Dissertations / Theses: 'Sharia principles'

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Awad, Siham Samir. "The impact of the application of Sharia law on the rights of non-Muslims in the light of international principles : the case of Sudan." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22690.

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The idea of exploring the topic of the thesis has been promoted by the revival of Islam as a legal system in a number of Islamic nation states, as an assertion and part of their identity. This development is regarded by some as adversely affecting non-Muslim citizens in such states when looked at in the light of international principles.
Sudan, a multireligious state, declared the application of Sharia laws in 1983. The thesis addresses the impact of the application of Sharia law on non-Muslims within the historical, political and legal context of Sudan. This is examined in the light of international principles.
To this end, the thesis uses a comparative methodology, entailing the identification of the areas of inconsistencies between rules of Sharia governing non-Muslim subjects and international norms. Thus, an examination of Sudanese laws based on Sharia having an impact on non-Muslims is made.

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Sharar, Zain. "A comparative analysis of the corporate governance legislative frameworks in Australia and Jordan measured against the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004 as an international benchmark." ePublications@bond, 2006. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/sharar.

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In recent years, countries across the globe have come to realise the importance of an official corporate governance regime, which provides a platform for market integrity and efficiency, as well as facilitating economic growth. Formulating effective corporate governance measures is a complex task for legislators. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in depth analysis and comparison of the corporate governance legislative frameworks in Australia and Jordan. In 2004, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in conjunction with national and international governmental organisations, finalised a universal set of corporate governance principles. Although non-binding, the OECD Principles 2004 are a serious attempt to strengthen every aspect of corporate governance and, accordingly, have been utilised in this paper as an international benchmark.The ultimate objective of this paper is to formulate a number of detailed and specific recommendations to the Jordanian Government. Jordan’s legislative framework for corporations received a significant shake-up a decade ago when the Jordanian Government began the process of implementing a privatisation program under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Despite a number of positive developments since this program was initiated, the Jordanian Government has continually failed to recognise the importance of promoting good corporate governance. There can be no doubt that the Jordanian companies’ legislation is in desperate need of reform. The vast majority of the provisions are ambiguous and lack the necessary detail to regulate the complex sphere of company law. In this writer’s opinion, the relevant authorities in Jordan must act immediately to bring the country’s legislative regime into line with internationally recognised standards and practices. Chapter 1 of the paper sets out an introductory explanation of corporate governance and corporate structure. Chapter 2 provides a brief account of the history of company law in Jordan and a description of the different types of company structures permitted under the relevant Jordanian legislation. Chapter 3 provides a detailed discussion of the corporate governance principles formulated by the OECD. The process began in 1999 and was completed in 2004 after extensive revision and consultation. Chapter 4, the core part of the paper, presents a comparative analysis of the implementation of the OECD principles in Australia and Jordan. Chapter 5 provides an explanation and analysis of two important shareholders’ remedies in the Australian companies’ legislation that do not exist in Jordan. Finally, Chapter 6 provides a summary of analysis and sets out a list of recommendations to the Jordanian Government.

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Bindabel, Wardah Abdulrahman. "The influence of Shariah (Islamic principles) corporate governance on cross-border merger and acquisitions involving Islamic companies in the Gulf countries." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/14468.

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The central aim of the research is to examine whether cross-border Merger and Acquisitions (M&A) involving Islamic financial companies in three Gulf countries and non-Islamic financial companies from the Western countries is influenced by Shariah Corporate Governance (CG). Cross-border M&A is a corporate level strategy to achieve organisational growth and expansion through accessing new markets and additional strategic resources (knowledge, technology and complementary skills). Islamic financial companies in the Gulf region are keen to engage with non-Islamic financial companies beyond the Islamic world to benefit from the cross-border M&A. However, for Islamic financial companies to operate at global scale and attract resources, investors, regulators, customers, and other stakeholders should trust that strong CG principles are embedded in the organisation’s core. CG theory suggests that good corporate governance enables corporations’ access to external financial resources if CG mechanisms provides a clear enforceability of stakeholders’ rights with complementary robust legal system. Existing literature suggest that both Islamic and non-Islamic financial companies operate in different institutional, political, cultural, religious, and regulatory environments; which adversely affect the extent to which these two sets of companies could mutually engage in a successful cross-border M&A. In the context of Gulf countries, for example, there is no distinction between the state and religion and there is a stringent requirement to comply with the Shariah, however, the existence of conflicting opinions on Islam has resulted in varying views with regards to what qualifies as Islamic finance that has led to a latitude of multiple interpretations of Shariah principles by Shariah scholars and Shariah Supervisory Board. Also, Islamic financial companies are more likely to be considered as social entities than a commercial enterprise, which differs from the Western view. Consistent with the above context-based literature and drawing on the stewardship, agency and stakeholder theories, this study seeks to answer the key research question ‘how Shariah corporate governance influences cross-border M&A between Islamic and non- Islamic financial companies? The study employs a qualitative approach to obtain and analyse data from interviews with 40 respondents (Board of Directors members, Lawyers and Shariah Scholars) mainly selected from nine banks and six insurance companies in the three Gulf countries - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates. The key findings were: 1) there are variations between the three countries in terms of how the conventional CG model is practised, the extent to which Islamic CG model is adopted, and in the level of employees’ awareness of the CG principles; 2) Incorporating Islamic principles in business practices is primarily determined by the interpretation of Shariah by Shariah scholars and Board but these tend to be non-standardised and at times problematic; 3) In Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, companies tended to have weaker system of disclosure (in particular Zakat) and smaller Board dominated by family and less qualified members than the UAE; 4) Sukuk is the most widely used but costly, Islamic financial instrument in cross-border M&A activities as it fully complies with Shariah principles where as Tawarruq is considered questionable in terms of Shariah; and 5) there are several barriers, identified in Chapter five, which need to be addressed when considering cross-border M&A between these two sets of the companies. The study makes several contributions to theory, policy and practices. Its significant theoretical contributions includes: a) as far as existing literature is concerned, this study is the first to examine the influence of the Islamic CG principles on cross-border M&A between Islamic and non-Islamic financial companies; b) Prior research on corporate governance has addressed M&A in developed and emerging countries, however, this is the first study to develop a CG model which seeks to improve our understanding of the complex issues involved in the process of cross-border M&A between Islamic and non-Islamic financial companies; and c) very limited studies have addressed agency, stewardship and stakeholder theories in the context of the development of behavioural Shariah CG model in a critical manner. The study has policy implications, for instance, it highlights the need to create stronger standards of Islamic CG and more standardised interpretation of the Shariah in these companies to enable them to operate on a global scale. In terms of practical contributions, the study offers implications and recommendations for management and investors alike based on the study findings.

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Ahmed, Kabir. "Shariah principles for Islamic capital markets and the regulation of market abuse in UK and the US : common grounds, divergences and proposal for reform." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/shariah-principles-for-islamic-capital-markets-and-the-regulation-of-market-abuse-in-uk-and-the-us-common-grounds-divergences-and-proposal-for-reform(90e750ff-4819-4b9f-bceb-a96c86e2e4c1).html.

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Investor protection is the essence of Islamic banking and capital markets. Shariah aims to promote fairness in the exchange mechanism, prohibit abuse, exploitation and harm, protect investors and safeguard public interest. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and compare Shariah's principles for investor protection from market abuse with the rationales and theories of prohibition underpinning the UK and US legal market abuse framework in securities markets. Shariah takes a completely different and a very comprehensive approach in combating market abuse. It takes a two pronged approach. Firstly, it propounds compliance and incorporation of ethical principles, Quranic proscription, and Prophetic commandments in the legal framework which prohibit market abuse before it occurs. Secondly, its unique contractual structures facilitate fair exchange. The product innovation incorporates ancient contractual structures as building blocks with inbuilt safety features to curb abusive speculation, manipulation and distortion in the price formation mechanisms. These principles and contractual structures successfully safeguarded the interest of participants in one to one transactions in barter based ancient markets in Mecca and Medina. The thesis analyses the validity of the aforementioned approach in regulating market abuse in impersonal trading in the context of emerging technologically advanced Shariah compliant stock exchanges. It also explores how Shariah's approach facilitates the smooth interplay of market forces and uninterrupted natural equilibrium devoid of exploitation and harm. In the light of the antiquity of Shariah's ethical principles and contractual structures and the modern securities markets offering a sophisticated electronic trading platform, it presents a particularly challenging task to put together a coherent theoretical Shariah based market abuse framework for the smooth operation of advanced equity, debt and derivative products. The thesis also comprehensively analyses the speculative nature of modern equity, debt and derivative products and illustrates how, in contrast, long standing Shariah compliant contractual structures provide inbuilt safety features to reduce the potential for volatility and distortion in the price formation mechanism. It further highlights non-Islamic features and practices in the conventional spot, forward and futures markets and illustrates their susceptibility to facilitate abusive and excessive speculation, distortion and manipulation. Based on the comparative analysis of the rationales of UK and US market abuse regimes and Shariah principles, the thesis concludes by highlighting common ethical approaches, divergences and how Shariah based market abuse approach could be used to improve the integrity and stability of the UK and US securities Market.

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Haji, Hassan Mohamed Fadzli. "Studies on the principles and theory of Maqasid Al-Shari Ah in the Sunni schools with special reference to their application to Malaysian Law." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497476.

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This study attempts to examine the principles and theory of maqasid alshaill ah, and their application to the development of Islamic law in Malaysia. The theory of maqasid al-shariah is a theory of interpretation which is based on the broad principle of maslapah and the extension of the principle of qiyis. This theory has been regarded as very dynamic and it could be a very useful mechanism in the development of Islamic law in the modem world. The study is divided into six chapters. Chapter One discusses the general meaning of maqasid al-shariah, its role in ijtihid, and its historical development. Chapter Two focuses on the scope, the classifications, the rules of priority of maqasid al-shariah, and investigates the relationship between maqasid al-shariz ah and other sources of Islamic law. Chapter Three analyses the methodology of the jurists for the deduction of law. It also examines the theory of maqasid al-shariah according to al-Imini al-Ghazzali and al- Imini al-Shatibi, and how the theory can contribute to the development of Islamic law in modem time. Chapter Four presents the history of the application of Islamic law in Malaysia. Chapter Five investigates the effects of colonisation on the application of Islamic law and the principles of maqasid al-shafiah and the present position of Islamic law in Malaysia. The final chapter, Chapter Six, critically examines the process of the Islamisation of laws and the application of the principles of maqasid al-shaiah in Malaysia.

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Hourani, Sara. "The conceptualisation of good faith in the CISG through a comparative study of the principle in French Law, the Shari'a, English Law and the UCC." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654552.

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This thesis carries out a conceptual analysis of good faith in the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) through a comparative study of the principle in French law, the Shari'a, English law and the US Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The CISG was developed with the aim of establishing a uniform law to be applied to contracts for the international sale of goods. Nevertheless, one of the fundamental issues affecting the successful application of the Convention is the divergent interpretation and application of its provision on good faith by national courts and arbitral tribunals. This is mainly due to the lack of a harmonised conceptualisation of good faith at an international level under the CISG. Therefore, this thesis addresses this particular issue of the application of a harmonised application of good faith under the Convention. This issue was approached in this thesis through a conceptual study of the principle by using a comparative analysis, as the CISG is the construct of a comparative study. The chosen legal systems for this comparative analysis have had an important impact on the drafting and development of the CISG. In its comparative analysis, this thesis shows that good faith is commonly understood as reasonableness and that its main role across the studied legal systems is as an implied term used to interpret the contract. Upon the application of the comparative results of the study against the context of the CISG, this thesis identifies that a harmonised application of good faith under the Convention is possible. In this regard, it is shown in this thesis that good faith under the CISG amounts to what is considered to be commercially reasonable conduct and that it is measured against the standard of the reasonable person. Also, based on the comparative analysis carried out, this thesis concludes that the common approach towards good faith in the CISG would be to apply it to the interpretation of the Convention. Therefore, this thesis makes a conceptual contribution to the harmonisation of the principle of good faith in the CISG and offers tools for other scholarly work that relates to the concept of good faith and its harmonisation or uniformity.

