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1

Huang, Derrick C. Managing the spectrum: Win, lose, or share. Cambridge, Mass: Program on Information Resources Policy, Harvard University, Center for Information Policy Research, 1993.

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2

Huang, Derrick C. Managing the spectrum: Win, lose, or share. Cambridge, Mass: Program on Information Resources Policy, Harvard University, Center for Information Policy Research, 1992.

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3

Ailawadi, Kusum L. Market share and growth are not good predictors of the A/S ratio. Cambridge, Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1993.

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4

Grønhaug, Kjell. Concentration ratios, strategy and performance: The case of the Norwegian telecommunication industry. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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5

Grønhaug, Kjell. Concentration ratios, strategy and performance: The case of the Norwegian telecommunication industry. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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6

Grønhaug, Kjell. Concentration ratios, strategy and performance: The case of the Norwegian telecommunication industry. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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7

Grønhaug, Kjell. Concentration ratios, strategy and performance: The case of the Norwegian telecommunication industry. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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8

Haeberly, Jean-Pierre A. On shape optimizing the ratio of the first two eigenvalues of the Laplacian. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1991.

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9

Meade, Colin. The impact of agency costs and transaction costs on the dividend payout ratios of US and UK public companies. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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10

Leibowitz, Martin L. Franchise value and the price/earnings ratio. [Charlottesville, Va.]: Research Foundation of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts, 1994.

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11

Scallion, W. I. Effects of nozzle exit geometry and pressure ratio on plume shape for nozzles exhausting into quiescent air. Hamtpon, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1991.

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12

Scallion, W. I. Effects of nozzle exit geometry and pressure ratio on plume shape for nozzles exhausting into quiescent air. Hamtpon, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1991.

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13

Raine, Michael, and Johan Nordström, eds. The Culture of the Sound Image in Prewar Japan. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089647733.

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This collection of essays explores the development of electronic sound recording in Japanese cinema, radio, and popular music to illuminate the interrelationship of aesthetics, technology, and cultural modernity in prewar Japan. Putting the cinema at the center of a ‘culture of the sound image’, it restores complexity to a media transition that is often described simply as slow and reluctant. In that vibrant sound culture, the talkie was introduced on the radio before it could be heard in the cinema, and pop music adaptations substituted for musicals even as cinema musicians and live narrators resisted the introduction of recorded sound. Taken together, the essays show that the development of sound technology shaped the economic structure of the film industry and its labour practices, the intermedial relation between cinema, radio, and popular music, as well as the architecture of cinemas and the visual style of individual Japanese films and filmmakers.
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14

Doolan, Paul. Collective Memory and the Dutch East Indies. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728744.

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Collective Memory and the Dutch East Indies: Unremembering Loss examines the afterlife of decolonization in the collective memory of the Netherlands. It offers a new perspective on the cultural history of representing the decolonization of the Dutch East Indies, and maps out how a contested collective memory was shaped. Taking a transdisciplinary approach and applying several theoretical frames from literary studies, sociology, cultural anthropology and film theory, the author reveals how mediated memories contributed to a process of what he calls "unremembering." He analyses in detail a broad variety of sources, including novels, films, documentaries, radio interviews, memoirs and historical studies, to reveal how five decades of representing and remembering decolonization fed into an unremembering by which some key notions were silenced or ignored. The author concludes that historians, or the historical guild, bear much responsibility for the unremembering of decolonization in Dutch collective memory.
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15

N, Goetzmann William, and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. Sharpening Sharpe ratios. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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16

Burger, Albert E. Building High Loan/Share Ratios: Challenges and Strategies. Filene Research Institute, Incorporated, 1993.

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17

VanCour, Shawn. Making Radio. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497118.001.0001.

