To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Shea tree.
Journal articles on the topic 'Shea tree'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Shea tree.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Houehanou, Thierry, Valentin Kindomihou, and Brice Sinsin. "Effectiveness of conservation areas in protecting Shea trees against hemiparasitic plants (Loranthaceae) in Benin, West Africa." Plant Ecology and Evolution 144, no. (3) (2011): 267–74. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2011.485.
Full textAbstract:
<b>Background and aims</b> – The Shea tree (<i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>), a multi-purpose species highly valued for the oil obtained from its seeds, is commonly maintained in the semi-arid parklands in West African Sudanian zone. However, most of the trees were reported to be infested with mistletoes – plant parasites that may lead to death of the Shea tree and these parasites are known to be directly dispersed on their host by birds. This study therefore aimed to assess the potential effectiveness of protected area on preventing mistletoes proliferation on Shea tree individuals. <b>Methods</b> – Infestations in two habitats: land use area (fields and fallows) and protected area of Pendjari hunting zone were compared. Overall 54 plots of 1 ha (100 m × 100 m) with 487 and 252 individuals of Shea tree in land use and protected area respectively were investigated. ANOVA was used to compare Shea tree infestation rate and infestation degree (with regard to diameter and height of infested Shea tree). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to correlate the habitats with infestation degree. <b>Key results</b> – The results showed that about 80% of Shea tree individuals were infested in the land use area, this rate was significantly higher than the one of 27.3% observed in the protected area. Overall, heavily infested Shea trees had significantly larger trunks and heights, mainly in land use areas. The land use area was shown to be correlated with high and very high Shea tree infestation degrees while the others infestations degrees (very weak, weak and moderate) were correlated with both areas. <b>Conclusions</b> – Shea trees growing in protected areas are better protected against mistletoe plant parasites than those on cultivated land. Various hypotheses to explain this result are discussed.
2
Nafan, Diarrassouba, Dago Dougba Noel, and Yao Saraka Didier Martial. "ESTIMATION OF SHEA TREES (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. GAERTN.) FRUIT PRODUCTION BY ASSESSING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD PARAMETERS AND DENDROMETRIC FEATURES IN NORTHERN OF CÔTE D'IVOIRE." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 6 (2021): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(6).745.758.
Full textAbstract:
Vitellaria paradoxa, commonly known as the shea tree, is a tree of the family Sapotaceae and represents a traditional African food plant. It has been claimed to have the potential to improve nutrition, boost food supply, foster rural development, and support sustainable land care. Despite its multiple potentials, statistical data relating to its production are non-existent and/or unexploited in several African communities. To contrast this tendency, the present study aims to assess the intra-seasonal variation in fruit production of a sample of 115 shea trees and then to establish a correlation between yield parameters and several dendrometric features. Dendrometric (i.e. tree height, trunk girth, and crown basal area) and pomological (i.e. fruit and nut length and width) parameters, as well as yield parameters by monitoring daily fallen fruit from each sampled shea tree, carried out for five years consecutively, were considered for this study. The results showed inter-year fluctuation of shea fruit/nut number and shea fruit/nut weight. In addition, the results showed a significant increase in the annual average of shea fruit/nut yield per tree and as well per girth and/or crown basal area interval class, randomly generated by Sturge and Yule's formula. Interestingly, potentially high producing trees emerged within each considered interval class. Then, observed intraclass variation between trees determining shea yield can be exploited in selecting elite shea trees.
3
Sheshi, Umar Isah. "Attitude of farmers towards domestication of shea tree cultivation in Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 2 (2018): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i2.37982.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the socio-economic potentials of shea tree and it ability to grow well in Niger State, the tree crop is yet to be domesticated in farms. Thus, the study examined the attitude of farmers towards the cultivation of shea tree in Niger State, Nigeria. To achieve the study objectives, 210 respondents were randomly selected for the study and data were collected using validated interview schedule with reliability coefficient of 0.85. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit regression model. Result indicated that the mean age of the respondents was 52 years. Number of shea trees owned by 50.48% of the respondents ranged from15–20 trees which mostly grow naturally. Result further revealed that the respondents had favourable attitude towards most of the issues bordering on shea trees domestication. The issues that attracted least unfavourable attitude were long gestation period and inadequate awareness on the need to plant and manage wild trees. Factors that influenced willingness to plant shea trees were sex, attitude, land ownership, educational level and marital status. Therefore, it was recommended that youths, women and married couples should be encouraged by government to go into shea trees cultivation. It was also suggested that farmers should be educated by extension agents to encourage on-farm shea tree planting culture and agroforestry initiatives.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 271-275, August 2018
4
Calvin, Esagu John, Budi Warsito, Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, Akello Gertrude, Gudoyi M. Paul, and Kamil Ahmed. "Assessing the impact of Charcoal Production Activities on the Shea Nut Tree Vegetation Cover." Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences 2, no. 3 (2023): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jbes.2023.19260.
