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Journal articles on the topic 'Sharing patents'
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1
Takenaka, Toshiko. "Patents for Sharing." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.1 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.1.patents.
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Spurred by the Internet, emerging technologies have changed the way commercial firms innovate and have made it possible for individuals to play an important role in that innovation. Producers in the Information Communication Technologies (ICT), and other sectors dealing with complex technologies with many separately patentable components, find it increasingly difficult to make products without infringing on patents held by others. Numerous overlapping patents often cover such products. Producers have developed a new way to use patents: as inclusive rights for sharing their technologies with others through cross-licensing and other private ordering arrangements in order to ensure the freedom to operate and innovate. Individual innovators, and open source software (“OSS”) programmers in particular, have also developed a new use of copyrights: using them to share their technologies through OSS licenses. Producers of complex technologies use patents for sharing their technologies with OSS programmers and for protecting themselves from patent assertion. In light of these recent uses, this article proposes a new utilitarian theory for patents: patents as the incentive to share, with the reward of increasing the freedom to operate and innovate. It argues that both the ex ante and ex post incentive to invent theories are outdated because they fail to take into account the patent owners’ lack of control over their products in complex technology sectors. This article urges Congress to reevaluate U.S. patent rights in light of this new patent use. It reviews U.S. patents as property rights from the comparative law perspective and proposes the revitalization of the inclusive side of U.S. patents by introducing a compulsory license for blocking patents. It also proposes that the exclusive side of patent rights should be limited to private and experimental use exceptions to ensure the freedom to operate and innovate by sharing.
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Kline, Patrick, Neviana Petkova, Heidi Williams, and Owen Zidar. "Who Profits from Patents? Rent-Sharing at Innovative Firms*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 134, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 1343–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz011.
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Abstract This article analyzes how patent-induced shocks to labor productivity propagate into worker compensation using a new linkage of U.S. patent applications to U.S. business and worker tax records. We infer the causal effects of patent allowances by comparing firms whose patent applications were initially allowed to those whose patent applications were initially rejected. To identify patents that are ex ante valuable, we extrapolate the excess stock return estimates of Kogan et al. (2017) to the full set of accepted and rejected patent applications based on predetermined firm and patent application characteristics. An initial allowance of an ex ante valuable patent generates substantial increases in firm productivity and worker compensation. By contrast, initial allowances of lower ex ante value patents yield no detectable effects on firm outcomes. Patent allowances lead firms to increase employment, but entry wages and workforce composition are insensitive to patent decisions. On average, workers capture roughly 30 cents of every dollar of patent-induced surplus in higher earnings. This share is roughly twice as high among workers present since the year of application. These earnings effects are concentrated among men and workers in the top half of the earnings distribution and are paired with corresponding improvements in worker retention among these groups. We interpret these earnings responses as reflecting the capture of economic rents by senior workers, who are most costly for innovative firms to replace.
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Terry, Kathleen R. "Implications of Joint Ownership of Patents in the USA." Industry and Higher Education 13, no. 3 (June 1999): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000099101294537.
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As collaboration between companies and research institutions increases, joint ownership of patents resulting from collaboration also increases. The agreement to own patents jointly is often entered into casually by parties who are unaware of the implications of joint ownership. Those implications are far from casual. It has been said that ‘joint owners of patents are at the mercy of each other’. Before agreeing to joint ownership, companies and research institutions should be aware of the procedural difficulties in obtaining a joint patent and that each owner is free to use or license the patent without consulting with or sharing the proceeds with the other owners.
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Sancho, Carmen, and Ismael Arinas Pellón. "How patent can patents be?" Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2011): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.9.1.09san.
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This paper examines the import of figurative language (specifically of conceptual and grammatical metaphors) in the discourse of engineering patents, a genre hardly researched for stylistic and pedagogical purposes and traditionally regarded as highly impersonal. To that end, a corpus of over 300 US electro-mechanical patents has been analysed with the aid of a concordancing tool and applying a threefold convergent framework that gathers the metafunctions of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1978, 1985), the Applied Linguistic Approach to Metaphor (Low, 2008) and the Metadiscursive Approach (Hyland, 2000, 2005). Findings reveal a complex network of metaphorical schemata, most non-deliberate, which constitute a tripartite choice dependent on the legal culture, the discipline and, to a lesser extent, on the authorial voice. It also binds patent writers into a community of practice (Wenger, 1998) sharing a phraseological repertoire basically acquired by imitation and whose creative and confident use requires explicit instruction.
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Boutin, Aleksandra. "Screening for Good Patent Pools through Price Caps on Individual Licenses." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 64–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140237.
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Patent pools reduce prices when selling complementary inputs to technologies, but can also effectively cartelize markets when involving substitutes. Independent licensing, by reintroducing competition, ensures that only good pools form when there are two patent holders involved. For larger pools, independent licensing needs to be complemented by other policy tools. We propose to constrain the royalties for the patents individually licensed outside the pool with price caps replicating the pool's sharing rule. This information-free screening device works with asymmetries, even when licensors try to stabilize pools by readjusting the sharing rule in a way that may not reflect contributions. (JEL D21, D45, K11, L12, L24, O31, O34)
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Charterina, Jon, and Andrés Araujo. "Value and barriers in the creation of intellectual property in advanced manufacturing: a country comparison." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-07-2018-0207.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine to what extent small sized and periphery-located firms compensate the comparative disadvantages of big centrally located firms, through patent ownership agreements with other agents, notably research institutes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop an empirical study of patents from two completely different economic areas, a central and a peripheral one, represented by Germany and Spain, respectively, in the domain of the Key Enabling Technology (KET) of advanced manufacturing technologies in robotics and automation. Comparing the population of 211 Spanish patents granted with a random sample of 500 German patents, from the files of the US Patent and Trademark Office, the authors obtain and test a series of logistic regression functions taking the predicted possibilities to develop patents with more citations, as a proxy for their value.FindingsWhereas big companies from central locations do not obtain more heavily cited patents from sharing their R&D activity with other firms or research institutes, smaller manufacturing firms in peripheral areas, namely, Spain, may find this advantageous. Additionally, patents containing fewer cited articles and citations of previous patents, tend to be cited more frequently. Finally, this same outcome is also observed with patents showing shorter time between the application and grant.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on patent value which examines the KET of advanced manufacturing technologies in robotics and automation, comparing a central to a peripheral geographic environment, and determining the number, diversity and size of patent assignees. The results prove relevant in general for manufacturing businesses, especially in the Machine-Tool and machinery producing industry. Overwhelmingly, these firms tend to be SMEs basing their marketing activity entirely on a Business-to-Business (B2B) focus, and facing serious obstacles for R&D activity.
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Gallini, Nancy. "Private agreements for coordinating patent rights: the case of patent pools." ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, no. 3 (August 2011): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2011-003001.
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Inventors and users of technology often enter into cooperative agreements for sharing their intellectual property in order to implement a standard or to avoid costly litigation. Over the past two decades, U.S. antitrust authorities have viewed pooling arrangements that integrate complementary, valid and essential patents as having pro-competitive benefits in reducing prices, transactions costs, and the incidence of legal suits. Since patent pools are cooperative agreements, they also have the potential of suppressing competition if, for example, they harbor weak or invalid patents, dampen incentives to conduct research on innovations that compete with the pooled patents, foreclose competition from downstream product or upstream input markets, or soften competition with outside substitutes that do not rely on the pooled patents. In synthesizing the ideas advanced in the economic literature, this paper explores whether these antitrust concerns apply to pools with complementary patents and, if they do, the implications for competition policy to constrain them.
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Eisenberg, Rebecca S. "Patents and data-sharing in public science." Industrial and Corporate Change 15, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 1013–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtl025.
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Jeitschko, Thomas D., and Nanyun Zhang. "Adverse Effects of Patent Pooling on Product Development and Commercialization." B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejte-2013-0038.
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AbstractThe conventional wisdom is that the formation of patent pools is welfare enhancing when patents are complementary, since the pool avoids a double-marginalization problem associated with independent licensing. This conventional wisdom relies on the effects that pooling has on downstream prices. However, it does not account for the potentially significant role of the effect of pooling on downstream product development and commercialization. We consider development technologies that entail spillovers between rivals and assume that final-demand products are imperfect substitutes. When pool formation facilitates information sharing and spillovers in development, then decreases in the degree of product differentiation can adversely affect welfare by reducing the incentives towards product development and product market competition – even with perfectly complementary patents. The analysis modifies and even negates the conventional wisdom for some settings and suggests why patent pools are uncommon in science-based industries such as biotech and pharmaceuticals that are characterized by tacit knowledge and incomplete patents.
