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Journal articles on the topic 'Shark fin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Van Houtan, Kyle S., Tyler O. Gagné, Gabriel Reygondeau, Kisei R. Tanaka, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Salvador J. Jorgensen. "Coastal sharks supply the global shark fin trade." Biology Letters 16, no. 10 (October 2020): 20200609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0609.

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Progress in global shark conservation has been limited by constraints to understanding the species composition and geographic origins of the shark fin trade. Previous assessments that relied on earlier genetic techniques and official trade records focused on abundant pelagic species traded between Europe and Asia. Here, we combine recent advances in DNA barcoding and species distribution modelling to identify the species and source the geographic origin of fins sold at market. Derived models of species environmental niches indicated that shark fishing effort is concentrated within Exclusive Economic Zones, mostly in coastal Australia, Indonesia, the United States, Brazil, Mexico and Japan. By coupling two distinct tools, barcoding and niche modelling, our results provide new insights for monitoring and enforcement. They suggest stronger local controls of coastal fishing may help regulate the unsustainable global trade in shark fins.

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2

Yusrina, Firda. "DAMPAK PENGOLAHAN DAN KONSUMSI SUP SIRIP IKAN HIU." Journal of Food Technology and Agroindustry 1, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/jfta.v1i2.748.

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Indonesia is an archipelagic country that consist of 2/3 ocean and 1/3 land. The extensive territorial ocean is certainly have a lot of diversity of marine existence. One of them is shark. There are 25 kinds of sharks in indonesian’s oncean. Lately sharks have become one of the topics discussed in fisheries institutions and fauna activists, due to the increasing activity of hunting shark. Shark finning is cutting off a shark’s fin and throwing the rest of the still-living body, often by dumping it back into the ocean.The body’s sharks without fins are often thrown back into the ocean alive, where they are die because unable to swim properly and bleeding profusely or die of blood loss. Shark fins are tempting targets for fishermen because they have high monetary and cultural value. Fins are used in a popular dish called shark fin soup, which is a symbol of status. This review will provide a description of definition of shark finning, shark fin soup, dengerous delicacy for humans and sharks alike and aim to protect Indonesia is an archipelagic country that consist of 2/3 ocean and 1/3 land. The extensive territorial ocean is certainly have a lot of diversity of marine existence. One of them is shark. There are 25 kinds of sharks in indonesian’s oncean. Lately sharks have become one of the topics discussed in fisheries institutions and fauna activists, due to the increasing activity of hunting shark. Shark finning is cutting off a shark’s fin and throwing the rest of the still-living body, often by dumping it back into the ocean.The body’s sharks without fins are often thrown back into the ocean alive, where they are die because unable to swim properly and bleeding profusely or die of blood loss. Shark fins are tempting targets for fishermen because they have high monetary and cultural value. Fins are used in a popular dish called shark fin soup, which is a symbol of status. This review will provide a description of definition of shark finning, shark fin soup, dengerous delicacy for humans and sharks alike and aim to protect shark population. Keyword : Indonesian’s ocean ; Save our shark ; Shark Finning ; Shark fin soup. shark population.

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3

Liu, John Chung-En, Brandon Gertz, and Naomi Newman. "Shark Fin Regulations in the United States: Animal Welfare, Cultural, and Policy Considerations." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001438.

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Sharks play critical roles in the marine ecosystem, and they face serious threats due to overfishing. Conservation efforts have focused on the consumption of shark fins, especially the “finning” practice that removes the fins of a shark and discards the carcass at sea. This article reviews the shark fin legislation in the United States, including the “finning ban” which outlaws finning practices and the “fin ban” that prohibits the use of shark fins entirely. Our case study specifically focuses on the animal welfare, cultural, and policy debates surrounding these bans. We discuss how and why shark finning is regarded as a cruel practice and whether shark fin bans discriminate against Chinese Americans. At the policy level, there is an ongoing policy debate whether a ban on shark fins in the United States would lead to increased protection of sharks or it would have little effect on the global trade. Due to the lack of detailed information on shark fisheries, the policy discussion is likely to persist. Although this case study focuses only on regulations on shark fins, we would like to emphasize that shark fin industry is not the only threat to sharks. Conservationists also need to consider other issues such as bycatch, habitat destruction, and a wider array of policy tools to protect sharks.

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4

Oktaviyani, Selvia, Wanwan Kurniawan, and Fahmi. "Fin Length and Total Length Relationships of Silky Shark Carcharhinus falciformis Landed at Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Port, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 147 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014702011.

