses to stay profitable. This study set out to develop a value based management framework that could be used by pharmacy management in order to maximise value creation in the business and help ensure its survival despite the strict pricing regulations. Secondary objectives were to contextualise the term “value based management”, to identify the value drivers in a pharmacy business and to determine the extent to which value based management and its principles are being applied in pharmacies in the North West region of South Africa. The research study began in the literature where the term “value based management” was introduced and a literature study was done to conceptualise the term by investigating why value based management and value creation were important. Value based management metrics, the components of value based management; and key success factors for the implementation of value based management principles were investigated. A further literature study was done to identify possible value drivers in a pharmacy business. An empirical study was conducted among registered pharmacists in the North West region of South Africa. Using the value drivers identified in the literature study as constructs, a questionnaire was designed to explore participants’ level of exposure to (and knowledge of) value based management as well as the extent to which the principles of value based management were being applied at the pharmacy businesses where participants were employed. Analysis of the responses showed the questionnaire to be reliable and valid. The results of the study highlighted that many respondents’ lack knowledge regarding the constructs (value drivers), cost price in the dispensary and cost of wages. Constructs (value drivers) that were better understood included product mix in the front shop and debtors’ control. Constructs (value drivers) that were best managed at the pharmacies where participants were employed, were cost price in the front shop and stock control. Constructs (value drivers) that were not as thoroughly managed were sales growth in the front shop and cost of wages. Conclusions regarding the findings of the research study were presented and recommendations were made. The research study was evaluated opposite the primary and secondary objectives with the conclusion that both were achieved. Finally, recommendations for further research into value based management and the application of its principles in pharmacy businesses were proposed.<br>Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The purpose of this study is to examine the value generated to shareholders due to the announcement of mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A) in different industries. Only deals between firms in the OECD member countries over the period 2004-2014 are analysed. The value is measured by calculating the cumulative abnormal return for event periods close to the announcement date. Cumulative abnormal returns is often used for measuring the impact of events on a stock price and reflect what investors believe will be the value from resulting synergies to shareholders. Only transactions between target and acquiring companies that are operating in the industrials, financial services, information technology and consumer staples industry are examined. Previous research is used to determine industry conditions affecting value creation and the expected value creation for each of the four industries is determined. This study find that returns for acquirers are distributed around zero percent. The mean cumulative abnormal returns for acquirers are negative for three of the four industries examined. The only positive abnormal return for acquirers is found in the financial services industry. Target firm shareholders receive positive returns in all industries. Target firm shareholders in the consumer staples and industrials industries receive on average statistically significant results above zero percent for a significance level of 5%. These industries have also the highest target returns.