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Jamali, Shahin [Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] Ostendorf, and Rolf [Gutachter] Bracke. "Principle investigation of LaserJet Drilling process and its rock interaction / Shahin Jamali ; Gutachter: Andreas Ostendorf, Rolf Bracke ; Fakultät für Maschinenbau." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1175205036/34.

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Thani, Ahmed Abdulla Farhan. "The projected Arab Court of Justice : a study to its draft statute and rules, with specific reference to the International Court of Justice and principles of Islamic Shariah." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1571/.

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The present thesis deals with the projected Arab Court of Justice (ACJ) as a regional court, expected to be created within the League of Arab States system. Chapter one deals mainly with the basic structure of the League of Arab States itself, its membership, its organs, the settlement of disputes, and the reasons that are delaying the creation of the ACJ and the role it will be expected to play in settling inter-Arab disputes. In the second chapter comprehensive information on the function of the judicial power in Islamic Shariah is presented, including the status of judges in Islam, their appointment, qualifications, independence and other issues related to them. Chapter three concentrates on the organisation of the projected ACJ, comparing its draft Statute with the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other regional international courts. The chapter will also show how far the Arab draftsmen have been influenced by principles and rules of Islamic Shariah, especially in matters relating to the qualification of judges. Furthermore, the chapter will discuss other points related to the organisation of the bench such as nomination of candidates, system of election, constituting chambers, appointing ad hoc judges etc. The fourth chapter explains in detail at the level of theory as well as of practice the role of Islamic Shariah as a source to be applied by the projected ACJ. The chapter points to the need to discuss the origins and fundamental conceptions of Islamic Shariah as a law capable to be applied by the projected ACJ. Chapter five continues with a discussion of the jurisdiction of the ACJ, and makes detailed reference to the concepts of jurisdiction ratione personae, ratione materiae and the function of the ACJ to give advisory opinions. The thesis considers whether the Arab drafters have developed the above terms or have simply adopted them as they exist in the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The conclusions summarise the findings of the Thesis, and are accompanied by some critical remarks.

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Moreira, Claudia Gondim. "Fontes de crescimento das principais culturas do Rio Grande do Norte, 1981-92." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-20181127-155513/.

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo quantificar as fontes e diferenças regionais de crescimento do setor agrícola norte-riograndense, no período de 1981 a 1992, como também as possíveis mudanças na composição da produção vegetal, fornecendo, assim, indicadores que quantificam as fontes de mudanças na produção agrícola. Para medir essas fontes de crescimento utilizou-se o modelo"shift-share"e as alterações na composição da área cultivada do Estado, foram analisadas através da mensuração dos componentes do efeito área, que são os efeitos escala e substituição, na análise individual por cultura. As culturas estudadas foram selecionadas através dos critérios de maior participação percentual em área cultivada e valor da produção, a saber: abacaxi, algodão arbóreo, algodão herbáceo, arroz, banana, batata-doce, caju, cana-de-açúcar, coco-da-baía, feijão, mandioca, manga, melão, milho, sisal e sorgo. Constatou-se que a produção das culturas selecionadas do Rio Grande do Norte cresceu a uma taxa de 1,66% ao ano, entre 1981 e 1992. Os efeitos composição da produção, rendimento e localização geográfica foram de maior importância em termos de explicação da variação na taxa de crescimento da produção agrícola estadual, ao contrário do efeito área que contribuiu negativamente. Portanto, o crescimento da produção agrícola no Rio Grande do Norte não ocorreu via incorporação de novas áreas. Ao contrário, houve sensível contração nas áreas cultivadas com as principais culturas incluídas nesta pesquisa. Isso significa que cerca de 228 mil hectares foram destinados a outros usos que não aqueles considerados no estudo (pastagens, reflorestamento, etc.). Os resultados mostraram também que as mudanças ocorridas na produção norte-riograndense na década de oitenta não seguiram um padrão convencional em termos de grupos de culturas. Três das maiores taxas anuais de crescimento da produção ocorreram em culturas tradicionais de subsistência: milho, feijão e arroz; três foram de culturas não tradicionais no Estado: melão, abacaxi e sorgo; finalmente, três foram de culturas tradicionais e em geral plantadas por grandes produtores: caju, coco-da-baía e cana-de-açúcar. Os principais efeitos explicativos do comportamento dessas culturas alternaram principalmente entre o efeito rendimento e o efeito área. O efeito localização geográfica foi positivo praticamente para todas as culturas. Percebe-se também que o subperíodo de maior crescimento foi entre 1981 e 1985, provavelmente influenciado pela regularidade climática do triênio 1984-85-86 e pela facilidade de obtenção do crédito subsidiado no início da década de 80. Dentre as culturas que apresentaram declínio na produção, três foram industriais e/ou de exportação: algodão arbóreo, sisal e o algodão herbáceo; duas culturas de subsistência: batata-doce e mandioca; e por último, a banana, uma cultura recente e de alto valor comercial. A retração da área foi a principal fonte explicativa dessas taxas de crescimento negativa da produção. Os resultados acima sugerem que os incentivos às culturas irrigadas, à recuperação de culturas como o caju e o coco-da-baía e à melhoria no material genético das culturas de subsistência, adotadas pelo governo estadual, surtiram efeito, ou seja, contribuíram positivamente para a mudança da composição da produção estadual. As microrregiões que apresentaram taxas médias anuais positivas de crescimento da produção foram: Litoral de São Bento do Norte, Serra Verde, Salineira Norte-riograndense, Borborema Potiguar, Sertão de Angicos, Açu-Apodi e a Serrana Norte-riograndense. Os principais indicadores de crescimento nessas microrregiões foram as mudanças na composição da produção e o aumento do rendimento. Em todas as microrregiões percebe-se uma variação dos efeitos explicativos conforme os subperíodos analisados. As regiões do Seridó e do Agreste Potiguar foram as que tiveram maior retração na produção agrícola, devido à queda na área plantada. A microrregião de Natal teve um comportamento estável.
not available

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High, Lisa Gaines. "Elementary Principals' Behaviors and Collaborative Professional Learning Communities." ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7929.

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Principals need to possess leadership skills and behaviors that help set expectations for collaborative work. The problem in this case study was that little was known about the collaboration-building behaviors principals use that promote effective collaboration between members of the school community. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the behaviors principals exhibit when building collaboration through the implementation of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs). The conceptual framework was based on 3 elements: leadership styles and approaches, collaboration, and the implementation of effective PLCs. The primary research question explored how principal behaviors contribute to collaborative professional learning communities. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 6 elementary principals from a Mid-Atlantic State. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and document review of PLC structures. Data were coded using a Microsoft Word Doc Data Extract tool and analyzed for themes using an inductive process. Emergent themes for building collaboration were identified as leadership traits, vision, time, collaborative structures, culture, and the need for professional learning. Results suggest that shared leadership, vision, collective learning, and supportive conditions influence the effective development of PLCs. As a result, professional learning opportunities are recommended for school leaders on strategies that successfully develop supportive and collaborative structures in schools. Implications for social change are that PLCs may strengthen professional practice in classrooms, schools, districts, and communities.

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Abu-Hajiar, Rehab. "Biomedical ethics in cultural diversity : the principle of autonomy in Islamic culture." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13100527/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13100527/?lang=0.

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This study examines how the concepts of biomedical ethics are considered in Islam and how historical Islamic medical scholars treated the concept of ethics in their practice of medicine. Moreover, this research explores the principle of autonomy in biomedical ethics as a factor in Islamic practice of medicine. The issue of autonomy in medical practice is an important topic of discussion requiring examination of the methods of its adaptation and application in Muslim-majority countries. The value and significance of this topic continues at a global level, involving Muslim communities in Non-Muslim countries experiencing religious and social diversity. The fieldwork of this study was conducted in Turkey, Jordan and Gaza Strip, Palestine, investigating the subject matter with practitioners in health care sectors as well as with leading academics, researchers, non-government organizations and policymakers. The results indicate that the principle of autonomy is not fully implemented in the three countries from an Islamic perspective.
博士(グローバル社会研究)
Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies
同志社大学
Doshisha University

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Schoetzau, Ellen S. "Principals' Support for Teacher Leaders at Elementary Schools in a Large Suburban School District in Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30349.

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The role of teacher leaders in schools is becoming more prevalent as educators examine ways to insure systemic change. It is based on the assumption that education will improve when those closest to the situation are included and encouraged to not only participate in the decision-making process, but also to initiate change. The purpose of this study was to describe the principals' support of teacher leaders in elementary schools in one school system. This study collected data from all public elementary school principals in a large suburban school district in Virginia and from selected elementary level teachers in order to answer the following four research questions: 1. Do elementary principals and/or teachers perceive they support the development of teacher leaders? 2. Do elementary principals and/or teachers perceive teacher leaders serve as a vehicle for shared decision-making? 3. Do elementary principals and/or teachers perceive teacher leaders as instrumental in expanding the focus of shared decision-making to include instructional decisions? 4. Do teachers and/or principals receive preparation at the college/university level to assume teacher leadership positions or as principals to guide teachers to assume leadership positions? The findings of this study indicated that elementary principals and teacher leaders perceive there is support for teacher leaders in their school. There is also agreement that teachers should participate in shared decision-making structures. There is disagreement between the two groups as to the level of participation in such areas as finances, personnel and implementation of new school programs. Finally, the principals do not believe that course work at the university/college level assisted them in promoting and supporting teacher leadership in their school.
Ed. D.

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Murray, Robyn. "Teacher Perception Concerning the Role of Elementary Principals in School Culture and Climate." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3887.

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A phenomenological research study was conducted to examine teacher perceptions of elementary principals’ behaviors affecting school culture and climate. The researcher gathered data from participant interviews. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling of teachers identified by their principals as meeting study criteria. The schools in which teachers were selected were also chosen using purposeful sampling based on superintendents’ perceptions of positive principal influence on school culture and climate. Data analysis provided insight to the researcher into the phenomenon being explored in this study. Teachers were asked to participate in an individual interview with the researcher and provide answers to open ended questions regarding their perceptions of their principals’ influence on culture and climate in the school. The findings of the study were aligned with the literature regarding principal influence on school culture and climate. There was a clear relationship between principal behaviors and positive school culture and climate based on teacher perceptions. Three themes emerged as common in the data including relationships, communication, and shared leadership.

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Tashi, Sonam. "School-community partnerships: Bhutanese principals' impact on community involvement in schools." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/233666/1/Sonam_Tashi_Thesis.pdf.

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This study investigated the effect of School-Community Partnerships model for school improvement in Bhutan, and the challenges faced by both schools and communities in relation to the implementation of the policies and programs on democratic governance. Using qualitative methodology the study collected data from school and community leaders to understand how SCP may support the transition to new democratic leadership. The findings indicate a complex mix of variables such as, complementarity of national and school level leadership, cultural sensitivity and, empowerment and accountability which have capacity to strengthen SCP and thus require significant capacity development by the government.

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Köhler, Therese, and Mina Zakipour. "Ett plus ett blir tre? : En studie om det gränsöverskridande och delade ledarskapet inom Södertäljemodellen." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3741.

