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Journal articles on the topic 'Shea tree fruits'
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Ugese, Felix D., Paul K. Baiyeri, and Benjamin N. Mbah. "Agroecological variation in the fruits and nuts of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) in Nigeria." Agroforestry Systems 79, no. 2 (2009): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9261-7.
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Akinrotohun, Hannah O., Ayobami O. Oyedele, Oluwatoyin A. Igbeneghu, and Lara O. Orafidiya. "Formulation development of topical antibacterial lotion with theobroma cacao pod husk ash extract for treatment of shaving bumps." Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 1 (2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2021.10.00362.
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The aims of this study were to determine the emulsifying properties of Theobroma cacao pod husk ash (CPHA) methanolic extract combined with shea butter and explore the antibacterial activities and physicochemical characteristics of resulting emulsions toward the development of a topical antibacterial lotion formulation for shaving bumps treatment. The ash resulting from combustion of pod husks of freshly harvested ripe cocoa fruits was extracted with methanol and the extract evaporated to dryness. Shea butter was also extracted by traditional method from kernels from the shea tree. These natural-source materials were combined with pharmaceutical ingredients (buffer, viscosity enhancer, preservative) to develop fluid emulsion formulations. Stability characteristics (droplet size, viscosity, creaming, and pH) of the formulations were evaluated as well as their antibacterial activities against microorganisms isolated from after-shave bump swabs of adult male volunteers and against reference organisms; in order to select product(s) of best qualities suitable as shaving bumps medication. The prototype formulations exhibited suitable physicochemical properties and demonstrated inhibitory activities against several isolated shaving bump microbes and the reference organisms namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two formulations were finally selected as having physicochemical and antibacterial qualities most suitable for shaving bumps therapy, which contained shea butter (20%), citrate buffer (5%), and parabens (0.3%), prepared using 5% CPHA extract solution with and without methyl cellulose (2%), respectively. The novel shea butter-incorporated emulsion-lotion formulations of CPHA extract provide a useful therapeutic option of topical medication for the treatment of shaving bumps in men.
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El Sheikha, Aly F., Jean-Marc Bouvet, and Didier Montet. "Biological bar code for determining the geographical origin of fruits using 28S rDNA fingerprinting of fungal communities by PCR-DGGE: an application to Shea tree fruits." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 3, no. 1 (2011): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837x.2010.00090.x.
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Animasaun, David Adedayo, Stephen Oyedeji, Kehinde Stephen Olorunmaiye, Musibau A. Azeez, Idowu Abdulfatah Tijani, and Joseph Akintade Morakinyo. "Morpho-chemical divergence and fatty acid profile of shea tree seeds (Vitellaria paradoxa) collected from different locations in Kwara State, Nigeria." Acta Botanica Croatica 78, no. 1 (2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botcro-2019-0002.
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Abstract The present study characterizes seed-related traits, phytochemical, physiochemical parameters and fatty acid profile of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) seeds collected from the Kosubosu, Fufu and Sare areas of Kwara State, Nigeria to determine the effects of microclimate on seed morphology, biochemical and oil constituents. Seed morphological data were analyzed for variability. Seed oil was extracted for phytochemical constituents, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results showed intra and inter-locational variations in seed characters. Most fruits had 1–2 seeds. Seeds were predominantly brown and very few were dark brown. Phytochemicals and physicochemical parameters of the seed oil varied with place of collection. Alkaloid, saponin, tannin and phytate contents ranged between 0.79–0.84, 1.20–1.26, 1.48–1.56 and 0.15–0.18 mg g−1 respectively. The density of the oil was less than that of water, acid value ranged from 10.58–13.56 mg KOH g−1 and iodine values were between 36.63 to 40.32 g I2 (100 g)–1. Saponification values lie between 160.39 and 184.14 mg KOH g−1; and free fatty acid was within 5.32–6.81 %. Peroxide, ɑ-tocopherol, total phenol and oxalate values as well as viscosity of the oil also varied; however, refractive index was similar. Ethyl oleate and octadecanoic acids were present and most abundance in all the locations, while glycidol stearate was only found in Fufu samples with three other fatty acids. Five fatty acids were present in Kosubosu, while Sare had only two. The results obtained in the present study indicate that shea oil could be used for medicinal, nutritional and industrial purposes. Since seed characters, phytochemical, physicochemical and fatty acid compositions varied with the microclimate, environmental and micro-ecological conditions should be considered when collecting seeds for oil utilization.
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MARJENAH, MARJENAH, and NOVY PRALISA PUTRI. "Morphological characteristic and physical environment of Terminalia catappa in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Asian Journal of Forestry 1, no. 1 (2017): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r010105.
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Marjenah, Putri NP. 2017. Morphological characteristic and physical environment of Terminalia catappa in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J For 1: 33-39. Tropical almond (Terminalia catappa) is a large, spreading tree distributed throughout the tropics in coastal environments. The tree is tolerant of strong winds, salt spray, and moderately high salinity in the root zone. It is widely planted throughout the tropics, especially along sandy seashores, for shade, ornamental purposes, and edible nuts. The timber can be made into a useful and decorative general-purpose hardwood and is well suited for conversion into furniture and interior building timbers. Fruits are produced from about 3 years of age. The leaves change color from green to red, yellow or gold and copper brown during the dry season and then are shed. Terminalia catappa L. belongs to the family Combretaceae. This study aims to determine the morphological characteristics and physical environment of T. catappa. Habitat and to obtain T. catappa Linn. tree that produces the best biodiesel. The research object was a T. catappa trees planted as shade trees on the side of road in three regency/cities (Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Kutai Kartanegara), that are categorized in pursuance of the height above sea level. Data collected from each tree are Physical Environmental and Morphological Characteristics. The flushing, flowering, and fruiting are also observed, to determine the fruit/seed produced by a T. catappa tree.
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Fucik, John E. "Harvesting and the Incidence of Green Mold on Texas Grapefruit." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 604e—604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.604e.
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The harvest of Rio Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was “intercepted” at three stages: 1) unpicked fruit, 2) picked and carried to pallet box trailer, and 3) picked, carried, dumped in the pallet box and transported to the packing shed. Three harvesters picked fruit from four canopy locations on two trees each. At each intercept, half the fruit was dipped into a spore solution of green mold (Penicillium digitatum) and half left nontreated as controls. Intercept 1 fruit was dipped and left unpicked on the tree. After 10 days incubation, the rate of green mold infection and its location on the fruit was determined. Tests were run in May 1995 and Feb. and Apr. 1996. The rate of infection increased with each intercept, and treated fruit had 15 times the infection rate of the controls. The highest infection rate, 1.3%, occurred in May 1995 followed by Feb. (0.8%), and April (0.5%). Most infection sites appeared above and below the fruit's equator, rather than on its top or bottom exclusively. There were no effects associated with harvesters or the location of the fruit in the canopy.
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Dodiomon, Soro, and N’Guessan Koffi. "Variability of production out of fruits of Shea trees." Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2, no. 2 (2011): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2011.2.2.239.243.
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Hairiah, Kurniatun, Widianto Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, and Meine Van Noordwijk. "Tree Roots Anchoring and Binding Soil: Reducing Landslide Risk in Indonesian Agroforestry." Land 9, no. 8 (2020): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9080256.
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Tree root systems stabilize hillslopes and riverbanks, reducing landslide risk, but related data for the humid tropics are scarce. We tested fractal allometry hypotheses on differences in the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots of trees commonly found in agroforestry systems and on shear strength of soil in relation to root length density in the topsoil. Proximal roots of 685 trees (55 species; 4–20 cm stem diameter at breast height, dbh) were observed across six landscapes in Indonesia. The Index of Root Anchoring (IRA) and the Index of Root Binding (IRB) were calculated as ΣDv2/dbh2 and as ΣDh2/dbh2, respectively, where Dv and Dh are the diameters of vertical (angle > 45°) and horizontal (angle < 45°) proximal roots. High IRA values (>1.0) were observed in coffee and several common shade trees. Common fruit trees in coffee agroforestry had low medium values, indicating modest ‘soil anchoring’. Where root length density (Lrv) in the topsoil is less than 10 km m−3 shear strength largely depends on texture; for Lrv > 10 shear strength was >1.5 kg m−2 at the texture tested. In conclusion, a mix of tree species with deep roots and grasses with intense fine roots provides the highest hillslope and riverbank stability.
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Yeboah, J., M. A. D. Segbefia, A. M. Dadzie, et al. "Cutting Propagation of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) Tree Using Shoot Types and Application of Auxin." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 12 (2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n12p213.
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The shea is a medium-sized fruit tree indigenous of Sudano-sahelian zone of Africa with great economic potential and ecological components. Planting by seed takes a long time to fruit because of its slow growth. Factors affecting its development among other things are physiological and biochemical. The 2 &times; 2 factorial experiment set up in the rainy season was arranged in a randomized complete block with three (3) replications. The selected period was characterized by moderate cloud cover and temperature with the following factors; type of cuttings (apical and rejuvenated) and hormone concentration (0 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L). The different types of cuttings dipped in different hormone concentration showed significant (p &lt; 0.05) rooting performance. Rejuvenated cuttings dipped in 10,000 mg/L of IBA (auxin) rooted best and produced more and long roots. The presence of high (p &lt; 0.05) levels of endogenous indole acetic acid, sugars and proteins contributed to the good rooting in the rejuvenated cuttings. Plant nutrients like endogenous zinc and nitrogen in the cuttings also enhanced rooting for the rejuvenated cuttings.