Submitted by Gustavo Alexandre Gomes Bernardes (gustavoagbernardes@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T03:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.pdf: 1006151 bytes, checksum: d6813b870325b41f7e39b7ffffa4aa3e (MD5)<br>Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Seu trabalho necessita de ajustes. por gentileza entrar em contato 3799-7892 Joana on 2018-09-04T15:01:40Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by Gustavo Alexandre Gomes Bernardes (gustavoagbernardes@gmail.com) on 2018-09-05T03:19:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.1.pdf: 1027352 bytes, checksum: 36911eefcc4525b7f4834b58c82f7a61 (MD5)<br>Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Gustavo, bom dia. Para aprovação de seu trabalho postado, deverá ajustar os seguinte: O nome da escola deverá estar em português " ESCOLA DE ECONOMIA DE SÃO PAULO" (capa, segunda pagina e folha de assinaturas) Falta o resumo em português antes do ABSTRAT. após a realização dos ajustes deverá postar novamente. 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No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Bernardes - v6.2 06 09 18.pdf: 1031299 bytes, checksum: 86ddb9003b1b1b681ce2ba83ea0b82c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-10<br>The main goal of this study was to evaluate to what extent working capital management - mesasured through the Cash Conversion Cycle - is related to a higher profitability and to a higher creation of value for the shareholders - measured through the Tobin’s Q. The central hypoteshis are that (1) firms' with lower Cash Conversion Cycle present higher profitability and (2) companies with lower Cash Conversion Cycle show higher value generation for shareholders. This study used a database extracted from Economática, with financial details from 46 different companies listed within the INDX (BM&FBOVESPA Industrials Index as of April 18th 2018), which represents the most representative traded stocks among industrial companies in Brazil. The regressions shown herein were built using the Panel Dataset Methodology, estimated on a quarterly basis from the period between 1986 to 2017, totaling 31 years. Regression analysis were made in order to assess the relation between variables, using both Multiple OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and Fixed Effects models. The results show strong evidences that industrial companies in Brazil that have a lower cash conversion cycle also present (1) higher profitability and (2) higher creation of value for its shareholders. Breaking down the Cash Conversion Cycle into its components (Days Sales Outstanding, Days Payables Outstanding, Days Inventory Outstanding), the study found negative and significant relation between profitability and generation of value with the Days Inventory Outstanding, suggesting that companies with lower average inventory days presents higher profitability and generates more value to shareholders. The results showed a positive and significant relation between the Days Payables Outstanding with both the Gross Operating Profit and Tobin’s Q, indicating that companies that have more extended payment terms present higher profitability and higher generation of value for the shareholders. The research also found a statistically significant negative relationship between the Days Sales Outstanding and the and the Tobin’s Q, suggesting that firms with lower average collection period shows higher creation of value. The study did not find a statistically significant relation between the DSO and the GPO.According to the research, from the three components of the cash conversion cycle, the Days Payables Oustanding was the one with the higher relation with both profitability and creation of value, followed by the Days Inventory Outstanding and Days Sales Outstanding.<br>O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em que medida a gestão do capital de giro - representada pelo índice Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa - está relacionada a uma maior lucratividade e uma melhor percepção de valor pelos acionistas e pelo mercado - medido pelo Q de Tobin. As hipóteses centrais são: (1) as empresas com menor Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa apresentam maior lucratividade e (2) as empresas com menor Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa apresentam maior geração e percepção de valor para os acionistas. Este estudo utilizou um banco de dados extraído do sistema Economática, com dados financeiros de 46 empresas listadas no Índice INDX (Índice do Setor Industrial da BM&FBOVESPA com data base de 18 de abril de 2018), que representam as ações mais representativas entre as empresas industriais no Brasil. As regressões aqui apresentadas foram construídas utilizando o método de dados em painel, cujos dados foram extraídos em uma base entre o período de 1986 a 2017, totalizando 31 anos. Análises de regressão foram feitas para estimar a relação entre as variáveis, usando os modelos de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO) e Efeitos Fixos. Os resultados mostram fortes evidências de que as empresas industriais no Brasil que possuem um ciclo de conversão de caixa mais curto também apresentam (1) maior lucratividade e (2) maior criação e percepção de valor para seus acionistas. Através da quebra do Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa em seus componentes (Prazo Médio de Estocagem, Prazo Médio de Pagamento e Prazo Médio de Recebimento), o estudo encontrou relação negativa e significante entre lucratividade e geração de valor com o Prazo Médio de Estocagem, sugerindo que empresas com menor média de dias de estoque apresentam maior rentabilidade e geram maior percepção de valor para os acionistas. Os resultados também mostram uma relação positiva e significante entre o Prazo Médio de Pagamento tanto com o Lucro Operacional Bruto quanto com o Q de Tobin, indicando que as empresas que possuem prazos de pagamento mais alongados apresentam maior rentabilidade e maior geração e percepção de valor para os acionistas. A pesquisa também encontrou uma relação negativa estatisticamente significante entre o Prazo Médio de Recebimento e o Q de Tobin, sugerindo que as empresas com menor período médio de recebimento apresentam maior percepção de valor. O estudo não encontrou uma relação estatisticamente significante entre o Prazo Médio de Recebimento e o Lucro Bruto Operacional. De acordo com a pesquisa, dos três componentes do ciclo de conversão de caixa, o Prazo Médio de Pagamento apresentou a maior relação com rentabilidade e com a percepção e criação de valor, seguido pelo Prazo Médio de Estocagem e Prazo Médio de Recebimento.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Konflikterna mellan ägarnas och företagsledningens intressen har varit ett aktuellt ämne länge och vi befinner oss nu i en ny fas som kännetecknas av en tydlig betoning på att företaget i första hand måste drivas i ägarnas intresse. En effekt av detta är att utformningen av bonusprogram till högsta ledningen i företagen har fått stort utrymme i media och ifrågasatts under en längre tid men dock blivit mer påtaglig i början av 2009. Kritiska röster har höjts om utformningen av bonusprogrammen och vilka prestationer det egentligen är som belönas.</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva hur bonusprogrammen för verkställande direktörer i företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen är utformade. Vi kommer även analysera om dessa program har skapat värde för aktieägarna i form av utdelning och aktievärde. Utifrån detta kommer vi lyfta fram de kriterier vi anser är viktigast för att skapa värde vid utformandet av bonusprogram för VD.</p><p><strong>Genomförande: </strong>För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomfördes undersökningen som en kvantitativ studie med hjälp av sekundärdata. Det empiriska materialet har sedan analyserat med hjälp av befintliga teorier inom styrning.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Största delen av företagen använder kombination av kortsiktiga och långsiktiga bonusprogram för att motivera, behålla och rekrytera en kompetent ledning. För att mäta prestationer används huvudsakligen redovisningsbaserade mått men även marknadsbaserade mått förekommer. Vår studie pekar på att det föreligger ett positivt samband mellan tilldelning av aktier, som belöning, och värdeskapande.</p><br><p><strong>Background:</strong> The conflicts between shareholders and managers interests have been a current topic for a long time and we are now in a new phase that are recognized by a clear emphasis that an organization have to be run in the shareholders interests. An effect of this is that the design of incentive programs for top management have gotten large space in media and has been questioned during a long time but has become more tangible in the beginning of 2009. Critical voices have been raised about the design of incentive programs and what types of performance actually are rewarded.</p><p><strong>Aim:</strong> The aim of this thesis is to describe how incentive programs for CEO in companies listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange are designed. We will also analyze if these programs has created value for shareholders in form of dividends and stock value. Based on this we will highlight what we consider are the most important criteria’s to create value when designing an incentive program for CEO.</p><p><strong>Implementation:</strong> To fulfill the thesis aim the survey was performed as a quantitative study based on secondary data. The empirical material has then been analyzed whit the help of existing theory’s within management.</p><p><strong>Result:</strong> Majority of the companies uses a combination between short-term and long-term incentive programs to motivate, preserve and recruit a competent management. To measure performance accounting based measures are mainly used but market based measures are also used. Our study indicates that there are a positive connection between handing out stocks, as a reward, and value creation.</p>

