Academic literature on the topic 'She hui bao zhang'

We live in a world of different ethnic groups and peoples. About 3,000 ethnic groups live in more than 200 countries and regions of the modern world. The vast majority of countries are populated by multi-ethnic groups. Since the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China by the central government, about 56 ethnic groups have been identified and verified, namely Han, Mongols, Hui, Tibetans, Uyghurs, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buei, Koreans, Manchus, Dong Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani , Cossack, Dai, Li, Lisu, Wa, She, Gaoshan, Lahu, Shui, Dongxiang, Nasi, Jingpo, Kyrgyz, Tu, Daur, Mulao, Qiang, Blang, Salar, Maonan, Gelao, Shibe, Achang, Pumi, Tajik , Well, Uzbek, Russian, Evenki, Deang, Bonan (also Baoan), Yugur, Jing, Tatarsky, Derung, Oroken, Hezhe, Monpa, Lhoba and Gino. The article, for the first time, comprehensively sets out the foundations of the constitutional law of the People’s Republic of China, highlights the experience of the formation and development of legal regulation of the status of national minorities in the PRC, formed since its formation and developing in connection with the reform of the country and the establishment of a political system “with Chinese characteristics.”

Abstract Background: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase related to the lipid kinases of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family, which has been confirmed to be closely related to the development of a variety of human cancers. Onatasertib (ATG-008) is a 2nd generation mTOR inhibitor which inactivates both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Our previous clinical investigation (NCT01177397) has demonstrated preliminary evidence of antitumor activity of onatasertib across multiple solid and hematologic malignancies, with encouraging signals of activity in subjects with hepatitis B virus (HBV)+ unresectable, refractory HCC. Methods: Asian patients with advanced HBV+ HCC who had experienced progressive disease after at least 1 line of systemic therapy were enrolled in this study. Onatasertib was administered orally once a day (QD) at 3 dose levels (15 mg, 30 mg and 45 mg) or 20 mg twice daily (BID). The primary endpoints were pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and efficacy (NCT03591965). Results: As of July 11, 2022, 73 patients were enrolled and evaluated. The median age was 52.0 years and the median follow up duration was 26.5 months. The mean number of prior lines was 1.8. 63 patients (86.3%) had at least one Grade 3-4 treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE), and 25 (34.2%) had at least one serious adverse event (SAE). Among the 73 subjects, 3 achieved confirmed partial response (PR), all in the 45 mg QD cohort. 18 pts were enrolled in the 45 mg QD cohort, in which 11 (61.1%) pts had received at least 2 prior lines of systemic therapy and 15 (83.3%) pts had been exposed to an anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody. The overall response rate (ORR) in the 45 mg QD cohort was 16.7%. The median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 3.0 months (95% CI 1.9, 4.6) in the intention to treat (ITT) population and was 5.3 months (95% CI 1.9, 7.6) in the 45mg QD cohort. Median overall survival time (mOS) was not evaluable in the 45 mg QD cohort and the mOS was 13.4 months (95% CI 7.4, 19.8) in the ITT population. Onatasertib demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics between 15 mg QD and 45 mg QD in this Asian population and there was no significant exposure accumulation after multiple dosing, as previously seen in the US population. Conclusion: Onatasertib (ATG-008) showed encouraging single agent antitumor activity in patients with HBV+ advanced HCC after at least 1 prior systemic therapy, notably in the 45 mg QD dose level, in which most patients had been previously exposed to anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. The results indicates that onatasertib has potential efficacy in HBV+ HCC patients who failed prior CPI treatment. Further study may be warranted, particularly in HBV+ HCC patients who have failed prior anti-VEGFR and anti-PDL1/PD-1 therapy. Citation Format: Shukui Qin, Xiaoyan Lin, Zhiqaing Meng, Zhenggang Ren, Yuxian Bai, Shanzhi Gu, Li Zheng, Qiu Li, Sun-Yong Oh, Yabing Guo, Yoong-Koo Kang, Wei-Yu Kao, Wei Li, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Helong Zhang, Pei-Jer Chen, Tsai-Sheng Yang, Jeong Heo, Zhendong Zheng, Hui Xie, Zhinuan Yu. Result of an open-label phase 2 trial of dual TORC1/TORC2 inhibitor onatasertib (ATG-008) in HBV+ advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subjects who have received at least one prior line of systemic therapy (TORCH) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr CT150.

In the last decade, lithium metal has burgeoned into a potential anode material from Li-ion battery to next generation battery systems because of the low redox potential (-3.040 V vs SHE.) and high gravimetric energy density [1-3]. Unlike conventional batteries, the major challenges to be addressed in lithium metal anodes are the dendritic growth, continuous lithium depletion, rapid capacity loss and low Columbic efficiency [4]. These challenges can be averted using electrolyte additives or creating artificial solid electrolyte (SEI) interphases [5]. In the present work, nanostructured transition metal sulfide (MS) and lithium transition metal sulfide (LMS) are used as artificial SEI on lithium metal anode by modifying the lithium metal/electrolyte interfaces and homogenous lithium deposition. The nanostructured transition metal sulfide and lithium transition metal sulfide were synthesized by a simple wet chemical route at relatively low temperatures (150-200 °C). The synthesized LMS were typically of high purity and were filtered, washed, ball-milled, and calcined prior to use in the battery. The microstructure, structure and chemical analysis of the synthesized metal sulfide was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Figure 1(a) shows the morphology of the ball-milled LMS as a layered structure with varying sizes of 10 µm to 100 nm. The EDS analysis of the ball-milled powder majorly showed an M/S ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. The LSM was deposited on Li metal substrate by sputtering technique from a LSM target in Ar atmosphere. This film deposition was carried out at different sputtering time (10 sec -100 sec) and processing pressures. Homogeneous deposition of this LSM of few tens of nanometers thickness was successfully achieved. The electrochemical performance of the LSM artificial SEI was investigated in symmetric cells of two coated Li electrodes and compared to bare Li (Figure 1(b)). At different current densities of 0.5 and 1 mA/cm2, repeated Li plating and stripping revealed an enhanced cycling performance of metal sulfide coated Li compared to bare Li electrode. To better understand the interfacial stability, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were performed at different stages of cycling. The cycling performance of coated and bare Li anode was performed in a full cell containing NMC811 as cathode. After cycling, the microstructural changes in lithium metal anode were explored using SEM. Figure 1: (a) SEM image of the ball-milled layered lithium metal sulfide and (b) Time-voltage profiles of the symmetric cells with Li anode and coated Li anode at the current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 References [1] D. Lin, Y. Liu, Y.Cui, “Reviving the Lithium Metal Anode for High-Energy Batteries”, Nature Nanotechnology, 12 (2017), 194-206. [2] D. Aurbach, B.D. McCloskey, L.F. Nazar, P.G. Bruce, “Advances in Understanding the Mechanisms Underpinning Lithium-air Batteries”, Nature Energy, 1 (2016) 16128. [3] W. Xu, J. Wang, F. Ding, X.Chen, E. Nasybulin, Y. Zhang, J.G. Zhang, “Lithium metal Anodes for Rechargeable Batteries”, Energy and Environmental Science, 7 (2014) 513-537. [4]J. Liu, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, E.J. Dufek, J.B. Goodenough, P. Khalifah, Q. Li, B.Y. Liaw, P. Liu, A. Manthiram, Y.S. Meng, V.R. Subramanian, M.F. Toney, V.V. Viswanathan, M.S. Whittingham, J. Xia, W. Xu, J. Yang, X.Q. Yang, J.G. Zhang, "Pathways for Practical High-Energy Long Cycling Lithium Metal Batteries", Nature Energy, 4 (2019) 180-186. [5] K Kim, M. Balaish, M. Wadaguchi, L. Kong, J. Rupp, “Solid State Batteries: Solid-State Li-metal Batteries: Challenges and Horizons of Oxide and Sulfide Solid Electrolytes and their Interfaces”, Advanced Energy Materials, 11 (2021) 2170002 Figure 1