Full textAbstract:
Charcoal remains the main energy cooking source for urban dwellers in Uganda. The Shea Nut tree produces quality charcoal which is efficient and locally made. Therefore, it is facing increasing threats from the local communities so as to meet the mushrooming demand. The study analyses the state of the Shea Nut tree, drivers of charcoal production, predict Shea Nut tree vegetation coverage, and establish mechanisms for sustainable utilization and conservation of the Shea Nut trees in Kapelebyong District. Landsat images were classified using likelihood classification in ArcGIS and interviews were conducted whilst geospatial, Stata, and Nvivo tools were used for analysis. The findings reflect a sharp declining trend in the coverage of the shea Nut trees by 2.3% and 6% from 2002-2012 and 2012-2022 respectively. The major drivers include high demand from urban areas, the need for income, and unemployment. As a result, it is predicted that by 2032, the coverage will have reduced to only 713 hectares (7.3%) from 1277 hectares (10.6%) in 2022. Therefore, charcoal production with other land uses has greatly resulted in Shea Nut tree deterioration. The study recommends the use of alternative energy sources, the provision of alternative income-generating activities for the local communities, Government of Uganda through NFA needs to enforce the ways through which Shea Nut trees are managed and utilized in order to minimize illegal cutting.
5
Ogwok, Gertrude, Sarah Kizza-Nkambwe, Junior Senyonga Kasima, Maxmillan Mpewo, and Peter O. Alele. "Soil Physical and Chemical Properties under Shea Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) at Different Stages of Growth." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 7, no. 1 (2024): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.7.1.2175.
Full textAbstract:
Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), is one of the dominant agro-forestry species in Otuke district of Northern Uganda. Due to its economic importance and, in line with the numerous threats the tree is faced with, there is an urgent need for measures to conserve this species, for example, through incorporating annual food crops in the Shea tree parkland. This, however, requires a better understanding of tree-soil-food crop interactions. A number of studies of this aspect either considered only the mature Shea tree gardens or did not provide a clear distinction between the physiological states of the Shea tree. This was the motivation for this study where we compare variation in soil properties under mature and young Shea tree gardens with sites not having trees in Okwang sub-county, Otuke district. Five soil samples (up to 15 cm deep for top soil and 15-30 cm for sub-soil) were obtained per treatment using a soil auger. Our results show that in the top soil, only percent sand varied among the treatments, while, in the sub-soil, only percentage nitrogen and average phosphorus varied among the treatments. We also found that percentage top soil organic matter and percentage of sub-soil sand had negative strong correlations with maize and soybean yields, while percentage sub-soil clay had a strong positive correlation with maize and soybean yield. We conclude that variations in soil physical and chemical properties under Mature and Young Shea gardens only occur for those properties that have a direct link to tree residues
6
Semde, Kadidia, Konoyaon Somda, Hadou Haro, Schémaéza Bonzi, Souleymane Ganaba, and Irénée Somda. "Identification of pathogens and monitoring methods for leaf spots disease of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. C. F.) in the cropping systems of Komki Ipala (Burkina Faso)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 1 (2022): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i1.8.
Full textAbstract:
Vitellaria paradoxa is a multipurpose plant species which unfortunately is under multiple pressures causing damages to the plant. This study was to develop methods for monitoring causative agents of shea trees leaf spots in Burkina Faso. An inventory of shea tree individuals and a characterization of leaf spots were performed in Tampoussoumdi, Burkina Faso. Thus, twelve (12) plots of 100 m x 50 m were set up in fallows and fields for identifying all shea trees. Pathogens were also identified by isolated infected leaves fragments of on PDA medium. Isolates were purified and observed under a microscope (X40). As to develop pathogens monitoring methods, three mycorrhizal fungi (yac, fada, Ga) were used to inoculate shea trees cultivated in greenhouse. After two months, inoculated plant leaves were sprayed with prepared isolates of identified pathogens and infection occurrence was checked daily. Results revealed that infection occurred only in unburned fallows and concerned 65% of the shea tree communities. Fungi were found to be responsible for these infections and three species were identified including Fusarium moniliforme, Pestalotia guepini and Phoma sorghina. Results also showed that mycorrhizae can inhibit pathogens growth partially or totally. Their potential use could help controlling the leaf spots disease in shea parks.