An increased competitive climate has enhanced the importance for companies to differentiate from other companies. Today, the customer support within service organizations are often disregarded as a source of value due to the focus on costs. Further, it has become more important to leverage the contact with the customer at all encounters. New technological advancements within Business Intelligence have also enabled companies to increase their competitiveness through improved decision support. The objective of this thesis is through a case study investigate how an insurance company could leverage its customer support as a source of creating shareholder value as well as how to apply trends within Business Intelligence for increased decision support. This was done through developing a conceptual model based on academic theory in order to provide a tool for analysis and development of a customer support. The research questions intends to investigate how an customer support can contribute to, and balance a focus on service quality, costs and sales in order to enhance shareholder value. A business driven approach was further used in order to understand how a customer support could leverage the emerging trends of Business Intelligence. This since the thesis also aims to provide some first insights into how to leverage the trends of mobile- and Self-Service- Business Intelligence within the customer support within insurance companies. The research emphasizes the need to have a holistic view of what drives value and costs with regard to the retention, growth and acquisition of customers when viewing the customer support as a source of value. The thesis concludes that both the trends of mobile- and Self-Service- Business Intelligence could enable an insurance company to gain new insights through utilizing existing internal as well as external data in order to conduct a more continuous and flexible analysis of important matters.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the perception of value and risk in CSR as well as analyzing how financial institutions influence responsible behavior in business in order to create sustainable economic growth. Methodology: The study has a qualitative research method used by an abductive process. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with respondents from three venture capital companies and three banks. The sample of respondents was done through a convenience sample with respect to access and expertise in the research area. Conclusion: The most important meanings of the research results have shown that CSR holds an intrinsic value concerning contributing value as its conceptual meaning in terms of sustainable development. CSR can also be regarded as a dimension of risk management to reduce the risk of negative externalities on corporate activities. Investors and financiers contribute to sustainable companies through active ownership and improvements in the CSR dimensions. Finally, research results demonstrated that the responsible behavior of companies contributing to profitability, which in turn is part of sustainable development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Sumoyama Braune.pdf: 1695612 bytes, checksum: 77d29d722c605b6606c7ccbb7676468f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08<br>Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa<br>Companies are focusing on intangible assets with the intention of gaining competitive advantage. However, there is not a systematic way to calculate them. Gu and Lev (2003; 2011) propose a model of measurement of intangible assets, where the company's economic performance is generated by physical, financial and intangible assets. Based on this proposal, we calculate the Intangible Capital (IC) and Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) for companies in the consumer services sector of the United States according to data availability in the period from 2001 to 2010. We also investigate intangibility indexes proposed by Lev (1999); Gu e Lev (2003) and their relationship with value creation to shareholders. So we intend to provide a response to the following survey problem: Which is the influence of intangible assets on the value creation of consumer services companies? Based on a panel data, results show that the Comprehensive Value (CV) has a positive and significant relationship with the market value of firms and that there Intangible Capital (IC) and Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) are positively related to Research and Development (RD) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), financial variables that are commonly used to measure intangibles. In addition, we found most of the indices of intangibility have positive and significant relationship with the total shareholder return, showing they can be good indicators of intangibility.<br>As empresas estão focando nos ativos intangíveis com a intenção de obter vantagem competitiva. Contudo, não há uma forma sistemática de calculá-los. Gu e Lev (2003; 2011) propõem um modelo de mensuração dos ativos intangíveis, onde o desempenho econômico da empresa é gerado por ativos físicos, financeiros e intangíveis. Baseado nessa proposta nós calculamos o Intangible Capital (IC) e o Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) para empresas do setor de serviços ao consumidor dos Estados Unidos de acordo com a disponibilidade de dados no período de 2001 a 2010. Também investigamos os índices de intangibilidade propostos por Lev (1999); Gu e Lev (2003) e sua relação com a criação de valor aos acionistas. Assim pretendemos responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: Qual a influência dos ativos intangíveis na criação de valor de empresas do setor de serviços ao consumidor? Baseado no modelo de dados em painel, os resultados mostram que o Comprehensive Value tem uma relação positiva e significante com o valor de mercado das empresas e que o Intangible Capital (IC) e o Intangibles-Driven-Earnings (IDE) são positivamente relacionados com as variáveis de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (RD) e dispêndio de capital (CAPEX), variáveis financeiras que são comumente utilizadas para medir os intangíveis. Além disso, verificamos a maioria dos índices de intangibilidade, possuem relação positiva e significante com o retorno total ao acionista, mostrando que podem ser bons indicadores de intangibilidade.