Silicon has a high potential to replace commercial graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). It can facilitate achieving excellent energy densities because of its high theoretical specific lithiation capacity (Chan et al. 2008). However, major challenges such as rapid capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency due to the huge volume change (∼300 %) during cycling have seriously hindered its commercialization (Wu et al. 2013). Although nanostructuring has been successful in minimizing volume expansion issues, the electrochemical performance of nano-sized silicon is still limited due to unstable solid-electrolyte interphase, low coating density and overall poor electrical properties due to the higher interparticle resistance (Liu et al. 2014). To tackle those challenges, here we introduce a new concept of post-synthesis spray drying to produce hierarchically structured micro-agglomerates from silicon/carbon (Si/C) composite nanoaggregates synthesized in the gas phase (Amin et al. 2023; Adil Amin et al.). The resulting agglomerates were characterized i) on the powder level by scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1a) and N2 sorption, ii) on the dispersion level by rheometry and analytical centrifugation, iii) on the electrode level by atomic force microscopy for structure and iv) via electrochemical testing on half-cells for electrochemical performance (Fig. 1b). These results show that electrodes from Si/C supraparticles with the highest concentration of stabilizer exhibit better redispersion stability and excellent first cycle specific discharge capacity as well as better cycling stability as compared to the Si/C composite nanoaggregates (4 wt.% carbon content). Furthermore, compared to the reference electrodes made of nanoaggregates, the more stable supraparticles (3 wt.% stabilizer) showed the highest first Coulombic efficiency. This is due to the reduction of their surface to volume ratio which helps in forming less volume of solid electrolyte interface. To conclude, our investigation suggests how an established industrial process (gas phase synthesis of nanoparticle in a hot-wall reactor) can be combined with scalable one-step spray drying to get dense active materials for LiBs. This enables to fully utilize the new materials’ potential by the right packaging into optimum electrode structures with high performance and longevity. Furthermore, we are of the opinion that this pioneering method can be utilized as a broadly relevant design principle to enhance other (anode) materials that encounter analogous problems of volume expansion. Publication bibliography Amin, Adil; Özcan, Fatih; Loewenich, Moritz; Kilian, Stefan O.; Wiggers, Hartmut; Segets, Doris; Wassmer, Theresa; Bade, Stefan; Lyubina, Julia: Hierarchically Structured Si/C Agglomerates by Spray-Drying. Patent no. PCT / EP 2022/ 052453. Amin, Adil; Loewenich, Moritz; Kilian, Stefan O.; Wassmer, Theresa; Bade, Stefan; Lyubina, Julia et al. (2023): One-Step Non-Reactive Spray Drying Approach to Produce Silicon/Carbon Composite-Based Hierarchically Structured Supraparticles for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. In J. Electrochem. Soc. 170 (2), p. 20523. DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/acb66b. Chan, Candace K.; Peng, Hailin; Liu, Gao; McIlwrath, Kevin; Zhang, Xiao Feng; Huggins, Robert A.; Cui, Yi (2008): High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. In Nature nanotechnology 3 (1), pp. 31–35. DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.411. Liu, Nian; Lu, Zhenda; Zhao, Jie; McDowell, Matthew T.; Lee, Hyun-Wook; Zhao, Wenting; Cui, Yi (2014): A pomegranate-inspired nanoscale design for large-volume-change lithium battery anodes. In Nature nanotechnology 9 (3), pp. 187–192. DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.6. Wu, Hui; Yu, Guihua; Pan, Lijia; Liu, Nian; McDowell, Matthew T.; Bao, Zhenan; Cui, Yi (2013): Stable Li-ion battery anodes by in-situ polymerization of conducting hydrogel to conformally coat silicon nanoparticles. In Nature communications 4, p. 1943. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2941. Figure 1