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Nuvolari, Alessandro, and James Sumner. "Inventors, Patents, and Inventive Activities in the English Brewing Industry, 1634–1850." Business History Review 87, no. 1 (2013): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680513000159.
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This article examines the relationship between patents, appropriability strategies, and market for technology in the English brewing industry before 1850. Previous research has pointed to the apparent paradox that large-scale brewing in this period showed both a self-aware culture of rapid technological innovation and a remarkably low propensity to patent. Our study records how brewery innovators pursued a wide variety of highly distinct appropriability strategies, including secrecy, selective revealing, open innovation and knowledge-sharing for reputational reasons, and patenting. All these strategies could co-exist, although some brewery insiders maintained a suspicion of the promoters of patent technologies, which faded only in the nineteenth century. Furthermore, we find evidence that sophisticated strategies of selective revealing could support trade in inventions even without the use of the patent system.
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Barizah, Nurul. "REVIEWING INTERNATIONAL PATENT POLICY ON BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS AND THE ADEQUACY OF EQUITABLE BENEFIT SHARING PRINCIPLE." UUM Journal of Legal Studies 11 (July 31, 2020): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.11.2.2020.8696.
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The purpose of this study is to review international patent policy related to biotechnological inventions, particularly from the Venetian Patent Law to the TRIPs Agreement. It closely examines whether such inventions fulfill the patentability thresholds and analyses the reason why such patents are regarded as having the potential to cause facility misappropriation of biodiversity, which is considered unfair. The most important part of this study is the adequacy analysis of the principles of equitable benefit sharing of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), including disclosure requirements and prior informed consent (PIC), to prevent misappropriation of biological resources in this era of fourth industrial revolution. This study is based on normative legal research method and uses primary and secondary legal resources. The analysis conducted for this study employed several approaches, which are: statute, conceptual, and historical approaches. This study found that patent protection for biotechnological inventions has received justification since the Paris Convention. However, the current international patent policy has a potential to facilitate misappropriation of biodiversity and it is regarded as unfair. On the other hand, equitable benefit sharing principle is still inadequate in dealing with such misappropriation. It advises the requirement of mandatory disclosure of origin to be regulated under national law as a legal basis for implementing equitable benefit sharing principle.
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Stevens, Kelly A. "Analysis of the Advanced Turbine System Program on Innovation in Natural Gas Technology." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195057.
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This study evaluates the impact of a U.S. government-sponsored research program on advanced natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) innovations in the 1990s. From 1992–2000, the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) partnered with turbine manufacturers General Electric (GE) and Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation (SWPC) in a cost-sharing partnership called the Advanced Turbine System program to promote efficiency innovations for NGCC technology. Using data from the European Patent Office’s worldwide patent database (PATSTAT), this study evaluates advanced turbine technology innovations by the program participants and their competitors. Using a negative binomial model, this approach shows GE increased the relative quantity of their patents towards the end of the program and afterwards, indicating the program led to more advanced NGCC innovations for GE. SWPC, on the other hand, had higher patent citations for patents filed during the DOE program relative to competitors, indicating SWPC had higher-quality advanced NGCC innovations due to new partnerships from the U.S. DOE program. However, this analysis reveals there was not a lack of this activity taking place before the program started, and that the overall impact of the program appears small based on the patent analysis.
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Jørem, Ane, and Morten Walløe Tvedt. "Bioprospecting in the High Seas: Existing Rights and Obligations in View of a New Legal Regime for Marine Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 29, no. 2 (June 9, 2014): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341319.
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This article examines the law governing bioprospecting in the high seas and subsequent use of biological material. Seen in relation to the on-going debate on a new legal regime for marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, the authors explore the degree to which existing rights and obligations under the law of the sea and patent law could coincide with one of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, namely that of promoting benefit sharing. The activity of bioprospecting is examined in light of the different freedoms of the high seas, making the point that different interpretations give different indications of existing provisions on benefit sharing. In particular, the regime for marine scientific research under the law of the sea exemplifies different ways for sharing benefits, all of which run up against implementation challenges when seen in relation to rights awarded by patents to inventions resulting from bioprospecting.
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Tesoriere, Antonio. "Stable sharing rules and participation in pools of essential patents." Games and Economic Behavior 117 (September 2019): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2019.06.002.
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Wu, Chao, Bingjuan Lu, and Yuwang Ge. "A Novel Parallel Current-sharing Control Method of Switch Power Supply." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001408010170.
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A novel parallel current-sharing control method of switch power supply is proposed, on the basis of a detailed analysis of several common parallel current-sharing control methods and recent related patents. Only the current of switch power modules with maximum and minimum output current will be regulated, which is selected by the extreme current selection circuit in this method. Four cases with different extremum situation are discussed, and in each case, principles and equations are given. Finally the current-sharing control of switch power supply parallel system is realized. Experimental results show that the current-sharing method is reasonable and effective.
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Tvedt, Morten Walløe. "Patent law and bioprospecting in Antarctica." Polar Record 47, no. 1 (June 11, 2010): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247410000045.
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ABSTRACTThe number of patents and patent applications related to inventions based on biological material from the Antarctic is increasing. Bioprospecting in the Antarctic is happening with no explicit regulation of property rights or benefit sharing requirements. This leaves patent law as the only legal system to establish exclusive rights to genes, bacteria, and other biological material found in the Antarctic. Patent law is general in form and is applied to all areas of invention with very few adaptations to single fields of innovation. Therefore, it is interesting to identify the issues in patent law in cases in which the biological material from the Antarctic is likely to create challenges or loopholes. The aim of this article is to couple the understanding of this particular legal regime and of biological circumstances in the Antarctic with knowledge of the international patent system for the purpose of contributing to the work of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCMs) regarding bioprospecting in the Antarctic.
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Malakoff, D. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: NIH Weighs Demand to Force Sharing of AIDS Drug Patents." Science 304, no. 5676 (June 4, 2004): 1427a—1429a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.304.5676.1427a.
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Lawson, By Dr Charles. "Patents and Access and Benefit-Sharing Contracts: Conservation or Just More Red Tape?" Biotechnology Law Report 30, no. 2 (April 2011): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/blr.2011.9961.
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Patalas-Maliszewska, Justyna. "A Model for Information Support for Knowledge Workers." Foundations of Management 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fman-2015-0003.
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Abstract This article aims to elaborate on a model of information support for knowledge workers in Polish enterprises. Earlier research has explored the use of Web 2.0 technology for information sharing. Nevertheless, relatively little information has been published that focuses on the impact of information sharing among knowledge workers within a company and its subsequent influence on a firm’s effectiveness as identified via the number of new products created, number of completed research topics, or number of new patents. The author aims to analyze the effectiveness of information sharing in Polish enterprises based on the research results gained from the study described in this paper. In particular, this study pays attention to the likely consequences and results of information sharing by the use of employee web logs. This is followed by a discussion of the results of the empirical studies and of the supporting literature. The summary indicates potential directions for further work.
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Gurgula, Olga. "Strategic Accumulation of Patents in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Patent Thickets in Complex Technologies – Two Different Concepts Sharing Similar Features." IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 48, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-017-0551-8.
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Kurnianingrum, Trias Palupi. "Pelindungan Hak Paten atas Pengetahuan Obat Tradisional Melalui Pasal 26 UU No. 13 Tahun 2016 tentang Paten (Protection of Patent Rights on Traditional Medicine Knowledge Through Article 26 of Law No. 13 of 2016 Concerning Patents)." Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum untuk Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan 10, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v10i1.1222.