7
Okiror, Paul, Jacob Godfrey Agea, Clement Akais Okia, and John Bosco Lamoris Okullo. "On-Farm Management ofVitellaria paradoxaC. F. Gaertn. in Amuria District, Eastern Uganda." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/768946.
Full textAbstract:
The population of shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxaC. F. Gaertn.)—a priority tree with enormous economic and cultural values to the parkland communities in Uganda, is rapidly declining due to rapid human population growth, increasing land fragmentation, and high demand for woodfuel especially charcoal. Reversing this trend will depend on the rural community involvement in the planting, facilitating natural regeneration, and tending of shea trees on farm. As such a survey was conducted in Amuria district, eastern Uganda, to assess local strategies and constraints to on-farm management of shea trees, and document socio-demographic factors influencing the on-farm conservation. About 93% of the households protected naturally regeneratedV. paradoxatrees mainly on farms.V. paradoxawas mostly propagated through coppices and seedlings. Although insecure land tenure, insecurity, pests, disease, and shortage of planting materials were reported as major hindrances, farmsize, family size, and gender significantly (P≤0.05) influenced people’s willingness to conserveV. paradoxa. Byelaws and policies on shea conservation need to be properly enforced, and further propagation research is required especially towards shortening the juvenile period ofV. paradoxaso that more farmers can start propagating the tree other than relying on its natural regeneration.
8
Ndagi, I., Lawal, A. F., Paiko, M. A., and Baba, K. C. "ASSESSMENT OF IMPROVED METHODS OF SHEA-NUT COLLECTION AMONG SHEA-NUT PICKERS IN NIGER STATE." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (2024): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v7i2.752.
Full textAbstract:
The study examine the assessment of improved methods of Shea-Nut collection among Shea-Nut pickers in Niger State. Data were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaire and focus group discussions, analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation. A multi- stage sampling technique was used to select a total of the 200 respondents for the study. The result revealed that the 41.50% of the respondents were within age bracket of 31-40 years. However, 92.5% of the sampled respondents were married with non-formal education. In addition, 53.50% of the respondents earn N50,000.00 as income. Majority (89.00%) of the respondents collect the shear-nut in an opened field. From the estimate of the regression, educational level was significant factor (p<0.05) in determining shea nut collection method. The study concluded that, Shea nut collectors are mainly women, aged and married, with non-formal education. The choice of collection techniques are influenced by occupation and the educational status of the respondents. It is recommended that stakeholders in Shea-nut industry should interact with Nigerian Institute for Oil palm Research (NIFOR) that has the national mandate on Shea tree research and development to produce sufficient quantity of hybrid/improved Shea tree seedling varieties for modern plantation establishments.
9
Diarassouba, Nafan, Kouablan E. Koffi, Kanga A. N'Guessan, Patrick Van Damme, and Abdourahamane Sangare. "Connaissances locales et leur utilization dans la gestion des parcs à karaté en Côte d’Ivoire." Afrika Focus 21, no. 1 (2008): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02101007.
Full textAbstract:
In order to assess both the level of botanical knowledge of the shea tree species possessed by certain communities, and the relative importance of the species to those communities, an inventory has been taken of the different uses of shea resources. To this end, research was conducted involving 257 people belonging to 12 different ethnic groups in seven departments of the north of the Cote d'Ivoire [Ivory Coast]. The results of these investigations clearly demonstrate the socioeconomic importance of shea trees to the local populations of the zone investigated. Some ethnic groups prove to have a very good botanical knowledge of the species and its qualities and have developed systems of management of shea orchards that could facilitate the domestication and conservation of the species. In addition to the commercial use of the kernel and of shea butter on local and regional markets, many other parts of the shea tree and derived products (roots, leaves, peels, oilcakes, latexes and even mistletoes are used for a range of different purposes by rural communities in Cote d’Ivoire [the Ivory Coast]. In medicine and in traditional pharmacopeia, these parts are used in the treatment of several diseases. Shea is also valued at the cultural, nutritional, agricultural, cosmetic, artisanal level.