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Dagens förändrande värld skapar nya förutsättningar för våra organisationer, dess struktur och uppbyggnad, vilket ställer krav på anpassning av chefskapet/ledarskapet. Ledarskap är ett frekvent diskuterat ämne där nya trender kontinuerligt sätts i fokus. Idag finns det delade ledarskapet som ett alternativ till det traditionella ledarskapet och det är ett fenomen som blir allt mer förekommande inom organisationer. Det delade ledarskapet innebär att två eller flera delar på samma chefsposition. En organisation som implementerat detta är Södertäljepsykiatrin där ett unikt samarbete mellan de två huvudmännen, landstinget och kommunen, arbetar i avsikt att skapa en helhetssyn för patienten. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är därmed att undersöka hur det delade ledarskapet karaktäriseras på en organisation med två huvudmän, närmare bestämt vad som kännetecknar arbetssättet mellan de olika chefsnivåerna. Uppsatsen inriktar sig på Södertäljepsykiatrin och Södertäljemodellen. Studien har genomförts på tre chefspar på institutionen genom att följa metoden Grounded theory. Metoden handlar om att generalisera kvalitativa data, detta har gjorts genom att koppla den insamlade datan till forskning och litteratur inom ämnet. Referensramen har till största del grundats på studier från Marianne Döös, men också av andra viktiga forskare inom ämnet.

Resultaten av studien visar på att samarbetet mellan landsting och kommun grundar sig på patientens bästa. Enligt chefsparen har det delade ledarskapet mer positiva aspekter än negativa och alla ser fenomenet som att man delar på allt förutom viss formalia. Det finns olikheter hos de två huvudmännen så som skillnaderna i lagar, regelverk, poängsystem och dokumentation men det finns också en möjlighet för chefsparen att till en viss grad välja ut det bästa från varje huvudman. Ett mönster i undersökningen visar att det delade ledarskapet, särskilt när det inkluderar två huvudmän, har förutsättningarna att lyckas om det karaktäriseras en gemensam värdegrund, en prestigelöshet, ett förtroende för varandra och att ett beslut om införandet sker på en högre nivå. Det undersökningen har kommit fram till är att det inte finns någon avsevärd skillnad i arbetssättet mellan chefsnivåerna och att det delade ledarskapet i sig inte kräver någon tidigare erfarenhet utav att besitta en chefsposition för att lyckas. Vidare visade det sig att det delade ledarskapet mellan de två huvudmännen trots olikheter och vissa problem är ett vinnande koncept, inte minst för patienten. För att fler skall våga ta efter ”Södertäljemodellen” krävs det dock att modellen görs mer trovärdig och inte bara visar den polerade ytan.

Today the world is in constant change, which creates new conditions for organizations and its structure that requires adjustment of the chief position. Leadership is a frequently discussed topic, which has continuously changing trends in focus. Shared leadership is a phenomenon where two or several leaders share the same position. Today, shared leadership is an alternative to the traditional leadership and it is a phenomenon that is becoming more common in organizations. One organization that has shared leadership is Sodertalje psychiatry, where there is collaboration between county and municipality. In this organization they are working with the intention of creating a holistic view for the patient. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to examine how shared leadership in an organization, with two principles, is characterized. More specifically, the characteristics of the work process between the different levels of management. The essay focuses on Sodertalje psychiatry and the model “Södertäljemodellen”. The study has been based on three couples who share their leadership. Grounded Theory is the research method that has been utilized and that has determined the study process. The method is about generalizing qualitative data, this has been done by relating the data to theories, research and literature. The framework is largely based on studies by Marianne Döös, but also of other important researchers in the field.

The results of this study show that this cooperation between the county and municipality is based on the patient's best interest. According to the chief couples the shared leadership has more positive aspects than negative and they all see the phenomenon as the sharing of everything except certain formalities. There are differences between the two principles, such as differences in laws, rules, scoring and documentation. This is also seen as an opportunity for the couples to some extent choose the best from each principle.

A pattern in the study shows that shared leadership, specifically when it includes two principles, has the potential to be successful if it is characterized by a common value, no prestige, trust between each other and that the decision about the shared leadership is implemented from a higher level. The outcome of the study is that there is no significant difference between the way of work in the different levels of management and that shared leadership does not require any previous experience of a chief position. Furthermore it is shown that shared leadership between two principles, despite some problems and differences, is a winning concept, especially for the patient. For others to be able to implement “Södertäljemodellen” it is required that the model is made more credible and is not presented without its flaws.

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Jones, Rahim Jamal. "The principal's role in building teacher leadership capacity in high-performing elementary schools : a qualitative case study." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002167.

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Helmy, Aboul Wafa Nourane. "L'ordonnancement contextuel des principes d'actions et les choix stratégiques des acteurs politiques : jeu de contraintes, de catégorisation et de pertinence dans le contexte parlementaire : analyse praxéologique des débats parlementaires égyptiens sur l'application de la Shari'a (1982, 1985, 2005)." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENH011.

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Le débat parlementaire est une activité institutionnelle dotée de ses propres finalités pratiques, répondant à une logique pour partie très particulière, et encadrée par des procédures particulières contraintes discursivement et procéduralement. Cette thèse présente une analyse praxéologique de trois débats parlementaires égyptiens portant sur l'application de la shari'a. L'étude du déploiement de ces débats permet de démonter dans le détail les ressorts propres à la pratique politique située des membres d'une assemblée spécifique sur une question d'ordre religieuse. Les activités exercées par les parlementaires sont analysées en elles-mêmes-d'après leurs éléments, leurs dynamiques, leurs emplacements et leurs délimitations, la manière dont elles façonnent l'entité " ce qui s'est passé "…- ainsi que dans leurs relations réciproques lors des phénomènes d'enchainement, de percement et d'imbrication
Parliamentary debate is an institutional activity with its own practical ends, corresponding to a logic that is specific to some extent and framed by particular procedures which are discursively and procedurally limited. This thesis presents a praxeological analysis of three Egyptian parliamentary debates concerning the implementation of the shari’a. The analysis of these debates enables to show in detail the motivations behind the situated political action of the members of a specific assembly, on a question of religious nature. The activities of parliamentaries are analysed as such with regards to their various constituent elements, their dynamics, their localizations, their boundaries and the way in which they elaborate “what happened”. The thesis also observes how these activities vary as well as how they are linked to one another, how they altenate and how they combine

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Guo, Chunshi. "Conception des principes de coopération conducteur-véhicule pour les systèmes de conduite automatisée." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0020/document.

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Face à l’évolution rapide des technologies nécessaires à l’automatisation de la conduite au cours de ces dernières années, les grands constructeurs automobiles promettent la commercialisation de véhicules autonomes à l’horizon 2020. Cependant, la définition des interactions entre les systèmes de conduite automatisée et le conducteur au cours de la tâche de conduite reste une question ouverte. L'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir, développer et évaluer des principes de coopération entre le conducteur et les systèmes de conduite automatisée. Compte tenu de la complexité d'un tel Système Homme-Machine, la thèse propose, en premier lieu une architecture de contrôle coopératif hiérarchique et deux principes de coopération généraux sur deux niveaux dans l’architecture qui serviront ensuite de base commune pour la conception des systèmes coopératifs développés pour les cas d’usages définis. Afin d’assurer une coopération efficace avec le conducteur dans un environnement de conduite dynamique, le véhicule autonome a besoin de comprendre la situation et de partager sa compréhension de la situation avec le conducteur. Pour cela, cette thèse propose un formalisme de représentation de la scène de conduite basé sur le repère de Frenet. Ensuite, une méthode de prédiction de trajectoire est également proposée. Sur la base de la détection de manœuvre et de l'estimation du jerk, cette méthode permet d’améliorer la précision de la trajectoire prédite comparée à celle déterminée par la méthode basée sur une hypothèse d'accélération constante. Dans la partie d’études de cas, deux principes de coopération sont mis en œuvre dans deux cas d’usage. Dans le premier cas de la gestion d’insertion sur autoroute, un système de contrôle longitudinal coopératif est conçu. Il comporte une fonction de planification de manœuvre et de génération de trajectoire basée sur la commande prédictive. En fonction du principe de coopération, ce système peut à la fois gérer automatiquement l’insertion d’un véhicule et donner la possibilité au conducteur de changer la décision du système. Dans le second cas d'usage qui concerne le contrôle de trajectoire et le changement de voie sur autoroute, le problème de partage du contrôle est formulé comme un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes qui est résolu en ligne en utilisant l’approche de la commande prédictive (MPC). Cette approche assure le transfert continu de l’autorité du contrôle entre le système et le conducteur en adaptant les pondérations dans la fonction de coût et en mettant en œuvre des contraintes dynamiques en ligne dans le modèle prédictif, tout en informant le conducteur des dangers potentiels grâce au retour haptique sur le volant. Les deux systèmes sont évalués à l’aide de tests utilisateur sur simulateur de conduite. En fonction des résultats des tests, cette thèse discute la question des facteurs humains et la perception de l'utilisateur sur les principes de coopération
Given rapid advancement of automated driving (AD) technologies in recent years, major car makers promise the commercialization of AD vehicles within one decade from now. However, how the automation should interact with human drivers remains an open question. The objective of this thesis is to design, develop and evaluate interaction principles for AD systems that can cooperate with a human driver. Considering the complexity of such a human-machine system, this thesis begins with proposing two general cooperation principles and a hierarchical cooperative control architecture to lay a common basis for interaction and system design in the defined use cases. Since the proposed principles address a dynamic driving environment involving manually driven vehicles, the AD vehicle needs to understand it and to share its situational awareness with the driver for efficient cooperation. This thesis first proposes a representation formalism of the driving scene in the Frenet frame to facilitate the creation of the spatial awareness of the AD system. An adaptive vehicle longitudinal trajectory prediction method is also presented. Based on maneuver detection and jerk estimation, this method yields better prediction accuracy than the method based on constant acceleration assumption. As case studies, this thesis implements two cooperation principles for two use cases respectively. In the first use case of highway merging management, this thesis proposes a cooperative longitudinal control framework featuring an ad-hoc maneuver planning function and a model predictive control (MPC) based trajectory generation for transient maneuvers. This framework can automatically handle a merging vehicle, and at the mean time it offers the driver a possibility to change the intention of the system. In another use case concerning highway lane positioning and lane changing, a shared steering control problem is formulated in MPC framework. By adapting the weight on the stage cost and implementing dynamic constraints online, the MPC ensures seamless control transfer between the system and the driver while conveying potential hazards through haptic feedback. Both of the designed systems are evaluated through user tests on driving simulator. Finally, human factors issue and user’s perception on these new interaction paradigms are discussed

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Whelan, Anthony, and res cand@acu edu au. "A study of Catholic School Consultants in New South Wales: Their leadership, relationship with principals and influence on schools." Australian Catholic University. School of Education, 2000. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp2.14072005.