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The opening decades of the twentieth century witnessed a profound transformation in the history of modern sound media, with workers in US film, radio, and record industries developing pioneering production methods and performance styles tailored to emerging technologies of electric sound reproduction that directly shaped dominant forms and experiences of modern sound culture. Focusing on broadcasting’s initial expansion period during the 1920s, Making Radio explores the forms of creative labor pursued for the medium before the better-known network era of the 1930s and 1940s, assessing their role in shaping radio’s own identity and identifying affinities with parallel practices pursued for conversion-era film and phonography. Tracing programming forms adopted by early radio writers and programmers, production techniques developed by studio engineers, and performance styles cultivated by on-air talent, it shows how radio workers negotiated a series of broader industrial and cultural pressures to establish best practices for their medium. In the process, it argues, these sound workers shaped not only the future of broadcasting, but also contributed to much broader shifts in popular forms of music, drama, and public oratory, ushering in a new era of electric sound entertainment.
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18

Cole, Leon, and Jacqui Good. Dear RSVP: Listeners Share Music, Life and Laughter with Leon Cole. Good Cheer Publishing, 1996.

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19

Clark, Christopher J. Gaining Voice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933562.001.0001.

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This book adopts a multifaceted approach to study of black state legislators across the country. Using the descriptive representation framework, multiple facets of black representation are studied. Black seat share is the primary facet considered, and it is measured as the proportion of seats held by blacks in the state legislature. The black representation ratio measures the black seat share relative to the black population share. Parity exists when blacks are represented in the state legislature at a rate that matches their population share. Legislative black caucuses are also studied in this work, representing the institutionalization of the black presence in state legislatures. The first half of the book shows that while black people are critical for explaining black representation in state legislatures, that institutional and non-racial demographic factors also account for the black seat share, black representation ratio, and emergence of state legislative black caucuses. A “demographics is destiny” explanation insufficiently accounts for blacks gaining voice in state legislatures. The second half the book considers the consequences of black representation in state government. On the one hand, a greater black presence increases education spending, black political involvement, and liberalizes black public opinion. On the other hand, an increased black presence is linked with less liberal welfare policy, in particular in places where Democrats hold the majority of state legislative seats. Thus, an increased black presence in the legislature can be seen as a double-edged sword.
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20

Parnas, Josef. Introduction to “On the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism”. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0037.

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Chapter 37 is an introduction to Chapter 38, which covers the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism, and includes discussion about the DSM, looping effects, philosophy, activism, the Internet, and the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism.
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21

Good night and good riddance: How thirty-five years of John Peel helped to shape modern life. 2015.

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22

Durst, Kathryn Eva. The effects of shape and mass ratio on the vortex-induced oscillations of cylinders in water. 1985.

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23

Kendler, Kenneth S. The shaping of autism and other psychiatric disorders: an alternative perspective. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0039.

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Chapter 39 is a commentary on Chapter 38, which covers the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism, and includes discussion about the DSM, looping effects, philosophy, activism, the Internet, the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism. It also offers an alternative perspective on the shaping of autism and other psychiatric disorders.
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24

Xu, Donglai. The role of die shape for promoting large volume expansion ratios of the extruded foams. 2005.

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25

Caplovitz, Gideon Paul, Po-Jang Hsieh, Peter J. Kohler, and Katharine B. Porter. The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0013.

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The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion is an illusion of perceived speed in which a low-aspect ratio “fat” ellipse will appear to rotate more slowly than a higher-aspect ratio “skinny” ellipse that is rotating at the same speed. This illusory percept can be observed when the ellipses are defined by luminance, color, relative motion, and dotted contours and across a wide range of rotational speeds and eccentricities. The illusion is not limited to rotating ellipses and can be observed with different-shaped contours as well. The Spinning Ellipse Speed Illusion illustrates that the perceived speed of a rotating object depends in part on the form and form features of the object. Objects without characteristic form features such as regions of high or discontinuous contour curvature will appear to rotate more slowly than objects that have these features.
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26

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Sulfur/carbon ratios and sulfur isotope composition of some Cretaceous shales from the western interior of North America. [Reston, Va.?]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1985.

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27

Hacking, Ian. On the ratio of science to activism in the shaping of autism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0038.