10
Konan, Alphonse Alui, Diarrassouba Nafan, and Didier Martial Yao Saraka. "Carbon Sequestration Potential of Shea Trees (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) in Parklands under Two Soil Types (Ferralsol and Cambisol) in Northern Côte d'Ivoire." International Journal of Sciences Volume 9, no. 2020-02 (2020): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3980043.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted to assess carbon sequestration potential of shea trees in four shea parks in Northern Côte d'Ivoire to fight against climate change. The methodology used consisted in the delimitation of 2 ha of plot in shea parkland located in Ferkéssédougou, Ouangolodougou, Boundiali and Tengrela. On each plot delimited within these parklands, forests inventories were carried out and stem diameter at 1.30 m aboveground (DBH ≥ 5 cm) of the shea trees were measured. The dendrometric data collected made it possible to elaborate the structure of the shea trees in parkland, to estimate the biomass and the stocks of sequestered carbon. The results showed that shea populations, irrespective of the study site, showed a "reversed J" diameter distribution with decreasing individuals. The spatial distribution of the population of shea trees in Boundiali and Ferkéssédougou parklands is regular while it is aggregative in Ouangolodougou and Tengrela parklands. The spatial distribution of shea trees depends on the type of soils. Of all the sites that are mostly bushy savannas, sequestered CO2 equivalents are high: 70.83 t.ha-1 at Boundiali, 49.47 t.ha-1 at Ferkéssédougou, 215 t.ha-1 at Ouangolodougou and 130 t.ha-1 at Tengrela. This study shows that agroforestry is to be promoted in Northern Côte d'Ivoire through the protection of shea tree parklands that limit greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, especially in Northern Côte d'Ivoire. This will certainly facilitate Côte d'Ivoire's access to the carbon market.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V92020012265 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.2265
11
WaduduAdamMohammed, Abdul, Theresa Yaaba Baah-Ennumh, and Abdul RahimAbdulai. "Role of the Shea Industry in the Socio-economic Lives of Women in the West Mamprusi District of Northern Ghana." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 10, no. 1 (2016): 1968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v10i1.4756.
Full textAbstract:
In Ghana, the shea trees grow in Upper East, Upper West and Northern Regions. The shea industry which is dominated by women has attracted the attention of researchers who investigated the value chain, the marketing and financing and the extent to which the tree can be domesticated in terms of plantation. This study examines the role of the shea in the lives of women. The research employed a case study approach to assess the role of shea in the social and economic lives of women in the study district. A purposive sampling technique was used where only women engaged in shea activities were interviewed. The women were divided into three strata namely shea pickers, shea marketers and shea processors to ensure a comparative assessment of the industry‟s contribution to these strata of women. Institutional data were also collected from relevant agencies. In all, 66 shea operators were interviewed in each of the three study shea communities. Thus an overall total number of 198 shea operators were interviewed in the West Mamprusi District in the Northern Region in addition to six relevant institutions. The study ascertained that the shea industry plays diverse roles in the lives of women. The industry contributes significantly to providing employment and income to the women. However, In terms of income, shea processors are found to obtain more income than shea pickers. The industry also contributes to the ability of women to meet their basic needs such as food, children‟s educational needs and health. These notwithstanding, there is high illiteracy among the women, poor organization, lack of properly established institutional and regulatory structures, working in dangerous conditions, and most importantly depletion of shea trees. Based on the challenges, it is recommended that, credit and finance schemes should be instituted for women in the shea industry, women groups and cooperative formation should be encouraged, capabilities of women should be enhanced through training and equipments needed in the operation of the industry should be made available to women by NGOs and other relevant organisations.