L’objectif de ce travail de recherche a été de contribuer à répondre à la question suivante : dans quelle mesure les médias constituent-ils un mécanisme de gouvernance d’entreprise ? Après avoir réalisé une revue de littérature, trois questions de recherche ont été formulées. Tout d’abord, la question du rôle de la presse en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance d’entreprise disciplinaire a été posée, puis, plus précisément, celle de son rôle en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance disciplinaire partenariale, et enfin celle de mécanisme de gouvernance normative au sens néo-institutionnel. Chaque question a fait l’objet d’un essai. Tout d’abord, l’efficacité de la presse dans la révélation des fraudes commises par les entreprises, avant qu’une autorité officielle ne la sanctionne, a été examinée au moyen de régressions logistiques et d’analyse d’articles de presse. Ensuite, l’influence de la presse sur les dirigeants du groupe Danone a été analysée, par une étude de cas, de 1996 à 2008. Enfin, une étude de cas portant sur les liens entre divers types de presse a permis d’étudier leur rôle et leur influence dans la normalisation et la diffusion d’idées et de pratiques en matière de gouvernance d’entreprise. Premièrement, l’efficacité de la presse en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance disciplinaire doit être relativisée. Sous l’hypothèse de maximisation de ses profits, la presse française choisit les entreprises qu’elle couvre et les fraudes qu’elle révèle. Elle est plutôt une presse informative qu’une presse investigatrice. La complémentarité des mécanismes de gouvernance est confortée comme facteur d’efficacité du système de gouvernance. Deuxièmement, la presse est un mécanisme efficient de gouvernance partenariale : elle parvient à inciter les dirigeants d’entreprise à chercher à créer de la valeur partenariale plutôt qu’actionnariale. Troisièmement, l’homogénéisation actuelle de formes organisationnelles concernant la gouvernance d’entreprise semble s’expliquer par le rôle de la presse en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance d’entreprise normative au sens néo-institutionnel<br>The objective of this research had to contribute to the question: are media a corporate governance mechanism ? After doing a literature review, three research questions were asked. First, the question about the role of press as a corporate governance disciplinary mechanism was asked, then as a corporate governance mechanism with a view to creating stakeholder value, lastly, as a corporate normative governance mechanism in a neo-institutional view. Each question was the subject of one essay. First, the efficiency of press to reveal frauds of firms before an official authority was analyzed. In this purpose, logistic regression and an examination of articles of press was done. Second, the influence of press on the Danone Group’s direction was studied with a case study between 1996 and 2008. Third, to understand the influence between several kinds of press and their role in the normalization and the circulation of ideas and practical experiences about corporate governance, a case study was done also. First, the efficiency of press as a corporate disciplinary mechanism is not always perfect. By assuming that press maximizes its profits, the French press chooses the firms to cover and the frauds to disclose. It’s more a press which informs as a press which investigates. The complementarity of corporate governance mechanisms is confirmed in the efficiency of the governance system. Second, press is an efficient mechanism in a stakeholder value creation perspective. It manages to influence CEOs to search to create stakeholder value rather than shareholder value. Third, currently we notice an homogenization of organizational forms about corporate governance. It could be explained by the role of press as a corporate governance normative mechanism in a neo-institutional perspective