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Shark fins are a very valuable product for international trade. This study aims to obtain the equations describing the relationship between fin length and the total length of silky shark. Using the total length at sexual maturity (Lm), the equation is then used to estimate the fin length associated with this Lm, which can then be included in the recommendation for international shark fin trades. Data collection was carried out from March 2018 to February 2019 at Tanjung Luar Fish Landing Port, West Nusa Tenggara. All data were collected from 2,837 individuals of silky sharks, consisting of 1,416 females and 1,421 males. The total length of silky shark ranges from 61 to 282 cm for females and 18-283 cm for males. The relationships of first dorsal fin length and total length is DFL=2.0151+0.1243 TL (both sexes). Furthermore, the relationships of pectoral fin length and total length were found to be PFL=-8.0098+0.2127 TL (both sexes). The first dorsal fin length and pectoral fin length at the time the silky shark sexually matures were 23 cm and 35 cm, respectively. This fin-total length relationship can be used by the fisheries authority to determine the allowed minimum size of silky shark fins for export.

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5

Stein, Alexander J. "Shark-fin landing policy aids control." Nature 533, no. 7604 (May 2016): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/533469e.

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6

Smith, Kirby R., Carol Scarpaci, Brett M. Louden, and Nicholas M. Otway. "Does the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) exhibit agonistic pectoral fin depression? A stereo-video photogrammetric assessment off eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15024.

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Underwater stereo-video photogrammetry was used to document the pectoral fin positions of various life-history stages of the critically endangered east Australian population of the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) during normal swimming behaviour at multiple aggregation sites. A wide range in pectoral fin positions was recorded with dihedral pectoral fin angles ranging from –25 to 88°. Pectoral fin angles varied significantly among sites and this was attributed to the differing navigational and energetic requirements of the sharks. There was no significant relationship between pectoral fin angles and distances separating the shark and scuba diver. The wide range in pectoral fin angles, interactive use of the fins during swimming, low-energy behaviours of the sharks at aggregation sites and absence of ‘fight’ response agonistic behaviour indicated that the species does not exhibit agonistic pectoral fin depression. Reports of agonistic pectoral fin depression in the grey nurse shark obtained with visual estimates should be treated as preliminary observations requiring further testing using accurate sampling methods such as stereo photogrammetry. It is important that diver compliance with existing management guidelines that prohibit divers from chasing or harassing grey nurse sharks and blocking cave and gutter entrances is maintained.

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7

Ahnelt, Harald, Michael Sauberer, David Ramler, Laura Koch, and Claudia Pogoreutz. "Negative allometric growth during ontogeny in the large pelagic filter-feeding basking shark." Zoomorphology 139, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-019-00464-2.

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Abstract Many pelagic shark species change body and fin shape isometrically or by positive allometry during ontogeny. But some large apex predators such as the white shark Carcharodon carcharias or the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier show distinct negative allometry, especially in traits related to feeding (head) or propulsion (caudal fin). In particular, changes in propulsion are attributed to a shift in swimming mode. The more heterocercal caudal fin of younger individuals with its large caudal fin span seemingly aids in hunting small, agile prey. In contrast, the less heterocercal caudal fin with a larger fin area in larger individuals aids a long-distance slow swimming mode. We were interested if negative allometric effects can be observed in a planktivorous shark, the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus, a large species adapted to long-distance slow swimming. To address this question, we compared three size classes, specifically < 260 cm (juveniles), 299–490 cm (subadults), and from adults > 541 cm total length. Comparing literature data, we found negative allometric growth of the head and of the caudal fin, but a more rapid decrease of relative caudal fin size than of relative head length. Hereby, we provide the first evidence for early negative allometric growth of the caudal fin in a large pelagic filter-feeding shark. Our study further demonstrates that ecomorphological approaches may add valuable insight into the life history of animals that are challenging to study in their natural habitat, including large roving sharks such as the basking shark.

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8

Shiffman, D. S., and R. E. Hueter. "A United States shark fin ban would undermine sustainable shark fisheries." Marine Policy 85 (November 2017): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.026.

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9

Nalluri, Deepthi, Zofia Baumann, Debra L. Abercrombie, Demian D. Chapman, Chad R. Hammerschmidt, and Nicholas S. Fisher. "Methylmercury in dried shark fins and shark fin soup from American restaurants." Science of The Total Environment 496 (October 2014): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.107.

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10

Nijman, Vincent. "Targeted shark fisheries, DNA barcoding and regulating shark fin trade in Indonesia." Fisheries Research 168 (August 2015): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.03.016.

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11

Osher, Robert H. "Shark fin: A new sign of thermal injury." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 31, no. 3 (March 2005): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.11.034.

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12

Dewi, S. P. S., O. S. Abdoellah, and Y. N. Ihsan. "An overview of shark fisheries in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124903008.