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Colby, Sarah, Wenjun Zhou, Chelsea Allison, et al. "Development and Validation of the Short Healthy Eating Index Survey with a College Population to Assess Dietary Quality and Intake." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (2020): 2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092611.
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Because diet quality (DQ) is associated with risk of chronic disease and is a common construct assessed in health-related research, validated tools to assess DQ are needed that have low respondent and researcher burden. Thus, content experts develop the Short Healthy Eating Index (sHEI) tool and an associated scoring system. The sHEI scoring system was then refined using a classification and regression tree (CRT) algorithm methodology with an iterative feedback process with expert review and input. The sHEI scoring system was then validated using a concurrent criterion validation process that included the sHEI DQ scores (calculated from responses from 50 participants) being compared to the participants’ Healthy Eating Index scores derived from 24 h recalls. The total HEI score from the CRT algorithm highly correlated with the 24 h recall HEI score (0.79). For individual food group items, the correlation between the CRT algorithm scoring and the 24 h recall data scoring ranged from 0.44 for refined grains to 0.64 for whole fruits. The sHEI appears to be a valid tool for estimating overall dietary quality and individual items (with correlations > 0.49) for fruits, vegetables, dairy, added sugar, sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages, and calcium.
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Sun, Jianfeng, Bo Li, Kaifeng Xing, Zhu Liu, and Zhou Yang. "Study on Anti-Friction Mechanism of Canna-Leaf Biomimetic Micro-Textured Fruit Tree." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (2020): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121866.
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Fruit tree pruning is an important part of orchard management. In this paper, the force on and the wear of the pruner in the pruning process were studied with a canna-leaf biomimetic convex-hull pruner. The pruner was formed by laser etching technology. The influence of laser power and scanning speed on the geometric dimensioning of the micro texture was analyzed. The shear force calculation model was built to obtain the positive pressure load during the pruning process, while the model accuracy was verified in the static pressure shear test, and the wear mechanism was analyzed in the wear test. The real pruning process was simulated to compare the worn areas of the textured and non-textured pruners and the number of cuts in fixed wear condition, for proving the wear reduction characteristics of the micro-textured pruner. The results show that: the optimal forming parameters are 70 W 1.6 mm/s (10 mm-diameter branches), 80 W 2.4 mm/s (15 mm-diameter branches) and 80 W 1.6 mm/s (20 mm-diameter branches), and the convex hull spacing is 300 μm. Laser power affects the depth and width of the texture, while scanning speed affects the depth of the texture. The positive pressure on the pruner is proportional to the modulus of elasticity, moment of inertia, cut depth, and bevel angle, whilst it is inversely proportional to the distance from the fixed point of the blade to the positive pressure. The wear test shows that the anti-wear performance of the textured pruner is not obvious at the load of 300 g, while the anti-wear performance of the textured pruner is significant at the loads of 1000 g and 2000 g. The wear mechanism shifts from the abrasive wear in the early stage to more complex oxidative wear and adhesive wear. The actual shear test shows that the textured pruner wears less than the non-textured pruner and enters the stable shear faster.
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Ahamidé, Innocent D. Y., Monique G. Tossou, Hounnankpon Yédomonhan, Aristide C. Adomou, Janvier Houénon, and Akpovi Akoègninou. "Diversité Des Loranthaceae Et Leur Impact Sur Vitellaria Paradoxa C.F.Gaertn.: Un Fruitier À Grande Valeur Socio-Économique Au Nord-Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 24 (2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n24p217.
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Shea butter: Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn (Sapotaceae) is a fruit tree in the Sudano-Sahelian region where it is a major economic source. Unfortunately, in Benin, the species has been revealed in recent decades, the target of parasitic vascular plants of Loranthaceae family that threaten its conservation. The present study, carried out in northern Benin, evaluated the impact of these parasitic plants on the shea of two phytogeographical zones. The botanical inventory identified three species of Loranthaceae in fields and protected areas. The rate of infestation and parasite density were assessed and their variation on shea was assessed. The results show that shea is parasitized by three species of Loranthaceae in varying proportions: Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Polh. and Wiens (191.75 tufts / ha), Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Van Tieghem (70.57 tufts / ha) and T. Ophiodes (Sprague) (2 tufts / ha). The impact of Loranthaceae on shea productivity varies significantly between fields and protected areas with infestation rates of 87% versus 42% and average densities per shea foot of 14.76 tufts versus 3.62 tufts. These results are data to be taken into account in the control programs against Loranthaceae which parasitize shea.
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Perez, Rodolfo B. Muñoz, Leszek S. Jankiewicz, and Carlos Acosta-Zamudio. "Growth and abscission of avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Fuerte." Acta Agrobotanica 41, no. 1 (2013): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1988.006.
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In a commerical orchard of 18-year-old trees, 1250 fruits were chosen for observation. The majority of them abscised during the first weeks after anthesis. Afterwards, the abscission gradually descreased, however, in the meantime three additional waves of more intensive shedding occurred which were best visible when the Relative Abscission Rate (RAR) was calculated. The peaks in the RAR curve were preceded by a decrease in the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of persistent fruits, which suggests that nutritional or other stresses occurred in the whole branch. In the period from May 15th to July 15th, predominantly the smaller fruits were abscised, later on, however, fruits of the same size as the persistent ones were shed. The formula for calculating RAR and RAR is shortly discussed.
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Bondé, Loyapin, Oumarou Ouédraogo, Salifou Traoré, Adjima Thiombiano, and Joseph I. Boussim. "Impact of environmental conditions on fruit production patterns of shea tree ( Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn) in West Africa." African Journal of Ecology 57, no. 3 (2019): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12621.
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Chen, Y., W. X. Wang, A. F. Zhang, X. Yang, and Y. L. Xu. "First Report of Pestalotiopsis theae on Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) in Anhui Province of China." Plant Disease 97, no. 4 (2013): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0710-pdn.
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Loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., is an important fruit that is widely planted and used as an ornamental in Jingxian, Anhui Province, China. Loquat branches with severely spotted leaves and fruits were observed in this region in 2012. Symptoms on leaves consisted of small (0.5 to 1.2 cm in diameter), circular to oblong, greenish-brown lesions that coalesced to form isolated or confluent, dark brown spots. On fruit, the disease appeared as circular to elongated, sunken spots. Expanding lesions spread over the surface resulting in death of the fruit. Acervuli were observed within lesions. Isolations from symptomatic tissue onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium consistently yielded white fungal colonies of sparse aerial mycelium with acervuli containing black, slimy spore masses on the surface. The colony reached 8.0 cm diameter after 7-day culture on PDA at 24°C. Conidia produced in the culture were five-celled, narrow fusiform, straight or slightly curved, with a tapering base and 2 to 4 hyaline appentages (apical appentages measured 15 to 34 μm long and a single basal appentage was 5 to 9 μm long). Conidia were 24 to 32 × 5 to 8 μm with median cells 15 to 20 μm and two hyaline, cylindrical to conical apical cells typical of Pestalotiopsis spp. (3). A total of 12 isolates were obtained by isolation from the diseased fruit or leaves. Genomic DNA from the fungal isolates was purified using a DNA Gel Extraction Kit (AxyPrep, Hangzhou, China), and applied to a DNA Engine System PTC-200 (BIO-RAD, Watertown, MA) with ITS1 and ITS4 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) universal primers. The amplified sequences (533 bp) were analyzed together with other Pestalotiopsis sequences (1). ITS from all 12 of the fungal isolates were identical (99.5% similarity) to each other and to isolates of Pestalotiopsis theae, which infects tea trees in China (2). To demonstrate pathogenicity, suspensions (prepared in distilled water) of 106 conidia ml–1 of each isolate were sprayed on the loquat leaves in vivo and mature fruits in vitro. Distilled water was used as the control. More than 20 leaves and 10 mature fruits were sprayed for the treated and control plants, respectively, and the inoculation tests were repeated twice. The inoculated plants and fruit were kept in a humidity chamber for 7 days. Approximately 50% of the inoculated leaves and fruits developed blight symptoms similar to natural infections. P. theae was reisolated from diseased plants to complete Koch's postulates. Control plants sprayed with distilled water remained symptomless. There is a previous study reporting that P. guepini infected loquat in Argentina (4); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. theae causing leaf and fruit spots on loquat in China. References: (1) R. Jeewon et al. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 25:378, 2002. (2) J. Y. Lu. Diagnosis of plant diseases. Page 194 in: Pestalotiopsis. J. Y. Lu, Z. G. Xu, Y. X. Chen, D. R. Shen, X. B. Zheng, and Y. Q. Cao, eds. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, 1995. (3) T. R. Nag Raj. Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-Bearing Conidia. Mycologue Publications, Waterloo, Canada, 1993. (4) A. E. Perelló and S. Larran. Plant Dis. 83:695, 1999.
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Krueger, William H. "Pollination of English Walnuts: Practices and Problems." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (2000): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.127.