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Yiwei Zhang and Hui Tu are co-first authors on ‘ Oligopeptide transporter Slc15A modulates macropinocytosis in Dictyostelium by maintaining intracellular nutrient status’, published in JCS. Yiwei is a PhD student in the lab of Huaqing Cai at Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, where she is interested in understanding the interrelationship between cellular nutrient status and macropinocytic activity, and lipid transport. Hui is a PhD student in the same lab, investigating the mechanisms of macropinocytosis, cell migration and lipid transport.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 pandemic last March 11, 2020.1,2 According to the WHO Director General, “In the past two weeks, the number of cases of COVID-19 outside China has increased 13-fold, and the number of affected countries has tripled. There are now more than 118,000 cases in 114 countries, and 4,291 people have lost their lives. Thousands more are fighting for their lives in hospitals.” Soon after, Metro Manila was placed on a complete lockdown which started on March 15, 2020 and continues up to the time of this writing.2
 So, what exactly is this COVID-19 pandemic? Will it be changing how we live our lives as healthcare professionals? What will be our role in taking care of patients with COVID-19? These and many other related questions require immediate answers as we face the threat of COVID-19.
 The WHO was first informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China near the end of 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities and was initially named 2019-nCoV.3,4 This was later revised to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) and the virus that causes it called SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2).
 In the first global epidemic caused by the “first” SARS coronavirus in 2003, the Philippines had a total of only eight confirmed patients. All the cases had contact with a nurse aide who had returned from Toronto, Canada where she got it. The index case and her father eventually died from SARS while the rest recovered.5
 But, with COVID-19, at the time of writing this editorial, there were approximately 1,611 weekly cases with 112 weekly deaths in the Philippines and appears to be an increasing trend.6,7 By mid-March 2020, the WHO European Region had become the epicenter of the epidemic, reporting over 40% of globally confirmed cases. As of 28 April 2020, 63% of global mortality from the virus was from the Region, according to the WHO.3
 There is much that we need to know about SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It belongs to the same family of coronavirus that causes SARS, MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), and even the common cold.3 Early studies report that SARS-CoV-2 was most often detected in respiratory samples from patients in China. However, live virus was also found in feces.8 It is thought that transmission mainly occurs through the respiratory route, probably as droplets, but extra respiratory sources may also be important.
 Risk factors for severe illness remain uncertain but old age and comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, liver disease, kidney disease or malignant tumors, have emerged as likely important factors. There are no proven effective specific treatment strategies, and the risk-benefit ratio for commonly used treatments such as corticosteroids is not clear.7,8 COVID-19 may also cause damage to other organs such as the heart, the liver, and the kidneys, as well as to organ systems such as the blood and the immune system. Patients die of multiple organ failure, shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart failure, arrhythmias, and renal failure.9,10
 Among the WHO’s current recommendations, people with mild respiratory symptoms should be encouraged to isolate themselves, and social distancing is emphasized, and these recommendations apply even to countries with no reported cases.3,11 However, such measures could drastically affect the economy with impact on work practices as well as commercial establishments which depend on people’s patronage.12,13 Moreover, the psychological and mental burden that isolation and quarantine can bring about should also be considered. 14,15 For those in the academe, adjustments and quick transition to online learning strategies will need to be made.16 This will also affect how scientific research is done, particularly as we try to learn more about COVID-19.17 The longer the pandemic lasts, and the longer these measures need to be implemented, the more significant will the effects be on the economic and mental well-being of the people. There has certainly been a rush to get more information about COVID-19.18 Although well-intended in most cases, this has resulted into an “infodemic” with some erroneous or unscientific information about COVID-19. 19-21 Even mainstream scientific publications have not been spared by such faulty information. 22,23 Health professionals, therefore, who will be using the information found in these publications will need to be more vigilant in making sure that the data are properly collected and interpreted. We need to constantly update ourselves as new information becomes available.24-26
 As in many viral diseases, the best way to combat COVID-19 could be vaccination. Based on the experience with developing vaccines for the other coronaviruses such as the ones causing SARS, MERS and even the common colds, the development of an effective vaccine against COVID-19 may be challenging.27-30 Even if one were to be quickly developed, having the resources needed to make enough vaccines for potentially all inhabitants of our planet are also staggering. And then of course, once a vaccine is available, each country would have to device its own vaccination strategy and all of its accompanying logistic considerations. And then there is the cost of such a vaccine. As a third world country, would the Philippines be able to afford enough vaccines for its citizens?
 Pending availability of an effective vaccine, one would need to look at actual treatment of COVID-19 patients. In the short-term, it may be possible to repurpose some of the currently available drugs we use for treating other viruses.31-33 In order to help address these, some wide-ranging initiatives have been set up. In March 2020, the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Medical Research Council and the UK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) started the RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) trial.34,35 It is the world’s largest clinical trial into treatments for COVID-19, with more than 40,000 participants across 185 trials sites in the UK. It is led by the University of Oxford. At about the same time, the WHO also announced the start of an international randomized and adaptive clinical trial SOLIDARITY which will also be looking at potential treatments for COVID-19. 36,37 The Philippines is set to participate in the SOLIDARITY trial.38
 Use of personal protective equipment (PPEs) similar to how we have used them against Ebola and other viruses could also be beneficial.39 But similar to developing capacity for making enough vaccines, the ability to make enough PPEs, especially the disposable ones and bring these to where they are needed could also be additional challenges. In the Philippines, as in many other parts of the world, many healthcare workers report insufficient availability of PPEs which puts them at risk of getting COVID-19 from their patients.40,41
 There are many more questions needing answers that we will need to deal with as we confront COVID-19. And, most likely, there will also be new challenges that can arise as the pandemic evolves. The combined efforts of the scientific and political communities will need to be engaged if we hope to successfully deal with this emergency.
 
 Joven Jeremius Q. Tanchuco, MD, MHA Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila Clinical Professor, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 [Internet]. 11 March 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
 
 
 Metro Manila to be placed on 'lockdown' due to COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/12/COVID-19-Metro-Manila-restrictions-Philippines.html
 
 
 Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(1):157-160. doi:10.23750/abm. v91i1.9397
 
 
 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov
 
 
 World Health Organization. SARS outbreak in the Philippines = Flambée de SRAS aux Philippines. Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 2003;78(22):189-192. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/232177
 
 
 COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University ( JHU) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 19]. Available from: https://www.arcgis. com/apps/dashboards/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6.
 
 
 Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time [published correction appears in Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(9):e215]. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):533-534. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
 
 
 Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA. Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1499-1500. doi:10.1001/JAMA.2020.3633.
 
 
 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223):497-506.
 
 
 Woelfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Mueller MA, et al. Clinical presentation and virological assessment of hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in a travel-associated transmission cluster. medRXiv. March 8, 2020.
 
 
 Schmidt B, Davids EL, Malinga T. Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: A rapid Cochrane review. S Afr Med J. 2020;110(6):476-477. doi:10.7196/SAMJ. 2020.v110i6.14847
 
 
 Tandon PN. COVID-19: Impact on health of people & wealth of nations. Indian J Med Res.2020;151(2 & 3):121-123. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_664_20
 
 
 Zouari A. What are the economic implications of COVID-19? Tunis Med. 2020;98(4):312-313.
 