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How do the Catholic Schools Consultants through their leadership and relationship with Principals influence the outcomes of Catholic systemic schools in New South Wales (NSW)? This research question has been of considerable interest to the professional communities of Catholic educators. Throughout NSW there are eleven diocesan Catholic school systems, each led by a Director assisted by senior field officers called Consultants, the equivalent position of Area superintendents or inspectors in other school systems. The leadership of these Consultants is considered critical for the effectiveness of the school systems especially through their influence on and with Principals. Within this survey research study, the total population of Consultants and Principals was invited to participate, and 45 Consultants (90%) and 365 Principals (76%) responded. The research study was based on the assumption that a classical view of leadership should be augmented by a more complex, interactive view of leadership as relationship that influenced outcomes in school systems. The study was operationalized in three dimensions. Leadership was described by ten variables, derived from Sashkins (1998) Visionary Leadership Theory. The relationship between Consultant and Principals was posited as a composite of two variables, Interpersonal Relation and Shared Catholic Leadership Mindset, that are viewed as explanatory, mediating variables. Three selected outcome variables are posited Educational Outcomes, School Outcomes and Spiritual Outcomes. The fifteen variables so described were developed and/or validated for this study using confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, the impact of three demographic background factors of gender, school type, and years of networking association between Consultant and Principals on the main variables in the study was examined. A mediated effects survey research design was used. Survey questionnaires were sent from the local Catholic Education Office to each volunteer Consultant and to her/his associated network of Principals on a confidential basis and returned directly to the researcher. At no stage did the researcher know the identity of the respondents. Data analysis methods included comparative means analysis of Consultants and Principals perceptions of the variables; multiple regression analysis and structural equation modelling to examine the associations between variables; MANOVA analysis to examine demographic background factors; and finally some descriptive analysis of survey data to provide validation or further insights. The study results showed that both Consultants and Principals agreed that the Consultants demonstrated visionary leadership as defined by Sashkin (1998) although there were significant differences on seven leadership factors. There was high level agreement that Consultants and Principals exhibited a shared mindset, described as Shared Catholic Leadership Mindset, and outstanding interpersonal relationships. Findings about the associations between variables showed different results for Principals and Consultants. The Principals model suggested that the two relationship variables acted as mediators between some of the ten leadership variables and the three outcome variables. On the other hand, the Consultants model suggested that neither of the two relationship variables acted as mediators, but that only two leadership variables, Capable Management and Creative Leadership, had any influence on Outcomes. There were no significant differences on results due to gender, school type or years of networking association for either Principals or Consultants. These results, supplemented by qualitative findings, led to the conclusion that there was a need for system policy makers to reconceptualise the leadership of such Consultants to emphasise the importance of the shared mindset, and the synergistic element in the relationship between Consultant and Principals. There was a recommendation that further research replicate this study with other Catholic, Government and independent education systems. The use of structural equation modelling analysis in similar future research was also recommended.

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Tinoco, Bruno Miguel Aleixo. "O impacto da comunicação social na tomada de decisão da compra e venda de acções." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8114.

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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e Empresarial
Com a realização deste estudo procurou-se aferir a influência da comunicação social na tomada de decisão no momento de comprar e vender acções, determinando quais as notícias que mais influenciaram a tomada de decisão. O estudo ao índice PSI 20. Os dados que permitiram a realização do estudo foram recolhidos no período de 15-12-2008 a 16-05-2011 tendo sido consideradas todas as notícias presentes na primeira página do Jornal de Negócios e Diário Económico e as cotações de fecho em bolsa dos títulos da EDP, ALTRI SGPS e BES, empresas estas que se encontram ambas cotadas no índice PSI 20. A análise foi iniciada com a categorização das notícias recolhidas, através do software IBM SPSS Modeler. Após a conclusão deste processo e tendo em conta a possível relação existente entre algumas das categorias, foi utilizada a análise das componentes principais, tendo sido obtidos componentes formados por duas ou mais categorias, que na prática podem ser vistas como temas de notícias publicadas nos referidos jornais. Por fim e com o intuito de aferir a relação existente entre as componentes obtidas e as decisões dos investidores, os dados existentes foram analisados através de uma regressão linear múltipla, utilizando para o efeito o software IBM SPSS Statistics, que permitiu constatar que a decisão de compra e venda de acções é influenciada por notícias relacionadas com a crise actual, por negócios inerentes à compra ou venda de uma percentagem considerável de participações de empresas nacionais e por casos de crime e corrupção mediáticos em Portugal.
The goal of this work is to review and prove the existence of influence of the social communication on decision making when buying or selling market stocks and to determine which news influence such decisions. The work was applied in the real conditions of the Portuguese market and its primary stock market index PSI 20. The necessary data for this study was collected between 15 December 2008 and 16 May 2011 including three major stocks EDP, ALTRI SGPS and BES and all the related news published on the first pages of the most influent Portuguese economical-financial journals, namely Jornal de Negócios and Diário Económico. At the beginning of the analysis, the collected data has been categorized with the IBM SPSS Modeler. After concluding this process, having in mind that relations may exist among some categories, the component analysis was performed. Naturally there were components formed by two or more categories which can be seen as different topics published in referred journals. Finally, in order to assess an existing relationship between obtained components and decisions made by investors, the data was analysed through a multiple linear regression using IBM SPSS Statistics. This analysis allowed to conclude that a decision whether to buy or sell a stock is influenced by news related to the actual financial crisis on the world market, by news inherent to a purchase or disposal of considerable amount of participations owned by large national companies and by "medialized" cases of crime and corruption in Portugal.

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Sertdemir, Erisken Yelda. "A Comparative Case Study On The Manifestation Of The Five Disciplines Of A Learning Organization In The English Language Preparatory Programs Of Two Higher Education Institutions." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608131/index.pdf.

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This comparative case study aimed to explore the elements that align with Senge&rsquo
s framework of the Learning Organization, comprised of the disciplines of Personal Mastery, Shared Vision, Mental Models, Team Learning, and Systems Thinking, in the English Language Preparatory Programs of two selected higher education institutions to determine what characteristics of a learning organization they possess. In this study, qualitative case study method was employed. The study was conducted in two organizations, one (Organization A), part of a private Englishmedium university, and the other (Organization B), part of a public Englishmedium university, in Ankara, Turkey. The sample contained seven administrators and twenty-two instructors from Organization A and seventeen instructors and 3 administrators from Organization B. The data collected through semi-structured interviews were analyzed using content analysis technique. The findings revealed that both organizations are evolving towards a learning organization, but have not institutionalized the five disciplines to an ideal state yet. Organization A is doing somewhat better than Organization B as regards the disciplines of Team Learning and Personal Mastery
however, there is no considerable difference between the organizations in terms of the disciplines of Shared Vision, Mental Models and Systems Thinking. Overall, in both organizations there are impediments in terms of the development and achievement of personal visions, learning of individuals and teams, development of a shared vision, surfacing and questioning mental models, and acting from a comprehensive systems approach.

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Danna, Charlotte. "Le principe de solidarité écologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2070.

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Adopté par l’article 2 de la loi n°2016-1087 de reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages du 8 aout 2016, le principe de solidarité écologique appelle « à prendre en compte, dans toute prise de décision publique ayant une incidence notable sur l’environnement des territoires concernés, les interactions des écosystèmes, des êtres vivants et des milieux naturels ou aménagés ». Ce principe général du droit de l’environnement inscrit à l’article L110-1 du code de l’environnement est destiné à conserver les interactions écosystémiques et les processus écologiques ainsi qu’à améliorer la gestion environnementale des territoires. La dualité de son objet en fait un principe d’une grande richesse, qui devrait concerner de nombreuses décisions. Divers fondements supranationaux, au sein de la jurisprudence et dans les textes internationaux et européens peuvent ainsi lui être attribués. Dans un contexte d’interdépendance écologique, l’évolution de la dimension internationale et européenne du principe reste essentielle pour juger de ses effets au regard de la conservation de la biodiversité. Au niveau du droit interne, son ancrage au cœur de l’équilibre de l’environnement lui apporte un rayonnement particulier. Il conforte le droit à un environnement équilibré et prolonge les principes constitutionnels de prévention et de développement durable. Face à la crise d’extinction mondiale de la biodiversité menaçant notre survie, le principe de solidarité écologique se présente comme cette ultime chance de la conserver. Deux grands ensembles de dispositifs permettent de mesurer la dynamique du principe de solidarité écologique : la trame verte et bleue et la gestion intégrée de la mer et du littoral. Ils constituent une base pour concevoir la solidarité écologique et représentent ainsi le commencement d’un droit nouveau. Le principe de solidarité écologique appelle à les renforcer et, de manière plus générale, à faire évoluer l’ensemble des décisions concernées par le principe
Adopted by article 2 from act nr 2016-1087 concerning the reconquest of biodiversity, nature and landscape of August 8th 2016, the principle of ecological solidarity calls “for taking into consideration the interactions of ecosystems, living creatures and natural or developed environments in all public decisions having a notable impact on the environment of the territories concerned”.This general principle of environmental law inscribed in article L110 1 of the environmental code is designed to preserve the interactions of ecosystems and ecological processes as well as to improve the environmental management of the territories. The duality of its objective renders it a highly valuable principle which should be applied to numerous decisions. Various supranational foundations, within jurisprudence and in international and European laws, can thus be assigned to it. In the context of ecological interdependence the evolution of the international and European dimension of the principle remains essential in order to see the benefits concerning the safeguarding of biodiversity. It is greatly enhanced, as regards internal law, by the fact that it is at the very center of the environment's equilibrium. It justifies the right to a balanced environment and extends the constitutional principles of prevention and sustainable development. Confronted with the crisis of world-wide biodiversity extinction that threatens our survival, the principle of ecological solidarity emerges as the last chance to preserve it. Two major groups of systems allow us to measure the dynamics of the principle of ecological solidarity: the green and the blue line belt network and the Ocean and coastline Governance Framework. They constitute a basis on which to develop ecological solidarity and represent the beginnings of new legislation. The principle of ecological solidarity requires them to be reinforced and more generally to advance all decisions concerned by the principle

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Bravo, Zúñiga Fernando Jesús, and Briceño Melissa Elizabeth Canto. "La plataforma colaborativa Airbnb y su efecto en los principales indicadores de desempeño de la industria hotelera en Lima entre 2010 y 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656330.

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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el impacto que generó el ingreso de Airbnb al mercado limeño en el sector hotelero a través de las 3 métricas más importantes para la evaluación económica de dicho sector como son los ratios de Tarifa Promedio Diaria (ADR), Tasa de Ocupación (OCC), Rentabilidad por Habitación Disponible (RevPAR). Esta investigación mixta se realizó con fines informativos y con miras a brindar un sustento válido a la industria hotelera para que pueda revisar el comportamiento de Airbnb y viceversa. Para la realización de la investigación, el primer paso fue la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de las principales teorías de diferentes autores y temas relacionadas con nuestro tema. Seguidamente se realizó un análisis cuantitativo con la recopilación de data de la industria hotelera, de la oferta de Airbnb y de las variables de control para potenciar el modelo. Se determinó que la mejor manera de comprobar nuestra hipótesis de si el mercado hotelero fue afectado por el ingreso de Airbnb en Lima, es realizando una lectura conjunta del resultado de como la oferta de Airbnb afecta individualmente a cada uno de los ratios antes mencionados. De esta manera, complementamos la lectura del análisis cuantitativo con entrevistas realizadas a dos personas encargadas de tomar decisiones en el sector hotelero. La conclusión del análisis mixto concluyó que la hipótesis general se rechaza, es decir, que Airbnb no tiene un efecto negativo significante en el mercado hotelero.
The objective of this research was to analyze the impact generated by the Airbnb’s entry into the Lima market in the hotel sector through the 3 most important metrics for the economic evaluation in the sector, such as the Average Daily Rate (ADR), Rate Occupancy (OCC), Profitability per Available Room (RevPAR). This mixed research was made for informational purposes and for providing valid support to the hotel industry so that it can review Airbnb's behavior and reverse. To carry out the research, the first step was the search, classification and analysis of the main theories of different authors and topics related to our topic. Then, we made the quantitative analysis with the researched data from the hotel industry, Airbnb's offer and control variables to enhance the model. It was determined that the best way to check our hypothesis of whether the hotel market was affected by the entry of Airbnb in Lima, making a joint reading of the result of how the Airbnb offer individually affects each of the aforementioned ratios. In this way, it complements the reading of the quantitative analysis with interviews with two decision-makers in the hotel sector. The conclusion of the mixed analysis concluded that the general hypothesis is rejected, that is, that Airbnb does not have a significant negative effect on the hotel market.
Tesis

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Bouleghlimat, Widad. "L'arbitrage commercial international dans les pays arabes et les principes Unidroit relatifs aux contrats du commerce international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020013.