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English walnut (Juglans regia, L.) is a monoecious species bearing staminate and pistillate flowers separately on the same tree. Walnuts are generally self-fruitful, cross-compatible and dichogamous, having incomplete overlap of pollen shed and female receptivity. It is this characteristic which led to the recommendation that about 10% of the trees in a commercial planting be a cultivar with a pollen shed period overlapping pistillate flower receptivity of the main cultivar. Excessive pollen load has been implicated in the `Serr' cultivar in pistillate flower abortion (PFA), the loss of the female flowers early in the season before fruit drop due to lack of pollination. PFA can be reduced and yield improved in `Serr' orchards by reducing pollen load. This can be accomplished by pollinizer removal, or catkin removal at the beginning of pollen shed by mechanical shaking. In years of significant bloom overlap between staminate and pistillate bloom, PFA can be further reduced and yield improved by removing `Serr' catkins. PFA occurs to a lesser extent in other cultivars such as `Chico', `Chandler', `Vina' and `Howard'. This information has led to the reevaluation of pollinizer recommendations. Research focused on optimum pollinizer levels in `Chandler', a cultivar of increasing importance to the California walnut industry, has been inconclusive. Lack of pollinizers may impact yields to a greater extent in the in the northern San Joaquin Valley and Sacramento Valley than in the southern San Joaquin Valley. In any case the previously recommended 10% appears to be excessive. Two to three percent is probably adequate to limit losses due to lack of pollination without resulting in excessive PFA, and is currently being recommended by extension farm advisors and specialists. Factors to consider when determining the number of pollinators to plant include: cultivar susceptibility to PFA, walnut pollen load in the area and local pollination and fruit set experiences.
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Byakagaba, Patrick, Gerald Eilu, John Bosco L. Okullo, Edward N. Mwavu, and Susan B. Tumwebaze. "Shea Butter Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn.) Fruit Yield in Relation to Dendrometric Traits and Land-Use in Uganda." Research Journal of Applied Sciences 7, no. 2 (2012): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjasci.2012.92.99.
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Zahid, Azlan, Long He, Lihua Zeng, Daeun Choi, James Schupp, and Paul Heinemann. "Development of a Robotic End-Effector for Apple Tree Pruning." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13729.
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HighlightsAn end-effector with two degrees of freedom (2R) was developed for pruning apple trees.A rational 2×2 relationship (R2 = 0.93) was found for ‘Fuji’ apple tree branch diameter and cutting force.Simulation showed that the cutter can be aligned in a wide range of orientations in a spherical workspace.The developed end-effector was able to cut branches up to 12 mm in diameter.Abstract. Robotics and automation technologies are now used extensively in agriculture, while production operations for tree fruit crops still largely depend on manual labor. Manual pruning is a labor-intensive and costly task in apple production. Robotic pruning is a potential solution, but it involves several challenges due to the unstructured work environment. This study focused on designing an end-effector prototype for pruning considering the maneuvering, spatial, mechanical, and horticultural requirements. Branch cutting force was measured with a thin force sensor to provide guidelines for the end-effector design. The test results indicated the relationship between the force required to cut different diameter branches with an R2 value of 0.93. The end-effector was developed using two rotary motors, a pneumatic cylinder, and a pair of bypass shear blades. A three-directional linear manipulator system and a control system were built for moving the end-effector to targeted locations. A mathematical model was developed for simulation of the workspace utilization and reachable points of the end-effector. The simulation results indicated that the end-effector can be aligned in a wide range of orientations of the cutter. Field tests were conducted for validation of the simulation results and performance assessment of the end-effector. The results indicated that the end-effector with the current parameter settings successfully cut branches up to 12 mm in diameter and was able to cut branches in a wide range of possible orientations in a given 3D space. The robotic end-effector developed in this study is a core component of an automated pruning system for fruit trees. In future work, an integrated manipulator system will be developed for branch accessibility with collision-free trajectories. Keywords: Malus × domestica (Borkh.), Pruning end-effector, Reachable-points simulation, Tree pruning.
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Oakford, MJ, KM Jones, SA Bound, and L. O'Rielly. "A comparison of air-shear and electrostatic spray technology with a conventional air-blast sprayer to thin apples." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 5 (1994): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940669.
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Red Delicious apple trees at Spreyton in northwest Tasmania were thinned with ethephon using an air-shear-electrostatic sprayer (low volume: 100 or 200 L/ha with or without electrostatics) or a commercial air-blast sprayer (high volume: 2000 or 4000 L/ha). Treatments were applied at 2 and 10 days after full bloom. Also included were an unsprayed control and a hand-thinned treatment (15-20 days after full bloom). Carbaryl + Thiram was also applied 3 times (20, 32 and 40 days after full bloom) using the same spray treatments. All dosage rates were equilibrated to apply the same amount of active ingredient/ha. The spray treatments thinned fruit more than the controls when compared for fruit number and all size variables measured except percentage of fruit >80 mm. There were significant differences for fruit number between the hand-thinned, 4000 L/ha high volume and 200 L/ha air-shear treatments, and all the remaining treatments. This applied to both total numbers of fruit set or numbers of fruit hand-thinned at 80-90 days after full bloom. This late hand-thinning had the effect of evening up the fruit size but the control still had significantly smaller fruit than all the other treatments due to the larger number of fruit carried through to hand-thinning.
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Bokary, Allaye Kelly, and Senou Oumar. "Variation of leaf and fruit characteristics of Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) according to agronomical performance along south-north climatic gradient in Mali." African Journal of Plant Science 11, no. 5 (2017): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajps2017.1536.
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Baskorowati, L., M. W. Moncur, J. C. Doran, and P. J. Kanowski. "Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10035.
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Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel is commercially important as the source of essential oil for the Australian tea tree-oil industry. Information on reproductive biology of M. alternifolia is important to the Australian breeding program directed at improving the quality and quantity of tea tree oil. Flowering in three geographically separated sites – two planted seed orchards and one managed natural population, all in NSW – was observed in the present study, with supporting data obtained from glasshouse-grown plants in Canberra. The majority of the work was conducted from 2004 to 2007, although the study also drew on some prior observations. M. alternifolia has spikes of flowers that open acropetally over a 6-day period. No strong separation of male and female phases was found in any individual flower; pollen was shed by 1.4 days after anthesis and the stigma reached peak receptivity 3–5 days after anthesis. Dichogamy and acropetal floral development may lead to geitonogamy. Flowering occurred during the months of October–November, with the peak in November, and was synchronous across all three sites. Flowering intensity and success in producing capsules appeared to be associated with total spring rainfall. Initiation of flowering in M. alternifolia appears to be correlated with daylength, or an environmental parameter closely correlated with daylength. Flowering intensity varied considerably among the years surveyed, sites and families, and appears to be promoted by a period of winter minimum temperatures below 5°C. In M. alternifolia, the morphological development of buds, flowers and fruit leading to the development of mature seed takes place over a period 16–18 months from flowering. M. alternifolia differed significantly in the number of viable seeds per capsule from individual trees, from 26 ± 3.8 to 57 ± 3.8 germinants.
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Morrison, I. K. "Addition of organic matter and elements to the forest floor of an old-growth Acersaccharum forest in the annual litter fall." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 4 (1991): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-062.
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Litter fall and its content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were measured monthly over a 5-year period in an old-growth Acersaccharum Marsh, stand on a till site in central northern Ontario. Determined were the following: the amount, and the temporal and spatial distributions, of organic matter and elements deposited annually in the different litter fractions; the proportion of elements conserved within the tree phytomass through retranslocation versus that shed in the annual litter fall; and the residence time of litter-transported elements in the forest floor. Element transfer through the annual litter fall was also compared with that by other vectors of transport to the forest floor. Over the study period, total litter fall averaged 3730 kg•ha−1•year−1 (dry weight), with 78% consisting of leaves, 8% of flowers and fruits, and the remaining 14% mainly of twigs, branches, and bark slough. Annual element depositions (kg•ha−1) averaged as follows: N, 40.6; P, 1.8; K, 9.1; Ca, 37.6; Mg, 3.9; S, 3.0; Fe, 0.57; Mn, 2.67; Zn, 0.28; and Cu, 0.03. Turnover time of the forest floor was calculated as 7.4 years. Residence times (years) of elements in the forest floor were as follows: N, 18.3; P, 18.3; K, 1.5; Ca, 6.1; Mg, 6.8; S, 5.1; Fe, 257.2; Mn, 4.8; Zn, 18.1; and Cu, 5.8. Although the turnover time of forest-floor organic matter did not differ appreciably from values reported for A. saccharum forests elsewhere, residence times for elements suggested somewhat slower cycling, probably as a result of reduced uptake related to the advanced age of the stand. Potassium, followed by S, P, and N, were all conserved to a high degree by A. saccharum trees through retranslocation to the tree's perennial parts prior to leaf fall; Cu, Mn, and Mg were conserved to a lesser degree; Zn, Ca, and Fe were conserved very little. In comparing the leaching loss of elements from foliage with quantities conserved through retranslocation and quantities shed in the annual litter fall, the relative orders of magnitude do not give cause for concern that A. saccharum trees risk appreciable leaching losses of base cations, including K, from foliage as a result of acidified precipitation, at least at levels experienced in central northern Ontario during the early 1980s.