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The biology of sharks makes them very vulnerable to fishing pressure. Globally, sharks are threatened because of uncontrolled fishing due to the increasing demand for their fins. In Indonesia, shark fishing occurs in almost all marine areas, and each area has different characteristics and conditions. Understanding the conditions and characteristics of each area will help to define strategies for the sustainable management of shark fisheries. This paper aimed to provide an overview of the condition of shark fisheries in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This study used a qualitative method to get information about fishing techniques, catch composition, utilization, and trading. The data were collected through observation, interviews, and literature review. The result showed that fishermen in Kupang caught sharks as a fishing target using longline fishing gear. Almost all sharks were landed in pieces after being chopped up in the vessel. They were chopped off into some pieces, such as the fin, meat, skin, and cartilage. Sharks species could be identified by their fins, but their total length, weight, sex ratio, and adult size were difficult to identify. That makes it difficult to plan reasonable management strategies. Shark fins are more expensive than other parts, and the price depends on the fin size. Shark products are traded to Surabaya, Manado, Bogor, and Jakarta. Trade of shark products is regulated by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation number 61/PERMEN-KP/2018. Based on this study, management intervention must be undertaken to ensure sustainable shark fisheries in Kupang.

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13

Matich, Philip, Michael R. Heithaus, and Craig A. Layman. "Size-based variation in intertissue comparisons of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 5 (May 2010): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-037.

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Stable isotopes are important tools for understanding the trophic roles of elasmobranchs. However, whether different tissues provide consistent stable isotope values within an individual are largely unknown. To address this, the relationships among carbon and nitrogen isotope values were quantified for blood, muscle, and fin from juvenile bull sharks ( Carcharhinus leucas ) and blood and fin from large tiger sharks ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) collected in two different ecosystems. We also investigated the relationship between shark size and the magnitude of differences in isotopic values between tissues. Isotope values were significantly positively correlated for all paired tissue comparisons, but R2 values were much higher for δ13C than for δ15N. Paired differences between isotopic values of tissues were relatively small but varied significantly with shark total length, suggesting that shark size can be an important factor influencing the magnitude of differences in isotope values of different tissues. For studies of juvenile sharks, care should be taken in using slow turnover tissues like muscle and fin, because they may retain a maternal signature for an extended time. Although correlations were relatively strong, results suggest that correction factors should be generated for the desired study species and may only allow coarse-scale comparisons between studies using different tissue types.

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14

Fong, Quentin S. W., and James L. Anderson. "International shark fin markets and shark management: an integrated market preference–cohort analysis of the blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus)." Ecological Economics 40, no. 1 (January 2002): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(01)00273-7.

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15

Choi, Dong-Won, Hak-Keun Choi, Jae-Hyun Park, and Seong-Bin Lim. "Analysis of the CATR Equipped with the Novel Shark-Fin Shaped Serrations by the Height Modulation." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 21, no. 4 (April 30, 2010): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2010.21.4.371.

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16

Şahan, Makbule Heval, Akın Aladağ, and Engin Aras. "Evaluation of Ocular Impression Materials by Shark Fin Test." Journal of Ege University School of Dentistry 35, no. 3 (2014): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/eudfd.2014.78942.

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17

Kapadia, Yash, Kenneth S. Kurtz, Vinay Jain, and Steven Pigliacelli. "Shark Fin Titanium Hollow Bulb Obturator: A Treatment Concept." Journal of Prosthodontics 27, no. 9 (October 22, 2018): 798–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12986.

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18

VAISHNAV, G., G. LAKSHMI, N. K. DARIMIREDDY, and G. RENUKA. "A MIMO SHARK-FIN ANTENNA FOR VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS." i-manager's Journal on Communication Engineering and Systems 7, no. 4 (2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jcs.7.4.16390.

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19

Rongas, Dimitris K., Anastasios S. Paraskevopoulos, Leonidas D. Marantis, and Athanasios G. Kanatas. "AN INTEGRATED SHARK-FIN RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA FOR V2X COMMUNICATIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 100 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc19112005.

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20

Balkenhol, Markus, Bernd Wöstmann, Masafumi Kanehira, and Werner J. Finger. "Shark fin test and impression quality: A correlation analysis." Journal of Dentistry 35, no. 5 (May 2007): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2006.11.009.

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21

Wilga, C. D., and G. V. Lauder. "Three-dimensional kinematics and wake structure of the pectoral fins during locomotion in leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 2261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.15.2261.