 
 Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
 
 
 Pastor, Cherish Kay, Sentiment Analysis of Filipinos and Effects of Extreme Community Quarantine Due to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 13]. Available from: SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3574385 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3574385
 
 
 A Toquero CM. Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Philippine Context. Pedagogical Research.2020;5(4):em0063. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947
 
 
 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. FDA Guidance on Conduct of Clinical Trials of Medical Products during COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Guidance for Industry, Investigators and Institutional Review Boards [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.regulations.gov/document/FDA-2020-D-1106-0002
 
 
 Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):29. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
 
 
 Hua J, Shaw R. Corona Virus (COVID-19) "Infodemic" and Emerging Issues through a Data Lens: The Case of China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2309. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072309
 
 
 Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):676. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X
 
 
 Glasziou PP. A deluge of poor-quality research is sabotaging an effective evidence-based response. BMJ. 2020;369 m1847.
 
 
 Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine andazithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):105949. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
 
 
 Voss A, Coombs G, Unal S, Saginur R, Hsueh PR. Publishing in face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):106081. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106081
 
 
 Iyer M, Jayaramayya K, Subramaniam MD, Lee SB, Dayem AA, Cho SG, et al. COVID-19: an update on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. BMB Rep. 2020;53(4):191-205. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2020.53.4.080
 
 
 Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR. Covid-19 - Navigating the Uncharted. N Engl J Med.2020;382(13):1268-1269. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2002387
 
 
 Dzieciatkowski T, Szarpak L, Filipiak KJ, Jaguszewski M, Ladny JR, Smereka J. COVID-19challenge for modern medicine. Cardiol J. 2020;27(2):175-183. doi:10.5603/CJ. a2020.0055
 
 
 Jiang S, He Y, Liu S. SARS vaccine development. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7):1016-1020.doi:10.3201/1107.050219
 
 
 Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, et al. From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronavirusesinto the Spotlight. Viruses. 2019;11(1):59. doi:10.3390/v11010059
 
 
 Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Gutierrez-Alvarez J, Canton J, Sola I. MolecularBasis of Coronavirus Virulence and Vaccine Development. Adv Virus Res. 2016; 96:245-286.doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.08.003
 
 
 McPherson C, Chubet R, Holtz K, Honda-Okubo Y, Barnard D, Cox M, et al. Developmentof a SARS Coronavirus Vaccine from Recombinant Spike Protein Plus Delta Inulin Adjuvant. Methods Mol Biol. 2016; 1403:269-284. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3387-7_14
 
 
 Md Insiat Islam Rabby. Current Drugs with Potential for Treatment of COVID-19: A Literature Review. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2020;23(1):58-64. doi:10.18433/jpps31002
 
 
 Tse LV, Meganck RM, Graham RL, Baric RS. The Current and Future State of Vaccines, Antivirals and Gene Therapies Against Emerging Coronaviruses. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:658.doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00658
 
 
 Hamid S, Mir MY, Rohela GK. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a pandemic(epidemiology, pathogenesis and potential therapeutics). New Microbes New Infect. 2020;35:100679. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100679
 
 
 The RECOVERY trial [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.ukri.org/our-work/tackling-the-impact-of-covid-19/vaccines-and-treatments/recovery-trial-identifies-covid-19-treatments/
 
 
 RECOVERY [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.recoverytrial.net/
 
 
 UN health chief announces global ‘solidarity trial’ to jumpstart search for COVID-19 treatment [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available ftom: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059722
 
 
 WHO COVID-19 Solidarity Therapeutics Trial [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments
 
 
 PH Solidarity trial for COVID-19 treatments receives green light from ethics review body [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/22-04-2020-ph-solidarity-trial-for-covid-19-treatments-receives-green-light-from-ethics-review-body
 
 
 Balachandar V, Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, Vivekanandhan G, Ajithkumar S, Arul N, et al.COVID-19: emerging protective measures. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(6):3422-3425. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202003_20713
 
 
 Philippines: Country faces health and human rights crisis one year into the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 28]. Available from: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/04/philippines-faces-health-human-rights-crisis-covid/.
 
 
 Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide [Internet].[cited 2020 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide.