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Cui, Wenzhe, Daochun Xu, Hu Wang, and Xiaolong Yuan. "Analysis of Vibration Harvesting Properties and Fracturing Structures of Soapberry (Sapindus Mukorossi)." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13569.
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HighlightsAnalyzing the fruit removal force and harvesting time of Sapindus fills a gap of Sapindus research.A dual excitation vibration method for harvesting Sapindus and the best harvesting parameters were obtained.The microstructure of the different fracturing locations was analyzed for the first time. Abstract.To address the issue of labor intensity in the harvest of Sapindus fruit, it is necessary to understand the harvesting properties of Sapindus mukorossi. In this study, a fruit removal force (FRF) test platform was used to analyze the relationship between the FRF and maturation time. An eccentric vibration harvesting test was conducted to obtain the frequency, acceleration, and other parameters of the Sapindus tree. According to the different falling locations of fruit, the fracturing locations were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the optimal time (9 to 12 November) to harvest is in the middle of the harvest period. Additionally, the shear force from 1.0N to 5.2 N was less than the tensile force from 2.7 to 10.2 N. Therefore, back and forth swinging is the major fracturing form of the fruit. Moreover, dual excitation is preferable to single-point excitation, and the acceleration root mean square (RMS) of the dual excitation was two to three times the acceleration RMS of single point excitation. The harvesting efficiency of dual excitation was 92.3% at 20 Hz. Additionally, there existed four fracturing locations for harvested fruit, as the frequency increased. Furthermore, the fracturing in the ear and stem was the most important form of fracturing, and microscopic observations revealed that it had a thinner and tidier cell wall and cell cavity. Keywords: Sapindus, Fruit removal force, Vibration, Microstructure.
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Pook, E. W., A. M. Gill, and P. H. R. Moore. "Long-term Variation of Litter Fall, Canopy Leaf Area and Flowering in a Eucalyptus maculata Forest on the South Coast of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 5 (1997): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt95063.
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Litter fall, canopy leaf area and environmental conditions were monitored in a regrowth stand of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. in Kioloa State Forest on the south coast of New South Wales, from spring 1977 to winter 1992. Litter fall during the first half of the study period was strongly influenced by two of the most serious droughts that had occurred in 100 years. Canopy renewal and, hence, leaf fall and changes of leaf area index (LAI), were also influenced by the flowering phenology of E. maculata. Total annual litter fall (including bark shed from lower boles) averaged 5.7 t ha-1 and ranged from 3.1 up to 7.5 t ha-1. The respective means (plus absolute ranges) of annual leaf, twig and bark fall were 2.8 (1.5–4.2), 0.9 (0.3–1.4) and 1.6 (0.5–3.1) t ha-1. Forest LAI varied between 0.7 and 5 m2 m-2. Leaves comprised 50% of the average annual litter fall; bark shed from lower boles of E. maculata contributed 0.63 t ha-1 to average annual bark fall. Flower buds were produced by a proportion of overstorey trees of E. maculata about every second year. Synchronous production and flowering of buds on all trees was observed only once in 15 years. Less than 15% of flower buds (overall) produced fruit.
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Weis, K. G., S. M. Southwick, and Michael E. Rupert. "Abnormal Anther and Pollen Development in Sweet Cherry Cultivars Resulting from Lack of Winter Chilling." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 684d—684. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.684d.
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Lack of pollen dispersal was noted in various sites and cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) following one of California's warmest recorded winters (≈550 hours @ 7°C in the Central Valley). `Bing' cherry is thought to require 850 to 880 hours for adequate budbreak and bloom development. Cross pollination is required by most sweet cherry cultivars for fruit set, including `Bing'. Complete anther dehiscence averaged 13% in `Bing' trees sampled, compared to 52% in `Rainier', 65% in `Brooks', 84.5% in `Burlat', 33% in Van, 23% in `Larian', and 86% in `Black Tartarian'. A range of degree of dehiscence from none to half-open was widely apparent, again by cultivar. Many partially dehiscent anthers did not shed pollen normally but appeared to have the mass of pollen completely adherent inside the pollen sacs. `Black Tartarian', `Larian', and `Burlat' shed pollen readily, however, pollen from dehiscent anthers of other cultivars generally appeared to stick together on the everted locule walls and required direct manipulation to be withdrawn from the pollen sac. Anther morphology ranged from normal size to half normal size, anthers appearing to be without pollen altogether that shriveled on drying, and lobes that were aborted. Pollen germination was low overall: 19% `Bing', 18% `Rainier', 20% `Brooks', 57% `Burlat', 14% `Van', 48% `Larian', and 48% `Black Tartarian'. Poor fruit set in low chill years is often attributed to lack of bloom overlap with pollenizers, however, inadequate chilling also may contribute to low fruit set by inhibiting anther and pollen growth and development. The implications of a critical chilling requirement for normal floral differentiation are that in cherry-growing areas where low chill years are common, pollen may not be viable or transferrable from pollenizers and female gametophytic development also may be impaired.
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Villar, Flora Maria de Melo, Francisco de Assis de Carvalho Pinto, Fabio Lucio Santos, Daniel Marçal de Queiroz, Mariana Ribeiro Pereira, and Domingos Sárvio Magalhães Valente. "Modal properties of fruit-rachilla system of the macaw palm." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0237291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237291.
Full textAbstract:
The macaw palm has been domesticated due to its potential use in the production of biofuel, in addition to several co-products that can be generated from its oil and pulp. One of the current challenges in this area is the harvesting, as there are no specific machines for this operation. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate information regarding the physical properties of the plant, so that it is feasible to develop the technologies necessary for the commercial scale application of macaw palm, allowing it to contribute to the sustainable production of raw material for the biofuel industry and other co-products. The principle of mechanical vibration can be used to shed fruit from trees when ripe, and it can be a method used for harvesting. Thus, as proposed in this study, it was necessary to study the dynamic behavior of the fruit-rachilla system during vibration. Hence, the modal properties of the system were determined. A study on the dynamic behaviors was carried out using a deterministic finite element model, and the natural frequencies were obtained through a frequency-scanning test to evaluate the model. The mean relative error (MRE) between the measured and simulated natural frequencies was also used to evaluate the model. The natural frequencies, determined experimentally, varied from 26.21 to 33.45 Hz on average, whereas the simulated frequencies varied from 24.81 to 39.27 Hz. The overall MRE was 9.08%. Once the model was validated, a sensibility test was carried out, which showed that the density of fruit and the elasticity modulus are the parameters that most influence the natural frequencies of the fruit-rachilla system.
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Manteca-Acosta, Mariana, Regino Cavia, María Eugenia Utgés, Oscar Daniel Salomón, and María Soledad Santini. "Peridomestic natural breeding sites of Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes and Coutinho) in an endemic area of tegumentary leishmaniasis in northeastern Argentina." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (2021): e0009676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009676.
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The scarce information about breeding sites of phlebotomines limits our understanding of the epidemiology of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Identifying the breeding sites and seasons of immature stages of these vectors is essential to propose prevention and control strategies different from those targeting the adult stage. Here we identified the rural breeding environments of immature stages of Ny. whitmani, vector species of Leishmania braziliensis in the north of Misiones province, Argentina; then we determined and compared the environmental and structural characteristics of those sites. We also identified the season of greatest emergence and its relationship with adult abundance. During a first collection period, between 28 and 48 emergence traps were set continuously for 16 months in six environments of the farm peridomicile and domicile: below house, chicken shed, experimental chicken shed, forest edge, pigsty and under fruit tree. Traps were checked and rotated every 40 nights. A total of 146 newly emerged individuals were collected (93.8% of them were Ny. whitmani), totaling an effort of 23,040 emergence trap-nights. The most productive environments were chicken shed and below house, and the greatest emergence was recorded in spring and summer. During a second collection period, emergence traps and light traps for adult capture were placed in the chicken shed and below house environments of eight farms. Emergence traps were active continuously during spring, summer, and early autumn. Environmental and structural characteristics of each environment were recorded. A total of 84 newly emerged phlebotomines (92.9% Ny. whitmani; 72,144 emergence trap-nights) and 13,993 adult phlebotomines (147 light trap-nights) were recorded in the chicken shed and below house environments. A positive correlation was also observed between trap success of newly emerged phlebotomines and of adults after 120 days. A high spatial variability was observed in the emergence of Ny. whitmani, with the number of newly emerged individuals being highest in soils of chicken sheds with the highest number of chickens and closest to forest edge. Moreover, below house was found to be as important as chicken sheds as breeding sites of Ny. whitmani. Management of the number of chickens in sheds, soil moisture and pH, and the decision of where to localize the chicken sheds in relation to the houses and the forest edge, might contribute to reduce the risk of human vector exposure and transmission of Leishmania.