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The classical theory of locomotion in sharks proposes that shark pectoral fins are oriented to generate lift forces that balance the moment produced by the oscillating heterocercal tail. Accordingly, previous studies of shark locomotion have used fixed-wing aircraft as a model assuming that sharks have similar stability and control mechanisms. However, unlike airplanes, sharks are propelled by undulations of the body and tail and have considerable control of pectoral fin motion. In this paper, we use a new approach to examine the function of the pectoral fins of leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, during steady horizontal swimming at speeds of 0.5-2.0ls(−1), where l is total body length, and during vertical maneuvering (rising and sinking) in the water column. The planar orientation of the pectoral fin was measured using three-dimensional kinematics, while fluid flow in the wake of the pectoral fin and forces exerted on the water by the fin were quantified using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Steady horizontal swimming in leopard sharks is characterized by continuous undulations of the body with a positive body tilt to the flow that decreases from a mean of 11 degrees to 0.6 degrees with increasing flow speeds from 0. 5 to 2.0ls(−1). Three-dimensional analysis showed that, during steady horizontal locomotion, the pectoral fins are cambered, concave downwards, at a negative angle of attack that we predict to generate no significant lift. Leopard shark pectoral fins are also oriented at a substantial negative dihedral angle that amplifies roll moments and hence promotes rapid changes in body position. Vortices shed from the trailing edge of the pectoral fin were detected only during vertical maneuvering. Starting vortices are produced when the posterior plane of the pectoral fin is actively flipped upwards or downwards to initiate rising or sinking, respectively, in the water column. The starting vortex produced by the pectoral fin induces a pitching moment that reorients the body relative to the flow. Body and pectoral fin surface angle are altered significantly when leopard sharks change vertical position in the water column. Thus, locomotion in leopard sharks is not analogous to flight in fixed-wing aircraft. Instead, a new force balance for swimming leopard sharks is proposed for steady swimming and maneuvering. Total force balance on the body is adjusted by altering the body angle during steady swimming as well as during vertical maneuvering, while the pectoral fins appear to be critical for initiating maneuvering behaviors, but not for lift production during steady horizontal locomotion.

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22

Zhang, Xiong, Zhen Hua Duan, and Yi Wei Feng. "Research on Changes of Chemical Compositions in the Simulation of Shark Fin Processing." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.193.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of chemical compositions in the process of simulation shark fin. The simulation shark fin was produced by tilapia fishtail; whose main chemical compositions were collagen and chondroitin sulfate (CS). The study indicated that both of them had different change trend in the process of simulation. The process of softening had main effect on the content of collagen, the higher of ice acetic acid concentration, the lower of the level of collagen. The content of CS was related to the process of obtaining wings, and the high temperature would induce a reduction of CS. The content of collagen and CS could be maintained efficiently by improving the processing technology of simulation shark fin.

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23

Gelsleichter, J., G. Sparkman, LA Howey, EJ Brooks, and ON Shipley. "Elevated accumulation of the toxic metal mercury in the Critically Endangered oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean." Endangered Species Research 43 (November 5, 2020): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01068.

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The oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus is a widely distributed large pelagic shark species once considered abundant in tropical and warm temperate waters, but recently listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to drastic population declines associated with overfishing. In addition to risks posed to its populations due to overexploitation, oceanic whitetip sharks are also capable of accumulating elevated quantities of harmful environmental toxicants, placing them at special risk from anthropogenic pollution. Herein, we provide the first data on accumulation of the toxic, non-essential metal mercury (Hg) in northwest Atlantic (NWA) oceanic whitetip sharks, focusing on aggregations occurring at Cat Island, The Bahamas. Total Hg (THg) concentrations were measured in muscle of 26 oceanic whitetip sharks and compared with animal length and muscle δ15N to evaluate potential drivers of Hg accumulation. THg concentrations were also measured in fin and blood subcomponents (red blood cells and plasma) to determine their value as surrogates for assessing Hg burden. Muscle THg concentrations were among the highest ever reported for a shark species and correlated significantly with animal length, but not muscle δ15N. Fin, red blood cell, and plasma THg concentrations were significantly correlated with muscle THg. Fin THg content was best suited for use as a surrogate for estimating internal Hg burden because of its strong relationship with muscle THg levels, whereas blood THg levels may be better suited for characterizing recent Hg exposure. We conclude that Hg poses health risks to NWA oceanic whitetip sharks and human consumers of this species.

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24

Clarke, Shelley. "Use of shark fin trade data to estimate historic total shark removals in the Atlantic Ocean." Aquatic Living Resources 21, no. 4 (October 2008): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr:2008060.

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25

Preradov, Djordje, and Daniel Aloi. "Cross Polarized 2x2 LTE MIMO System for Automotive Shark Fin Application." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 10 (December 8, 2020): 1207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.351014.