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000.<br>Also available online at the DSpace at MIT website.<br>Vita.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>This thesis examines how various chemical companies create shareholder value. Against the backdrop of the latest strategic thinking of Arnoldo C. Hax and Dean Wilde Il as discussed in the Deha Model, the author reviews the strategic position of each company and compares them to the shareholder value they create. This thesis concludes that adopting the Total Customer Solutions strategic posture creates enhanced shareholder value. The Chemical Industry, despite its rich and profound history, when compared to the Standard and Poor's 500 over the last five years, has been consuming value. In order to reverse these trends, companies have been focusing their energy on Rapid Globalization, Increased Mergers and Acquisitions, Business Transformation and Innovation. The advent of the Internet and how companies position themselves within this new space will also play a critical role in most companies' future success. The thesis suggests that all of these activities should be viewed from the Total Customer Solutions perspective, creating stronger alignment between strategy, adaptive processes, and execution. The thesis concludes by suggesting how Eastman Chemical Company may utilize the principles embedded in the Deha Model to strategically reposition itself as a Total Customer Solutions Company.<br>by Alexander Zalesky.<br>M.B.A.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando da Silva.pdf: 1204358 bytes, checksum: af6d5edea1d708cb854beda7241a491c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-26<br>The segment of vehicles rental is characterized as an industry that requires intensive, long-term capital for the financing of the renewal of its fleet and implementation of growth strategies. Going public is a good alternative of access to one s own capital, once the funding cost should be lower, in theory. The adoption of this financing strategy depends on principles and good corporate governance practices that are necessary for entering in the differentiated segments of corporate governance of Bovespa (São Paulo State Stock Exchange). The globalization of the markets is compelling companies to focus their attention on the management based on performance measures to check if the company and its administrators are creating value for the shareholders. In a world with fast changes, where the search for results is constant, the aggregated value aspect has been more and more questioned and debated at companies. This dissertation's purpose is to determine if a Brazilian company within the vehicles rental going public can generate value to its shareholders and increase its wealth. In order to do that, this work studied and presented results on the following aspects: the first one, a research on the vehicles rental sector in Brazil, checking, among other items, the scenery, its indicators and perspectives for 2007; the second, a determination of the history of the company Localiza Rent a Car, case study object, presenting its governance model, mapping the best corporate governance practices recommended by IBGC and by CVM in order to check the adhesion level; third, an analysis of the results disclosed by Localiza before and after OPA; and, finally, an analysis of the capital cost and the EVA® , checking if the cost of source of funds diminished and if value was generated to the shareholders after going public. Through the results obtained, we can affirm that, after OPA, Localiza generated value to its shareholders and increased its wealth, and the cost of source of founds also diminished; however, we cannot attribute this growth only to going public, because of the diversity of variables that impact the segment of vehicles rental<br>O segmento de locação de veículos caracteriza-se como uma indústria que requer capital intensivo de longo prazo para financiamento da renovação de sua frota e implementação de estratégias de crescimento. A abertura de capital em bolsa de valores apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa de acesso a capital próprio, uma vez que o custo de captação em tese deveria ser menor. A adoção dessa estratégia de financiamento depende de princípios e boas práticas de governança corporativa necessários para o ingresso nos segmentos diferenciados de governança corporativa da Bovespa. A globalização dos mercados está obrigando as empresas a focarem sua atenção para a gestão baseada em medidas de desempenho para verificar se a empresa e seus administradores estão criando valor para os acionistas. Num mundo de rápidas mudanças, onde a busca por resultados é uma constante, o aspecto valor agregado tem sido cada vez mais questionado e discutido nas empresas. A presente dissertação teve por objetivo verificar se a abertura de capital de uma empresa brasileira do segmento de locação de veículos pode gerar valor aos seus acionistas e aumentar suas riquezas. Para tanto este trabalho estudou e apresentou resultados sobre os seguintes aspectos: o primeiro, uma pesquisa sobre o setor de locação de veículos no Brasil, verificando, entre outros itens, o cenário, seus indicadores e perspectivas para 2007; o segundo, um levantamento da história da empresa Localiza Rent a Car, objeto do estudo de caso, apresentando seu modelo de governança, mapeando as melhores práticas de governança corporativa recomendadas pelo IBGC e pela CVM para verificar seu nível de adesão; em terceiro, uma análise dos resultados divulgados pela Localiza antes e após a OPA; e em quarto e último, uma análise do custo de capital e do EVA® , verificando se o custo de captação de recursos diminuiu e se foi gerado valor para seus acionistas após a abertura de capital. Através dos resultados obtidos podemos afirmar que após a OPA a Localiza gerou valor para os seus acionistas e aumentou suas riquezas, além do custo de captação de recursos ter diminuído, entretanto, não podemos atribuir este crescimento somente a sua abertura de capital, devido à diversidade de variáveis que atingem o setor de locação de veículos

University of Stellenbosch Business School<br>The objective of this study is to determine whether brands create value for shareholders and the extent to which such value can be quantified. The research methodology is based on a case study of Pretoria Portland Cement, South Africa’s leading cement producer, and seeks to demonstrate how a commodity like cement can be successfully differentiated and branded. Primary data was gathered by conducting unstructured interviews with business leaders and key personnel involved with the development and execution of the company’s brand vision. Secondary data is based on the results of a customer loyalty survey by IPSOS Markinor as well as on customer perceptions from Millward Brown’s BrandDynamics™ model. The results of both these surveys, together with historic market share data and the company’s financial performance over a 15-year period, is analysed and interpreted before conclusions are made about the brand’s contribution to value creation. The study concludes by attempting to make generally applicable findings about the value of brands and their overall contribution to shareholder value. One of the major limitations of the study is the inability to assign a definitive value to the PPC brand because of the vast number of credible brand valuation models available and the lack of consensus among academics and industry experts regarding the determination of brand value.

La question du niveau optimal de transparence sur les marchés financiers a trouvé un terrain de débat exemplaire : celui de la propriété économique des sociétés cotées. La conception de nouveaux produits financiers et le développement de stratégies activistes ont provoqué une remise en question des règles de déclaration de franchissements de seuils de contrôle. Cette thèse analyse les conséquences économiques des évolutions réglementaires, évalue la pertinence des déclarations de l’acquéreur, et propose un nouveau cadre conceptuel intégrant la possibilité de comportements stratégiques des acteurs concernés. Selon nos résultats empiriques, les informations contenues dans les annonces sont pertinentes, même lorsque le blockholder s’engage à rester passif. Notre modèle théorique suggère que les blockholders utilisent le délai de déclaration de manière stratégique, et qu’un raccourcissement de ce délai serait favorable aux actionnaires minoritaires<br>The debate on the optimum level of transparency in financial markets found a major point of controversy: the ownership of public companies. The design of new financial products and the development of shareholder activism called the blockholding disclosure rules into question. This thesis analyzes the economic impact of changes in regulation, measures the value relevance of the content of blockholding announcements, and introduces a new conceptual framework allowing strategic behavior of the involved economic agents. According to our empirical results, the information disclosed by blockholders are value relevant, even when the blockholder commits to remain passive. Our theoretical model suggests that blockholders make a strategic use of the reporting window, and predicts that a shortening of the legal time period would be favorable to minority shareholders