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Chapter 38 covers how the “internal” and the “external” factors that have shaped autism substantially overlap. Autism activists have done much of the shaping, and not scientific inquiry—except that for a critical period in the shaping of autism, many of the scientists were also activists. The most influential and effective experts were often involved in autism in their personal lives. That is, many of those who have shaped our current concept of autism have been PCA—personally connected to an autistic person. Other themes explored in this essay include: (1) the increasingly popular “neurodiversity movement” that contends that autism and related disorders reflect “just a difference”, not a disorder; (2) the substantial impact of the Internet on shaping autism (“Autism lives on the Internet”); and (3) a discussion of the “unparalleled efficacy of autism advocates.” The recent history of autism is viewed in this chapter through the lens of Hacking’s broader “Making up People Project.”
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28

Schlosser, Nicholas J., ed. Radio Propaganda during the Ocupation, 1945–1949. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039690.003.0002.

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This chapter focuses on the founding of RIAS and how stations in East and West Berlin reported on the Berlin Blockade and Airlift. It shows how RIAS's formative years, from 1946 to 1949, were turbulent ones. Constant tensions existed both within and without the station with regard to what its purpose and responsibility as a radio broadcaster actually were. Personnel problems led to internal discord, rivalries, and frequent staff turnover. The rapidly deteriorating political situation in Berlin, as Allied cooperation collapsed and German political parties quickly aligned themselves with the rival superpowers, both fed and compounded these pressures. From the very beginning the inherent contradictions between objective news and propaganda came to shape the type of station RIAS became and the type of news and programming it broadcasted.
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29

LeBuffe, Michael. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845803.003.0001.

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This introduction begins with the four passages that shape the book and a general thesis: Spinoza’s uses of ‘reason’ (the Latin term is ratio) are systematically related in argument and inform one another. The rest of the introduction is designed to help a variety of readers to understand the arguments that follow. The chapter includes sections on Spinoza’s life and works; on the relation between the Ethics and the Theological Political Treatise; and on positions and passages in each of these works that are important in the book. Each section ends with a footnote offering suggestions for further reading.
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30

Williams, Sonja D. Freedom. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039874.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on Richard Durham's presentation of progressive blacks “as heroes fighting white supremacy” in Destination Freedom. Durham varied his storytelling approach, alternating between straightforward dramatic narratives and more whimsical or comical takes to create eloquent, politically outspoken scripts. The radio show's multiracial cast and crew then transformed those scripts into the aural equivalent of a page-turning novel. Its protagonists stood up for their rights while championing equality and justice for their fellow citizens. But Destination Freedom had its share of problems. NBC rejected some of the show's script ideas; it had its detractors; and it had to contend with censorship inside the WMAQ radio station. On August 13, 1950, Destination Freedom unceremoniously ended its broadcast life on WMAQ.
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31

Stirr, Anna Marie. Tending the Flower Garden. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631970.003.0002.

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Focusing on dohori’s place in state constructions of nationalism, this chapter traces the genealogies of musical tropes in dohori and the umbrella genre of lok gīt, or folk song, through a history of musical nationalism and associated musical and language ideologies. It looks at song genres chosen to represent the nation after the founding of Radio Nepal in 1951, and tells how men in charge of the folk song department at the radio shaped Nepali national folk music. It also tells the story of national dohori competitions and how they, along with the radio and national cultural policy, helped consolidate dohori into its current generic parameters. It examines the power dynamics of region, caste, and ethnicity, showing how the attempt to unite Nepal’s musical diversity into an all-inclusive national genre ended in the overrepresentation of particular regional styles, and, most important, how the music chosen became symbolic of cultural intimacy.
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32

Cavanagh, David. Good Night and Good Riddance: How Thirty-Five Years of John Peel Helped to Shape Modern Life. Faber & Faber, Limited, 2016.

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33

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Tests in the solar system. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0051.