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In this research we propose two orthogonally placed FR4 printed planar monopole antenna elements for use in the automobile roof top shark fin antenna for LTE MIMO applications. The discussed MIMO antenna system is designed to cover the worldwide LTE frequency band from 698MHz to 2700MHz. The goal of this research is to achieve satisfactory MIMO performance across the whole band while staying within physical constraints of the shark fin style antenna. The target reflection coefficient (S11) of each element is -6dB. Because of physical constraints of the automotive shark fin design antenna MIMO decorrelation is achieved by cross polarization and small distance separation. Correlation better than -12dB is targeted and achieved in higher bands, while in lower frequency bands antennas would not benefit from MIMO performance. Numerical simulation of the MIMO antenna system is performed using FEKO in order to verify the design parameters. Simulation findings are confirmed by manufacturing antennas and testing in the lab.

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26

CLARKE, SHELLEY, E. J. MILNER-GULLAND, and TROND BJØRNDAL. "Social, Economic, and Regulatory Drivers of the Shark Fin Trade." Marine Resource Economics 22, no. 3 (January 2007): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.22.3.42629561.

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27

Tzimas, K., P. Gerasimou, and K. Tolidis. "Shark fin test analysis: Thixotropic behavior of elastomeric impression materials." Dental Materials 33 (2017): e80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2017.08.161.

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28

Hussey, Nigel E., Demian D. Chapman, Erin Donnelly, Debra L. Abercrombie, and Aaron T. Fisk. "Fin-icky samples: an assessment of shark fin as a source material for stable isotope analysis." Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9, no. 11 (November 2011): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2011.9.524.

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29

Tomita, Taketeru, Minoru Toda, Kei Miyamoto, Shin-Ichiro Oka, Keiichi Ueda, and Keiichi Sato. "Development of the Lunate-Shaped Caudal Fin in White Shark Embryos." Anatomical Record 301, no. 6 (January 22, 2018): 1068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23776.

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30

Van Houtan, Kyle S., Gabriel Reygondeau, Tyler O. Gagné, Kisei R. Tanaka, Salvador J. Jorgensen, and Stephen R. Palumbi. "Narrowing the niche of shark fin harvests in the global ocean." Biology Letters 17, no. 7 (July 2021): 20210206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0206.

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31

Nugroho, Estu. "CAPABILITY OF MITOCHONDRIA DNA D-LOOP MARKERS FOR SHARK SPECIES IDENTIFICATION." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 7, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.7.1.2001.62-66.

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32

Benavides, MT, RL Horn, KA Feldheim, MS Shivji, SC Clarke, S. Wintner, L. Natanson, et al. "Global phylogeography of the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus: implications for fisheries management and monitoring the shark fin trade." Endangered Species Research 14, no. 1 (April 7, 2011): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00337.

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33

Rada, Danilo P., George H. Burgess, Ricardo S. Rosa, and Otto F. Gadig. "Necrophagy of a nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) by tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier)." Universitas Scientiarum 20, no. 3 (September 11, 2015): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc20-3.noan.

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<p align="LEFT"><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;">The aim of this study is to report a scavenging event, involving the consumption of a nurse shark, <em>Ginglymostoma cirratum</em></span></span><em></em><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;">, by tiger sharks, <em>Galeocerdo cuvier</em></span></span><em></em><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;">, at Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil. Recreational divers found and photographed a bitten nurse shark carcass, just after sighting two tiger sharks near of the site. We estimated the sharks total lengths and discussed aspects of this feeding interaction using of images of forensic analysis. A straight cut on the nurse shark caudal fin, whose total lenght was estimated as 200 cm, suggest that it was caught by illegal fishing. A skin peeling process on the nurse shark fins indicates that the tiger sharks consumed it after its death, in a scavenging event. This is the first published report of a scavenging event involving the consumption of</span></span><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #221e1f; font-size: medium;">an elasmobranch by tiger sharks, allowing a better comprehension of tiger sharks’ alimentary biology.</span></span></p>

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34

Wilga, C. D., and G. V. Lauder. "Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 16 (August 15, 2002): 2365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.16.2365.