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Patent as a branch of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) serves to protect inventions on the field of technology, one of them being medicine. The rise on the number of cases on the theft of genetic resources and traditional knowledge on the field of medicine for commercialization purposes shows that the protection of patent rights on traditional medicine knowledge is still not optimal. This article is the result of a normative juridical research which is supported by an empirical data, examines the protection of patent rights on traditional medicine knowledge and the implementation of Article 26 of Law No. 13 of 2016 on Patents (Patent Law year 2016). In the research results, it was mentioned that even though the TRIPs Agreement did not accommodate the traditional knowledge, the presence of Patent Law year 2016 complemented the Indonesian government's efforts to save the knowledge of traditional medicines from biopiracy and misappropriation. It is necessary to regulate the disclosure obligation in TRIPs agreement and further mechanism regarding benefit sharing and granting access to traditional medicines knowledge. AbstrakPaten merupakan salah satu cabang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual yang berfungsi untuk melindungi invensi di bidang teknologi, salah satunya obat-obatan. Maraknya kasus pencurian sumber daya genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional di bidang obat-obatan untuk tujuan komersialisasi menunjukkan bahwa pelindungan hak paten atas pengetahuan obat tradisional masih belum maksimal. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian yuridis normatif yang didukung dengan data empiris, membahas mengenai pelindungan hak paten atas pengetahuan obat tradisional dan implementasi Pasal 26 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2016 tentang Paten (UU Paten 2016). Di dalam hasil penelitian, disebutkan meskipun Perjanjian Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) belum mengakomodasi pengetahuan tradisional namun hadirnya UU Paten 2016 melengkapi usaha pemerintah Indonesia dalam menyelamatkan pengetahuan obat tradisional dari biopiracy dan misappropriation. Perlu pengaturan kewajiban disclosure di dalam Perjanjian TRIPs dan mekanisme lebih lanjut mengenai benefit sharing dan pemberian akses atas pengetahuan obat tradisional.
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Briggs, Kristie. "Innovative partnerships resulting from high-skilled emigration." International Journal of Development Issues 16, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-10-2016-0063.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether emigration of high-skilled labor creates a positive effect in the home country by generating multi-country joint patent relationships between home and destination country-pairs. Design/methodology/approach A panel of data that uniquely captures the country of origin of patent applicants is used to assess if and how high-skilled emigration contributes to the prevalence of multi-country joint patents in a country. The analysis is conducted both in aggregate and across sub-samples based on the per capita income level of the home country. Finally, the role of absorptive capacity as a control variable is robustly considered. Findings Results suggest that emigration of high-skilled labor positively impacts the prevalence of multi-country joint patent ownership when emigration originates from middle- and high-income countries. Support for such “brain gain” via knowledge sharing in innovation is absent when high-skilled labor emigrates from low-income countries. Originality/value The analysis highlights a specific avenue by which the home country benefits from high-skilled emigration. It also provides comparative analysis across home countries of different income levels, which can provide insight into the external validity of papers using high-income country samples of innovative performance when assessing knowledge spillovers.
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Delfanti, Alessandro. "Open science, a complex movement." Journal of Science Communication 09, no. 03 (September 21, 2010): E. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.09030501.
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Science must be open and accessible, and diffusion of knowledge should not be limited by patents and copyrights. After the Open Science Summit held in Berkeley, some notes about sharing scientific data and updating the social contract for science. Against the determinist view on technological and legal solutions, we need an explicit reflection on the relation between science and society. Both academic and industrial science seem unable to fulfill open science needs: new societal configurations are emerging and we should keep asking questions about appropriation, power, privatisation and freedom.
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Delerue, Hélène. "Shadow of joint patents: Intellectual property rights sharing by SMEs in contractual R&D alliances." Journal of Business Research 87 (June 2018): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.02.002.
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Godman, Brian, Eduardo Diogene, Jurij Fürst, Kristina Garuoliene, Augusto Guerra, Roberta Joppi, Rickard Malmström, et al. "PP022 New Models Are Needed To Optimize The Management Of New Medicines." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317002136.
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INTRODUCTION:Countries are struggling to fund new premium priced medicines with ever increasing prices. In addition, there are substantial savings as medicines lose their patents. This requires coordinated approaches. Models are being developed centering on three pillars: pre-launch including horizon scanning; peri-launch including pricing and reimbursement (P & R)/ risk sharing; and post-launch including assessing effectiveness (1,2). This will continue to enable access to safe, effective and affordable medicines.METHODS:Desk research of regulatory and other relevant policy documents as well as a thorough and extensive literature search in peer-reviewed databases were conducted.RESULTS:Models to optimize the use of new medicines are being developed. These center on three pillars: pre-launch activities including horizon scanning with a specific focus on unmet needs, drugs expected place in therapy, drugs preliminary budget impact and forecasting (including medicines likely to lose their patents); peri-launch activities including P & R assessment and assessments of risk sharing arrangements; and post-launch activities include assessing the effectiveness and safety of new medicines in routine clinical care (1,2). Pre-launch activities to agree the number of potential patients for new cancer medicines resulted in hospitals staying within budget (3); and health authorities that had instigated activities pre-launch saw limited excess bleeding with dabigatran (3). Risk-sharing arrangements have increased access to new medicines; however, concerns with their confidential nature and administrative burden (2,3). Qualitative and/or quantitative approaches are also being developed to better value (new) medicines. There is also growing use of patient level data post launch, for example, studies highlighted concerns with dabigatran prescribing in Spain and anti-obesity medicines in Sweden. Long-term follow-up studies have shown greater effectiveness of ciclosporin versus tacrolimus for transplants despite the rhetoric.CONCLUSIONS:Stakeholders in the healthcare field are working together and developing methods to increase funding for new valued medicines whilst restricting their use where there are concerns to optimize resource use. This will (need to) continue to enable access to safe, (cost-) effective and affordable medicines.
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Madhavan, Harilal, and Jean-Paul Gaudillière. "Reformulation and Appropriation of Traditional Knowledge in Industrial Ayurveda: The Trajectory of Jeevani." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 4 (November 2, 2020): 603–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8771025.
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Abstract In India, the industrial sector that specializes in the invention, production, and marketing of neotraditional therapeutic specialties has been rapidly growing for two decades. In addition to standard pharmaceutical laboratory knowledge, it heavily mobilizes local medical knowledge. This article follows the trajectory of a new formulation called Jeevani, originating in the mining of both the classical Ayurveda texts and the tribal healing practices in the Indian state of Kerala. We investigate the strong coupling established by the reformulation regime between the invention of complex polyherbal therapeutic preparations with local forms of appropriation, namely Indian patents and benefit-sharing agreements.
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Konstantinov, Kosana, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, Violeta Andjelkovic, and Milosav Babic. "Ethics in scientific results application: Gene and life forms patenting." Genetika 42, no. 1 (2010): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1001193k.
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The remarkable development and application of new genetic technologies over the past decades has been accompanied by profound changes in the way in which research is commercialized in the life sciences. As results, new varieties of commercially grown crops with improved or new traits are developed. Many thousands of patents which assert rights over DNA sequences have been granted to researchers across the public and private sector. The effects of many of these patents are extensive, because inventors who assert rights over DNA sequences obtain protection on all uses of the sequences. Extremely valuable to breeders in the national agricultural research system is the ability to genotype their collections to get a clear picture of their diversity and how diversity could be enhanced through sharing and access to global collections. The issue of the eligibility for patenting of DNA sequences needs to be reopened. Patents that assert rights over DNA sequences and their uses are, in some cases, supportable, but in others, should be treated with great caution. Rights over DNA sequences as research tools should be discouraged. That the best way to discourage the award of such patents is by stringent application of the criteria for patenting, particularly utility. A more equitable, ethically - based food and agricultural system must incorporate concern for three accepted global goals: improved well being, protection of the environment and improved public health (particular point food from GMO). To mitigate conflict one of the approach to solve problem is ethical and truthful label of GM food, because consumers have a right to choose whether to eat genetically modified foods or not. Interesting examples and risks as consequences of free availability of genetic resources utilization, its transformation, patenting of 'new' organism and selling it back to the genetic resource owner are presented. Society has obligations to raise levels of nutrition and standards living by all respect to ethics at each step.
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Goyal, Preeti, and Arun Sahay. "Offshore Outsourcing of Business Processes: Understanding IPR Implications." Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research 6, no. 2 (July 2007): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972622520070203.
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Business process outsourcing is a multi billion-dollar industry today. Intellectual property becomes important in such arrangements; as such projects may require resources and information to be shared between the client and the service provider. Underlying the availability and application of these resources such as personnel, hardware and software are intellectual property issues, more specifically patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. These intellectual properties have the potential of providing firms with sustained competitive advantage which, in turn, affect the firm performance of the business. Given the importance of IPR implications and the growing BPO industry, the paper attempts to develop a framework for understanding IPR implications for offshore outsourcing of business processes. The framework can be used by both the client and service provider for development and sharing of IPRs to their mutual advantage.