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This chapter describes observable relativistic effects in the solar system. In the solar system we can, as a first approximation, neglect the gravitational field of all the stars except the Sun. In Newtonian theory, the planet trajectories are then Keplerian ellipses. Relativistic effects are weak because the dimensionless ratio characterizing them is everywhere less than GM⊙/c² R⊙≃ 2 × 10–6, and so they can be added linearly to the Newtonian perturbations due to the other planets, the non-spherical shape of celestial bodies, and so on. The chapter first describes the gravitational field of the Sun using a Schwarzschild spacetime, before moving on to look at the geodesic equation. It also discusses the bending of light, the Shapiro effect, the perihelion, post-Keplerian geodesics, and spin in a gravitational field.
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34

Tattersall, Martin H. N., and David W. Kissane. Achieving shared treatment decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0014.

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The respect of a patient’s autonomous rights within the model of patient-centred care has led to shared decision-making, rather than more paternalistic care. Understanding patient needs, preferences, and lifestyle choices are central to developing shared treatment decisions. Patients can be prepared through the use of question prompt sheets and other decision aids. Audio-recording of informative consultations further helps. A variety of factors like the patient’s age, tumour type and stage of disease, an available range of similar treatment options, and their risk-benefit ratios will impact on the use of shared decision-making. Modifiable barriers to shared decision-making can be identified. Teaching shared decision-making includes the practice of agenda setting, use of partnership statements, clarification of patient preferences, varied approaches to explaining potential treatment benefits and risks, review of patient values and lifestyle factors, and checking patient understanding–this sequence helps both clinicians and patients to optimally reach a shared treatment decision.
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35

Neuberg, Steven L., and Andreana C. Kenrick. Discriminating Ecologies: A Life History Approach to Stigma and Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.5.

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How does being discriminated against affect one’s health, and through what mechanisms? Most research has focused on two causal pathways, highlighting how discrimination increases psychological stress and exposure to neighborhood hazards. This chapter advances an alternative, complementary set of mechanisms through which stigma and discrimination may shape health. Grounded in evolutionary biology’s life history theory, the framework holds that discrimination alters aspects of the physical and social ecologies in which people live (e.g., sex ratio, unpredictable extrinsic causes of mortality). These discriminating ecologies pull for specific behaviors and physiological responses (e.g., risk-taking, sexual activity, offspring care, fat storage) that are active, strategic, and rational given the threats and opportunities afforded by these ecologies but that also have downstream implications for health. This framework generates a wide range of nuanced insights and unique hypotheses about the discrimination-health relationship, and suggests specific approaches to intervention while pointing to complex ethical issues.
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36

Hamilton, Kirk, and Gang Liu. Human Capital, Tangible Wealth, and the Intangible Capital Residual. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0011.

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Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of a country should be around twenty times its GDP. Instead, the average observed ratio from the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6–6.6. Clearly, wealth accounts are incomplete. Estimating the value of the most obvious omission, human capital, using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 63 per cent—four times the value of produced and fourteen times that of natural capital. But for selected high-income countries an average of 25 per cent of total wealth remains unaccounted. This residual intangible is arguably the ‘stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity—the value of assets such as institutional and social capital that augment the capacity of produced, natural, and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.
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37

Smith, David M. Evaluating Hedge Fund Performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0023.

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A diverse set of measures allow investors to evaluate hedge fund portfolio managers’ performance across different dimensions. The various measures quantify the effectiveness of security selection; account for investor flows, operating risk, and worst-case investment scenarios; net out benchmark and peer-fund performance; and control for risk factors that are unique to hedge fund investment strategies. Hedge fund return information in published databases is usually self-reported, which is a conflict of interest that produces several reporting biases and inflated published average returns. After adjusting for these biases, hedge fund average returns trail equity market returns and in fact almost exactly equal U.S. Treasury bill average returns between January 1994 and March 2016. Yet, after risk adjustment, the hedge fund performance picture brightens. In the aggregate, hedge funds have higher Sharpe ratios and multifactor alphas, and lower maximum drawdown levels than equity market benchmarks.
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38

Leibowitz, Martin L., and Stanley Kogelman. Franchise Value and the Price/Earnings Ratio (The Research Foundation of AIMR and Blackwell Series in Finance). Research Foundation of AIMR & Blackwell Publishers, 2000.