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SUMMARYThe function of the heterocercal tail in sharks has long been debated in the literature. Previous kinematic data have supported the classical theory which proposes that the beating of the heterocercal caudal fin during steady horizontal locomotion pushes posteroventrally on the water, generating a reactive force directed anterodorsally and causing rotation around the center of mass. An alternative model suggests that the heterocercal shark tail functions to direct reaction forces through the center of mass. In this paper,we quantify the function of the tail in two species of shark and compare shark tail function with previous hydrodynamic data on the heterocercal tail of sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. To address the two models of shark heterocercal tail function, we applied the technique of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to quantify the wake of two species of shark swimming in a flow tank. Both steady horizontal locomotion and vertical maneuvering were analyzed. We used DPIV with both horizontal and vertical light sheet orientations to quantify patterns of wake velocity and vorticity behind the heterocercal tail of leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) and bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium punctatum) swimming at 1.0Ls-1, where L is total body length. Two synchronized high-speed video cameras allowed simultaneous measurement of shark body position and wake structure. We measured the orientation of tail vortices shed into the wake and the orientation of the central jet through the core of these vortices relative to body orientation. Analysis of flow geometry indicates that the tail of both leopard and bamboo shark generates strongly tilted vortex rings with a mean jet angle of approximately 30 ° below horizontal during steady horizontal swimming. The corresponding angle of the reaction force is much greater than body angle (mean 11 °) and the angle of the path of motion of the center of mass (mean approximately 0 °), thus strongly supporting the classical model of heterocercal tail function for steady horizontal locomotion. Vortex jet angle varies significantly with body angle changes during vertical maneuvering, but sharks show no evidence of active reorientation of jet angle relative to body angle, as was seen in a previous study on the function of sturgeon tail. Vortex jet orientation is significantly more inclined than the relatively horizontal jet generated by sturgeon tail vortex rings, demonstrating substantial differences in function in the heterocercal tails of sharks and sturgeon.We present a summary of forces on a swimming shark integrating data obtained here on the tail with previous data on pectoral fin and body function. Body orientation plays a critical role in the overall force balance and compensates for torques generated by the tail. The pectoral fins do not generate lift during steady horizontal locomotion, but play an important hydrodynamic role during vertical maneuvering.

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Clarke, S. C., M. K. McAllister, and C. G. J. Michielsens. "Estimates of Shark Species Composition and Numbers Associated with the Shark Fin Trade Based on Hong Kong Auction Data." Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 35 (December 14, 2004): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2960/j.v35.m488.

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Liu, Ying, Zhuang Ai, Guifeng Liu, and Yongtao Jia. "An Integrated Shark-Fin Antenna for MIMO-LTE, FM, and GPS Applications." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, no. 8 (August 2019): 1666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2019.2927019.

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Papson, Stephen. ""Cross the Fin Line of Terror": Shark Week on the Discovery Channel." Journal of American Culture 15, no. 4 (December 1992): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.1992.1504_67.x.

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38

Mumby, Peter J. "Survival of a grey reef shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos without a dorsal fin." Journal of Fish Biology 94, no. 5 (April 4, 2019): 820–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13957.

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Marotta, Francesco, De Hua Chui, Patrick Safran, Indira Rezakovic, Guo Gan Zhong, and Gaetano Idéo. "Shark Fin Enriched Diet Prevents Mucosal Lipid Abnormalities in Experimental Acute Colitis." Digestion 56, no. 1 (1995): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000201221.

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Raoult, Vincent, Michael I. Grant, Ana Paula Barbosa Martins, Leonardo Manir Feitosa, Matias Braccini, Diego Cardeñosa, John Carlson, et al. "Assigning shark fin origin using species distribution models needs a reality check." Biology Letters 17, no. 7 (July 2021): 20200907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0907.

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41

Tovar-Ávila, Javier, Christopher Izzo, Terence I. Walker, J. Matías Braccini, and Robert W. Day. "Assessing growth band counts from vertebrae and dorsal-fin spines for ageing sharks: comparison of four methods applied to Heterodontus portusjacksoni." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 9 (2009): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08206.

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Four methods for counting growth bands using vertebrae and dorsal-fin spines of the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, are compared. Both calcified structures presented observable growth bands, allowing cross comparison among structures for the first time in a shark species. Whole and sectioned vertebrae and dorsal fin-spines possess highly visible growth bands and intra-reader band counts resulted in similar precision indices with little systematic bias. However, inter-reader growth band count plots showed possible biases in counts from sectioned vertebrae and sectioned dorsal-fin spines. Sectioned vertebrae and whole and sectioned dorsal-fin spines produced similar growth band counts, whereas whole vertebrae produced significantly lower counts. The similar readability, precision indices, growth band counts and apparent absence of biases between counts for a single reader would indicate that sectioned vertebrae and whole and sectioned dorsal-fin spines are both potentially useful and acceptable methods for band counting. However, inter-reader comparisons are necessary to avoid acceptance of biased estimations, resulting in over- or under-estimations of age. Validation for all age classes is essential to determining accurate age estimations for this and other species.

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Huettig, Fabian, Andrea Klink, Alexander Kohler, Moritz Mutschler, and Frank Rupp. "Flowability, Tear Strength, and Hydrophilicity of Current Elastomers for Dental Impressions." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112994.