12
Odoi, Juventine, Hendre Prasad, Arfang Badji, et al. "Evaluation of Genomic Prediction Algorithms for Reducing Selection and Breeding Cycles in Shea Tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa)." Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 21, no. 1 (2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujas.v21i1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this study was to determine the genomic prediction (GP) algorithms with the highest prediction accuracies for reducing the breeding and selection cycles in <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>. The efficiency of the GP algorithms were compared to evaluate five Shea tree growth traits in 708 genotypes with 30734 Single Nucleotide Polymorphic (SNPs) markers, which were reduced to 27063 after removing duplicates. Five hundred forty-nine (77.54%) Shea tree training population and 159 (22.46%) training population were genotyped for 30734 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotyped for five Shea tree growth traits. We built a model using phenotype and marker data from a training population by optimizing its genomic prediction accuracy for effectiveness of GS. The phenotype and marker data were used for cross validation of the prediction accuracies of the different models. Prediction accuracies varied among the genomic prediction algorithms based on the five phenotypic traits. We determined the best genomic algorithm that is more suitable for reduction of selection and breeding cycles in <i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>. The GP algorithms were evaluated and we conclude that rrBLUP is the best for improving the prediction accuracy for reducing the breeding cycle in Shea tree.
13
Ibrahim Mohammed, Hadiza. "Physicochemical and Genetic Diversity Studies of Vitellaria paradoxa in Northern Nigeria." Journal of Current Biomedical Research 2, no. 1 (2022): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54117/jcbr.v2i1.4.
Full textAbstract:
Shea tree is an economic plant with factors such as genetic variations and environmental conditions responsible for its variations. The present study was aimed at establishing the physicochemical properties and genetic variation of shea tree from northern Nigeria. The plant materials were harvested from Bosso (A), Ngaski (B) and Yamaltu-Deba (C). The sheanut B had the highest potassium content while sodium and magnesium were higher in C, with no significant difference between the calcium and copper contents of A and C. The percentage yield of sheabutter B (37.20%) was higher than A and C. Iodine values ranged from 22.32 ± 0.12a mg/g to 58.67 ± 0.20c mg/g. Sheabutter B have the highest saponification value at 198.51 ± 0.21c mgKOH/g, with no significant difference in the peroxide values of B (0.72 ± 0.03ameqO2/g) and C (0.74 ± 0.03a meqO2/g). Stearic and oleic acid are the major fatty acids identified in the GC-MS profile of the sheabutters. The microsatellite markers used produced 71 % polymorphic and 19 % monomorphic bands with allele numbers ranging from two to four, with polymorphic information content range of 0.3092 to 0.5658 and genetic diversity ranging from 0.3378 to 0.6222. Fifteen shea tree varieties were divided into two clusters with cluster A made up of four subclusters and cluster B consisting of two subclusters. The Nei’s genetic distance within the population was between 0.00% and 0.982 %, an indication of diversity within the individual trees and not between the populations across different geographical distance.
14
Elias, Marlène, and Judith Carney. "African Shea Butter: A Feminized Subsidy from Nature." Africa 77, no. 1 (2007): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2007.77.1.37.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is indigenous to Africa's Sudano-Sahelian region and crucial to savanna ecosystems and peoples. African women have long collected, marketed and transformed shea nuts into a multipurpose butter. The growing global trade in shea butter destined for the Western food and cosmetics industries thus represents an opportunity to bolster impoverished female incomes. However, such international sales are also prompting changes in the west African shea landscape. This article examines the role of shea as a female heritage in Burkina Faso, West Africa's largest shea exporter. It focuses on the knowledge systems informing the management, conservation and processing of shea. It also considers the effects of global shea commercialization on the maintenance of traditional agroforestry practices, tenure rights, and butter-making techniques. In so doing, the article illuminates the cultural and botanical heritage of shea as well as the significance of this species in biodiversity protection, African natural heritages and female knowledge systems.
15
Anyomi, Wisdom Edem, Michael Teye Barnor, John Saviour Yaw Eleblu, et al. "Elucidation of the Genetic Diversity within Some In Situ Shea Germplasm in Ghana." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (2023): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092256.