IntroductionIn this article, I set out to accomplish two tasks. The first is to map coffee and cafés in Mainland China in different historical periods. The second is to focus on coffee and cafés in the socio-cultural milieu of contemporary China in order to understand the symbolic value of the emerging coffee/café-scape. Cafés, rather than coffee, are at the centre of this current trend in contemporary Chinese cities. With instant coffee dominating as a drink, the Chinese have developed a cultural and social demand for cafés, but have not yet developed coffee palates. Historical Coffee Map In 1901, coffee was served in a restaurant in the city of Tianjin. This restaurant, named Kiessling, was run by a German chef, a former solider who came to China with the eight-nation alliance. At that time, coffee was reserved mostly for foreign politicians and military officials as well as wealthy businessmen—very few ordinary Chinese drank it. (For more history of Kiessling, including pictures and videos, see Kiessling). Another group of coffee consumers were from the cultural elites—the young revolutionary intellectuals and writers with overseas experience. It was almost a fashion among the literary elite to spend time in cafés. However, this was negatively judged as “Western” and “bourgeois.” For example, in 1932, Lu Xun, one of the most important twentieth century Chinese writers, commented on the café fashion during 1920s (133-36), and listed the reasons why he would not visit one. He did not drink coffee because it was “foreigners’ food”, and he was too busy writing for the kind of leisure enjoyed in cafés. Moreover, he did not, he wrote, have the nerve to go to a café, and particularly not the Revolutionary Café that was popular among cultural celebrities at that time. He claimed that the “paradise” of the café was for genius, and for handsome revolutionary writers (who he described as having red lips and white teeth, whereas his teeth were yellow). His final complaint was that even if he went to the Revolutionary Café, he would hesitate going in (Lu Xun 133-36). From Lu Xun’s list, we can recognise his nationalism and resistance to what were identified as Western foods and lifestyles. It is easy to also feel his dissatisfaction with those dilettante revolutionary intellectuals who spent time in cafés, talking and enjoying Western food, rather than working. In contrast to Lu Xun’s resistance to coffee and café culture, another well-known writer, Zhang Ailing, frequented cafés when she lived in Shanghai from the 1920s to 1950s. She wrote about the smell of cakes and bread sold in Kiessling’s branch store located right next to her parents’ house (Yuyue). Born into a wealthy family, exposed to Western culture and food at a very young age, Zhang Ailing liked to spend her social and writing time in cafés, ordering her favourite cakes, hot chocolate, and coffee. When she left Shanghai and immigrated to the USA, coffee was an important part of her writing life: the smell and taste reminding her of old friends and Shanghai (Chunzi). However, during Zhang’s time, it was still a privileged and elite practice to patronise a café when these were located in foreign settlements with foreign chefs, and served mainly foreigners, wealthy businessmen, and cultural celebrities. After 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China, until the late 1970s, there were no coffee shops in Mainland China. It was only when Deng Xiaoping suggested neo-liberalism as a so-called “reform-and-open-up” economic policy that foreign commerce and products were again seen in China. In 1988, ten years after the implementation of Deng Xiaoping’s policy, the Nestlé coffee company made the first inroads into the mainland market, featuring homegrown coffee beans in Yunnan province (China Beverage News; Dong; ITC). Nestlé’s bottled instant coffee found its way into the Chinese market, avoiding a direct challenge to the tea culture. Nestlé packaged its coffee to resemble health food products and marketed it as a holiday gift suitable for friends and relatives. As a symbol of modernity and “the West”, coffee-as-gift meshed with the traditional Chinese cultural custom that values gift giving. It also satisfied a collective desire for foreign products (and contact with foreign cultures) during the economic reform era. Even today, with its competitively low price, instant coffee dominates coffee consumption at home, in the workplace, and on Chinese airlines. While Nestlé aimed their product at native Chinese consumers, the multinational companies who later entered China’s coffee market, such as Sara Lee, mainly targeted international hotels such as IHG, Marriott, and Hyatt. The multinationals also favoured coffee shops like Kommune in Shanghai that offered more sophisticated kinds of coffee to foreign consumers and China’s upper class (Byers). If Nestlé introduced coffee to ordinary Chinese families, it was Starbucks who introduced the coffee-based “third space” to urban life in contemporary China on a signficant scale. Differing from the cafés before 1949, Starbucks stores are accessible to ordinary Chinese citizens. The first in Mainland China opened in Beijing’s China World Trade Center in January 1999, targeting mainly white-collar workers and foreigners. Starbucks coffee shops provide a space for informal business meetings, chatting with friends, and relaxing and, with its 500th store opened in 2011, dominate the field in China. Starbucks are located mainly in the central business districts and airports, and the company plans to have 1,500 sites by 2015 (Starbucks). Despite this massive presence, Starbucks constitutes only part of the café-scape in contemporary Chinese cities. There are two other kinds of cafés. One type is usually located in universities or residential areas and is frequented mainly by students or locals working in cultural professions. A representative of this kind is Sculpting in Time Café. In November 1997, two years before the opening of the first Starbucks in Beijing, two newlywed college graduates opened the first small Sculpting in Time Café near Beijing University’s East Gate. This has been expanded into a chain, and boasts 18 branches on the Mainland. (For more about its history, see Sculpting in Time Café). Interestingly, both Starbucks and Sculpting in Time Café acquired their names from literature, Starbucks from Moby Dick, and Sculpting in Time from the Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky’s film diary of the same name. For Chinese students of literature and the arts, drinking coffee is less about acquiring more energy to accomplish their work, and more about entering a sensual world, where the aroma of coffee mixes with the sounds from the coffee machine and music, as well as the lighting of the space. More importantly, cafés with this ambience become, in themselves, cultural sites associated with literature, films, and music. Owners of this kind of café are often lovers of foreign literatures, films, and cultures, and their cafés host various cultural events, including forums, book clubs, movie screenings, and music clubs. Generally speaking, coffee served in this kind of café is simpler than in the kind discussed below. This third type of café includes those located in tourist and entertainment sites such as art districts, bar areas, and historical sites, and which are frequented by foreign and native tourists, artists and other cultural workers. If Starbucks cultivates a fast-paced business/professional atmosphere, and Sculpting in Time Cafés an artsy and literary atmosphere, this third kind of café is more like an upscale “bar” with trained baristas serving complicated coffees and emphasising their flavour. These coffee shops are more expensive than the other kinds, with an average price three times that of Starbucks. Currently, cafés of this type are found only in “first-tier” cities and usually located in art districts and tourist areas—such as Beijing’s 798 Art District and Nanluo Guxiang, Shanghai’s Tai Kang Road (a.k.a. “the art street”), and Hangzhou’s Westlake area. While Nestlé and Starbucks use coffee beans grown in Yunnan provinces, these “art cafés” are more inclined to use imported coffee beans from suppliers like Sara Lee. Coffee and Cafés in Contemporary China After just ten years, there are hundreds of cafés in Chinese cities. Why has there been such a demand for coffee or, more accurately, cafés, in such a short period of time? The first reason is the lack of “third space” environments in Mainland China. Before cafés appeared in the late 1990s, stores like KFC (which opened its first store in 1987) and McDonald’s (with its first store opened in 1990) filled this role for urban residents, providing locations where customers could experience Western food, meet friends, work, or read. In fact, KFC and McDonald’s were once very popular with college students looking for a place to study. Both stores had relatively clean food environments and good lighting. They also had air conditioning in the summer and heating in the winter, which are not provided in most Chinese university dormitories. However, since neither chain was set up to be a café and customers occupying seats for long periods while ordering minimal amounts of food or drink affected profits, staff members began to indirectly ask customers to leave after dining. At the same time, as more people were able to afford to eat at KFC and McDonald’s, their fast foods were also becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. As a consequence, both types of chain restaurant were becoming noisy and crowded and, thus, no longer ideal for reading, studying, or meeting with friends. Although tea has been a traditional drink in Chinese culture, traditional teahouses were expensive places more suitable for business meetings or for the cultural or intellectual elite. Since almost every family owns a tea set and can readily purchase tea, friends and family would usually make and consume tea at home. In recent years, however, new kinds of teahouses have emerged, similar in style to cafés, targeting