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This study investigates 2 polyethers (PE), 2 polyvinylsiloxanethers (VXSE), and 10 polyvinylsiloxanes (PVS), seven of which had a corresponding light-body consistency and seven of which had a corresponding heavy-body consistency. Each light-body elastomer underwent a flowability test using the shark fin method 20, 50, and 80 s after mixing. The tear strength test DIN 53504 was used after setting the time (T0). Next, 24 h later (T1), hydrophilicity testing was used with static contact angles in water drops during polymerization (20, 50, and 80 s, as well as after 10 min). The heavy-body elastomers underwent shark fin testing with a corresponding light-body material at 50 and 80 s after mixing. The results of light-body testing were combined in a score to describe their performance. The highest differences were detected within flowability in shark fin heights between PE and a PVS (means of 15.89 and 6.85 mm) within the maximum tear strengths at T0 between a PVS and PE (3.72 and 0.75 MPa), as well as within hydrophilicity during setting between VXSE and a PVS (15.09° and 75.5°). The results indicate that VSXE and novel PVS materials can significantly compensate shortcomings in PE towards tear strength and hydrophilicity, but not flowability.

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Rodriguez-Romero, Jesús, Antonio Simeón-de la Cruz, María Ruth Ochoa-Díaz, and Pablo Monsalvo-Spencer. "New report of malformations in blue shark embryos (Prionace glauca) from the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000127.

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Four new malformations observed in blue shark embryos in the western coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico are reported in this study. The embryos of blue shark samples were obtained on board the industrial fishing boat ‘Damasta’; the organisms were frozen and transferred to CIBNOR Fish Ecology Laboratory where the corresponding measurements were taken and malformations observed. The first malformation was the presence of one nostril in two female embryos that showed short and crushed snouts. The second one was observed in a female with two jaws and the middle portion of the column trunk in screw-shape. The third one was an embryo with dicephaly, two separate vertebral columns, two first dorsal fin pairs, absence of the second dorsal fin, five pelvic fins and two joint caudal fins. The fourth malformation observed was an embryo with incomplete development and undifferentiated sex. Malformations are still a mystery and also an object of study because they affect different organisms, not only sharks but also fish. It is highly relevant to know the causes and perform further studies to understand if the origin is either genetic or anthropogenic.

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Irschick, Duncan J., Amy Fu, George Lauder, Cheryl Wilga, Chi-Yun Kuo, and Neil Hammerschlag. "A comparative morphological analysis of body and fin shape for eight shark species." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 122, no. 3 (August 19, 2017): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx088.

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Brierley, Andrew S. "Fisheries Ecology: Hunger for Shark Fin Soup Drives Clam Chowder off the Menu." Current Biology 17, no. 14 (July 2007): R555—R557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.007.

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46

GILL, ANTHONY C., and JOHN J. POGONOSKI. "Pseudotrichonotus belos new species, first record of the fish family Pseudotrichonotidae from Australia (Teleostei: Aulopiformes)." Zootaxa 4205, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.2.8.

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Pseudotrichonotus belos new species, described from three specimens trawled in 100–120 m offshore between Exmouth Gulf and Shark Bay, Western Australia, represents the first record of the sand-diving fish family Pseudotrichonotidae from Australian waters. It differs from its two congeners in having a more posteriorly positioned dorsal fin (predorsal length 39.6–41.2 % SL) and fewer dorsal- and anal-fin rays (31–33 and 12, respectively).

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CLARKE, SHELLEY C., JENNIFER E. MAGNUSSEN, DEBRA L. ABERCROMBIE, MURDOCH K. MCALLISTER, and MAHMOOD S. SHIVJI. "Identification of Shark Species Composition and Proportion in the Hong Kong Shark Fin Market Based on Molecular Genetics and Trade Records." Conservation Biology 20, no. 1 (January 9, 2006): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00247.x.

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MD-ZAIN, BADRUL MUNIR, SITI NUR AZMINA ABID-KAMAL, NOR RAHMAN AIFAT, MUHAMMAD ABU BAKAR ABDUL-LATIFF, ABU MOHD HASHIM, AHMAD AMPENG, SALMAH YAAKOP, and ABDULLAH SAMAT. "Molecular identification of shark fins in Malaysian Borneo’s local markets." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190336.