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Melenhorst, J. Joseph, David L. Porter, Lifeng Tian, Simon F. Lacey, Christopher L. Nobles, Joseph A. Fraietta, Noelle V. Frey, et al. "Long-Term Remission of CLL Sustained By Pauciclonal Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CTL019) Cell Clones." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117390.
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Abstract We recently demonstrated that sustained remission in 41 CLL patients treated with the CD19-specific, 4-1BB/CD3zeta-signaling chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19) T-cells correlated strongly with the expansion and persistence of the engineered T cells and that important pathways such as T cell exhaustion, glycolysis and T cell differentiation segregated responders from non-responders (Fraietta et al., 2018, Nature Medicine). We here report two advanced, chemotherapy-resistant CLL patients with the longest (7 years) follow-up on any trial of CART19 cells. Both patients had received five therapies before being treated at the University of Pennsylvania with autologous, murine CTL019 (tisagenlecleucel) cells for their CLL in 2010, receiving 1.1e9 and 1.4e7 CAR19+ T cells, respectively. Both patients have persistence of CAR-engineered T cells and both patients are still in remission as determined by flow cytometry and deep sequencing of IgH rearrangements for 5.5-7 years. Thus, the infused CAR-T cells have maintained these patients in deep molecular remission of their disease for the longest period of time that has been reported to date. To understand the fate of the infused CAR-T cells we determined the phenotype, function, and clonal nature of the persisting CTL019 cells. Flow cytometric CART19 cell analyses demonstrated that early during the anti-leukemia response, activated, HLA-DR-expressing CD8+ CAR-T cells rapidly expanded, followed by similarly activated CD4+ CAR-T cells. With tumor clearance the CAR-T cell population contracted, but an activated CD4+ CAR-T cell population was maintained and was still detectable at the last follow-up of 7 years. The CD8+ CAR-T cell pool remained present at low frequencies. Both populations had acquired and maintained an effector memory phenotype, a phenotype most consistent with active disease control. Furthermore, the analysis of the classical immune checkpoint inhibitory markers PD1, TIM3, LAG3, and CTLA4 showed that only PD1 was expressed from the earliest to the latest time point on >80% of all CAR-T cells, whereas LAG3 and TIM3 were expressed only early on but lost after tumor clearance. These data suggest that the initial tumor clearance was mediated by CD8+ CAR-T cells, but sustained by a CD4+ CAR-T cell population that still actively engages with target cells. To understand the clonal nature of these long-term persisting CAR-T cells we used two complementary methods: a) CAR T cells were sorted from post-infusion aliquots during the first two years for T cell receptor-beta deep-sequencing (TCR-seq); b) the CAR integration sites in the genome were sequenced in the infusion product and in circulating CAR-T cells. TCR-seq analysis of early post-infusion time points demonstrated that the circulating CAR-T cell populations consisted of hundreds to thousands of distinct clones which in patient 1 and 2 displayed clonal focusing by 21 and 1 month post-infusion, respectively, with some clones making up as much as 12% (patient 1) and 48% (patient 2) of the CAR-T cell repertoire. The analysis of clonotype sharing at the various time points via Morisita's overlap index analysis similarly showed repertoire stabilization late (21 months; patient 1) and early (1 month; patient 2) after infusion. Lastly, fate mapping of the infused CART19 cells via CAR integration site analysis in the infusion product until the latest time point indicated that the infusion products for both patients had a very diverse, non-clonal make-up, containing over 8,000 and 3,700 integration sites in patients 1 and 2, respectively. The higher degree of clonality in patient 2 but not 1 CAR-T cells as seen by TCR-seq was confirmed by integration site analysis, as was the sharing of CAR-T cell clones over time. Importantly, whereas the CAR integration site repertoire in patient 1 was diverse in the first two years, it stabilized and trended towards oligoclonality 21 months after infusion. Lastly, CAR integration site analysis revealed a high degree of clonal persistence, suggesting that tumor control and B cell aplasia were maintained by few, highly functional CD4+ CAR-T cell clones. In summary, we demonstrate that in both patients with the longest persistence of CAR-T cells reported thus far, early and late phases of the anti-CLL response are dominated by highly activated CD8+ and CD4+ CAR-T cells, respectively, largely comprised of a small number of persisting CD4+ CAR-T cell clones. Disclosures Melenhorst: Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Casi Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; novartis: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Shanghai UNICAR Therapy, Inc: Consultancy. Porter:Genentech: Other: Spouse employment; Novartis: Other: Advisory board, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Kite Pharma: Other: Advisory board. Lacey:Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Research Funding; Tmunity: Research Funding; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Patents & Royalties; Parker Foundation: Research Funding. Fraietta:Novartis: Patents & Royalties: WO/2015/157252, WO/2016/164580, WO/2017/049166. Frey:Novartis: Consultancy; Servier Consultancy: Consultancy. Young:Novartis: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Siegel:Novartis: Research Funding. June:Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Immune Design: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Tmunity Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Immune Design: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celldex: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Tmunity Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding.
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Palombi, Laura C. "Facilitating Community Engagement in Academic Pharmacy Careers." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 8, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v8i3.531.
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Despite the recognized value of community engagement in academic pharmacy, the implementation of sustainable and fruitful community partnerships can be challenging. This manuscript will highlight a junior faculty member’s journey with community engagement, sharing the ways that community engagement can guide an academic career and the benefits of community engagement in teaching, research and service. Also highlighted is the role – and argued responsibility - of the academic institution in community engagement, as well as an identification of the barriers that might be interfering with pharmacy faculty community engagement. Considerations for the development of faculty members striving to more fully incorporate engagement into their teaching, research, and service are provided.
Conflict of Interest
I declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Type: Commentary
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Kang, So-Yeon, Ge Bai, Michael J. DiStefano, Mariana P. Socal, Farah Yehia, and Gerard F. Anderson. "Comparative Approaches to Drug Pricing." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094305.
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The United States relies primarily on market forces to determine prices for drugs, whereas most other industrialized countries use a variety of approaches to determine drug prices. Branded drug companies have patents and market exclusivity periods in most industrialized countries. During this period, pharmaceutical companies are allowed to set their list price as high as they prefer in the United States owing to the absence of government price control mechanisms that exist in other countries. Insured patients often pay a percentage of the list price, and cost sharing creates some pressure to lower the list price. Pharmacy benefit managers negotiate with drug companies for lower prices by offering the drug company favorable formulary placement and fewer utilization controls. However, these approaches appear to be less effective, compared with other countries’ approaches to containing branded drug prices, because prices are substantially higher in the United States. Other industrialized countries employ various forms of rate setting and price regulation, such as external reference pricing, therapeutic valuation, and health technology assessment to determine the appropriate price.
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Silvernagel, Craig, George Langelett, and Brian Tande. "The new intellectual property race." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 7, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-d-17-00032.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how entrepreneurs are reacting to the recent change in patent priority rules under the America Invents Act (AIA). The authors sought to examine the relationship between a significant change in policy concerning a class of intellectual property (IP), patents in this case, and resulting perceptions and attitudes among entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach The authors designed a survey and collected data from 36 practicing entrepreneurs in the upper Midwest. The survey respondents completed either a paper hard-copy survey that was available at a regional entrepreneurship and innovation conference, or an electronic version of the survey (administered through QuestionPro.com). The survey included questions about entrepreneurship experience, area of expertise, IP use history and knowledge, risk tolerance, and demographics. Findings The empirical findings suggest that entrepreneur practitioners have not thoroughly reviewed FTF, but they are seeking legal advice. Also, entrepreneurs disagree with the notion that they are more likely to innovate under FTF. With regard to entrepreneurial knowledge, speaking with an attorney had a significant impact on entrepreneurs’ attitudes toward FTF, leading them to worry more about how they might compete with larger firms and about sharing their ideas. Finally, after controlling for demographics, the authors find that attitudes toward FTF have already significantly impacted recent past and future intended entrepreneurial behavior. Originality/value While the literature is rich with information about the AIA, the history of IP and patenting in the USA, and the merits and challenges of first-to-file vs first-to-invent patenting policy, little has been done to study entrepreneur attitudes and perceptions regarding the implementation of AIA and its policy provisions. Understanding entrepreneur perspectives concerning AIA is a critical component in assessing impacts regarding the critical area of innovation and new venture creation.