Full textAbstract:
Shea is an agroforestry tree species known primarily for its rich butter, which contains stearin and tocopherol, and has ultraviolet ray absorption property; it is used in cooking, body care and traditional medicines. This tree is, however, uncultivated and collection of its nuts by rural dwellers is threatened by increased urbanization with its accompanying land use pressure and the need for fuel wood for rural households. There is also increased demand for shea products worldwide necessitating the need for shea improvement strategies. At the apex of this improvement program lies the need for germplasm collection, characterization, conservation and utilization. In order to conserve elite shea materials amidst dwindling shea populations threatened by climate change, there is a need to develop shea germplasm banks based on the representation of genetic and phenotypic variation focusing on known traits. The objective of the study was to evaluate 282 shea accessions for germplasm conservation and to determine the genetic diversity of the collected materials to inform future collections and drive crop improvement strategies. Leaf traits were used to differentiate and group the selected materials. Leaf length ranged between 16.83 cm and 30.85 cm, and leaf blade length ranged between 12.28 cm and 20.68 cm. Petiole length varied between 5.53 cm and 10.2 cm and the blade to petiole ratio was from 1.41 to 2.69. Correlation studies revealed significant negative correlation between the latitude of collection and all leaf traits measured. There was significant positive correlation between blade length and petiole length (0.57), blade length and total leaf length (0.87) and petiole length and breadth (0.49). The collected materials were grouped at 90% into two, based on the morphological descriptors studied. Three different approaches were employed to genetically analyze the materials based on single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNP). A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the SNPs generated; this grouped the materials into three, with various subgroups. Principal coordinate analysis also produced three distinct groups with groupings not based on geographical area of collection. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) also confirmed three groupings. The genetic diversity of the collection was very low (Hs) = 0.0406, which is an indication of potential inbreeding within the shea populations. To conclude, there was higher variation within locations than between locations.
16
MOHAMMED, IBRAHIM HADIZA, MSHELIA EMMANUEL HALILU, VALLADA ATINGA, et al. "Comparative Phytochemistry of Vitellaria paradoxa: Towards Establishing a Chemotaxonomic Marker." Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 1 (2024): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjps2024.22.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
Plants have been known to serve as source of food, income and in the maintenance of health, with their phytochemicals responsible for the biological properties of plants. All parts of shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) are consumed by human and livestock as medicine. The variations in the morphology and chemistry of shea tree and its product have been attributed to the various factors including their geographical sources among others. The phytochemical study of methanol extracts of the stem and leaf of shea tree collected from three locations were determined and compared. Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenes. Alkaloidal contents in the leaf extracts ranged from 8.96 ± 0.05 to 16.96 ± 0.48 while the content in the stem extracts is 5.38 ± 0.04 to 14.93 ± 0.02. The phenol contents were higher in both extracts ranging from 43.05 ± 0.04 to 142.96 ± 0.07 and 85.05 ± 0.04 to 148.51 ± 0.07 in the leaf and stem extracts, respectively. Saponin contents in the leaf range from 3.56 ± 0.01 to 19.46 ± 0.01 in the leaf extracts and 9.93 ± 0.01 to 16.62 ± 0.01 in the stem extracts. Compounds such as myricetin, kaempferol-3-glucuronide, dihydroisorhamnetin, vanillic acid, 5,7-dihydroxy2-(4-hydroxy-3)methoxy)-3-{(3,4,5- trihydroxy-6 (hydroxymethyl)-oxan-2-yl)oxy}-4H-chromen4-one, 1H-indole-3-acetronitrille, 3,5-trihydroxy-10 methylacridone, syringin, gallic acid, anthranilic acid and quassin were identified in the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopies (LC-MS) of the methanolic stem and leaf extracts of shea tree. The results of the phytochemical investigation indicate variation in the chemical composition of the plant across the study area.
17
Odoi, Juventine Boaz, Emmanuel Amponsah Adjei, Michael Teye Barnor, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Oil Content and Seed-Related Traits in Shea Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica) Populations." Horticulturae 9, no. 7 (2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070811.
Full textAbstract:
Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is an important fruit tree crop because of its oil used for cooking and the industrial manufacture of cosmetics. Despite its essential benefits, quantitative trait loci linked to the economic traits have not yet been studied. In this study, we performed association mapping on a panel of 374 shea tree accessions using 7530 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) markers for oil yield and seed-related traits. Twenty-three SNP markers significantly (−log10 (p) = 4.87) associated with kernel oil content, kernel length, width, and weight were identified. The kernel oil content and kernel width had the most significant marker–trait associations (MTAs) on chromosomes 1 and 8, respectively. Sixteen candidate genes identified were linked to early induction of flower buds and somatic embryos, seed growth and development, substrate binding, transport, lipid biosynthesis, metabolic processes during seed germination, and disease resistance and abiotic stress adaptation. The presence of these genes suggests their role in promoting bioactive functions that condition high oil synthesis in shea seeds. This study provides insights into the important marker-linked seed traits and the genes controlling them, useful for molecular breeding for improving oil yield in the species.