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39

Potter, Simon J. Wireless Internationalism and Distant Listening. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800231.001.0001.

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During the 1920s and 1930s radio was transnational in its reach and appeal, attracting distant listeners and encouraging hopes that broadcasting would foster international understanding and world peace. As a new medium, radio broadcasting transmitted speech, music, news, and a range of exotic and authentic sounds across borders to reach audiences in other countries. In Europe radio was regulated through international consultation and cooperation to restrict interference between stations and to unleash the medium’s full potential to carry programmes to global audiences. A distinctive form of ‘wireless internationalism’ emerged, reflecting and reinforcing the broader internationalist movement and establishing structures and approaches which endured into the Second World War, the Cold War, and beyond. Distant listeners, meanwhile, used new technologies and skills to overcome unwanted noise, tune in as many stations as possible, and comprehend and enjoy what they heard. The BBC and other international broadcasters sought to produce tailor-made programmes for audiences overseas, encouraging feedback from listeners and using it to inform production decisions. The book revises our understanding of early British and global broadcasting, and of the BBC Empire Service (the precursor to today’s World Service), and shows how government influence shaped early BBC international broadcasting in English, Arabic, Spanish, and Portuguese. It also explores the wider European and global context, demonstrating how fascism in Italy and Germany, the Spanish Civil War, and the Japanese invasion of China, combined to overturn the utopianism of the 1920s and usher in a new era of wireless nationalism.
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40

Epstein, Ben. The Stabilization Process Then and Now. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0008.

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This chapter shifts the focus to the third and final stabilization phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). During the stabilization phase, a new political communication order (PCO) takes shape through the building of norms, institutions, and regulations that serve to fix the newly established status quo in place. This status quo occurs when formerly innovative political communication activities become mundane, yet remain powerful. Much of the chapter details the pattern of communication regulation and institution construction over time. In particular, this chapter explores the instructive similarities and key differences between the regulation of radio and the internet, which offers important perspectives on the significance of our current place in the PCC and the consequences of choices that will be made over the next few years.
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41

Schlosser, Nicholas J., ed. Rias Berlin and the June 17, 1953, Uprising in East Germany. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039690.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the June 17, 1953 uprising in East Germany and the decisive role RIAS played in those turbulent events. RIAS's participation in the uprising is a testament to the complex interplay between the American radio station and the government of the German Democratic Republic. Throughout the revolt, RIAS was an influential political actor whose staff sought to shape the course of events in large part by trying to establish an explanatory narrative for the uprising. RIAS's commentators repeated a range of themes and ideas they hoped would explain the events, often as those events were unfolding. The ultimate expression of this approach was the declaration, in the moment, that the June 17 uprising was a popular cry for German reunification.
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42

Nobes, Christopher. 4. Financial reports of listed companies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199684311.003.0004.

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‘Financial reports of listed companies’ considers the components of an annual report and the types of financial statement that companies generally provide: balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in equity, and cash flow statement. It addresses the following questions: what are assets and how are they measured? What is the difference between depreciation and impairment? Why are various expected expenses and losses not accounted for as liabilities? How can an investor decide which company to lend to or buy shares in? How could managers use accounting to mislead investors? Tangible assets, intangible assets, and financial assets are defined along with liabilities and accounting ratios.
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43

Kachun, Mitch. Crispus Attucks Meets Dorie Miller. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731619.003.0007.

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Interest in promoting Attucks as a national hero was redoubled as African Americans’ heroic participation in World War II once again presented opportunities to sharpen activists’ arguments for black inclusion and full citizenship rights. Even before the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor drew the United States fully into the new world war, African Americans expressed concern about the meaning the global crisis would hold for black citizens and soldiers. African Americans, growing numbers of sympathetic whites, and US government propagandists all used the era’s expanding mass media—books, periodicals, plays, pageants, radio broadcasts, film, visual arts, school programs, and more—in order to make Crispus Attucks and other black heroes visible in American public culture as never before. Yet mainstream attention to black history, as well as advances in African Americans’ ability to participate fully in American social and political life, were still slow in coming.
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44

Chadwick, Andrew. Systemic Hybridity in the Mediation of the American Presidential Campaign. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.0008.