the younger generation with more affordable prices and a wider range of choices, so the lack of a “third space” does not fully explain the café boom. Another factor affecting the popularity of cafés has been the development and uptake of Internet technology, including the increasing use of laptops and wireless Internet in recent years. The Internet has been available in China since the late 1990s, while computers and then laptops entered ordinary Chinese homes in the early twenty-first century. The IT industry has created not only a new field of research and production, but has also fostered new professions and demands. Particularly, in recent years in Mainland China, a new socially acceptable profession—freelancing in such areas as graphic design, photography, writing, film, music, and the fashion industry—has emerged. Most freelancers’ work is computer- and Internet-based. Cafés provide suitable working space, with wireless service, and the bonus of coffee that is, first of all, somatically stimulating. In addition, the emergence of the creative and cultural industries (which are supported by the Chinese government) has created work for these freelancers and, arguably, an increasing demand for café-based third spaces where such people can meet, talk and work. Furthermore, the flourishing of cafés in first-tier cities is part of the “aesthetic economy” (Lloyd 24) that caters to the making and selling of lifestyle experience. Alongside foreign restaurants, bars, galleries, and design firms, cafés contribute to city branding, and link a city to the global urban network. Cafés, like restaurants, galleries and bars, provide a space for the flow of global commodities, as well as for the human flow of tourists, travelling artists, freelancers, and cultural specialists. Finally, cafés provide a type of service that contributes to friendly owner/waiter-customer relations. During the planned-economy era, most stores and hotels in China were State-owned, staff salaries were not related to individual performance, and indifferent (and even unfriendly) service was common. During the economic reform era, privately owned stores and shops began to replace State-owned ones. At the same time, a large number of people from the countryside flowed into the cities seeking opportunities. Most had little if any professional training and so could only find work in factories or in the service industry. However, most café employees are urban, with better educational backgrounds, and many were already familiar with coffee culture. In addition, café owners, particularly those of places like Sculpting in Time Cafe, often invest in creating a positive, community atmosphere, learning about their customers and sharing personal experiences with their regular clients. This leads to my next point—the generation of the 1980s’ need for a social community. Cafés’ Symbolic Value—Community A demand for a sense of community among the generation of the 1980s is a unique socio-cultural phenomenon in China, which paradoxically co-exists with their desire for individualism. Mao Zedong started the “One Child Policy” in 1979 to slow the rapid population growth in China, and the generations born under this policy are often called “the lonely generations,” with both parents working full-time. At the same time, they are “the generation of me,” labelled as spoiled, self-centred, and obsessed with consumption (de Kloet; Liu; Rofel; Wang). The individuals of this generation, now aged in their 20s and 30s, constitute the primary consumers of coffee in China. Whereas individualism is an important value to them, a sense of community is also desirable in order to compensate for their lack of siblings. Furthermore, the 1980s’ generation has also benefitted from the university expansion policy implemented in 1999. Since then, China has witnessed a surge of university students and graduates who not only received scientific and other course-based knowledge, but also had a better chance to be exposed to foreign cultures through their books, music, and movies. With this interesting tension between individualism and collectivism, the atmosphere provided by cafés has fostered a series of curious temporary communities built on cultural and culinary taste. Interestingly, it has become an aspiration of many young college students and graduates to open a community-space style café in a city. One of the best examples is the new Henduoren’s (Many People’s) Café. This was a project initiated by Wen Erniu, a recent college graduate who wanted to open a café in Beijing but did not have sufficient funds to do so. She posted a message on the Internet, asking people to invest a minimum of US$316 to open a café with her. With 78 investors, the café opened in September 2011 in Beijing (see pictures of Henduoren’s Café). In an interview with the China Daily, Wen Erniu stated that, “To open a cafe was a dream of mine, but I could not afford it […] We thought opening a cafe might be many people’s dream […] and we could get together via the Internet to make it come true” (quoted in Liu 2011). Conclusion: Café Culture and (Instant) Coffee in China There is a Chinese saying that, if you hate someone—just persuade him or her to open a coffee shop. Since cafés provide spaces where one can spend a relatively long time for little financial outlay, owners have to increase prices to cover their expenses. This can result in fewer customers. In retaliation, cafés—particularly those with cultural and literary ambience—host cultural events to attract people, and/or they offer food and wine along with coffee. The high prices, however, remain. In fact, the average price of coffee in China is often higher than in Europe and North America. For example, a medium Starbucks’ caffè latte in China averaged around US$4.40 in 2010, according to the price list of a Starbucks outlet in Shanghai—and the prices has recently increased again (Xinhua 2012). This partially explains why instant coffee is still so popular in China. A bag of instant Nestlé coffee cost only some US$0.25 in a Beijing supermarket in 2010, and requires only hot water, which is accessible free almost everywhere in China, in any restaurant, office building, or household. As an habitual, addictive treat, however, coffee has not yet become a customary, let alone necessary, drink for most Chinese. Moreover, while many, especially those of the older generations, could discern the quality and varieties of tea, very few can judge the quality of the coffee served in cafés. As a result, few Mainland Chinese coffee consumers have a purely somatic demand for coffee—craving its smell or taste—and the highly sweetened and creamed instant coffee offered by companies like Nestlé or Maxwell has largely shaped the current Chinese palate for coffee. Ben Highmore has proposed that “food spaces (shops, restaurants and so on) can be seen, for some social agents, as a potential space where new ‘not-me’ worlds are encountered” (396) He continues to expand that “how these potential spaces are negotiated—the various affective registers of experience (joy, aggression, fear)—reflect the multicultural shapes of a culture (its racism, its openness, its acceptance of difference)” (396). Cafés in contemporary China provide spaces where one encounters and constructs new “not-me” worlds, and more importantly, new “with-me” worlds. While café-going communicates an appreciation and desire for new lifestyles and new selves, it can be hoped that in the near future, coffee will also be appreciated for its smell, taste, and other benefits. Of course, it is also necessary that future Chinese coffee consumers also recognise the rich and complex cultural, political, and social issues behind the coffee economy in the era of globalisation. References Byers, Paul [former Managing Director, Sara Lee’s Asia Pacific]. Pers. comm. Apr. 2012. China Beverage News. “Nestlé Acquires 70% Stake in Chinese Mineral Water Producer.” (2010). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://chinabevnews.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/nestle-acquires-70-stake-in-chinese-mineral-water-producer›. Chunzi. 张爱玲地图[The Map of Eileen Chang]. 汉语大词典出版 [Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe], 2003. de Kloet, Jeroen. China with a Cut: Globalization, Urban Youth and Popular Music. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2010. Dong, Jonathan. “A Caffeinated Timeline: Developing Yunnan’s Coffee Cultivation.” China Brief (2011): 24-26. Highmore, Ben. “Alimentary Agents: Food, Cultural Theory and Multiculturalism.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29.4 (2008): 381-98. ITC (International Trade Center). The Coffee Sector in China: An Overview of Production, Trade And Consumption, 2010. Liu, Kang. Globalization and Cultural Trends in China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004. Liu, Zhihu. “From Virtual to Reality.” China Daily (Dec. 2011) 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-12/26/content_14326490.htm›. Lloyd, Richard. Neobohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City. London: Routledge, 2006. Lu, Xun. “Geming Kafei Guan [Revolutionary Café]”. San Xian Ji. Taibei Shi: Feng Yun Shi Dai Chu Ban Gong Si: Fa Xing Suo Xue Wen Hua Gong Si, Mingguo 78 (1989): 133-36. Rofel, Lisa. Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2007: 1-30. “Starbucks Celebrates Its 500th Store Opening in Mainland China.” Starbucks Newsroom (Oct. 2011) 31 Mar. 2012. ‹http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=580›. Wang, Jing. High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Deng’s China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: U of California P, 1996. Xinhua. “Starbucks Raises Coffee Prices in China Stores.” Xinhua News (Jan. 2012). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-01/31/c_131384671.htm›. Yuyue. Ed. “On the History of the Western-Style Restaurants: Aileen Chang A Frequent Customer of Kiessling.” China.com.cn (2010). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.china.com.cn/culture/txt/2010-01/30/content_19334964.htm›.