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L’arbitrage commercial international est le mode alternatif de règlement de différends le plus utilisé dans le monde. Ce qui contribue notamment à en faire l’acteur principal de la diffusion des règles anationales telles que les principes généraux du droit, les usages du commerce international, ou encore la "lex mercatoria" qui sont souvent choisies par les arbitres en tant que droit applicable au fond du litige. Ce choix s’est étendu aux nouvelles règles élaborées par des institutions internationales privées telles que les Principes d’UNIDROIT relatifs aux contrats du commerce international. Une codification doctrinale conçue comme un instrument de "soft law" et qui trouve de plus en plus application dans la pratique arbitrale. Notre étude cependant montre que peu de sentences arbitrales rendues dans des affaires dont l’une des parties est arabe ont fait référence aux Principes Unidroit. L’explication n’est pas à rechercher dans une incompatibilité entre ceux-ci et le droit des contrats des pays arabes mais dans la méconnaissance de cette codification doctrinale par les juristes arabes. À cela s’ajoute un sentiment de méfiance à l’égard d’une manifestation de la soft law. Il convient dès lors de s’interroger sur les moyens qui permettraient aux Principes Unidroit de trouver leur place dans le droit et la pratique des pays arabes
International commercial arbitration is the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) the most used in the world. Which contributes in particular to make the main actor of the diffusion of a-national rules as the general principles of law, usages of international trade, or the lex mercatoria, often chosen by the arbitrators as the law applicable to the substantive of the dispute. This choice was extended to the new rules developed by private international institutions such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. A doctrinal codification conceived as a soft law instrument, which is increasingly applied in arbitration practice. Our study shows, however, that few awards rendered in cases in which one of the parties is Arabic made a reference to UNIDROIT Principles. The explanation is not to look for in an incompatibility between them and contract law in Arab countries but in the ignorance of this doctrinal codification by Arab jurists and lawyers. Added to this, a feeling of distrust a manifestation of soft law. It is therefore necessary to consider the ways in which the UNIDROIT Principles to find their place in the law and practice of the Arab countries

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Fregnani, César Augusto. "Avaliação de desempenho das ações ordinárias dos principais bancos de grande porte pelo índice de Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen e Modigliani e Modigliani." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1357.

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In recent years Brazilian bank sector s accounting results are presenting a high tax return and profitability regarding it s net equity. However, these accounting results are based exclusively in historical transactions and do not consider future transactions, as performance index, which are applicable in the financial market. Having that considered, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of common shares related to private and public leading Brazilian banks, using risk based indexes, which are applied to investment portfolios or isolated assets, during the period between January, 2002 and December 2007. Through an empirical and analytical verification the following variables were studied: accounting performance, return taxes, risk and the co-relation between them. After those variables were found, they were applied to the analysis of the following indexes: Return on Equity, Profitability Margin, Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen Indexes and M² Modigliani and Modigliani index. The result indicates that, during the period under study, the individual analysis of Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen and M² of Modigliani and Modigliani Indexes, presented, in general, positive result, concluding, therefore, that it would profitable to invest in the researched shares. It was also acknowledged that this positive investment return, appreciated through accounting indexes like Return on Equity and Profitability Margin, is consistent when compared to results related to risk adjusted return. Finally, it is possible to conclude that, in despite of having being used historical series in this study to measure the risk adjusted return, the results can be assumed as a good forecast for future investments
Nos últimos anos os resultados contábeis do setor bancário brasileiro vêm apresentando altas taxas de retorno e lucratividade sobre o patrimônio líquido. Contudo, os resultados contábeis baseiam-se exclusivamente em transações históricas e não dão tratamento para as transações futuras, como os índices de desempenho aplicados no mercado financeiro. Deste modo, o objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar o desempenho das ações ordinárias dos principais bancos privados e públicos brasileiros, de grande porte, através de indicadores de retorno ajustado ao risco, utilizados em carteiras de investimentos ou em ativos isolados, no período compreendido de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2007. Na verificação empírica analítica as variáveis pesquisadas foram: os indicadores de desempenho contábil, o retorno, o risco e os índices de retorno ajustado ao risco. Após o cálculo das variáveis, utilizou-se na análise o Retorno sobre o Patrimônio Líquido, a Margem de Lucratividade Líquida, o Índice de Sharpe, o Índice de Treynor, o Índice de Jensen e o Índice M² de Modigliani e Modigliani. Os resultados indicam que, no período estudado, a análise individual dos Índices de Sharpe, Treynor, Jensen e M² de Modigliani e Modigliani, apresentaram, em sua maioria, resultados positivos, logo, compensaria a alocação de recursos nas ações pesquisadas. Verificou-se, também, que a maior lucratividade sobre o capital investido avaliado por índices contábeis, no caso, a rentabilidade sobre o patrimônio líquido e a margem de lucratividade líquida, foi condizente quando confrontada com medidas que dão tratamento ao retorno ajustado ao risco. Por fim, apesar da estimação dos indicadores de desempenho contábil e dos indicadores de retorno ajustado ao risco, na prática, serem baseados em séries históricas, pode-se supor que o desempenho passado é um bom previsor para o futuro

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26

Addison, Rachel Helen. "The problem of moral ambivalence : revisiting Henry Sidgwick's theory of 'Rational Benevolence' as a basis for moral reasoning, with reference to prenatal ethical dilemmas." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27454.

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This thesis addresses the conflict traditionally found within moral philosophy between deontological and utilitarian schools of thought. Using the example of the serious moral ambivalence experienced by individuals who are deciding whether to end or continue a difficult pregnancy, it is argued that this ambivalence is the result of both absolute principles (such as the intrinsic value of human life) and outcome based considerations (such as the desire to avoid causing pain and suffering) appearing to be morally reasonable, while also being fundamentally opposed: Each course of action is at once morally defensible on the basis of its own reasonableness, and, conversely, reprehensible due to the reasonableness of the other. This lived experience of moral ambivalence is directly reflected by the tension between deontology and utilitarianism as it occurs at the moral philosophic level, where the deontological emphasis on the unconditional rightness of certain principles is seen to be at irreconcilable odds with the utilitarian emphasis on the attainment of certain ends. The thesis’ central claim is that such ambivalence strongly indicates that human morality is neither exclusively one type or the other, and that both types of moral property are in fact reasonable, and thus have moral value. It is theorised that accounting for this dual reasonableness would lead to the most accurate and helpful representation of the human moral experience – but that the philosophic ‘divide’ between the two types of principle has led to an either/or situation, which has largely prevented this sort of understanding from being developed. The thesis argues that Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick developed a view in which neither deontological nor utilitarian principles can be fully realised without reference to the other, precisely on the basis that both can be found to be ultimately rational. This thesis aims to revitalise that theory – represented by the term ‘Rational Benevolence’ - to show that Sidgwick reconciled the divide between absolute and end based principles in such a way that the relationship between them becomes a ‘synthesis’. In this synthesis, deontological and utilitarian concepts are both seen as essential components of morality, that combine to form a dynamic whole in which the value of each principle is both indicated and naturally limited by the value of the other, on account of their respective rationalities. It is argued that this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reality of the human moral experience, and better moral justification for either course of action in situations of complex and sensitive ethical decision making.

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Fathally, Jabeur. "Les principes du droit international musulman et la protection des populations civiles en cas de conflits armés : de la binarité guerrière au Droit de Genève. Histoire d’une convergence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20696.

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La protection des populations civiles en cas de conflits armés, internationaux ou internes est au centre des préoccupations du droit international humanitaire contemporain. C’est un sujet digne d’intérêt et d’études plus approfondies. Dès lors, la recherche ici entreprise concernant l’apport du droit musulman à l’universalité des règles humanitaires protégeant les personnes civiles ainsi que des spécificités de ces règles, surtout en termes de leurs compatibilités avec celles développées par le droit international humanitaire contemporain ne pourraient que répondre à cet objectif. En effet, cette thèse, née du constat selon lequel les pays musulmans ont rapidement adhéré aux différents instruments du droit international humanitaire, tentera de démontrer pourquoi et comment se manifeste une telle convergence, voire homologie, entre les règles du droit musulman protégeant les personnes civiles en cas de conflits armés et celles développées par le droit international humanitaire contemporain. La confrontation-association entre ces deux systèmes - qui tiendra compte du contexte historique et de l’environnement dans lequel s’est développé le droit musulman- nous autorise, en effet, à défendre l’idée selon laquelle le droit musulman et le droit international humanitaire contemporain partagent les mêmes valeurs fondamentales en ce qui concerne la protection des populations civiles dans les conflits armés. Cette démarche nous permet également d’affirmer que la convergence entre les deux systèmes est en grande partie tributaire, tout d’abord, de l’originalité de la conception humanitaire du droit musulman. Cette convergence est ensuite, tributaire de la volonté qui a animé les concepteurs du droit international humanitaire de rechercher les dénominateurs communs entre les civilisations et d’élaborer des règles acceptables pour tous. Elle est, enfin et essentiellement, tributaire de l’effort de relecture et d’interprétation de l’institution du jihad, qu’ont entamé les jurisconsultes et les penseurs musulmans surtout depuis le XIXe siècle dans le but de limiter le jihad à sa vocation d’origine, soit la vocation défensive. Notre thèse n’abordera pas le sujet sous ses seuls aspects théoriques. Elle tentera, aussi, de comprendre et de jauger l’application de ce droit en se référant aux guerres menées par le prophète et ses compagnons durant les premiers siècles de l’Islam et de voir les implications de ce droit, ainsi que celles du droit international humanitaire contemporain, dans les conflits armés qui ont secoué le monde musulman, notamment ceux qui se déroulent actuellement en Irak, en Afghanistan, au Darfour soudanais et en Somalie. Cette thèse comporte trois parties. La partie introductive traitera du cadre général du droit international musulman. La deuxième partie sera consacrée à la détermination et à l’étude des facteurs qui ont permis la convergence entre les règles humanitaires du droit musulman et celles construites par le droit international humanitaire contemporain. La dernière partie de notre thèse consistera dans l’analyse des différents types de garanties et de protection que le droit musulman et le droit international humanitaire offrent aux populations civiles. En d’autres termes, cette partie sera le témoin de cette convergence et de cette parenté.

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Milleur, Yannick. "Nouvelles perspectives sur la clinique du cancer : le corps, la psychothérapie, et les états crépusculaires dans la maladie grave." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20133.