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Chapter 7 continues the revisionist approach of chapter 6, but paints the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign on a broader canvas. Through a detailed analysis of key episodes in the mediation of the campaign, the chapter shows how the real-space spectacles of candidate appearances continue to generate the important television, radio, and newspaper coverage that remains so crucial for projecting the power of a candidate and conveying enthusiasm, movement, authenticity, and common purpose to both activists and nonactivists alike. The chapter discusses how these television-fuelled spectacles now also integrate with newer media logics of data-gathering, online fundraising, tracking, monitoring, and managed volunteerism. A major theme running through this chapter is the growing systemic integration of the internet and television in presidential campaigns. It also shows how the hybrid media system can shape electoral outcomes by providing new power resources for campaigns that can create and master the system's modalities.
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45

Epstein, Ben. The Technological Imperative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication revolutions (PCRs) and addresses how the cost, rate of diffusion, and perceived benefits of each new information and communication technology (ICT) affects its political utility. In other words, chapter 3 evaluates how new ICTs become politically viable. A politically viable ICT does not enter American politics without active choices made on the part of political actors who try to use these new tools in innovative ways. All widely diffused ICTs do not share wide-scale political utility. As a result, some ICTs—like mass-marketed newspapers, radio, television, and the internet—have had a major impact on communication practices broadly and political communication innovations specifically, while others like the telephone and telegraph have transformed social communication but not political communication.
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46

Barwich, Ann-Sophie. Measuring the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0017.

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How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.
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47

The mortgage insurance industry: Low-downpayment lending is at its highest level in twenty years, portfolio seasoning and deeper coverage assure a sharp rise in loss ratios ... [New York, N.Y.]: Bernstein Research, 1996.

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48

Pitts, Antony. Reflection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0030.

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Today I’m struggling with a piece that should have taken an afternoon to write down. It appeared in the mist when summoned, almost on cue and apparently fully formed, but it has taken another few months to grasp once more the geometry of its form, the ratios and rationality of its quixotic light and shade. The piece is a gift-cum-commission for Edward Higginbottom, at the end of his long tenure at New College, Oxford. It’s a short setting of George Herbert’s ‘Love bade me welcome’ for unaccompanied choir, and from the moment I started working on it, it was clear in my mind that this piece existed—complete, perfect and (to me at least) unutterably beautiful and heart-rending....
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49

Camilo, Gustavo. Commodity Mutual Funds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0014.

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The chapter describes the main institutional features of commodity mutual funds, including active management, the assets in which these funds invest, the process through which shares are bought and sold, the fees borne by investors, as well as the risks associated with investing in the funds. It also examines trends in fund flows and the correlations to commodity returns. Correlations to commodity returns are positive but lower than those of commodity exchange-traded funds that invest directly in underlying commodities, as opposed to commodity mutual funds, which invest largely in equities. Lastly, the chapter examines data on fees and net-of-expense commodity mutual fund performance between 1996 and 2016. The data show a decline in fund expense ratios over time, with the exception of large funds, negative average risk-adjusted performance using a four-factor model, and evidence consistent with lack of persistence in fund returns over the sample period.
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50

Smith, Suzanne. African American Religious Identities in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.8.

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This chapter analyzes African American religious identity and practice in the twentieth century. Shaped by the Great Migration and the rise of mass culture, modern African American religious practice was both inventive and entrepreneurial. Although mainline denominations continued to dominate, Pentecostal and Holiness churches gained popularity through the rise of storefront churches, a refuge for southern migrants in the urban North. In addition, new religious movements such as the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Nation of Islam, and Father Divine’s Peace Mission Movement offered followers the opportunity to create entirely new religious and ethnic identities for themselves. The rise of radio and television transformed African American evangelism and eventually produced the era of the megachurch exemplified by the careers of Reverend Ike and T. D. Jakes. Modern African American religions competed in a spiritual marketplace that cultivated imaginative faith practices and met the material needs of their followers.
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