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Hirani, H., and P. Samanta. "Hybrid (hydrodynamic + permanent magnetic) journal bearings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 221, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet282.
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Survey of patents on bearings indicates the maturity of hydrodynamic and rapid development of magnetic bearings. Active magnetic bearings are costlier compared with permanent magnetic bearings. To understand the performance characteristics of permanent magnetic bearings, an experimental setup has been developed. Experimental studies on radial permanent magnetic bearings demonstrated the drawbacks, such as high axial thrust and low load capacity. This has led the authors to hybridize the permanent magnet with hydrodynamic technology and to explore the possibility of achieving the low starting torque of a permanent magnetic bearing and the medium to high load carrying capacity of a hydrodynamic bearing in a single bearing arrangement. Simulation is carried out in order to reduce axial force-effect and enhance the radial force supported by the permanent magnetic bearing. Results of simulation on permanent magnetic bearing have been compared with that of published research papers. Finally an algorithm has been developed to investigate the coupling of forces generated by permanent magnets and hydrodynamic actions. Results of load sharing have been reported. The experimentally measured displacements of the shaft running at 500, 2000, and 3000 r/min have been plotted. The effect of hydrodynamics on shaft orbit has been illustrated.
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Kıranoğlu, Gülbin. "Copyright and the Internet: The case of Napster." Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 2758. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i2.3839.
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In the postindustrial world, information is not only a revolutionary phenomenon but also a valuable commodity of exchange, thereby protected by intellectual property rights, copyrights and patents. The interactive nature of the Internet, however, has complicated the notion of intellectual property leading to the debates of whether or not the Internet should be regulated on such basis. This article aims to understand the turn-of-the-21st-century tension between the record industry and the innovative technology of Napster, regarding the question of validity of the legal concept of copyright in an age of Information Revolution. In this paper, the record industry’s attack on Napster due to its development of “peer-2-peer sharing” service, as one of the earliest sample cases concerning the criminalization of the Cyberspace in relation to the issue of copyright will be examined. To achieve this, following an outline of different approaches to the concepts of information society and information revolution, I will address the fundamental question of whether the notion of intellectual property promotes or controls innovation by focusing on the lawsuit of Napster, Inc. vs. A&M Records, Inc.
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Ennishi, Daisuke, Aixiang Jiang, Merrill Boyle, Brett Collinge, Bruno M. Grande, Susana Ben-Neriah, Graham W. Slack, et al. "The Double-Hit Gene Expression Signature Defines a Clinically and Biologically Distinct Subgroup within GCB-DLBCL." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116827.
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Abstract Recognizing biological heterogeneity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), significant effort has been made to define distinct molecular subgroups of prognostic importance which harbor potentially targetable biology. Reflecting this, in the recent revision of the WHO classification, DLBCL was divided into cell-of-origin molecular subtypes and a new entity was defined - high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/TH). ~8% of tumors with DLBCL morphology are HGBL-DH/TH and all HGBL-DH/TH with BCL2 translocations (HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2) are of the GCB molecular subtype. To explore specific biology operating in HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2, we analyzed RNAseq data from 157 de novo GCB DLBCL tumors (25 being HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2) with the aim of defining gene expression signatures that distinguish such cases from other GCB-DLBCLs. We identified 104 genes that were most significantly differentially expressed between HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 and other GCB-DLBCLs, defined as having a 95% confidence interval of the Importance Score that did not cross 0. A model constructed from the expression of these genes clustered 42 tumors into one group ("double-hit signature" positive - DHITsig pos), and 115 tumors into the DHITsig neg group. 22 tumors were HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 within the DHITsig pos group compared with only 3 tumors in the DHITsig neg group. We next assessed the clinical impact of the DHITsig within a uniformly R-CHOP treated cohort of de novo GCB-DLBCL drawn from a population-based registry, which included the discovery cases. The DHITsig pos group had significantly inferior outcomes for time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively) similar to ABC-DLBCL (Figs A, B). Notably, the non-HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 cases sharing the DHITsig showed the same poor prognosis as the HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 cases. A multivariate Cox model of TTP revealed that DHITsig remained prognostic, independent of IPI and MYC/BCL2 dual protein expression (HR = 3.1 [1.5 - 6.4], P = 0.002). We then applied this gene expression model to GCB-DLBCL in an independent dataset (n = 262 GCB-DLBCLs; Reddy et al,Cell 2017). Validating the prognostic significance, the DHITsig pos group had significantly inferior OS compared with other GCB-DLBCLs (P < 0.001) similar to ABC-DLBCL (Fig C). We then sought to determine whether differentially expressed genes, according to DHITsig, could inform on the biology of the DHITsig pos group. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) strongly suggested a germinal centre dark-zone (DZ) cell-of-origin for the DHITsig pos tumors with significant enrichment of DZ and light-zone (LZ) gene signatures (Victora et al, Blood 2012) in DHITsig pos and neg tumors, respectively (FDR = 0.002 and < 0.001). Furthermore, the DHITsig pos group had up-regulation of pathways related to mitochondrial metabolism and RNA synthesis (both FDR < 0.001). We separately identified mutations associated with DHITsig pos cases within GCB-DLBCL. In addition to the expected enrichment of MYC and BCL2 mutations, chromatin modifiers EZH2 and CREBBP, as well as RFX7 and DDX3X (mutated in Burkitt lymphoma), were more frequently mutated in DHITsig pos tumors. In contrast, mutations of TNFAIP3, MYD88 and IRF4, more typical of ABC-DLBCLs, were more prevalent in DHITsig neg tumors. To enable application to FFPE biopsies, the DLBCL90 NanoString assay was developed by translating the DHIT gene expression signature into a 30-gene module that was then added to the Lymph2Cx assay. The DLBCL90 assay was applied to 171 DLBCL tumors (including 156 from the discovery cohort), yielding 26% DHITsig pos, 64% DHITsig neg, and 10% unclassified, with a frank misclassification rate of 3% against the RNAseq comparator. The prognostic significance of the groups was maintained (Fig D). Importantly, the DHITsig neg group had a disease specific survival of 91% at 5 years. To validate the association between the DHITsig and HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 tumors, the DLBCL90 assay was applied to 113 transformed follicular lymphoma tumors. Within the DHITsig pos group, 19/34 tumors were HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 compared with 0/58 in the DHITsig neg group. In conclusion, we have identified a clinically and biologically distinct subgroup of GCB-DLBCL tumors that are defined by the HGBL-DH/TH-BCL2 gene signature. The translation to an assay applicable to FFPE allows exploration of its utility to guide patient management within the context of clinical trials. Figure. Figure. Disclosures Sehn: Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria; TG Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Lundbeck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Morphosys: Consultancy, Honoraria; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria. Steidl:Nanostring: Patents & Royalties: patent holding; Roche: Consultancy; Tioma: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Juno Therapeutics: Consultancy. Connors:Cephalon: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; F Hoffmann-La Roche: Research Funding; Roche Canada: Research Funding; Bristol Myers-Squibb: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Bayer Healthcare: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; NanoString Technologies: Patents & Royalties: Named Inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString Technologies, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Lilly: Research Funding. Gascoyne:NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Named Inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString Technologies. Scott:Roche: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; NanoString: Patents & Royalties: Named Inventor on a patent licensed to NanoString Technologies, Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding.
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Ballington, James R. "POLICIES FOR THE PROPRIETARY RELEASE, DISTRIBUTION AND SALE OF SMALL FRUIT CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM BY LAND GRANT UNIVERSITIES IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF THE U.S." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 502F—502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.502f.
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Public funding for land-grant university plant breeding programs has declined to the point that alternative sources of funding have had to be identified in order for these programs to continue. Small fruit breeding programs at land-grant universities in the southern region of the U.S. now derive their support for day to day operations from a number of alternative funding sources including commodity organizations and research foundations. Royalty income generated from sale of plants of patented cultivars has also become a significant source of support for essentially all land grant programs. In addition, cooperative agreements and contracts with partners in private industry play a prominent role in support for several programs, and these will likely increase significantly in the near future. At present, U.S. plant patents are generally applied for upon the release of cultivars from small fruit breeding programs at land grant universities in the southern region, with some move toward trademarking. Releases are generally nonexclusive within the region, and either exclusive or nonexclusive outside the region. The use of germplasm from other breeding programs usually carries with it the expectation of mutual exchange and use of germplasm and/or sharing of royalty income from cultivars derived from such germplasm.