ESG ratings have become a recognised sustainability performance measurement throughout the world. The Nordic countries Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway are ranked top four in the world when it comes to ESG ratings. However, do investors in these countries recognise the sustainability performance of the firms in their investment decisions? The purpose of this study was to see if Nordic investors value ESG factors, by testing for a relationship between high ESG ratings and corporate financial performance. To be able to fulfil this purpose, several multiple regression models were conducted on data for a time-span between 2007-2017 on 108 firm observations and 995 firm-year observations. Corporate financial performance was represented by the dependent variables Tobin’s Q and Return on Assets as measurements for market and accounting performance respectively. The results showed a significant positive relationship between several ESG ratings and market performance, while no significantly positive, nor negative, relationship could be found between accounting performance and ESG ratings. Based on the results from the tests, conclusions were drawn that Nordic investors do value ESG ratings when choosing their investments, indicating that companies can benefit from having good sustainability policies. This thesis challenges the classical view of profit maximisation being the ultimate interest of shareholders, as it shows a positive relationship between ESG and financial market performance. The results indicate that investors take more factors into consideration in their investment decisions than only financial accounting returns. Therefore, conclusions have been made that the Stakeholder theory better explains value creation than the Shareholder theory does. This because the Stakeholder theory emphasises that firms maximise value by taking all stakeholders affected by their business cycle into account, not only the shareholders. Furthermore, based on the results, this thesis concludes that Nordic investors’ interests are in line with the society’s interests as they do value ESG ratings when investing. No previous study on the topic has been conducted on the Nordic market, thus this study fills a research gap on the relationship between financial performance and corporate sustainability.

Understanding the contribution of marketing to the shareholder value of a company has been a major challenge for marketing research. The purpose of this dissertation was creating and validating an attitudinal measure of customer equity in hospitality businesses, thus providing a link between return on marketing and the shareholder value of a company. The theoretical background of the customer equity construct was examined, and then systematic scale development processes were initiated. The results produced two concise scales: (1) 17 items that represent the six dimensions of customer equity in the restaurant industry and (2) 19 items that represent the six dimensions of customer equity in the hotel industry. Six dimensions of customer equity achieved strong convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency, indicating unidimensionality of the constructs. To further validate the newly developed scale, criterion validity was checked in correlation with six criterion measures using data collected from 590 hospitality industry consumers. The results demonstrate that customer equity closely reflects the shareholder value of a company. Also, it was found that value equity, brand equity, relationship equity, and service quality are significantly and positively correlated with overall customer equity of a company. In conclusion, customer equity represents the long-term value of a company, and reflects shareholder value of the company, thus providing a link with return on marketing investments. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.<br>Ph. D.

O número de operações de reorganização societária realizado no Brasil e os valores envolvidos crescem constantemente, mas ainda é muito pequeno se comparado com os EUA. Para aliviar a pesada carga tributária brasileira, bem como manter a competitividade das empresas americanas, os gestores das grandes companhias desses dois países investem constantemente no desenvolvimento de estruturas que agreguem valor para os acionistas, o que se observa também em operações de reorganização societária. Essa pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar se o planejamento tributário nas operações de reorganização societária em empresas brasileiras e americanas agrega valor para os acionistas, utilizando-se a metodologia de estudo de caso de duas operações realizadas no Brasil e uma nos EUA. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados através de pesquisa documental e questionários de percepção e elaborados utilizando-se a Escala Likert. A interpretação e análise dos dados basearam-se no referencial teórico, fundamentado em revisão de literatura pertinente à área de estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram a agregação de valor para os acionistas tanto nas operações realizadas nos EUA como no Brasil, mas devido à harmonização da contabilidade brasileira com a internacional, surge uma insegurança quanto à eficácia das atuais estruturas de planejamento tributário utilizadas. Como recomendação resultante da pesquisa, sugere-se a realização de trabalhos para o desenvolvimento de modelos que meçam a insegurança jurídica e as possíveis mudanças da legislação fiscal no valor da economia tributária proporcionada aos acionistas.<br>The number of operations of companies s reorganization accomplished in Brazil and the involved values constantly grow, but it is still very small if compared with the USA. To relieve the heavy Brazilian tax burden, as well as to maintain the competitiveness of the American companies, the managers of the great companies of those two countries constantly invest in the development of structures that join value for the shareholders, what is observed also in operations of companies s reorganization. This research has the objective to analyze the tax planning in operations of companies s reorganization in Brazilian and American companies that joins value for the shareholders, being used the methodology of study of case of two operations accomplished in Brazil and one in the USA. The data of the research were collected through documental research and perception questionnaires, elaborated being used the Escala Likert. The interpretation and analysis of the data based on the theoretical references, based in revision of pertinent literature to the study area. The results of the research evidenced the aggregation of value so much for the shareholders in the operations accomplished in the USA as in Brazil, but due to the harmonization of the Brazilian accounting with the international, insecurity appears as for the effectiveness of the current structures of tax planning used. As recommendation resulting from the research, suggests the accomplishment of works for the development of models that you/they measure the juridical insecurity and the possible changes of the fiscal legislation in the value of the proportionate tax economy to the shareholders.