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Les patients atteints de cancer traversent des conditions d’existence extrêmes demandant un cadre spécifique de prise en charge psychothérapique. Le cancer et les soins anticancéreux indispensables, forment pourtant la situation cancéreuse envahie par les logiques processuelles du cancer, violentes. Cette situation peut être un raz de marrée dans la vie d’un sujet, emportant les convictions les plus établies et les bases narcissiques-identitaires et du caractère les plus ancrées. Le sujet présente un risque majeur d’effondrement. De plus, la puissance du traumatisme actuel puise ses racines dans la reviviscence de traumatismes primaires restés jusque là éteints. Leur retour a lieu sous la forme de sensations hallucinatoires induisant des états de corps et des états de perception du monde extérieur psychiquement irreprésentables. Le sujet se vit et s’éprouve alors passivement, sans pouvoir s’affecter véritablement. Mortifères, la pesanteur, l’inertie et la douleur dominent ou au contraire, le sujet se sent à vif, hypersensible, envahi, persécuté, au risque de l’éclatement. Le monde s’articule alors essentiellement sur cette bipolarité que vient recouvrir la défense opératoire radicale de la blancheur. Elle jette son dévolu sur le monde, les relations, les objets, les affects, le corps du sujet. Parfois, rien ne touche ce dernier dont la psyché s’est resserrée autour de son noyau archaïque aux limites psyché-soma. Le cancer éradique la subjectivité, subtilisant le principe actif des logiques de l’originaire. Cet état de mélancolie blanche parfois durable, n’est que l’une des phases d’une processualité mélancolique polymorphe. Cette dynamique domine la vie du sujet selon deux tendances à la proto-mélancolie et à la proto-manie, qui remplacent le monde affectif par une propension à l’inertie ou à la psychomotricité. Le travail de mélancolie vise la relance des capacités d’identification en impasse. Nous allons étudier les modalités spécifiques du transfert et en particulier la mobilisation essentielle d’un transfert formel de base. Il fonctionne à partir de l’activation originaire en double de signifiants formels alors partagés par le thérapeute et son patient. Des mouvements de léthargie et d’excitations psychocorporelles peuvent gagner le clinicien et plonger la relation thérapeutique dans des états crépusculaires, relatifs au cancer et au retour des traumatiques primaires. Nous verrons comment le but premier de la psychothérapie vise l’utilisation psychique – et non l’éradication – de l’objet-cancer, comme moyen de forger les conditions de viabilité du cadre : permettre la mise en représentation des états de corps, rétablir la symbolisation, l’imagination et le recours aux fantasmes inconscients. Ce sont là les bases indispensables d’une psychothérapie auprès des patients atteints de cancer
Cancer patients experience extreme conditions of existence requiring a specific form of psychotherapy. The cancer and essential anticancer treatments together form the cancerous situation, invaded by the cancer’s violent, processual logic. This situation can constitute a sea change in the subject’s life, sweeping away their most firmly held convictions and the most deeply rooted foundations of their narcissistic identity and character. The subject is at major risk of suffering a breakdown. In addition, the ‘actual’ trauma draws strength from the revival of primary traumas up until now extinguished. Their return takes the form of hallucinatory sensations producing states of body and perception of the external world psychologically unrepresentable. The subject sees and experiences themself passively, without really being capable of feeling affected. Deadly dullness, inertia and pain dominate or, on the contrary, the subject feels vividly alive, hypersensitive, invaded and persecuted, at the risk of bursting. The world essentially revolves around this bipolarity, which the radical operational defence system covers in whiteness. It throws its mantle over the world, relationships, objects, affects and the subject’s body. Sometimes nothing can touch the subject at all, and their psyche is reduced to its archaic core, at the edge of psyche-soma. The cancer eradicates subjectivity, steeling away the active principle of primal logic. This sometimes lasting state of white melancholy is but one phase in a polymorphic melancholic processuality. This force dominates the subject’s life, with a tendency either to proto-melancholy or proto-mania, which replace the affective world by a propensity to inertia or psychomotricity. The aim of melancholy work is to revive the deadlocked capacity for identification. We will examine the specific use of transference and, in particular, the key implementation of a basic formal transference. This works based on the dual primal activation of formal signifiers shared by the therapist and their patient. The therapist may be subject to motions of lethargy and psychocorporal excitations, plunging the therapeutic relationship into crepuscular states, relative to the cancer and to the return of primary traumas. We will look at how the principle aim of psychotherapy is the psychological use, and not eradication, of the cancer object, as a means of forging the conditions rendering the therapeutic context feasible: allow the representation of states of body, restore symbolisation, imagination and recourse to unconscious fantasy. Together, these form the essential basis of psychotherapy for cancer patients

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29

Nönnig, Constanze. "Die Rolle kommunaler Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen im Zentrum einer kooperativen Aufgabenerledigung zwischen Staat und Privatwirtschaft im Bereich der örtlichen Elektrizitätsversorgung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-82205.

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Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Verantwortung der Kommunen für die Versorgung der örtlichen Bevölkerung mit Elektrizität: Woraus kann sie hergeleitet werden, welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich aus ihr für die Kommunen und welche Bedeutung kommt hierbei der Kooperation mit der Privatwirtschaft zu? Die in drei Teile gegliederte Arbeit befasst sich in ihrem ersten Teil mit den allgemeinen Grundlagen und der Entwicklung kommunaler Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen. Im zweiten Teil geht es um die gesetzlichen Zielvorgaben in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft und die kommunale Verantwortung für ihr Erreichen. Der dritte Teil schließlich befasst sich mit den Voraussetzungen kooperativer Staatstätigkeit und dem Potenzial der Anwendung von Kooperationsmodellen im Bereich der örtlichen Elektrizitätsversorgung
The dissertation ist focused on the responsibility of municipalities to supply local populations with electricity: Where can it be derived from, what consequences for municipalities arise from it and what role does the cooperation with private sector have in this context? The thesis is divided into three parts; the first part deals with the basic principles and the development of municipal electric utilities. The second part focuses on both statutory normative targets in the electricity supply industry and the municipality's responsibility to achieve them. Finally, the third part discusses the preconditions of cooperative government activity and the potential of cooperation models for application to local power supply

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30

Nönnig, Constanze. "Die Rolle kommunaler Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen im Zentrum einer kooperativen Aufgabenerledigung zwischen Staat und Privatwirtschaft im Bereich der örtlichen Elektrizitätsversorgung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2011. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19647.

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Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Verantwortung der Kommunen für die Versorgung der örtlichen Bevölkerung mit Elektrizität: Woraus kann sie hergeleitet werden, welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich aus ihr für die Kommunen und welche Bedeutung kommt hierbei der Kooperation mit der Privatwirtschaft zu? Die in drei Teile gegliederte Arbeit befasst sich in ihrem ersten Teil mit den allgemeinen Grundlagen und der Entwicklung kommunaler Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen. Im zweiten Teil geht es um die gesetzlichen Zielvorgaben in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft und die kommunale Verantwortung für ihr Erreichen. Der dritte Teil schließlich befasst sich mit den Voraussetzungen kooperativer Staatstätigkeit und dem Potenzial der Anwendung von Kooperationsmodellen im Bereich der örtlichen Elektrizitätsversorgung.
The dissertation ist focused on the responsibility of municipalities to supply local populations with electricity: Where can it be derived from, what consequences for municipalities arise from it and what role does the cooperation with private sector have in this context? The thesis is divided into three parts; the first part deals with the basic principles and the development of municipal electric utilities. The second part focuses on both statutory normative targets in the electricity supply industry and the municipality's responsibility to achieve them. Finally, the third part discusses the preconditions of cooperative government activity and the potential of cooperation models for application to local power supply.

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31

Li, Xiaoshan. "La protection des actionnaires minoritaires dans les sociétés anonymes : étude comparative du droit français et du droit chinois." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020021.

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La présente étude a pour objet de montrer que les moyens de la protection des actionnaires minoritaires en droit chinois et en droit français ne sont pas soumis à des critères fondamentalement différents. Dans les sociétés anonymes, les règles juridiques visent à trouver un équilibre des rapports entre les actionnaires majoritaires et minoritaires, ainsi qu’entre les actionnaires et la société ou le groupe de sociétés.C’est l’intérêt social et le principe d’égalité qui guident le législateur et le juge de proposer des solutions convenables.Il importe de noter qu’en droit français, les dispositions sur les responsabilités et les moyens de recours pour les minoritaires sont d’applications faciles qu’en droit chinois. D’ailleurs, la recherche de l’acquisition des sociétés cotées chinoises sous l’angle de la protection des minoritaires, tout à fait différent à l’offre publique en droit français, présente les particularités du marché réglementé chinois et mérite que les investisseurs étrangers découvrent davantage
The dissertation aimed to point out that the methods of the protection of minority shareholders in Chinese law and in French law are not subject to the different criteria. In company limited by shares, the legal provisions intend to find a balance of relation between majority shareholders and minority shareholders, and between the shareholders and the company or group of company. It is corporate profits and the principal of equality that direct legislators and judges to suggest applicable solutions.It is important to notify that in French law, legal provisions about the responsibility of majority shareholders or company leaders and the ways of resort of minority shareholders provide reference for improvement of Chinese law. Besides, the study of acquisition of chinese listed companies, looked from the angle of the protection of minority shareholders, very different from tender offer in French law, demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese stock market and deserve foreign investors’ enough attention

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32

Alsirhani, Ahmed. "The Refusal of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Saudi Arabia on the Grounds of Public Policy: An Issue of Fairness and Justice." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/39482/.

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Saudi Arabia is a country which has gone to great effort to become part of the international commercial community which has required it to reform its international arbitration laws. The reforms have focused on aligning arbitration and enforcement practices with the rest of the world and to make the process easier for both foreign and local parties involved by giving them the freedom to choose terms and seats for arbitration. While this has been successful, the recognition and enforcement of awards in Saudi Arabia has been met with suspicion that refusal to enforce such awards on the grounds of public policy is taking place for motives other than what is afforded by the grounds of public policy, which is mostly founded on the protection of Sharia principles, in order to protect political or economic interests. This study seeks to establish whether or not such refusals on the grounds of public policy are fair and just, in that there is sincerity in their application. The study examines arbitration law in Saudi Arabia and its application, and though semi-structured interviews seeks to reveal the opinions of legal professionals working in private and government sectors. The results reveal that there is not much apparent scope for the abuse of the public policy privilege afforded by the New York Convention 1958 and that it was the overall opinion of legal personnel that the application of Sharia principles in public policy enforcement refusal were applied justly. The results also revealed, by a minority of respondents, that there is the possibility that public policy could be used for ulterior motives which would be unfair and unjust.

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33

Ozols, Maris. "Quantum Random Access Codes with Shared Randomness." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4458.

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We consider a communication method, where the sender encodes n classical bits into 1 qubit and sends it to the receiver who performs a certain measurement depending on which of the initial bits must be recovered. This procedure is called (n,1,p) quantum random access code (QRAC) where p > 1/2 is its success probability. It is known that (2,1,0.85) and (3,1,0.79) QRACs (with no classical counterparts) exist and that (4,1,p) QRAC with p > 1/2 is not possible. We extend this model with shared randomness (SR) that is accessible to both parties. Then (n,1,p) QRAC with SR and p > 1/2 exists for any n > 0. We give an upper bound on its success probability (the known (2,1,0.85) and (3,1,0.79) QRACs match this upper bound). We discuss some particular constructions for several small values of n. We also study the classical counterpart of this model where n bits are encoded into 1 bit instead of 1 qubit and SR is used. We give an optimal construction for such codes and find their success probability exactly---it is less than in the quantum case. Interactive 3D quantum random access codes are available on-line at http://home.lanet.lv/~sd20008/racs

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34

Vaz, Maria. "How principals use distributed leadership in leading and managing teaching and learning : a case study of two primary schools in Gauteng." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17843.

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This study investigates the role that principals play in leading and managing teaching and learning through the alternative approach of ‘distributed leadership’ in order to promote quality education. As a qualitative case study of two ‘township’ Gauteng primary schools, data was collected by means of questionnaires and interview schedules. Perceptions of principals, heads of departments (HODs) and teachers on ‘distributed leadership’ were examined, as well as how the concept was applied in the day-to-day running of the school. It was found that the principals interviewed, despite their extensive teaching and managing experience, were not fully aware of the implications of principalship within the new dispensation, vaguely referring to their roles as leaders and managers without specifying how and what they were leading and managing in their respective schools. Recommendations are that distributed leadership strategies could be found in both schools to optimise the leadership and management of teaching and learning, and that time should be allowed for HODs and principals to implement instructional leadership and management.

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Vižďák, Jozef. "Smluvní autonomie při konstrukci druhů akcií a její limity." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437843.

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The theme of this diploma thesis is "Contracting autonomy in construction of types of shares and its limits". It aimed to analyse the domestic legal regulation. Its effort was to set limits in the construction of types of shares. This was achieved especially through grammatical, logical, systematical and teleological interpretation of legal regulation, with help of law doctrine, and on the smaller scale by comparisons with foreign legal systems. It succeeded in analysing key provisions and setting limits that cannot be crossed when constructing types of shares. The aim of the diploma thesis was therefore fulfilled. It is stated that certain disputes arising from different interpretations of the same provision will be eliminated by amendment of legal regulation of business corporations which will in consequence strengthen legal certainty of participants of these legal relationships. The first chapter deals with concept and definition of share, as a part of registered capital of corporation, as a set of shareholder rights and obligations, and as a security. The second chapter handles the historical genesis of kinds of shares that could be constructed under the old legislation. Subsequently, it describes types of shares that are explicitly regulated by current legal regulation, namely ordinary shares,...