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Finch-Savage, W. E., and Jill M. Farrant. "The development of desiccation-sensitive seeds in Quercus robur L.: Reserve accumulation and plant growth regulators." Seed Science Research 7, no. 1 (1997): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003342.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe fruits of Quercus robur are shed containing seeds at high moisture contents which remain desiccation sensitive and exhibit recalcitrant storage behaviour. Little is known of the control of seed development in these and other recalcitrant seeds. In the present work the changing concentrations of four plant growth regulators during seed reserve accumulation was studied over five years on seeds from the same tree. The pattern of reserve accumulation and changing ABA content in seeds differed between years. Although ABA content in the cotyledons increased in line with increasing dry weight to different contents at shedding, similar concentrations existed in cotyledons in each year. Thus ABA did not appear to be influencing dry weight accumulation. However, unlike orthodox seeds the decline in ABA concentration prior to shedding was limited and consistent with a continuing role for ABA in preventing precocious germination. An earlier peak in ABA concentration was associated with greater desiccation tolerance at shedding across years. The concentrations of zeatin and zeatin riboside in cotyledons were similar in each year and declined during reserve accumulation in a similar fashion to that reported for orthodox seeds. By contrast, IAA concentration increased in both the cotyledons and axes in the latter stages of seed development, opposite to that reported for orthodox seeds. It is possible that the increasing IAA concentration in cotyledons and axes and the stable concentration of zeatin and zeatin riboside throughout the latter stages of development in the axes of Q. robur are linked to the maintenance of active metabolism for the rapid initiation of germination upon shedding observed in seeds of this species.
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Langgut, Dafna, Rachid Cheddadi, Josѐ Sebastián Carrión, et al. "The origin and spread of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean Basin: The fossil pollen evidence." Holocene 29, no. 5 (2019): 902–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619826654.
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Olive ( Olea europaea L.) was one of the most important fruit trees in the ancient Mediterranean region and a founder species of horticulture in the Mediterranean Basin. Different views have been expressed regarding the geographical origins and timing of olive cultivation. Since genetic studies and macro-botanical remains point in different directions, we turn to another proxy – the palynological evidence. This study uses pollen records to shed new light on the history of olive cultivation and large-scale olive management. We employ a fossil pollen dataset composed of high-resolution pollen records obtained across the Mediterranean Basin covering most of the Holocene. Human activity is indicated when Olea pollen percentages rise fairly suddenly, are not accompanied by an increase of other Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees, and when the rise occurs in combination with consistent archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence. Based on these criteria, our results show that the southern Levant served as the locus of primary olive cultivation as early as ~6500 years BP (yBP), and that a later, early/mid 6th millennium BP cultivation process occurred in the Aegean (Crete) – whether as an independent large-scale management event or as a result of knowledge and/or seedling transfer from the southern Levant. Thus, the early management of olive trees corresponds to the establishment of the Mediterranean village economy and the completion of the ‘secondary products revolution’, rather than urbanization or state formation. From these two areas of origin, the southern Levant and the Aegean olive cultivation spread across the Mediterranean, with the beginning of olive horticulture in the northern Levant dated to ~4800 yBP. In Anatolia, large-scale olive horticulture was palynologically recorded by ~3200 yBP, in mainland Italy at ~3400 yBP, and in the Iberian Peninsula at mid/late 3rd millennium BP.
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Rahman, Mostafizur. "Practice of indigenous knowledge system by the farmers in maintaining ecosystem in Bangladesh." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 57, no. 3 (2012): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1203155r.
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The main focus of the study was to identify the indigenous knowledge system being used by the rural men in farming and household activities and also to examine its extent. Data were collected from Poba upazila under Rajshahi district and Gabtoli upazila under Bogra district in Bangladesh from 125 randomly selected rural men out of total population of 1,145 from 15 February to 14 May, 2009. The fifty potential indigenous knowledge systems were identified through participatory rural appraisal prior to finalizing the schedule. The findings reveal that greater proportion of rural men were illiterate, middle aged categories, small farmer category, medium agricultural and environmental knowledge category, high level farming experience, medium cosmopoliteness, medium communication exposure, no organizational participation and moderately favorable category. Among the 50 identified indigenous knowledge systems, ?Setting up bamboo sticks, branches of trees etc., in rice fields to let the birds sit and eat away insects? reached the highest extent of use by the farmers in agricultural practices. ?Soaking boro rice seeds in water for 1-3 days before sowing in the bed for rapid germination?, ?Drying mature bottle gourds (Lagenaria vulgaris) in the sun and storing the seeds inside without rupturing the fruits? and ?Keeping rice seedlings under shed for 1-2 days before transplanting for the purpose of increasing tolerance? took the 2nd, 3rd and 4th position regarding the extent of use. Considering farmers? practicing category, the highest proportion (47.2%) of the respondents belonged to the low user as compared to 39.2% in the moderate user and 13.6% in the high user. Recommendations were forwarded to the extension specialists, researchers and administrators to undertake desk and experimental research concerning indigenous knowledge systems.
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Demirci, Sevgin, Roven Rommel Fuentes, Willem van Dooijeweert, et al. "Chasing breeding footprints through structural variations in Cucumis melo and wild relatives." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkaa038.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cucumis melo (melon or muskmelon) is an important crop in the family of the Cucurbitaceae. Melon is cross pollinated and domesticated at several locations throughout the breeding history, resulting in highly diverse genetic structure in the germplasm. Yet, the relations among the groups and cultivars are still incomplete. We shed light on the melonbreeding history, analyzing structural variations ranging from 50 bp up to 100 kb, identified from whole genome sequences of 100 selected melon accessions and wild relatives. Phylogenetic trees based on SV types completely resolve cultivars and wild accessions into two monophyletic groups and clustering of cultivars largely correlates with their geographic origin. Taking into account morphology, we found six mis-categorized cultivars. Unique inversions are more often shared between cultivars, carrying advantageous genes and do not directly originate from wild species. Approximately 60% of the inversion breaks carry a long poly A/T motif, and following observations in other plant species, suggest that inversions in melon likely resulted from meiotic recombination events. We show that resistance genes in the linkage V region are expanded in the cultivar genomes compared to wild relatives. Furthermore, particular agronomic traits such as fruit ripening, fragrance, and stress response are specifically selected for in the melon subspecies. These results represent distinctive footprints of selective breeding that shaped today’s melon. The sequences and genomic relations between land races, wild relatives, and cultivars will serve the community to identify genetic diversity, optimize experimental designs, and enhance crop development.
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Hernández, Natalia López, Germán Afanador Téllez, and Claudia Janeth Ariza Nieto. "Evaluación de tres levaduras provenientes de ecosistemas colombianos en la alimentación de pollos de engorde." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 10, no. 1 (2009): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol10_num1_art:134.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Una estrategia para mejorar la salud del tracto gastrointestinal en pollos de engorde es incluir productos novedosos como los aditivos funcionales entre los que se encuentran las levaduras, caracterizadas por su papel beneficioso en la salud animal. En este estudio se evaluó el valor nutricional de tres cepas nativas de levaduras, aisladas de frutales de Colombia. Se utilizaron 240 pollos machos para evaluar los efectos de levaduras en el desempeño, calidad de la canal, parámetros hematológicos y del corazón. Los pollos se distribuyeron al azar en seis tratamientos: tres diferentes levaduras nativas (0,5% inclusión en la dieta), dos controles positivos (inclusión de dos levaduras comerciales) y un grupo control negativo sin levaduras. Las aves que fueron alimentadas con las levaduras comerciales presentaron menor consumo de alimento total (-73,7 g) comparado con los grupos a los que se les suministró levaduras nativas. Por consiguiente, el peso corporal final fue más alto para los grupos de levaduras nativas comparado con las levaduras comerciales (98,9 g/ave, <em>p </em>&lt; 0,01). Los pollos alimentados con levaduras presentaron mejor conversión comparados con el grupo control. El peso de la canal y la pechuga fueron más altos para los grupos alimentados con levaduras (<em>p </em>&lt; 0,05). Se concluye que las levaduras nativas pueden tener un efecto beneficioso en el desempeño de pollos de engorde, y algunas levaduras nativas podrían mejorar las características de calidad de carne como la terneza. Aunque se requiere mayor investigación, pueden considerarse las levaduras nativas como aditivos funcionales prometedores para los pollos de engorde. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Evaluation of three native Colombian yeasts as feed additives for broilers</strong> </p><p>A strategy to improve the health of the gastrointestinal tract in broilers is to include novel products such as functional feed additives. Among these, yeasts have been recently reported to play a beneficial role as a feed additive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of three strains of yeasts, isolated from native fruits in Colombia. A total of 240 male broilers were used, and the effects of yeasts on performance, carcass quality, blood and heart parameters were evaluated. Chicks were randomly distributed in six treatments: three different native yeasts (0.5% of inclusion in the diet), two positive controls added with commercial yeasts and a negative control group without yeasts. Chicks fed with yeasts commercial had lower total feed intake (-73.7 g) compared with the native yeast groups. Therefore, final body weight was higher for the native yeast groups compared with the commercial yeasts (98.9 g/bird, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01). Chicks fed native yeasts tended to have better feed conversion ratio (intake/gain) compared with the control group. Carcass and breast weights were higher for the yeasts groups (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). It is concluded that native yeasts can have a beneficial effect on broiler performance, and some native yeasts could also improve meat quality traits such as shear force. Although more research is required, native yeasts should be regarded as relevant and promising functional additives for broilers. </p>
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Ahmed, Fee Faysal, Md Imran Hossen, Md Abdur Rauf Sarkar, et al. "Genome-wide identification of DCL, AGO and RDR gene families and their associated functional regulatory elements analyses in banana (Musa acuminata)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0256873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256873.