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Kwan, Ye-seul, Gi Cheol Lee, Sang Myeon Park, Ji Hae Lee, and Jeong Su Oh. "Freshwater Biodiversity Platform (FBP): an Integrated Information Management System of Freshwater Ecosystem for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 22, 2018): e26490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26490.
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Since the Nagoya Protocol on Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) came into force in 2014, the conservation and assurance of national biodiversity has been internationally stressed. The Government of South Korea is exercising significant efforts to integrate and manage the information pertaining to biological resources in line with this global trend. However, connecting and sharing biodiversity data has certain challenges because the existing databases and information systems are being operated using different standards. In the present study, we established an integrated management system for freshwater biodiversity information, the Freshwater Biodiversity Platform (FBP), to support the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. This platform allows the management of various types of biodiversity data, such as occurrences, habitats and genetics, for freshwater species inhabiting South Korea. The data fields are based on a global biodiversity data standard, Darwin Core, and national biodiversity standards of South Korea in order to share our data more efficiently, both nationally and internationally. It is important to note that the platform deals with information related to the utilization of biological resources as well as information representing the national biodiversity. We have collected bibliographical data, such as papers and patents, from databases, including information on the use of biological resources. The data have been refined by applying a national species list of South Korea and ontology terms in (MeSH) to compile valuable information for biological industries. Furthermore, our platform is open source and is compatible with multiple language packs to facilitate the availability of biodiversity data for other countries and institutions. Currently, the Freshwater Biodiversity Platform is being used to collect and standardize various types of existing freshwater biodiversity data to build foundations for data management. Based on these data, we will improve the platform by adding new systems that can analyze and release data for public access. This platform will provide integrated information on freshwater species from the Korean Peninsula to the world and contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.
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Freij, Bishara J., Fozia Saleem-Rasheed, Scott A. Cunningham, Robin Patel, Robin Patel, Graham Krasan, and Barbara Robinson-Dunn. "1517. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli ST131 Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in Premature Twins Linked to Contaminated Maternal Frozen Breast Milk." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1381.
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Abstract Background Sequence type 131 (EC-ST131) is a prevalent cause of extraintestinal Escherichia coli infection, including in neonates, and accounts for a majority of multidrug-resistant strains. Rare reports of neonatal unit outbreaks have emerged, with one linking the source to freshly expressed breast milk (BM) sharing. We report on premature twin girls whose infection was linked to their mother’s contaminated frozen BM. Methods Blood culture isolates were from twin girls born at 24–1/7 weeks’ gestation who developed severe sepsis caused by ampicillin- and gentamicin-resistant E. coli on days 11 (Baby A; died) and 8 (Baby B; survived) of life; both neonates had sterile blood cultures at birth, and received orogastric feeds using frozen BM provided by their mother. Five remaining frozen BM samples predating onset of sepsis were thawed and cultured; E. coli resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin was recovered from 1 collected on day 5 of life. DNA was extracted from cultured isolates using the Zymo Research Quick-DNA™ Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep kit, sequencing libraries prepared (Nextera® XT PE), and sequencing (Illumina MiSeq® with V2 2 X 250 bp chemistry) completed for the 2 blood and 1 BM isolates. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and core genome MLST (cgMLST) analyses were performed using SeqSphere+, version 5.1.0 (Ridom, Munster, DE) software, with 2513 alleles analyzed for cgMLST. Results The 2 blood and 1 BM isolates were typed as ST131 by MLST and were indistinguishable by cgMLST. Of the 2513 alleles queried, only 263 (10.5%) differed from the ST131 strain SCB34 (figure). Thus, our EC-ST131 cluster isolates belong to the same clonal complex as, but are genetically divergent from, SCB34. In addition to the E. coli described above isolated from a BM sample, all 5 frozen BM samples grew multiple morphotypes of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The mother had acute chorioamnionitis and was treated with intravenous ampicillin, gentamicin, and metronidazole for 48 hours immediately after delivery. Conclusion Despite frozen BM’s persistent antibacterial activity, it is a potential source of multidrug-resistant bacteria for neonates, as evidenced by this report of EC-ST131 neonatal sepsis in premature twins. Disclosures Robin Patel, MD, ASM and IDSA: Other Financial or Material Support, Travel reimbursement, editor’s stipends; CD Diagnostics, Merck, Hutchison Biofilm Medical Solutions, Accelerate Diagnostics, ContraFect, TenNor Therapeutics Limited, Shionogi: Grant/Research Support; Curetis, Specific Technologies, NextGen Diagnostics, PathoQuest, Qvella: Consultant; NBME, Up-to-Date, the Infectious Diseases Board Review Course: Honorarium recipient, Other Financial or Material Support; Patent on Bordetella pertussis/parapertussis PCR issued, a patent on a device/method for sonication with royalties paid by Samsung to Mayo Clinic, and a patent on an anti-biofilm substance issued: Other Financial or Material Support, Patents.
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Doubrovina, Ekaterina, Aisha N. Hasan, Susan Prockop, Karim Baroudy, and Richard O'Reilly. "Dual-Sensitized T-Cells Responding to EBV Blcl and Either CMVpp65 or WT-1 Peptide Pools Have Distinct or Shared HLA Restrictions That May Depend on the Presenting HLA Alleles." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119001.
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Abstract Adoptive Immunotherapy with virus-specific T-cells generated from transplant or third party donors can induce durable remissions of severe infections or EBV lymphomas post-transplant. T-cells sensitized with antigens from multiple viruses have also shown promise. However, in any individual donor, immunogenic peptides from different viruses might be expected to elicit T-cell responses restricted by different HLA alleles. In HLA non-identical patients, the efficacy of T-cells reactive against any one virus would be eliminated if the T-cells specific for that virus are restricted by an HLA allele not shared by the patient. To examine this hypothesis, we evaluated the HLA restrictions of T-cells generated from 42 healthy donors after dual sensitization with either autologous EBV-transformed B-cells (EBVBLCL) loaded with a pool of overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the sequence of CMVpp65 (n=20) or autologous EBVBLCL loaded with a pool of 15-mers spanning the oncofetal protein WT-1 (n=22). The HLA restrictions of the CMVpp65-specific and WT1 specific T cells were assessed by their cytotoxic activity against a panel of Cr51 labeled dendritic cells sharing a single HLA allele with the T cells donor. The EBV restrictions of the dual sensitized EBV CTLs were identified by their cytotoxic activity against EBV BLCLs sharing the same single HLA alleles derived from the same donors. In 13/20 CMVpp65/EBV sensitized T cells (65%) and 17/22 WT1/EBV sensitized T cells (77%) the CMV or WT1 specific T cell lines were restricted by single HLA alleles. In 10 of the 20 (50%) lines sensitized with EBV BLCL and CMVpp65, CMVpp65 specific T cells were restricted by an HLA allele that was also one of the restricting alleles for EBV CTLs in the same line. However, in the other 10(50%) the CMVpp65 T cells were restricted by an HLA allele different from that of the EBV CTLs. In the 22 lines co-sensitized with EBV and WT1, WT1 specific T cells were restricted by an allele different from those of the EBV CTLs in 13 (59%) lines. Comparison of EBVCTLs from dual sensitized T cell lines with EBVCTLs contemporaneously generated from the same donors but sensitized with EBV BLCL alone revealed that in 2/4 CMVpp65/EBV lines and 2/5 WT1/EBV lines in which the HLA restriction of CMVpp65 or WT1 specific T cells differed from that of EBV T cells in the same culture, the HLA allele differentially presenting the CMV or WT1 antigen but not an EBV antigen in the dual sensitized cultures was a prominent restricting allele of T cells sensitized with an autologous EBV BLCL alone. In our bank of 135 CMVpp65-specific T-cells sensitized with autologous APCs loaded with the same pool of overlapping CMVpp65 peptides, T-cells specific for epitopes presented by HLA B0702 were dominant in 33/34 donors inheriting this allele. Furthermore, for T-cell lines generated from 50 donors inheriting HLA A0201, HLA A0201 restricted T-cells specific for the NLV peptide of CMVpp65 were dominant for all lines except those 13 that co-inherited HLA B0702. Disclosures Doubrovina: Atara Biotherapeutics: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding. Hasan:GlaxoSmithKline: Employment. Prockop:Atara Biotherapeutics: Research Funding; Mesoblast: Research Funding. O'Reilly:Atara Biotherapeutics: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding.