The research was undertaken to highlight the gaps which are systematic which most corporate governance fail to either adhere to or implement. The research will focus on the state-owned companies, these are the companies which were established to stimulate the economic growth with the country in order to be able to contribute to the shareholders and its primary stakeholders which is public through the creation of value that is sustainable. The accountability does articulate the expectations between the shareholder and board members and eventually to the management of the organisation. The other mechanism that articulates what needs to happen in order to maintain good governance within the organisation is the corporate governance principles, the principles gave rise to the independent board of directors as well as their responsibilities. The corporate governance does direct the organisation in terms of how they are to be managed, controlled and directed. A total of 12 interviews were conducted to establish the role played by the board of directors to create value to the shareholders. The board of directors of the state-owned companies who are reporting to the shareholder who is the cabinet minister in the national government were selected. The research methodology used to obtain the data was qualitative using inductive method.<br>Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>nk2018<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>MBA<br>Unrestricted

Governança corporativa é um conjunto de mecanismos que visa alinhar interesses entre as diferentes partes envolvidas que compõem a empresa. Os interesses muita vezes são conflitantes em virtude de que o indivíduo tende a maximizar sua utilidade pessoal, e desta discrepância de busca individual surge o conflito, conhecido como de interesse. O conflito pode ocorrer com qualquer envolvido na companhia, porém este trabalho estudará os que ocorrem entre o agente e o principal. O agente pode ser tanto funcionários da empresa, como investidor minoritário, sendo que o principal é representado pelo acionista controlador, que detém o poder sobre a companhia. Os mecanismos de governança corporativa podem ser internos e externos à corporação. Dentre os internos se destacam: conselho de administração, conselho fiscal, estrutura de propriedade, remuneração dos executivos, relatórios contábeis em concordância com as normas internacionais publicados periodicamente, e política de distribuição de dividendos. Dentre os externos os que se destacam são: possibilidade de aquisição hostil, mercado de trabalho competitivo, leis de proteção aos investidores, crosslistings e parecer contábil dos relatórios financeiros realizados por empresas externas de auditoria com renome no mercado. O conjunto de mecanismos visa alcançar os princípios básicos de governança corporativa: transparência, equidade, prestação de contas e responsabilidade corporativa. A presente pesquisa investigou a relação entre governança corporativa e o desempenho econômico-financeiro das empresas brasileiras listadas na BM&FBOVESPA entre os anos 2010 e 2014, representando o período posterior à crise econômica mundial desencadeada pelos títulos de subprime americanos, ocorrida no segundo semestre de 2008, e anterior à crise econômica e política no Brasil, iniciada em 2015. Foi utilizado o índice de governança IGC desenvolvido por Silva e Leal (2005) para medir a governança. O desempenho econômico-financeiro das empresas foi medido através das variáveis Q-tobin e taxa de lucro econômico. O modelo utilizou ferramentas que diminuem os problemas de endogeneidade e causalidade reversa, que são: inserir variáveis de controle e utilizar o método de regressão MMG-Sis (Método dos momentos generalizados - Sistêmico). Os resultados obtidos comprovaram o esperado pela literatura, pois o índice de governança corporativa influenciou positivamente o desempenho da empresa. Para a variável taxa de lucro econômico (TLE) o resultado apresentou significância estatística no nível de 5%, o que torna confiável a alegação. Já para a variável Q-tobin, apesar de também apresentar relação positiva com a governança, a análise estatística não se mostrou robusta a ponto de poder exercer alguma afirmativa sobre o resultado. Por fim, a pesquisa observou uma melhora na governança corporativa nas empresas da amostra ao longo dos anos e em relação a outras pesquisas de anos anteriores.<br>Corporate governance is a set of mechanisms to align interests between the different individuals who compose the company. The interests a lot of times are conflicting because of the individual´s seek to maximize their personal utility, and from this discrepancy of individual pursuit comes the conflict, known as interest. Conflict can occur between any involved in the company, but this work study those between the agent and the principal. The agent may be employees of the companies or minority investors and the main one is represented by the controlling shareholder, which holds power over the company. Corporate governance mechanisms can be internal and external to the corporation, the internal are: Board of Directors, audit committee, ownership structure, executive compensation, financial reporting in accordance with international standards published periodically and dividend distribution policy . The external are: possibility of hostile takeover, competitive labor market, protection laws for investors, cross-listings and accounting advice of financial reports made by external companies with renowned consultancy market. The mechanisms aim to achieve the basic principles of corporate governance: transparency, fairness, accountability and corporate responsibility. This study investigated the relationship between corporate governance and the financial performance of Brazilian companies listed on the BM&FBOVESPA between 2010 and 2014, representing the period after the global economic crisis triggered by securities US subprime, in the second half of 2008 and previous economic and political crisis in Brazil, which began in 2015. It was used the IGC governance index developed by Silva and Leal (2005) to measure governance. And the financial performance of the companies was measured by the variables: Q-Tobin and economic profit rate. The model used tools that reduce the endogeneity and reverse causality, which are: insert control variables and use the system GMM (Generalized method of moments) estimator as regression method. The results confirmed the expected by the literature as the corporate governance index positively influenced the performance of the company. For the variable TLE the result was statistically significant at the 5% level, which makes it reliable. As for the Q-tobin variable, although also have positive relationship with governance, statistical analysis was not robust to be able to exercise some confirmation about the result. Finally, research has found improved corporate governance in companies over the years and improvement over other research from previous years.