Full textAbstract:
RNA silencing is mediated through RNA interference (RNAi) pathway gene families, i.e., Dicer-Like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) and their cis-acting regulatory elements. The RNAi pathway is also directly connected with the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism, and the pathway controls eukaryotic gene regulation during growth, development, and stress response. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification of RNAi pathway gene families such as DCL, AGO, and RDR and their regulatory network analyses related to transcription factors have not been studied in many fruit crop species, including banana (Musa acuminata). In this study, we studied in silico genome-wide identification and characterization of DCL, AGO, and RDR genes in bananas thoroughly via integrated bioinformatics approaches. A genome-wide analysis identified 3 MaDCL, 13 MaAGO, and 5 MaRDR candidate genes based on multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree related to the RNAi pathway in banana genomes. These genes correspond to the Arabidopsis thaliana RNAi silencing genes. The analysis of the conserved domain, motif, and gene structure (exon-intron numbers) for MaDCL, MaAGO, and MaRDR genes showed higher homogeneity within the same gene family. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis exhibited that the identified RNAi genes could be involved in RNA silencing and associated metabolic pathways. A number of important transcription factors (TFs), e.g., ERF, Dof, C2H2, TCP, GATA and MIKC_MADS families, were identified by network and sub-network analyses between TFs and candidate RNAi gene families. Furthermore, the cis-acting regulatory elements related to light-responsive (LR), stress-responsive (SR), hormone-responsive (HR), and other activities (OT) functions were identified in candidate MaDCL, MaAGO, and MaRDR genes. These genome-wide analyses of these RNAi gene families provide valuable information related to RNA silencing, which would shed light on further characterization of RNAi genes, their regulatory elements, and functional roles, which might be helpful for banana improvement in the breeding program.
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Duan, Taizhong, Wenbiao Zhang, Xinbian Lu, Meng Li, Huawei Zhao, and Xiaofei Shang. "Architectural characterization of Ordovician fault-controlled paleokarst carbonate reservoirs, Tahe oilfield, China." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (2020): T953—T965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0012.1.
Full textAbstract:
Fault-controlled karst carbonate reservoirs are one of the most important reservoir types in the Tahe oilfield of the Tarim Basin. These reservoirs have a large oil reserve and belong to a strongly reconstructed reservoir type with a highly heterogeneous distribution of pores and fractures. This study characterizes a fault-controlled karst reservoir by using integrated methods, including outcrops, well logging, structure interpretation, seismic inversion, and statistical geomodeling. We have established a fault-/fracture-controlling karstic geologic model and classified the internal architectural elements so that we adopted an origin-controlled hierarchical geomodeling strategy based on the fault-controlling characteristics. The results determined that large strike-slip faults provide an important tectonic framework and that its derived fractures act as important channels and spaces for dissolution. Flower structure fault zones and the associated fractures are the main range of karst development, within which a high stress is concentrated during the strike-slip shear process with a high-density fracture development. This is the highly developed karst reservoir, which mainly is concentrated along large faults. The coexistence of fractures and karst dissolution has resulted in a complicated reservoir architecture (karst architecture), which can be classified into four types: (1) large caverns, (2) small caverns and vugs, (3) fractured zones, and (4) matrix (tight limestone). Controlled by the degree of dissolution, the karst architecture is quite different from the sedimentary facies. Large caverns are formed under the strongest degree of dissolution and are the most favorable reservoir type. Small caves and vugs are created under relatively strong dissolution; they are distributed outside large caves and also can act as favorable reservoirs. The fractured zones are not necessarily affected by strong dissolution but have high conductivity and act as important channels for fluid movement. The carbonate matrix is less reconstructed. The architecture development model of the fault-controlled karst carbonate reservoir presented a tree system, within which the karst reservoir caves are connected by the fractures and faults similar to fruits and trunks. The new geomodeling method revealed the constraining characteristics of faults, seismic attributes, and hierarchical architectural elements. Furthermore, we also have built a 3D model of the Tuoputai unit in the Tahe oilfield to show the robustness of this workflow. This research enables us to better understand the structure of fault-controlled karst reservoirs, and it could provide a specified characterization approach that is considered to be theoretically and practically useful.
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Wang, C. X., Z. F. Zhang, B. H. Li, H. Y. Wang, and X. L. Dong. "First Report of Glomerella Leaf Spot of Apple Caused by Glomerella cingulata in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (2012): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-11-0987-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
A new destructive apple disease, causing black spots and necrotic lesions on leaves and defoliation on cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious (Malus × domestica Borkh.), was observed in August 2011 in Fengxian, Jiangsu Province, China. More than 90% of trees of those cultivars in the area were defoliated by the disease and almost no leaves were left on trees before harvest. The disease was similar to Glomerella leaf spot reported first in Brazil in 1988 (2) and in the United States in 1998 (1) on cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious. The initial symptom was small black lesions on leaves. Above 30°C, the lesions developed quickly and grew to 2 to 3 cm, with a blurred edge. Diseased leaves became dark and were shed. At lower temperatures, the black lesions stopped enlarging after 5 to 6 days and formed large necrotic spots with clear edges; these leaves gradually grew yellow and were shed. When incubated at 30°C and 100% relative humidity for 1 to 2 days, the black lesions produced a mass of saffron-yellow conidia. On fruit, the pathogen only caused circular, necrotic, sunken, red-bordered lesions 2 to 3 mm in diameter, which was different from bitter rot. Three monospored cultures were isolated from diseased leaves and new conidia were obtained from isolates. The colony, with abundant mycelium, was white but turned gray to black. Conidia were 12 to 17 × 5 to 7 μm, and were cylindrical with rounded ends. After germination, conidia formed appressoria, oval, or circular cells with black thick walls 7 to 12 × 5 to 7 um. Based on morphological characteristics, the pathogen was putatively identified as Glomerella cingulata. The conidia were inoculated in vitro on leaves of cvs. Gala and Fuji by dripping a suspension of about 104 conidia/ml of water onto upper leaf surfaces. Dark necrotic lesions were observed on all inoculated Gala leaves, which were similar to those observed in orchards, after 4 days incubation in a chamber at 30°C with 100% humidity. Only small black lesions, about 1 to 2 mm in diameter, were observed on Fuji leaves. No symptoms developed on leaves inoculated with distilled water. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and part of the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA of the three isolates were amplified with the universal primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-CCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). The amplified ITS sequences confirmed that the three isolates belonged to the same species, with only one base pair variation among sequences. The nucleotide sequence of isolate 1 and 2 was deposited in GenBank (JN714400 and JN714401). BLAST analysis showed that the sequence had 99% homology with the sequence of G. cingulata (EU008836), the causal agent of Glomerella leaf spot. However, the sequence of isolate 1 had 100% homology with that of G. cingulata (HQ845103.1) isolated from walnut in Shandong, China, while the sequence of isolate 2 had 100% homology with that of G. cingulata (HM015004.1) isolated from sweet pepper in Taiwan. Results suggested the disease is Glomerella leaf spot and the causal agent is G. cingulata. The disease will eliminate sensitive apple cultivars, such as Gala, from wet, warm production areas if effective control measures are not developed within a few years. To our knowledge, this was the first finding of the disease in China and will provide useful information for developing effective control strategies. References: (1) E. González and T. B. Sutton. Plant Dis. 83:1074, 1999. (2) T. B. Sutton and R. M. Sanhueza. Plant Dis. 82:267, 1998.
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Kelly, Bokary Allaye, Fabrice Davrieux, and Jean-Marc Bouvet. "A SHEA BUTTER RICH IN TOCOPHEROLS (VITAMIN E) AT THE DOGON PLATEAU AND SENO BANKASS IN MALI (WEST AFRICA)." Journal of Phytology, May 7, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jp.2018.v10.3743.
Full textAbstract:
Vitellaria paradoxa, a forest tree species plays an important role for rural populations in Mali. The kernel is rich in fat, fatty acids and tocopherols and the butter extrated from the kernel is used in many African kitchens, in pharmacology, cosmetics, local traditional medicine and as Chocolate Butter Equivalent (CBE) in chocolate industry. A consortium funded by the Europena Union has worked on several aspects of shea tree including chemical characterisation of shea butter. In Mali, one of the project partners, five sites were selected, fruits were collected from selected shea trees and sent to Montpellier for chemical analyses assessing among other variables the tocopherol content of the shea butter using liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results of this study shown that shea butter from the Dogon Plateau and the Seno Bankass is richer in tocopherols (Vitamin E) compared to other study sites. Sites were found significantly different for tocopherols content all together as well as for each type of tocopherol. The richness of shea butter from the Dogon Plateau and the Seno Bankass in tocopherols confers to it an important nutritional value for the good healf of rural populations of this zone, shea butter being the main source of fat for cooking in this area.
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"IMPACT OF LAND USE AND LAND USE HISTORY ON FRUITS PRODUCTION OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA (SHEA TREE) ACCORDING TO AGROCLIMATIC ZONES IN MALI (WEST AFRICA)." Current Botany, January 9, 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/cb.2019.v10.20190109.