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Jindal, Srishty, and Kamlesh Sharma. "A Review on Sentiment Classification: Natural Language Understanding." Recent Patents on Engineering 13, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872212112666180731113353.
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Background: With the tremendous increase in the use of social networking sites for sharing the emotions, views, preferences etc. a huge volume of data and text is available on the internet, there comes the need for understanding the text and analysing the data to determine the exact intent behind the same for a greater good. This process of understanding the text and data involves loads of analytical methods, several phases and multiple techniques. Efficient use of these techniques is important for an effective and relevant understanding of the text/data. This analysis can in turn be very helpful in ecommerce for targeting audience, social media monitoring for anticipating the foul elements from society and take proactive actions to avoid unethical and illegal activities, business analytics, market positioning etc. Method: The goal is to understand the basic steps involved in analysing the text data which can be helpful in determining sentiments behind them. This review provides detailed description of steps involved in sentiment analysis with the recent research done. Patents related to sentiment analysis and classification are reviewed to throw some light in the work done related to the field. Results: Sentiment analysis determines the polarity behind the text data/review. This analysis helps in increasing the business revenue, e-health, or determining the behaviour of a person. Conclusion: This study helps in understanding the basic steps involved in natural language understanding. At each step there are multiple techniques that can be applied on data. Different classifiers provide variable accuracy depending upon the data set and classification technique used.
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Smart, P. "Copyright." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 98, no. 03 (March 2016): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0096.
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‘Talent is always conscious of its own abundance, and does not object to sharing.’ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle When authors submit an article for publication, most publishers will ask for a signature from the author on a copyright form. The relationship between an author and the publisher is then a partnership but one that many authors are reluctant to enter into. After all, why should a publisher take copyright from an author of an article when the author had the idea and has done all the hard work for the content of the article? In response to this question, publishers will generally claim that copyright transfer agreements protect authors from copyright infringements such as plagiarism, libel and unauthorised uses as well as protecting the integrity of the article. Copyright in the UK was originally concerned with preventing the unlawful copying of printed material in the 17th century in response to the then new technology of book printing. The first copyright act in the UK, the Statute of Anne in 1710, was subtitled ‘An Act for the Encouragement of Learning’, and granted privileges and monopolies to book printers. Since then, copyright law has evolved to incorporate many forms of communication, including photography, film, music, computers, engraving, designs on t-shirts and digital technology among other forms of media. The most recent act in the UK is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. While copyright covers an author’s right to copy, distribute and revise the work, it does not protect ideas – just their fixation or expression. The moment that an idea is fixed or expressed physically, copyright starts and does not have to be registered. In this article, Pippa Smart provides an overview of the legal framework that protects authors and publishers. Jyoti Shah, Commissioning Editor
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Cheesman, Simon, Aoife Shields, Raakhee Shah, Nisha Thakrar, Jeff Bradley, Tom Marler-Hausen, Shirley D'Sa, et al. "Vial Sharing of Bortezomib Is Logistically Feasible and Significantly Reduces Drug Wastage and the Cost of Myeloma Treatment." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5956.5956.
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Abstract Background The dose of many anti-cancer medications is calculated based on patient weight or body surface area (BSA). This patient-specific method means that there is almost always leftover drug in the vial which is then discarded. This has been identified as a significant source of wastage and a contributor to the increasing cost of cancer treatment. Bortezomib is a first in class proteasome inhibitor approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) both at front line and relapse. The starting dose for myeloma is 1.3mg/m2 and the only available preparation in the UK is a vial containing 3.5mg of bortezomib. The list price is GBP 762 ($1,006) per 3.5mg vial. The physical and chemical stability of the reconstituted drug has been demonstrated for 21 days in the original glass vial and in a syringe thereby allowing the preparation of doses in advance of a patient attending for treatment. We carried out a single centre retrospective analysis of the use of bortezomib in patients with MM, with vial sharing to minimise wastage, with focus on practicality and cost saving. Methods Between 27/04/2015 and 15/05/2016 we prepared all scheduled doses of bortezomib in one of two batches each week (changed to a single weekly batch from 11/10/2015) thereby enabling us to share vial contents between patients and minimise drug wastage. Planned bortezomib doses were identified from the hospital electronic prescribing system and ordered from the pharmacy on the Friday of the week prior to treatment. Dispensing occurred under aseptic conditions in the pharmacy sterile production unit using worksheets generated directly from the prescribing system. All doses were prepared for administration by subcutaneous bolus injection as a 2.5mg/ml dilution in sodium chloride 0.9%. The average cost per bortezomib dose was retrospectively calculated by dividing the total acquisition cost of the vials used by the number of doses administered and this was then compared with the cost of using one vial per dose. The cost of wasted doses (those prepared in a batch but not subsequently administered) and doses prepared individually (separately, in addition to the batch) were included to provide a real world assessment of the impact on cost. Results During the 56 week audit period 1489 bortezomib doses were administered to 120 patients, median 26 doses per week (range 19-36), of these, 1331 (89% of total administered) were prepared in one of the vial-sharing batches. The mean actual prescribed dose of bortezomib was 2.36mg (range 1.4-3.0mg). The total number of doses prepared in the batch but not subsequently administered was 75 (5.3%), median 1 per week (range 0-5). Of note, unused doses did not always contribute to drug wastage if an additional vial had not been necessary to accommodate this dose in the batch (27 out of 75 doses). The reasons for unused doses were: individual dose delayed (due to toxicity (n =27), social reason/patient request (n=13), or other reasons (n=7)), bortezomib treatment stopped (due to disease progression (n=12) or toxicity (n=8)) or dose ordered in error for a patient known to have stopped treatment or been delayed (n=8). The total number of doses prepared in addition to the batch was 158, median 3 per week (range 0-6). These doses were for patients who had not been included in the batch due to them not being prescribed in advance (n = 99) or who were missed during the ordering process (n= 59). A total of 1137 vials of bortezomib were used to dispense the doses, of which 979 were used for batched preparation (see table for summary). The median total number of bortezomib vials used each week was 19 (range 15-30) and number of vials saved each week was 7 (range 4-9). Batch preparation and vial-sharing reduced the total cost of bortezomib vials needed from GBP 1,134,618 ($1,497,696) to GBP 866,394 ($1,143,640) representing an overall saving of GBP 268,224 ($354,056). The effective cost of a single bortezomib dose was reduced by 23.6% from GBP 762 ($1,006: the cost of using one vial per dose) to GBP 582 ($768). Batch preparation also reduced dispensing time in the pharmacy and patient waiting times on the day unit as doses were prepared in advance of the day of treatment. Conclusions Sharing the contents of bortezomib vials between patients is logistically feasible and improved patient experience by reducing waiting times on treatment days. Drug costs were reduced by 23.6% resulting in significant savings. This approach should be explored for other suitable drugs. Table Table. Disclosures Cheesman: Janssen: Consultancy. Yong:Autolus Ltd: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties: APRIL based chimeric antigen receptor; Janssen: Research Funding.
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Daoping, Wang, Wei Xiaoyan, and Fang Fang. "The resource evolution of standard alliance by technology standardization." Chinese Management Studies 10, no. 4 (November 7, 2016): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-08-2016-0169.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the evolution mechanism of resources in a standard alliance that are matched with resources required at different standardization stages from the viewpoint of dynamic matching. How core enterprises in an alliance allocate resources, select member enterprises and maintain the normal operation of an alliance, according to the resource evolution of a standard alliance, is an important issue when dealing with the implementation of technology standardization. Design/methodology/approach The authors have chosen the Intelligent Grouping and Resource Sharing (IGRS) standard alliance of computer companies in China as the object of this study. The authors have built indices to identify core enterprises in the alliance from the viewpoint of network organization. The authors also collected data from authoritative news websites concerning patents and cooperative projects undertaken by 216 enterprises in the IGRS alliance during the period from 2002 to 2016, and they have computed and analyzed these data by using UCINET 6.0 software and social network analysis methodology to identify core enterprises at different standardization stages, thus revealing the evolution mechanism for resources in the standard alliance. Findings Technology standardization is divided into R&D, industrialization and marketization stages, and the standard alliance requires different resources to satisfy what is required at each of those different standardization stages. While technology standardization is a process during which technology systems standards are continuously being perfected and the standard product market is continuously expanding, the development of technology standardization affects the evolutionary processes of the core enterprises and affects the selection of member enterprises in the standard alliance. Practical implications The results obtained will assist the standard alliance to select proper member enterprises and dynamically match the alliance’s resources with the resources required at different standardization stages to speed up the implementation of independent standardization in China. Originality/value This study demonstrates the evolution mechanism of resources in technology standard alliances at different standardization stages by using quantitative analysis methodology, and it enriches the research on which elements are influential for technology standardization’s development in the context of China’s social, economic and cultural characteristics.