This study examines whether acquiring firms from emerging economies are able to create value for their shareholders in cross-border acquisitions, and what drives value creation. From a sample of 91 cross-border mergers and acquisitions performed by 67 Chinese multinationals during the period 2005-Sept. 2019. On average, these initiatives created value for the bidders’ shareholders, but the employment of financial advisors had a negative impact on said value creation. There is statistical evidence to support that being listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, payments in stock or mix of cash and stock helped produce better results, but not for corporate governance measures.

In the last two decades, emerging markets have gained ground in the global market of mergers and acquisitions and are expected to continue doing so. Although it is fairly common for developed-market firms to acquire developing-market targets, the other way around is still a relatively new phenomenon. As such, the stock markets behaviour towards announcements of such acquisitions is still an underdeveloped research area with ambiguous answers. The event study methodology was used to examine whether developing-market acquiring firms are able to create value for their shareholders when targeting developed-market firms and what are the drivers of value creation. The sample used consisted of 300 deals from acquirers of ten different developing countries from 2005 until the beginning of 2020. The results reveal that, on average, these transactions create value for the acquirer’s shareholders, and that hiring financial advisors contributes positively to value creation. The growth rate of the home country and being state-owned also contribute to value creation, but the firm size, belonging to the high-tech industry and paying all-cash, on the other hand, were found to have a statistically significant negative impact on the value created. Lastly, managerial implications were drawn as well as openings for future research.<br>Nas últimas duas décadas, os mercados emergentes têm vindo a ganhar terreno no mercado global de fusões e aquisições e prevê-se que continuem a fazê-lo. Embora seja bastante comum empresas de países desenvolvidos adquirirem empresas de países em desenvolvimento, o inverso é ainda um fenómeno relativamente recente. Como tal, o comportamento dos mercados financeiros após o anúncio destas aquisições é ainda uma área de investigação subdesenvolvida e com respostas ambíguas. A event study methodology foi utilizada para examinar se as empresas de países em desenvolvimento são capazes de criar valor para os seus acionistas quando compram empresas de países desenvolvidos, e que fatores influenciam essa criação de valor. Foi usada uma amostra de 300 transações de empresas compradoras de dez países em desenvolvimento, no período entre 2005 e o início de 2020. Os resultados revelam que, em média, estas transações criam valor para os acionistas do comprador e que a contratação de consultores financeiros contribui positivamente para a criação de valor. A taxa de crescimento do país de origem e o facto de ser estatal também contribuem positivamente, mas a dimensão da empresa, fazer parte do sector da alta tecnologia e o pagamento total em dinheiro, por outro lado, impactam negativamente a capacidade de criação de valor da transação. Por último, foram desenhadas implicações para a gestão, bem como sugestões de futura investigação.

Companies devote most of their time on the analysis and accounting of tangible assets, but there are no processes to analyse and measure intellectual capital Intellectual capital has become a popular term that influences the total value of the organisation Intellectual capital is creating wealth and adding value to the organisations, The purpose of the research is to conduct literature study on intellectual capital as a creator of wealth and shareholder value for an organisation The research will show the three different components of intellectual capital, which are human capital, structural capital and relationship capital When these three components are combined they form intellectual capital In order for intellectual capital to be managed properly this components must be identified by the company and used effectively as these components rely on each other in order for the company to succeed in achieving their goals All relevant information with relation to intellectual capital was gathered from research on the Internet and from documents or sources.<br>Mr. C. Scheepers

The key corporate objective of any company should be the constant creation of shareholder value. This can be achieved either organically by earning revenue from the value proposition they offer customers or through mergers and acquisitions. Sage plc, a FTSE 100 company on the London Stock Exchange is a stalwart contender that believes an effective growth strategy has to be the right kind of acquisition - a business combination that increases the power of the customer value proposition allowing the combined entity to achieve genuine organic growth. As one CEO put it, - believe that you don't get better by being bigger, you get bigger by being better.. (Internet Ref 7) This study undertakes to evaluate Sage plc's strategy of protecting and improving shareholder value through acquisitions. It will also determine whether all management's thoughts and actions, from strategizing with respect to competitive positioning and cutting costs and streamlining operations to creating a productive environment that provides employees with economic benefits and opportunities for advancement, correlate to preserve and increase the organic growth of the firms they are managing and whether effective shareholder value was created or diminished over the designated period of major acquisitions. In order to address this issue the thesis presents a general view on the different approaches used to create shareholder. The use of mergers and acquisitions, to increase growth in an organisation, is discussed and analysed. A key aspect to value creation is measurement. A suitable value based management metric must be established in order to measure value creation. The study will examine all different metrics used to measure shareholder value creation and find the most appropriate measurement. Finally this study makes recommendations, based upon its finding on value creation and measurement.<br>Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2006.

It is generally acknowledged that the share price of listed companies is not usually a true reflection of the value imbedded in the said companies. The main purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between selected performance measurement tools, namely Return on Equity (ROE) and Economic Value Added (EVA®), and the share price of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The study is a quantitative one as it uses data extracted from McGregor BFA database to investigate the relationship between the variables studied. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used in determining such relationships. This study found that there is a synergy in using ROE and EVA® as performance measurement tools and that their interaction explains 8.06% of the movement in the share price of listed companies, all things being equal. Hence it is recommended to identify and study possible synergies between other performance measurement tools.<br>Management Accounting<br>M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)