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To understand how various factors influence phenological patterns like fruit production and the extent of phenological variability as survival strategy in different environments, fruit production of shea trees was studied in different agroclimatic zones (North Sudanian, South Sudanian and North Guinean) in Mali. Three sites were selected for this study and in each site; two stands (field and fallow) were concerned. For each stand, three “land use history or land management" i.e. new fields/fallows (1-5 years), medium (6-10 years) and old (10 years) were considered and permanent plots of 0.25 ha were established. 60 adult shea trees (DBH) ≥ 10 cm) were selected by site and monitored for fruit production assessment. The nested analysis of variance on the yield showed a significant site effect and significant effect of land use history within stand. However, stand effect within site was not significant. Factors like site and land management (land use history) appear to be determinant for fruit production of V. paradoxa. The site of Mperesso in the South Sudanian zone showed the highest fruit mean yield (11 kg/tree), significantly higher than the fruit mean yield observed at Daelan (7 kg/tree) in the North Sudanian zone and that observed at Nafégué (6 kg/tree) in the North Guinean zone. For field stand, old fields showed highest mean yield in all sites. For fallow stand, old fallows showed the lowest mean yield in most of cases. Different pattern was observed between field and fallow stands regarding the effect of land management. More fields are aged, more they influence positively fruit production whereas more fallows are aged, and more they influence negatively fruit production. This study highlighted the importance of land management practices and therefore, any domestication program to be successful should consider the potential effect of management practices.
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Ugese, F. D., K. P. Baiyeri, and B. N. Mbah. "Intra- and inter- correlative responses among fruits physical traits, seedling growth parameters and fruit and nut proximate qualities of the Nigerian shea nut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa c. f. Haertn)." Agro-Science 8, no. 2 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v8i2.51108.
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Bup, Divine Nde, César Kapseu, Dzudie Tenin, Alexis Kuitche, Charles Fon Abi, and Clergé Tchiégang. "Variation of the Physical Properties of Sheanut (Vitellaria Paradoxa Gaertn.) Kernels during Convective Drying." International Journal of Food Engineering 4, no. 7 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1201.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of moisture content and drying temperature of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn kernels on some of its physical properties was investigated. The kernels which were harvested at a moisture content of about 60% (wet basis) and hence prone to high post harvest losses from two ecological zones of Cameroon (Bangoua in West province and Tchabal in Adamawa province) were dried in a forced convection dryer at 40oC, for 6, 20, 48, 72 and 96 hours to give moisture contents ranging from 10 to 60% wet basis. Ten trees from each of the zones were carefully selected to serve as sources for the ripe kernel bearing shea fruits that were used as samples for this study. For each parameter studied, a sample population of 30 kernels selected at random per tree was used. The results obtained revealed that there was a significant difference in the physical properties of the kernels from different trees irrespective of the locality. The bulk density, true density, sphericity and porosity varied non-linearly with the moisture content. Kernels with larger masses showed a different variation pattern of bulk density and porosity with moisture content compared to the lighter kernels. The variation of the bulk density, sphericity, porosity of sheanut kernels with moisture content and temperature was satisfactorily modelled with empirical equations. The samples underwent considerable shrinkage (up to 35%) during the drying process. Three empirical models were used to describe the shrinkage behaviour of the kernels and it is proposed that these models could be incorporated in drying models.
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Champion, Louis, Dorian Q. Fuller, Sylvain Ozainne, Éric Huysecom, and Anne Mayor. "Agricultural diversification in West Africa: an archaeobotanical study of the site of Sadia (Dogon Country, Mali)." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13, no. 4 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01293-5.
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AbstractWhile narratives of the spread of agriculture are central to interpretation of African history, hard evidence of past crops and cultivation practices are still few. This research aims at filling this gap and better understanding the evolution of agriculture and foodways in West Africa. It reports evidence from systematic flotation samples taken at the settlement mounds of Sadia (Mali), dating from 4 phases (phase 0=before first–third century AD; phase 1=mid eighth–tenth c. AD; phase 2=tenth–eleventh c. AD; phase 3=twelfth–late thirteenth c. AD). Flotation of 2200 l of soil provided plant macro-remains from 146 archaeological samples. As on most West African sites, the most dominant plant is pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). But from the tenth century AD, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and African rice (Oryza glaberrima) appear in small quantities, and fonio (Digitaria exilis) and barnyard millet/hungry rice (Echinochloa sp.), sometimes considered weeds rather than staple crops, are found in large quantities. Some samples also show remains of tree fruits from savannah parklands, such as baobab (Adansonia digitata), marula (Sclerocarya birrea), jujube (Ziziphus sp.), shea butter (Vittelaria paradoxa) and African grapes (Lannea microcarpa). Fonio and Echinochloa sp. cultivation appears here to be a later addition that helped to diversify agriculture and buffer against failures that might affect the monoculture of pearl millet. This diversification at the end of the 1st millennium AD matches with other evidence found in West Africa.
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Nasare, Latif Iddrisu, Peter K. Kwapong, and Dzigbodi Adzo Doke. "Insect pollinator dependence of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) in the Guinea Savanna zone of Ghana." Ecological Processes 8, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0202-8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractShea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) is a multipurpose tree species indigenous to the Sudano Sahelian zone of Africa and occurs as the most abundant economic tree species in northern Ghana. The edible oil (shea butter) extracted from shea kernel is ranked as the most economic product of the species. Although fruit set and yield of shea are known to be influenced by insect pollination, the actual contribution of insect pollinators to its reproductive success has rarely been studied. This study estimated the percentage insect pollinator dependence and monetary value of insect pollination per bag of shea kernel (85 kg) in the Guinea savanna zone. Open pollination and insect exclusion treatments were applied to the flowers of 18 randomly selected matured shea trees and observed from the onset of flowering to fruit maturity. Proportion of total production value attributed to insect pollination approach was used in estimating the monetary value of pollination per bag of shea kernel with the average market price as proxy. The study revealed an insect pollinator dependence of 77% and 73% for fruit set and dry kernel yield, respectively. Mean number of fruit set per inflorescence varied significantly between insect-excluded and open-pollinated inflorescences (p < 0.05). The monetary value of insect pollination was estimated at GH₵ 73.21 (US$ 18.67) per bag of kernel as of August 2016. Shea is a high insect pollinator–dependent species and the conservation of insect pollinators would be critical to the sustainability of yield.
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Minter, D. W. "Davisomycella ponderosae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 115 (August 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401143.
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Abstract A description is provided for Davisomycella ponderosae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus ponderosa. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. The fungus fruits on dead needles, or on dead portions between green parts of otherwise living needles. Trees from 1.5-9 m high have been affected, those in the higher range being affected only in the lower crown, while foliage throughout the crown of smaller trees showed symptoms. Most observations have been of the fungus fruiting on needles still attached to the tree, frequently attacking only one or two needles of a bundle. Needle bundles with attacked needles were often observed to be shed prematurely. Ascospore discharge has been observed between mid-July and mid-August, though ascomata containing spores which could germinate have been collected as late as mid-October (44, 892). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Colorado). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
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Chen, Jian-ye, Fang-fang Xie, Yan-ze Cui, et al. "A chromosome-scale genome sequence of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) provides novel insights into the genome evolution and regulation of betalain biosynthesis." Horticulture Research 8, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00612-0.
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AbstractPitaya (Hylocereus) is the most economically important fleshy-fruited tree of the Cactaceae family that is grown worldwide, and it has attracted significant attention because of its betalain-abundant fruits. Nonetheless, the lack of a pitaya reference genome significantly hinders studies focused on its evolution, as well as the potential for genetic improvement of this crop. Herein, we employed various sequencing approaches, namely, PacBio-SMRT, Illumina HiSeq paired-end, 10× Genomics, and Hi-C (high-throughput chromosome conformation capture) to provide a chromosome-level genomic assembly of ‘GHB’ pitaya (H. undatus, 2n = 2x = 22 chromosomes). The size of the assembled pitaya genome was 1.41 Gb, with a scaffold N50 of ~127.15 Mb. In total, 27,753 protein-coding genes and 896.31 Mb of repetitive sequences in the H. undatus genome were annotated. Pitaya has undergone a WGT (whole-genome triplication), and a recent WGD (whole-genome duplication) occurred after the gamma event, which is common to the other species in Cactaceae. A total of 29,328 intact LTR-RTs (~696.45 Mb) were obtained in H. undatus, of which two significantly expanded lineages, Ty1/copia and Ty3/gypsy, were the main drivers of the expanded genome. A high-density genetic map of F1 hybrid populations of ‘GHB’ × ‘Dahong’ pitayas (H. monacanthus) and their parents were constructed, and a total of 20,872 bin markers were identified (56,380 SNPs) for 11 linkage groups. More importantly, through transcriptomic and WGCNA (weighted gene coexpression network analysis), a global view of the gene regulatory network, including structural genes and the transcription factors involved in pitaya fruit betalain biosynthesis, was presented. Our data present a valuable resource for facilitating molecular breeding programs of pitaya and shed novel light on its genomic evolution, as well as the modulation of betalain biosynthesis in edible fruits.
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Xin, Gui-Liang, Jia-Qian Liu, Jia Liu, Xiao-Long Ren, Xiao-Min Du, and Wen-Zhe Liu. "Anatomy and RNA-Seq reveal important gene pathways regulating sex differentiation in a functionally Androdioecious tree, Tapiscia sinensis." BMC Plant Biology 19, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2081-7.