Committee I.1: Environment Alexander Babanin (Chair); Mariana Bernardino; Franz von Bock und Polach; Ricardo Campos,; Jun Ding; Sanne van Essen; Tomaso Gaggero; Maryam Haroutunian; Vanessa Katsardi; Alexander Nilva; Arttu Polojarvi; Erik Vanem; Jungyong Wang; Huidong Zhang; Tingyao Zhu Floor Discussers: Florian Sprenger; Carlos Guedes Soares; Henk den Besten Committee I.2: Loads Ole Andreas Hermundstad (Chair); Shuhong Chai; Guillaume de Hauteclocque; Sheng Dong; Chih-Chung Fang; Thomas B. Johannessen; Celso Morooka; Masayoshi Oka; Jasna Prpić-Oršić; Alessandro Sacchet; Mahmud Sazidy; Bahadir Ugurlu; Roberto Vettor; Peter Wellens Official Discusser: Hayden Marcollo Committee II-1: Quasi-Static Response James Underwood (Chair); Erick Alley; Jerolim Andrić Dario Boote; Zhen Gao; Ad Van Hoeve; Jasmin Jelovica; Yasumi Kawamura; Yooil Kim; Jian Hu Liu; Sime Malenica; Heikki Remes; Asokendu Samanta; Krzysztof Woloszyk; Deqing Yang Official Discusser: Prof. T. Yoshikwa Committee II.2: Dynamic Response Gaute Storhaug (Chair); Daniele Dessi; Sharad Dhavalikar; Ingo Drummen; Michael Holtmann; Young-Cheol Huh; Lorenzo Moro; Andre Paiva; Svein Sævik; Rong-Juin Shyu; Shan Wang; Sue Wang; WenWei Wu; Yasuhira Yamada; Guiyong Zhang Floor Discussers: Ling Zhu; Tomoki Takami; Anriette (Annie) Bekker; Bruce Quinton; Robert Sielski Committee III.1: Ultimate Strength Paul E. Hess (Chair); Chen An; Lars Brubak; Xiao Chen; Jinn Tong Chiu; Jurek Czujko; Ionel Darie; Guoqing Feng; Marco Gaiotti; Beom Seon Jang; Adnan Kefal; Sukron Makmun; Jonas Ringsberg; Jani Romanoff; Saad Saad-Eldeen; Ingrid Schipperen; Kristjan Tabri; Yikun Wang; Daisuke Yanagihara Official Discusser: Jørgen Amdahl Committee III.2: Fatigue and Fracture Yordan Garbatov (Chair); Sigmund K Ås; Henk Den Besten; Philipp Haselbach; Adrian Kahl; Dale Karr; Myung Hyun Kim; Junjie Liu; Marcelo Igor Lourenço de Souza; Wengang Mao; Eeva Mikkola; Naoki Osawa; Fredhi Agung Prasetyo; Mauro Sicchiero; Suhas Vhanmane; Marta Vicente del Amo; Jingxia Yue Official Discusser Weicheng Cui Floor Discussers: Robert Sielski; Sören Ehlers; Stephane Paboeuf; Teresa Magoga Committee IV.1: Design Principles and Criteria Matthew Collette (Chair); Piero Caridis; Petar Georgiev; Torfinn Hørte; Han Koo Jeong; Rafet emek Kurt; Igor Ilnytskiy; Tetsuo Okada; Charles Randall; Zbigniew Sekulski; Matteo Sidari; Zhihu Zhan; Ling Zhu Official Discusser: Enrico Rizzuto Committee IV.2: Design Methods Andrea Ivaldi (Chair); Abbas Bayatfar; Jean-David Caprace; Gennadiy Egorov; Svein Erling Heggelund; Shinichi Hirakawa; Jung Min Kwon; Dan Mcgreer; Pero Prebeg; Robert Sielski; Mark Slagmolen; Adam Sobey; Wenyong Tang; Jiameng Wu Official Discusser: Mario Dogliani Committee V.1: Accidental Limit States Bruce Quinton; Gaetano De Luca; Topan Firmandha; Mihkel Körgesaar; Hervé Le Sourne; Ken Nahshon; Gabriele Notaro; Kourosh Parsa; Smiljko Rudan; Katsuyuki Suzuki; Osiris Valdez Banda; CareyWalters; Deyu Wang; Zhaolong Yu Official Discusser: Manolis Samuelides Committee V.2: Experimental Methods Sören Ehlers (Chair); Nagi Abdussamie; Kim Branner; ShiXiao Fu; Martijn Hoogeland; Kari Kolari; Paul Lara; Constantine Michailides; Hideaki Murayama; Cesare Rizzo; Jung Kwan Seo; Patrick Kaeding Official Discusser: Giles Thomas Committee V.3: Materials and Fabrication Technology Lennart Josefson (Chair); Konstantinos Anyfantis; Bianca de Carvalho Pinheiro; Bai-Qiao Chen; Pingsha Dong; Nicole Ferrari; Koji Gotoh; James Huang; Matthias Krause; Kun Liu; Stephane Paboeuf; Stephen van Duin; Fang Wang; Albert Zamarin Official Discusser: Frank Roland Floor Discussers Alessandro Caleo; Agnes Marie Horn; Krzysztof Woloszyk; Robert Sielski Committee V.4: Offshore Renewable Energy Atanasios Kolios (Chair); Kyong-Hwan Kim; Chen Hsing Cheng; Elif Oguz; Pablo Morato; Freeman Ralph; Chuang Fang; Chunyan Ji; Marc Le Boulluec; Thomas Choisnet; Luca Greco; Tomoaki Utsunomiya; Kourosh Rezanejad; Charles Rawson; Jose Miguel Rodrigues Official Discusser: Amy Robertson Committee V.5: Special Vessels Darren Truelock (Chair); Jason Lavroff; Dustin Pearson; Zbigniew (Jan) Czaban; Hanbing Luo; Fuhua Wang; Ivan Catipovic; Ermina Begovic; Yukichi Takaoka; Claudia Loureiro; Chang Yong Song; Esther Garcia; Alexander Egorov; Jean-Baptiste Souppez; Pradeep Sensharma; Rachel Nicholls-Lee Official Discusser: Jaye Falls Floor Discussers: Jasmin Jelovica; Stephane Paboeuf; Sören Ehlers Committee V.6: Ocean Space Utilization Sebastian Schreier (Chair); Felice Arena; Harry Bingham; Nuno Fonseca; Zhiqiang Hu; Debabrata Karmakar; Ekaterina Kim; Hui Li; Pengfei Liu; Motohiko Murai; Spiro J Pahos; Chao Tian; George Wang Official Discusser: Hideyuki Suzuki Floor Discussers: Robert Sielski; Sue Wang; Sarat Mohapatra; Gaute Storhaug; Henk den Besten Committee V.7: Structural Longevity Iraklis Lazakis (Chair); Bernt Leira; Nianzhong Chen; Geovana Drumond; Chi-Fang Lee; Paul Jurisic; Bin Liu; Alysson Mondoro; Pooria Pahlavan; Xinghua Shi; Ha Cheol Song; Tadashi Sugimura; Christian Jochum; Tommaso Coppola Official Discusser: Timo de Beer Floor Discusser: Krzysztof Woloszyk Committee V.8: Subsea Technology Agnes Marie Horn (Chair); Tauhid Rahman; Ilson Pasqualino; Menglan Duan; Zhuang Kang; Michael Rye Andersen; Yoshihiro Konno; Chunsik Shim; Angelo Teixeira; Selda Oterkus; Blair Thornton; Brajendra Mishra Official Discusser: Segen F. Estefen