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Abstract. Md-Zain BM, Abid-Kamal SNA, Aifat NR, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Mohd-Hashim A, Ampeng A, Yaakop S, Samat A. 2018.Molecular identification of shark fins in Malaysian Borneo’s local markets. Biodiversitas 19: 1035-1043. A molecular study was carriedout to investigate the potential of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a molecular marker for the genetic identification ofshark fin samples that have gone through various preservation processes. A total number of 17 shark fin samples were collected fromlocal markets in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo). The DNA sequences of the 17 samples were amplified by using polymerasechain reaction. The results from the analysis showed that, in the 17 sequences, there were 16 haplotypes present, with 244 sites from 688bp of the sequences. For phylogeny analysis, tree topologies were reconstructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximumparsimony (MP) methods. DNA barcoding technique successfully identifies shark fins collected in local markets in Malaysian Borneo atspecies level employed during this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there were four clades that distinguish the four differentorders present in the sample species. These clades had bootstrap values higher than 80. In addition, results indicated that 88.2% of theindividuals are listed as endangered (Lamiopsis tephrodes, Sphyrna mokarran, and Sphyrna lewini), vulnerable (Alopias pelagicus andRhynchobatus australiae), and near threatened (Carcharhinus limbatus, Chiloscyllium griseum, Carcharhinus sorrah, and Carcharhinusbrevipinna), in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data List.

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Ward, Robert D., Bronwyn H. Holmes, William T. White, and Peter R. Last. "DNA barcoding Australasian chondrichthyans: results and potential uses in conservation." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07148.

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DNA barcoding – sequencing a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (cox1) – promises a rapid and accurate means of species identification, and of any life history stage. For sharks and rays, it may offer a ready means of identifying legal or illegal shark catches, including shark fins taken for the profitable shark fin market. Here it is shown that an analysis of sequence variability in a 655 bp region of cox1 from 945 specimens of 210 chondrichthyan species from 36 families permits the discrimination of 99.0% of these species. Only the two stingarees Urolophus sufflavus and U. cruciatus could not be separated, although these could be readily distinguished from eight other congeners. The average Kimura 2 parameter distance separating individuals within species was 0.37%, and the average distance separating species within genera was 7.48%. Two specimens that clustered with congeners rather than with their identified species-cluster were noted: these could represent instances of hybridisation (although this has not be documented for chondrichthyans), misidentification or mislabelling. It is concluded that cox1 barcoding can be used to identify shark and ray species with a very high degree of accuracy. The sequence variability characteristics of individuals of five species (Aetomylaeus nichofii, Dasyatis kuhlii, Dasyatis leylandi, Himantura gerrardi and Orectolobus maculatus) were consistent with cryptic speciation, and it is suggested that these five taxa be subjected to detailed taxonomic examination to confirm or refute this suggestion. The present barcoding study holds out great hope for the ready identification of sharks, shark products and shark fins, and also highlights some taxonomic issues that need to be investigated further.

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Hussey, Nigel E., Noémie Stroh, Rebecca Klaus, Tarik Chekchak, and Steven T. Kessel. "SCUBA diver observations and placard tags to monitor grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Sha'ab Rumi, The Sudan: assessment and future directions." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 2 (August 30, 2011): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411001160.

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Establishing baseline data on the abundance of threatened shark species is critical for monitoring site- and region-specific population tends over time. This is of particular importance for monitoring sharks at remote locations or in regions where there are no reliable data on shark numbers, fishing effort and current population status. Through establishing a standardized recreational SCUBA diver observation programme, this study examined the number, size and sex-composition of grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, on a remote coral reef system off the Red Sea coast of Sudan. In addition, placard tags were attached to individual sharks to examine coarse scale residency and movement patterns and to determine the effectiveness of this technique. Over a 4.5 month period (December 2007–April 2008), a mean (±SE) of 5.9 ± 0.3 grey reef sharks were observed per diving day with peak numbers of sharks associated with temperatures of 26–26.9°C and strong currents. Estimated mean (±SE) total length of observed sharks was 1.9 ± 0.03 m identifying that most animals were mature. Female sharks were dominant on the site and pregnant females were recorded. Placard tagged sharks (N = 4) were observed by recreational SCUBA divers throughout the study period (23.1%, 20.0%, 16.9% and 3.1% of total observation diving days) indicating sporadic site attachment. The placard tags remained intact and were free of fouling for a total of 175 days. The numbers of grey reef sharks seen on this Red Sea coral complex suggest a healthy, relatively unexploited population. This study demonstrates that the recreational diver community, which forms a large pool of skilled volunteers, can generate baseline data on shark numbers at regularly dived sites and provide insights into the ecology of the observed species. Modification of placard tags, including attachment to the dorsal fin and time corrodible release systems may provide an inexpensive and accepted tool for monitoring individual shark residency and movement patterns. Engaging the recreational SCUBA diver community in a standardized scientific monitoring programme has the potential to monitor trends in shark populations over large spatial and temporal scales.

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