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Peitz, Gregory J., Eric B. Hoie, Shannon Hoy, and Ann Anderson-Berry. "Repeated Bowel Perforations with Ibuprofen Lysine: A Case Report." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13, no. 3 (January 1, 2008): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-13.3.166.
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been used to close the patent ductus arteriosus in neonates for over two decades. Ibuprofen lysine, a parenteral NSAID, is labeled for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in neonates who do not respond to conventional medical management. While sharing many of the same adverse effects as indomethacin, spontaneous bowel perforation has not been reported. We describe a premature infant that experienced isolated bowel perforations after treatment with ibuprofen lysine for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus.
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Waters, Hannah. "Patent-sharing scheme for neglected diseases may have catch." Nature Medicine 17, no. 12 (December 2011): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1211-1529a.
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ZHANG, Xueqing, Xiaoxia LIU, Jun GUO, Wenlei BAI, and Daguang GAN. "Matrix Factorization Based Recommendation Algorithm for Sharing Patent Resource." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E104.D, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2020bdp0012.
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Long, Xiaofeng, Jiali Ge, Tong Shu, and Chunxia Liu. "Production Decision and Coordination Mechanism of Socially Responsible Closed-Loop Supply Chain." Complexity 2020 (May 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9095215.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a significant impact on the operation of enterprises. This study analyzes the production and coordination decisions of closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) by establishing two assumptions of endogenous and exogenous CSR. The results reveal that, for ordinary consumers, CSR is quantified as the parameter of consumer surplus, which has an impact on the patent licensing fee, revenue-sharing ratio, and so on, and which not only increases the sales quantity in CLSC but also creates more value for the manufacturer and the retailer. Considering endogenous CSR, the study found that the manufacturer’s CSR level and the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s profits both increase with the proportion of CSR-sensitive consumers. In the endogenous model, the manufacturer sets a higher wholesale price and lower patent licensing fee than in the exogenous model. Perfect coordination in the two models can be achieved by setting a revenue-sharing ratio related to wholesale price and patent licensing fee. In practice, improving the social responsibility consciousness of consumers and raising enterprises’ CSR level can achieve a win-win situation for revenues and social welfare.
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Edlin, Chris. "The importance of patent sharing in neglected disease drug discovery." Future Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 11 (September 2011): 1331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.11.101.
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DeWolf, Susan, Katherine Nichols, Chi L. Nguyen, Paul A. Giardina, John B. Slingerland, Harold Elias, Rajya Kappangantula, et al. "TCR Repertoires in Graft-Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD)-Target Tissues Reveals Tissue Specificity of the Alloimmune Response." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141018.
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Introduction: Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) arises from the inflammatory cascade triggered by alloreactive T cell following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). The tissues most frequently involved by GVHD include the small and large intestines, skin, and liver. Prior studies of T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing in diagnostic biopsies and blood have identified dominant T cell clones in GVHD-affected tissues that were not abundant in circulation or shared across multiple patients, but this has not been studied in sites poorly accessible to biopsy nor in lymphoid tissues in humans. We hypothesized that the GVHD-affected tissues have distinct TCR repertoires reflecting the differential expression of allo-antigens at different anatomic sites. Methods: We performed rapid autopsies on patients whose post allo-HCT course was complicated by GVHD to profile the TCR repertoire in tissues inaccessible to biopsy. Tissues were obtained from seven patients (HLA-identical allografts with a variety of graft sources and GVHD-prophylaxis regimens), all with active GVHD and/or on immunosuppression for GVHD control. Spleen, liver, skin, and multiple sites along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were sampled, when possible, from the esophagus to the rectum. When available, blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells were also viably preserved. T cell receptors were sequenced from 38 different snap-frozen tissues from five patients via genomic DNA based next-generation sequencing of the TCR-beta CDR3 (ImmunoSeq, Adaptive Biotechnologies). Four out of five subjects sequenced had skin and GI GVHD, one only GI. In parallel, TCRs were sequenced from GVHD-affected tissues from a major and minor mouse model of GVHD: BALB/c 7-14 days after HCT with C57BL/6 T cells and C57BL/6 mice > 30 days after HCT with LP/J T cells. Results: Sequences representing 264,678 productive TCRs were recovered from the human autopsy samples with over 100 unique clones for nearly all tissues (mean 1539; standard deviation 1626). We found virtually no TCR clones defined by nucleotide sequence shared across patients, even in the context of shared HLA haplotypes (4/5 patients shared HLA-A*02-01). This is consistent with prior studies of diagnostic biopsies describing a paucity of clones shared across patients. We observed greater repertoire overlap between sites within the GI tract compared to other tissues in a given patient, as measured by the Jensen Shannon Diversity (JSD) index, especially compared to the skin, another GVHD-affected tissue. Despite differences in global repertoires across tissues, some clones were shared across all samples for a given patient, with at least one clone present among the top twenty clones by frequency for each tissue with sufficient sampling. A strikingly similar pattern of repertoire sharing across tissues was observed in the TCR repertoires of a major and minor mouse model of GVHD. While tissues within the GI tract and mesenteric lymph nodes shared the most clones in the mice, there were also dominant clones shared across tissues outside the GI tract. Individual mice with GVHD had highly divergent repertoires from each other in spite of the markedly controlled setting including inbred mice with the same donor T cell pool for each transplant, consistent with the notion that T cells that mediate GVHD may be present at very low frequency in the pool of naïve T cells in the allograft. Conclusion: This work characterizes T cell repertoire in GVHD in human tissues that have not been previously available, including lymphoid tissues and small intestine samples. Combined with the mouse data, this study reveals the relationships between TCR repertoires across different tissues, highlighting the striking diversity of clones driving the GVHD process across tissues and individuals. Although some even dominant clones are shared across all tissues within an individual, each sampled site had a tissue-specific clonal composition. While GVHD-directed therapy focuses primarily on the inhibition of the T cells themselves, additional attention must be devoted to understanding the pattern of target tissue-specific antigen expression in order to identify the key drivers of GVHD. Disclosures Giardina: Seres Therapeutics: Other: salary support. Slingerland:Seres Therapeutics: Other: salary support. Jenq:Kaleido Biosciences: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karius Dx: Speakers Bureau; Merck: Consultancy; MicrobiomeDx: Consultancy; Prolacta: Consultancy; Seres Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties: January 1, 2040. Giralt:Sanofi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; PFIZER: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; GSK: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Johnson & Johnson: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Actinuum: Other: Advisory board, Research Funding; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Amgen: Other: Advisory Board, Research Funding; KITE: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; SPECTRUM Pharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jensenn: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; JAZZ Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MILTENYI: Research Funding; TAKEDA: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; OMEROS: Research Funding. Perales:Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Omeros: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Medigene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other; Celgene: Honoraria; Bellicum: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Miltenyi Biotec: Research Funding; Kite/Gilead: Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte Corporation: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MolMed: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NexImmune: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Cidara Therapeutics: Other; Nektar Therapeutics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria; Servier: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Iacobuzio-Donahue:BMS: Research Funding. van den Brink:Seres Therapeutics: Consultancy, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; DKMS Medical Council: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Forty-Seven, Inc: Consultancy; Juno Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties; WindMIL Therapeutics: Honoraria; Rheos: Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy; Magenta: Honoraria; Kite Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Peled:Seres Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Davolterra: Consultancy.
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Funk, Mark. "Patent sharing by US universities: an examination of university joint patenting." Economics of Innovation and New Technology 22, no. 4 (June 2013): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2012.757033.
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