Table of Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................iii Committee V.1: Accidental Limit States .......................................................1 Bruce Quinton; Gaetano De Luca; Topan Firmandha; Mihkel Körgesaar; Hervé Le Sourne; Ken Nahshon; Gabriele Notaro; Kourosh Parsa; Smiljko Rudan; Katsuyuki Suzuki; Osiris Valdez Banda; CareyWalters; Deyu Wang; Zhaolong Yu Committee V.2: Experimental Methods ......................................................91 Soren Ehlers (Chair); Nagi Abdussamie; Kim Branner; ShiXiao Fu; Martijn Hoogeland; Kari Kolari; Paul Lara; Constantine Michailides; Hideaki Murayama; Cesare Rizzo; Jung Kwan Seo; Patrick Kaeding Committee V.3: Materials and Fabrication Technology ..........................163 Lennart Josefson (Chair); Konstantinos Anyfantis; Bianca de Carvalho Pinheiro; Bai-Qiao Chen; Pingsha Dong; Nicole Ferrari; Koji Gotoh; James Huang; Matthias Krause; Kun Liu; Stephane Paboeuf; Stephen van Duin; Fang Wang; Albert Zamarin Committee V.4: Offshore Renewable Energy ...........................................241 Atanasios Kolios (Chair); Kyong-Hwan Kim; Chen Hsing Cheng; Elif Oguz; Pablo Morato; Freeman Ralph; Chuang Fang; Chunyan Ji; Marc Le Boulluec; Thomas Choisnet; Luca Greco; Tomoaki Utsunomiya; Kourosh Rezanejad; Charles Rawson; Jose Miguel Rodrigues Committee V.5: Special Vessels ................................................................313 Darren Truelock (Chair); Jason Lavroff; Dustin Pearson; Zbigniew (Jan) Czaban; Hanbing Luo; Fuhua Wang; Ivan Catipovic; Ermina Begovic; Yukichi Takaoka; Claudia Loureiro; Chang Yong Song; Esther Garcia; Alexander Egorov; Jean-Baptiste Souppez; Pradeep Sensharma; Rachel Nicholls-Lee Committee V.6: Ocean Space Utilization ..................................................379 Sebastian Schreier (Chair); Felice Arena; Harry Bingham; Nuno Fonseca; Zhiqiang Hu; Debabrata Karmakar; Ekaterina Kim; Hui Li; Pengfei Liu; Motohiko Murai; Spiro J Pahos; Chao Tian; George Wang Committee V.7: Structural Longevity ........................................................445 Iraklis Lazakis (Chair); Bernt Leira; Nianzhong Chen; Geovana Drumond; Chi-Fang Lee; Paul Jurisic; Bin Liu; Alysson Mondoro; Pooria Pahlavan; Xinghua Shi; Ha Cheol Song; Tadashi Sugimura; Christian Jochum; Tommaso Coppola Committee V.8: Subsea Technology ..........................................................503 Agnes Marie Horn (Chair); Tauhid Rahman; Ilson Pasqualino; Menglan Duan; Zhuang Kang; Michael Rye Andersen; Yoshihiro Konno; Chunsik Shim; Angelo Teixeira; Selda Oterkus; Blair Thornton; Brajendra Mishra Subject Index .............................................................................................582 Author Index ...............................................................................................584