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Abstract Background Gametogenesis is a key step in the production of ovules or pollen in higher plants. The sex-determination aspects of gametogenesis have been well characterized in the model plant Arabidopsis. However, little is known about this process in androdioecious plants. Tapiscia sinensis Oliv. is a functionally androdioecious tree, with both male and hermaphroditic individuals. Hermaphroditic flowers (HFs) are female-fertile flowers that can produce functional pollen and set fruits. However, compared with male flowers (MFs), the pollen viability and number of pollen grains per flower are markedly reduced in HFs. MFs are female-sterile flowers that fail to set fruit and that eventually drop. Results Compared with HF, a notable cause of MF female sterility in T. sinensis is when the early gynoecium meristem is disrupted. During the early stage of HF development (stage 6), the ring meristem begins to form as a ridge around the center of the flower. At this stage, the internal fourth-whorl organ is stem-like rather than carpelloid in MF. A total of 52,945 unigenes were identified as transcribed in MF and HF. A number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolic pathways were detected as involved in the development of the gynoecium, especially the ovule, carpel and style. At the early gynoecium development stage, DEGs were shown to function in the metabolic pathways regulating ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction (upstream regulator), auxin, cytokinin transport and signalling, and sex determination (or flower meristem identity). Conclusions Pathways for the female sterility model were initially proposed to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of gynoecium development at early stages in T. sinensis.
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Julca, Irene, Marina Marcet-Houben, Fernando Cruz, et al. "Genomic evidence for recurrent genetic admixture during the domestication of Mediterranean olive trees (Olea europaea L.)." BMC Biology 18, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00881-6.
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Abstract Background Olive tree (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea, Oleaceae) has been the most emblematic perennial crop for Mediterranean countries since its domestication around 6000 years ago in the Levant. Two taxonomic varieties are currently recognized: cultivated (var. europaea) and wild (var. sylvestris) trees. However, it remains unclear whether olive cultivars derive from a single initial domestication event followed by secondary diversification, or whether cultivated lineages are the result of more than a single, independent primary domestication event. To shed light into the recent evolution and domestication of the olive tree, here we analyze a group of newly sequenced and available genomes using a phylogenomics and population genomics framework. Results We improved the assembly and annotation of the reference genome, newly sequenced the genomes of twelve individuals: ten var. europaea, one var. sylvestris, and one outgroup taxon (subsp. cuspidata)—and assembled a dataset comprising whole genome data from 46 var. europaea and 10 var. sylvestris. Phylogenomic and population structure analyses support a continuous process of olive tree domestication, involving a major domestication event, followed by recurrent independent genetic admixture events with wild populations across the Mediterranean Basin. Cultivated olives exhibit only slightly lower levels of genetic diversity than wild forms, which can be partially explained by the occurrence of a mild population bottleneck 3000–14,000 years ago during the primary domestication period, followed by recurrent introgression from wild populations. Genes associated with stress response and developmental processes were positively selected in cultivars, but we did not find evidence that genes involved in fruit size or oil content were under positive selection. This suggests that complex selective processes other than directional selection of a few genes are in place. Conclusions Altogether, our results suggest that a primary domestication area in the eastern Mediterranean basin was followed by numerous secondary events across most countries of southern Europe and northern Africa, often involving genetic admixture with genetically rich wild populations, particularly from the western Mediterranean Basin.
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MEGNANOU, Rose-Monde, Abel Boris KOUAKOU, and Ahouman Élisée Silas DJOMAN. "ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA NUTS DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS (BUTTER, HULLS AND PRESS CAKES)." Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, September 15, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v6i4.635.
Full textAbstract:
Aim and objective: Vitellaria paradoxa is a useful African tree belonging to the sapotaceae family. Its nuts are mainly exploited for their fat or butter. This study demonstrated pharmacological virtues of shea nuts derivative products through their phytochemical components and their antioxidant efficacy.
 Methods: The hydroalcoholic extracts of shea butter, hull and cake were qualitatively screened in order to detect phytochemical components, and their antioxidant efficacy was tested through their ability to reducing DPPH radical and iron.
 Results: The results revealed that the whole shea nuts derivative products (butter, hull and press cake) tested contain phytochemical compounds, namely phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, triterpenic alcohols and sterols. Most of these compounds are known as active principles. Indeed, the DDPH and FRAP tests have proved that the whole shea nuts derivative products have antioxidant power. This power varied increasingly (5.37%, 58.56% and 62.99% for DPPH test and 0,152, 0,222 et 0,606 for FRAP test) from butter to hulls and press cake.
 Conclusion: Based on these results, shea nuts could constitute a value-added resource of bioactive principle, which might be taken into account in the prevention of diseases linked to oxidative stress, such as tumors, cancer and other degenerative diseases.
 
 Peer Review History: 
 Received: 4 July 2021; Revised: 11 August; Accepted: 3 September, Available online: 15 September 2021
 Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com
 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. 
 Received file: Reviewer's Comments:
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
 Reviewers:
 Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com
 Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com
 Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my
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Muranty, Hélène, Caroline Denancé, Laurence Feugey, et al. "Using whole-genome SNP data to reconstruct a large multi-generation pedigree in apple germplasm." BMC Plant Biology 20, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2171-6.
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Abstract Background Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is one of the most important fruit tree crops of temperate areas, with great economic and cultural value. Apple cultivars can be maintained for centuries in plant collections through grafting, and some are thought to date as far back as Roman times. Molecular markers provide a means to reconstruct pedigrees and thus shed light on the recent history of migration and trade of biological materials. The objective of the present study was to identify relationships within a set of over 1400 mostly old apple cultivars using whole-genome SNP data (~ 253 K SNPs) in order to reconstruct pedigrees. Results Using simple exclusion tests, based on counting the number of Mendelian errors, more than one thousand parent-offspring relations and 295 complete parent-offspring families were identified. Additionally, a grandparent couple was identified for the missing parental side of 26 parent-offspring pairings. Among the 407 parent-offspring relations without a second identified parent, 327 could be oriented because one of the individuals was an offspring in a complete family or by using historical data on parentage or date of recording. Parents of emblematic cultivars such as ‘Ribston Pippin’, ‘White Transparent’ and ‘Braeburn’ were identified. The overall pedigree combining all the identified relationships encompassed seven generations and revealed a major impact of two Renaissance cultivars of French and English origin, namely ‘Reinette Franche’ and ‘Margil’, and one North-Eastern Europe cultivar from the 1700s, ‘Alexander’. On the contrary, several older cultivars, from the Middle Ages or the Roman times, had no, or only single, identifiable offspring in the set of studied accessions. Frequent crosses between cultivars originating from different European regions were identified, especially from the nineteenth century onwards. Conclusions The availability of over 1400 apple genotypes, previously filtered for genetic uniqueness and providing a broad representation of European germplasm, has been instrumental for the success of this large pedigree reconstruction. It enlightens the history of empirical selection and recent breeding of apple cultivars in Europe and provides insights to speed-up future breeding and selection.
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Amri, Rihab, Carolina Font i Forcada, Rosa Giménez, Ana Pina, and María Ángeles Moreno. "Biochemical Characterization and Differential Expression of PAL Genes Associated With “Translocated” Peach/Plum Graft-Incompatibility." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (February 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.622578.
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Grafting is an ancient plant propagation technique widely used in horticultural crops, particularly in fruit trees. However, the involvement of two different species in grafting may lead to lack of affinity and severe disorders between the graft components, known as graft-incompatibility. This complex agronomic trait is traditionally classified into two categories: “localized” (weak graft unions with breaks in cambial and vascular continuity at the graft interface and absence of visual symptoms in scion leaves and shoots) and “translocated” (degeneration of the sieve tubes and phloem companion cells at the graft interface causing translocation problems in neighboring tissues, and reddening/yellowing of scion leaves). Over the decades, more attention has been given to the different mechanisms underlying the “localized” type of graft-incompatibility; whereas the phenylpropanoid-derived compounds and the differential gene expression associated with the “translocated” graft-incompatibility remain unstudied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to shed light on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the typical “translocated” graft-incompatibility of peach/plum graft-combinations. In this study, the “Summergrand” (SG) nectarine cultivar was budded on two plum rootstocks: “Adara” and “Damas GF 1869”. “Translocated” symptoms of incompatibility were shown and biochemically characterized in the case of “SG/Damas GF 1869” graft-combination, 3 years after grafting. Non-structural carbohydrates (soluble sugars and starch), phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, were significantly enhanced in the incompatible graft-combination scion. Similarly, the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase, the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly affected by the incompatible rootstock “Damas GF 1869”, inducing higher activities in the scion than those induced by the compatible rootstock “Adara”. In addition, a positive and strong correlation was obtained between total phenol content, antioxidant capacity and the expression of the key genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, PAL1 and PAL2. Regarding the “SG/Adara” graft-combination, there were neither external symptoms of “translocated” incompatibility nor significant differences in the biochemical and molecular parameters between scion and rootstock, proving it to be a compatible combination. The differential expression of PAL genes together with the biochemical factors cited above could be good markers for the “translocated” peach/plum graft-incompatibility.