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Švejda, Jiří. "Smluvní autonomie při konstrukci druhů akcií a její limity." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-403903.

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The theme of this diploma thesis is " Contracting autonomy in construction of types of shares and its limits". Its aim was to analyse the domestic legal regulation and to clarify the limits in the construction of types of shares. To achieve this aim, the author tried to interpret the limits of the key provisions of the Business Corporation Act with the support of professional literature and comparisons with foreign legal systems, especially with the United Kingdom. The aim of the thesis was fulfilled. The key provisions were analysed, and the limits were set. The author of the thesis concluded that the current legislation would merit an amendment to achieve legal certainty and to eliminate the non-compliance of the practical and theoretical level. At the time of elaboration of this work, it was submitted an amendment to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic as a Parliamentary Press No. 207, which should solve most of the problems. The first chapter deals with the concept and definition of the share, in particular as a part of the share capital, as a set of shareholder rights and obligations of the shareholder and as a security. The second chapter reflects the historical genesis of the kinds of shares in the Czech Republic and deals with the different types of shares in the...

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37

Mtsweni, Jim. "South African principals' perceptions of shared leadership and its relevance for school discipline." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10418.

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This study focuses on the South African principals’ perceptions of shared leadership and its relevance for school discipline. In a mainly qualitative investigation, empirical data from ten secondary schools in the Nkangala District of the Mpumalanga Province were collected by means individual interviews and observation. These data were analyzed in accordance with accepted procedures for qualitative data processing. The preponderance of evidence collected in this study indicates that school principals indirectly contribute to school effectiveness and learner achievement through actions they take to influence what happens in the schools and classrooms. The skillful leadership of school principals is a key contributing factor when it comes to explaining successful change, school improvement, or school effectiveness. Schools should provide a stable, caring environment for all learners, irrespective of whether they are working with support or indifference of families. The role of the schools in relation to learners’ cultural and social differences should be supportive. Shared leadership is regarded as the state or quality of mutual influence in which team members disperse the leadership role through the group, participate in the decision-making processes, fulfill functions traditionally reserved for hierarchical leaders, and when appropriate, provide guidance to others to achieve group goals and objectives. The relevant stakeholders should work collaboratively in the education of learners. Principals and educators must understand that their traditional roles have changed and improved organizational teamwork will be fostered by all members of the learning community assuming decision-making roles. For the haul of school improvement school principals have to develop and expand their leadership repertoires. The collaborative process in shared school leadership should offer the opportunity for educators, learners, parents and the other stakeholders to study, to learn about shared leadership and also to share and to enact leadership. The management of discipline in schools is central to effective teaching and learning. A school that does not have an effective discipline policy (that includes strategies and support mechanisms that are available to all the members of the school community) and that does not maintain a climate of sound discipline, will not function as a centre for teaching and learning. The process of implementing a discipline policy should involve collaborative decision-making. All relevant stakeholders of the school community should have the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process. The study confirmed most of the views found in the existing body of knowledge on shared leadership and its relevance for school discipline. In the thesis, detailed attention is paid to the challenges those principals who were interviewed, experienced, and to the perceived origin of those challenges and suggested solutions. To conclude the study, a model for exercising sound school discipline through shared school leadership, including ten strategies to promote the implementation of shared school leadership in secondary schools, were proposed.
Educational Leadership and Management
D. Ed. (Education Management)

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38

Kristanová, Lenka. "Smluvní autonomie při konstrukci druhů akcií a její limity." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353345.

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The theme of this diploma thesis is "Contracting autonomy in construction of classes of shares and its limits". Its aim is to answer the question to what extent is the contracting autonomy of shareholders limited, when it comes to construction of classes of shares. The answer is being found by means of a negative analysis that lists both statutory and case-law based limits that restrict that autonomy. It also presents legal consequences, from which suffer those classes of special shares that collide with the statutory provisions and the constructions of rights that are questionable or vague. This diploma thesis comprises of two chapters. Whereas the first one deals with the contracting autonomy in construction of classes of shares and its limits in Czech law, the second one do likewise in German law. The first chapter is divided into two sections. The first part describes a security and shares in general trying to bring out those of their specifics that are subject of further discussion of limits of the contracting autonomy in construction of classes of shares and particular classes of shares. The second section of the first chapter has two subsections. The first one addresses statutory and case-law based limits, which restrict the contracting autonomy of shareholders in construction of special...

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Mokoena, Sello P. "Exploring effective decision-making of principals in secondary schools in the Free State province." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1179.

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In a democratic South Africa, a variety of factors are necessary to ensure effective school governance and management. One of these factors is shared decision-making (SDM). SDM is a process of making decisions in a collaborative manner at the school level. Those responsible for implementing a decision must be actively and legitimately involved in making the decision. In South African schools today, SDM is no longer an option. The new framework of SDM is embedded in the South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996). According to the Act, parents, learners and teachers should be given the opportunity of participating in decisions on educational matters. In this study, the researcher set out to investigate and explore effective decision-making of secondary school principals in the Thabo Mofutsanayana Education District (THMOED) of the Free State Province. In an endeavour to realize that end, an open-ended questionnaire, individual and focus group interviews were used to collect data. The main aim was to find out how teachers, learners, parents and principals experienced decision-making in their schools. The main findings of this research were that, decisions-making practices in the secondary schools in the THMOED still adhered to pre-democratic formal lines of authority. In other words, the locus of control and decision-making powers resided mainly with the principals, with minimum participation of other stakeholders. Consequently, there were dissatisfactions and concerns raised by the participants. The concerns were directed at the management and included lack of communication, lack of transparency, unacceptable disciplinary procedures, autocratic leadership styles and centralized decision-making. According to the findings, it would appear that democratic models of governance were insufficiently used or overlooked by the principals. Concerns raised by the respondents were a clear indication that much needed to be done to change the mind-set of the principals.
Educational Studies
D.Ed (Education Management)

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Djedi, Djongambolo Ohonge Daniel. "Le principe québécois de l'impartageabilité de la réserve des coopératives non financières: discussion critique autour du maintien ou de la suppression." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16369.

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La réserve générale interdite de partage entre les membres est un avoir obligatoire, impartageable tout au long de l’existence de la coopérative et sujet à la «dévolution désintéressée en cas de liquidation ou de dissolution». Cette réserve fonctionne comme un levier de soutien au développement de la coopérative et du mouvement coopératif dans son ensemble. Le principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve est l’interdiction faite à toutes les coopératives du Québec de partager la réserve générale entre tous les membres et l’interdiction de la diminuer, notamment par l’attribution d’une ristourne tout au long de l’existence de la coopérative. En effet, l’impartageabilité de la réserve se fonde sur l’idée que la coopérative n’a pas pour but l’accumulation des capitaux afin de les répartir entre les membres, mais il s’agit de la création d’un capital collectif qui bénéficie à tous les adhérents présents et futurs. Si le concept de l’impartageabilité de la réserve interdit donc le partage de la réserve tout au long de l’existence de la coopérative, cette même interdiction prend le nom de la dévolution désintéressée de l’actif net au moment de la disparition de la coopérative. Cette dévolution désintéressée signifie l’interdiction faite à toutes les coopératives non financières de partager le solde de l’actif lors de la disparition (dissolution ou liquidation) de la coopérative à l’exception des coopératives agricoles qui peuvent décider dans ce cas, de distribuer le solde de l’actif aux membres sans qu’on sache les raisons de cette exception. Par ailleurs, l’impartageabilité de la réserve est considérée comme un simple inconvénient juridique pour les membres et a connu quelques réécritures dans les législations sur les coopératives sans qu’on connaisse vraiment les raisons de ces modifications. L’objectif de notre thèse est d’engager une discussion critique autour du questionnement central suivant : au regard du cadre juridique actuel sur les coopératives, le principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve doit être maintenu comme tel dans la Loi sur les coopératives, ou être tout simplement supprimé, comme dans la société par actions, où il est inexistant sans que cette suppression ne porte atteinte à la notion juridique de la coopérative? Plus précisément, quel est ce cadre juridique et quels sont les motifs qui peuvent plaider en faveur du maintien ou de la suppression du principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse se divise en deux parties. La première partie explore le cadre juridique des coopératives non financières au Québec en comparaison avec certains concepts juridiques issus d’autres législations. Elle étudie les fondements juridiques sous-jacents à l’impartageabilité de la réserve en droit québécois des coopératives non financières. La deuxième partie réalise une discussion critique autour de l’histoire du principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve (ch. 3), des différents arguments juridiques disponibles (ch. 4) et d’hypothèses articulées autour des effets concrets disponibles (ch. 5). Elle explore ces dimensions au soutien du maintien ou non de l’impartageabilité de la réserve de la législation actuelle sur les coopératives non financières. Bien que la recherche effectuée conduise à une réponse nuancée, l'ensemble des résultats milite plutôt en faveur du maintien du principe de l'impartageabilité de la réserve. Au préalable, l’observation des fondements juridiques des concepts sous-jacents à l’impartageabilité de la réserve en droit québécois des coopératives non financières a permis de comprendre les concepts sous-jacents à ce principe avant de répondre à la question autour de son maintien ou de sa suppression de la législation actuelle sur les coopératives. La discussion réalisée a permis de souligner l’importance d’une réalité de base assez évidente : ce principe permet de préserver la réserve, utile au développement de la coopérative et du mouvement coopératif dans son ensemble. De plus, ce principe de l’impartageabilité de la réserve s’inscrit dans le cadre de la vocation sociale de la coopérative, qui n’a pas pour but la maximisation du profit pécuniaire. L’impartageabilité de la réserve s’inscrit également dans le cadre de la cohérence du droit québécois des coopératives avec la notion de coopérative telle que définie par le mouvement coopératif québécois et l’ACI tout en répondant aux finalités historiques d’équité entre les générations et de solidarité. Enfin, même si la discussion des arguments tirés des illustrations de données comptables et de quelques entretiens réalisés avec certains membres actifs du mouvement coopératif ne permet pas de mener à toute conclusion ferme, il ressort que l’impartageabilité de la réserve ne freinerait pas la tendance à la hausse des investissements et du chiffre d’affaires des coopératives non financières. Cette interdiction constituerait même un mécanisme d’autofinancement de la coopérative et un symbole de solidarité.
Forbidden general reserve sharing among members is mandatory to have, indivisible throughout the existence of the cooperative and subject to the "disinterested distribution upon liquidation or dissolution". The reserve functions as a support lever for the development of the cooperative and the cooperative movement as a whole. The principle of nondivisibility of the reserve is the prohibition to all cooperatives in Quebec to share the general reserve of all members and the prohibition of the decline, including the allocation of any rebate along the existence of the cooperative. Indeed, the nondivisibility of the reserve is based on the idea that the cooperative is not to the accumulation of capital in order to distribute them among members, but it is the creation of a collective capital that benefits all current and future members. If the concept of nondivisibility reserve therefore prohibits the sharing of reserve throughout the existence of the cooperative, the same prohibition takes the name of the disinterested distribution of net assets at the time of the disappearance of the cooperative. This disinterested distribution is in turn the ban on all non-financial cooperatives to share the remaining assets in the disappearance (dissolution or liquidation) of the cooperative except agricultural cooperatives that can decide in this case, distribute the remaining assets to members without knowing the reasons for the exception. Moreover, the nondivisibility of the reserve is considered a mere legal disadvantage for members and has had some rewrites in co-operative legislation without knowing either the reasons for these changes. The aim of our thesis is to engage a critical discussion around the following central question: given the current legal framework on cooperatives, the principle of nondivisibility the reserve must be maintained as such in the Cooperatives Act, or simply be deleted, as in the corporation, where it is nonexistent without this deletion does not affect the legal concept of the cooperative? Specifically, what is the legal framework and what are the motives which may plead in favor of maintaining or deletion of the principle of nondivisibility reserve? To answer this question, this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part explores the legal framework for non-financial cooperatives in Québec compared with certain legal concepts from other legislation. It examines the legal basis underlying the nondivisibility the Quebec law reserves of non-financial cooperatives. The second part makes a critical discussion around the history of the principle of nondivisibility Reserve (ch. 3), different legal arguments available (ch. 4) and assumptions based around concrete effects available (ch. 5). She exploire these dimensions to support maintaining or not the nondivisibility Reserve current legislation on non-financial cooperatives. Although the research lead to a nuanced response, the overall results rather militates in favor of maintaining the principle of nondivisibility reserve. Previously, the observation of the legal foundations of the underlying concepts in nondivisibility the Quebec law reserves of non-financial cooperatives helped to understand the concepts underlying this principle before answering the question about its maintenance or suppression of current legislation on cooperatives. The discussion made it possible to highlight the importance of a fairly obvious basic reality: this principle allows to preserve the reserve, useful for the development of the cooperative and the cooperative movement as a whole. Moreover, this principle of nondivisibility of the reserve part of the social mission of the cooperative, which is not intended maximizing monetary profit. The nondivisibility Reserve also part of the consistency of Quebec law cooperatives with the concept of cooperatives as defined by the Quebec cooperative movement and the ICA while addressing the historical purposes of fairness between generations and solidarity. Finally, while discussing the arguments of accounting data and illustrations of some interviews with some active members of the cooperative movement does not lead to any firm conclusion, it appears that the nondivisibility the reserve does not dampen the trend rising investment and sales of non-financial cooperatives. This prohibition even be a self-financing mechanism of the cooperative and a symbol of solidarity.

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Cunha, Miguel Maria Tavares Festas Gorjão-Henriques da. "Atribuição e harmonização na União Europeia: a (difícil) construção normativo-jurisprudencial do mercado interno dos medicamentos de uso humano." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90712.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Direito, na especialidade de Ciências Jurídico-Comparatísticas, apresentada na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra
Desde a criação da Comunidade Económica Europeia – com o Tratado de Roma de 25 de Março de 1957 – e, em concreto, a partir da Directiva 65/65/CEE, que a (actual) União Europeia (que sucedeu àquela Comunidade, ainda que redenominada em 1993, com o Tratado de Lisboa), que o direito da actual União Europeia se vem ocupando dos medicamentos de uso humano. Nestes quase 50 anos, as atribuições da UE mudaram drasticamente e o objecto e limites da harmonização normativa do direito dos medicamentos de uso humano pela UE sofreram alterações significativas. O princípio da atribuição implica uma permanente actualização dos limites desta normação, com as sucessivas revisões dos Tratados, nomeadamente com a afirmação de uma atribuição da UE em matéria de saúde pública e os esforços de intervenção em sede de propriedade industrial. O novo modelo de repartição vertical de competências entre a União e os Estados membros, consagrado com o Tratado de Lisboa, com a introdução dos catálogos de competências da União (exclusiva, partilhada, complementar, etc), associado à afirmação de novos princípios como o princípio da preempção, são sinónimos de uma progressiva captura do processo normativo e do processo institucional pela União Europeia e as suas instituições. A presente dissertação analisa os termos que marcam a intervenção da CEE/CE/UE em matéria de medicamentos de uso humano e as perplexidades existentes na relação entre os princípios fundamentais e a compreensão prática dos princípios e mudanças que as sucessivas alterações dos Tratados devem implicar.
Since the creation of the European Economic Community - with the Treaty of Rome of March 25, 1957 - and, specifically, from Directive 65/65 / EEC, the (now) European Union (the successor to that Community since the Lisbon Treaty, albeit renamed in 1993), the European Union law has occupied itself with the regulation of medicines for human use. In these almost 50 years, the missions of the EU have changed dramatically and the object and limits of normative harmonization of the medicines for human use law by the EU have undergone significant changes. The principle of conferral implies a permanent updating of the limits of this normative intervention, with successive revisions of the Treaties, in particular with the prevision of competences in the areas of public health and industrial property. The new model of vertical division of competences between the Union and the Member States enshrined in the Lisbon Treaty, with the introduction of the catalogs of Union competences (exclusive, shared, complementary, etc.) associated with the statement of new principles such as the principle of preemption, are synonymous of a progressive capture of the regulatory process and the institutional process by the European Union and its institutions. This dissertation analyzes the terms that mark the intervention of EEC / EC / EU medicinal products for human use legislation and the existing perplexities in the relationship between the fundamental principles and practical understanding of these principles and the changes that successive treaty changes should entail

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Naicker, Soobramoney Govindsamy. "The role of the principal in managing work-related stress among secondary school educators." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1389.

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Educator stress is a major problem worldwide. This study focuses on the role of the principal in the secondary school in providing support and assisting educators manage work-related stress, with particular reference to schools in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. The problem was investigated by means of a literature study and empirical investigation. The literature identified perspectives on educators' stress, the stress process of the educator and the principal, causes of work-related stress in educators and coping strategies. Furthermore, principals' leadership styles, theories of motivation and causes of principals' stress were discussed. A qualitative inquiry using focus group interviews was undertaken with a small sample of secondary school educators selected by purposeful sampling. Findings suggested that educator stress was caused by a lack of learner discipline; deterioration in educational standards; workload; policy changes; promotion procedures and the principal's leadership style. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for improvement of practice.
Educational Studies
M. Ed. (Education Management)

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Przychoda, Michał. "Uprzywilejowanie wspólnika w umowie spółki z.o.o." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3531.

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Przedmiotem rozprawy jest analiza zagadnienia uprzywilejowania wspólnika w umowie spółki z o.o. Bardziej precyzyjnie zaś, uprzywilejowania wynikającego ze stosunku prawnego spółki z o.o. Poza zakresem pracy pozostaje więc przyznanie szczególnych uprawień w umowach wspólników, niewpisanych w stosunek spółki, czy w uchwałach (decyzjach) organów spółki. Uprzywilejowanie wspólnika w umowie spółki z o.o. stanowi istotną materię z teoretycznego punktu widzenia, jak również jest zjawiskiem niemal powszechnie występującym w praktyce. Przygotowanie opracowania na ten temat wydawało się zatem szczególnie zasadne, zwłaszcza, że przedmiotowa problematyka nie doczekała się, jak dotąd, w polskim piśmiennictwie ujęcia monograficznego. Podstawowym celem rozprawy było określenie granic autonomii woli wspólników (udziałowców, członków korporacji) w kreowaniu przywilejów w umowie spółki z o.o. Dwa pozostałe cele to sformułowanie i omówienie sposobów (mechanizmów), przy pomocy których może dojść do przyznania szczególnych prerogatyw, oraz próba rozstrzygnięcia, w jakiej sytuacji nastąpi uszczuplenie praw udziałowych w związku z przyznaniem szczególnych korzyści tylko niektórym wspólnikom. W rozprawie postawiono tezę, iż ze względu na silną dyspozytywność regulacji w zakresie stosunków wewnętrznych spółki z o.o., a jednocześnie niewielką liczbę przepisów k.s.h. dotyczących przywilejów, co potwierdza mniejsze znaczenie kryterium ustawy jako kryterium ograniczającego swobodę wspólników w kształtowaniu postanowień o specjalnych uprawnieniach w umowie spółki, podstawowe znaczenie dla granic w ustanawianiu przywilejów w tym zakresie ma natura stosunku prawnego spółki z o.o. Konsekwencją tego twierdzenia jest kolejna teza, zgodnie z którą składnikiem natury spółki z o.o., podstawowym z punktu widzenia ustalenia granic uprzywilejowania wspólnika, jest zasada równowagi korporacyjnej. Rozprawa składa się ze wstępu, sześciu rozdziałów oraz zakończenia. W związku z tezą rozprawy o podstawowym znaczeniu natury stosunku prawnego spółki z o.o. dla wyznaczenia granic w kształtowaniu szczególnych prerogatyw wspólników, pierwszy rozdział poświęcono przybliżeniu podstawowych zagadnień związanych z tym pojęciem, w tym wyróżniono i opisano zasadę równowagi korporacyjnej. W drugim rozdziale omówiono najważniejsze prawa i obowiązki wspólników oraz przedstawiono ich klasyfikacje, co stanowi bazę dla kolejnych części pracy, bowiem modyfikacja kodeksowego katalogu praw i obowiązków wspólników oraz reguł dotyczących ich przysługiwania stanowi jeden z podstawowych sposobów uprzywilejowania uczestników spółki. Trzeci rozdział dotyczy zagadnień ogólnych, zbiorczych dla wszelkich rodzajów przywilejów. Rozdział czwarty analizuje uprzywilejowanie wspólnika przez modyfikację podstawowych uprawnień udziałowych, piąty zaś przez ukształtowanie struktury organizacyjnej. W szóstym podjęto próbę rozstrzygnięcia, w jakich sytuacjach nastąpi uszczuplenie prawa udziałowego członka korporacji przez przyznanie w umowie spółki szczególnych prerogatyw innemu wspólnikowi w toku działalności spółki (na co zgodnie z art. 246 § 3 k.s.h. wymagana jest zgoda udziałowca, którego takie uszczuplenie dotyczy).
The subject matter of the dissertation is the analysis of the issue of shareholder’s privileges in the articles of association of a limited liability company. More precisely, privileges resulting from the legal relationship of a limited liability company. The scope of work therefore does not include granting special rights in the shareholders’ agreements, or in resolutions (decisions) of the company bodies. The privileges of a shareholder in the articles of association of a limited liability company is an important matter from the theoretical point of view, as well as a phenomenon that is almost common in practice. The preparation of a study on this subject seemed therefore to be particularly justified, especially as the subject matter has not been covered by a monographic approach in the Polish literature so far. The main objective of the dissertatoin was to define the limits of the autonomy of the will of shareholders (shareholders, company members) in creating special rights in the articles of association of a limited liability company. The other two objectives are to formulate and discuss the ways (mechanisms) by which specific prerogatives may be granted and to try to decide in which situation the rights of shareholders (prawa udziałowe) will be adversely affected by granting of specific benefits only to certain company members. The dissertation was based on the thesis that due to the strong disposability of regulations concerning internal relations of a limited liability company’s members and bodies and at the same time a small number of regulations of the Polish Commercial Companies Code concerning privileges, the nature of the legal relationship of a limited liability company is of fundamental importance as regards the limits of freedom of contract in creating special rights. The consequence of this statement is another thesis, according to which a component of the nature of a limited liability company, fundamental from the point of view of determining the limits of a shareholder's autonomy of will in creating privileges, is the principle of corporate balance. The dissertation consists of an introduction, six chapters and an ending. In connection with the thesis of the dissertation of the fundamental importance of the legal relationship of limited liability company for determining the limits in shaping the specific prerogatives of shareholders, the first chapter is devoted to characterise this term, including the distinction and description of the principle of corporate balance. The second chapter discusses the most important rights and obligations of shareholders and presents their classification, which is the basis for the subsequent parts of the work, because modification of the codex catalogue of rights and obligations of shareholders and the rules concerning their admission is one of the most important ways of privileging the participants of the company. The third chapter concerns general and collective issues for all types of privileges. Chapter four analyses the shareholder's special rights by modifying the basic codex shareholding rights, while Chapter five analyses privleging members by shaping of the organisational structure. In the sixth chapter, an attempt was made to decide in which situations the shareholders’ rights (prawa udziałowe) will be depleted by granting special prerogatives in the articles of association to another shareholder in the course of the company's operations (which, according to Article 246 § 3 of the Polish Commercial Companies Code, requires the consent of the shareholder affected by such depletion).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sharia principles'

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