18
F. Merinosy, Michée Fustelle, Enoch G. Achigan-Dako, Paul Césaire Gnanglè, Eugène Kassa, and Jean-Marc Boffa. "Morphotype Classification Criteria and Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Perceived Shea Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) Natural Variation across Parklands in Benin." Plants 11, no. 3 (2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030299.
Full textAbstract:
Trait diversity is crucial in undertaking the domestication of useful species such as Vitellaria paradoxa which makes a significant contribution to the rural household economy in Africa. This study aims to document the criteria farmers use to distinguish shea trees; how they vary according to age, education level and sociolinguistic group; and their perception of trees’ abundance and production. We surveyed 405 respondents across shea parklands in Benin using a semi-structured questionnaire. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic attributes on relative criteria citation frequency and principal components analysis to characterize farmers’ perception on morphotypes’ abundance, fruits, and butter yields. The five most cited criteria were fruit size (55.5%), tree fertility (15.40%), bark colour (10.51%), timing of production (5.38%), and pulp taste (3.42%). The citation frequency of criteria varied significantly depending on the sociodemographic factors considered. Trees having small fruit (‘Yanki’) were reported to be widespread and high fruit/nuts and butter producers. Farmers perceived five important traits with variable importance depending on the sociocultural factors studied. This finding is a key step toward the development of a shea improvement program that could focus on the morphotype Yanki reported to potentially be a high fruit and butter producer.
19
Yasminath Judith Follone, Avaligbé, Gnanglè Césaire Paul, Yabi Ibouraima, Bello Orou Daouda, Ahoton Essèhou Léonard, and Saïdou Aliou. "Tendances climatiques, perceptions des gestionnaires des parcs à karité sur la productivité du karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) au Bénin." Journal of Applied Biosciences 157 (October 31, 2021): 16237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.157.9.
Full textAbstract:
Objectifs : l’objectif de la présente étude était d’analyser les perceptions des gestionnaires des parcs à karité sur les effets du changement climatique sur la productivité des arbres de karité tout le long du gradient climatique au Bénin. Méthodologie et Résultats : 420 gestionnaires des parcs à karité dans les communes de Bohicon (au sud), Savè (au centre), Parakou, Bembèrèkè et Kandi (au nord) ont été soumis à un questionnaire semi-structuré relative aux caractéristiques sociodémographiques des personnes enquêtées, aux tendances des facteurs climatiques, aux indicateurs d’appréciation de l’effet des changements climatiques sur la productivité du karité et aux stratégies d'adaptation développées. Une analyse en composante principale suivi d’une analyse factorielle des correspondances ont été faites. Ensuite, une régression logistique polychotomique ordinale a été utilisée en vue d’étudier les déterminants de l’adoption des stratégies d’adaptation aux effets du changement climatique par les gestionnaires des parcs à karité. Les résultats ont montré que la température (38,65%), la pluviométrie (50,27%) et les vents violents (2,43%) sont les facteurs climatiques affectant négativement la productivité des arbres selon personnes enquêtées. L’association du karité avec les cultures annuelles et l’entretien périodique des peuplements ont été les principales stratégies d’adaptation au changement climatique développées respectivement par 98,33% et 48,55% des personnes enquêtées. La zone agroécologique, le sexe des gestionnaires des parcs à karité, l’appartenance à une organisation paysanne et la densité des arbres de karité ont influencé significativement (p < 0,05) le choix des stratégies d’adaptation développées. Conclusion et Application des Résultats : La variation des facteurs climatiques a provoqué selon les personnes enquêtées l’avortement des fleurs et par conséquent une diminution du rendement en noix des arbres. Le choix des stratégies d’adaptation par les gestionnaires des parcs à karité aux changements climatiques est fonction de la zone agroécologique, du sexe des gestionnaires des parcs à karité, de l’appartenance à une organisation paysanne et de la densité des arbres de karité. L’étude suggère une Avaligbé et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Tendances climatiques, perceptions des gestionnaires des parcs à karité sur la productivité du karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) au Bénin. 16238 analyse de l’efficacité de ces stratégies d’adaptation afin de mettre en place des paquets technologiques garantissant la durabilité de ce système agroforestier. Mots clés : Stratégie d’adaptation, facteurs climatiques, phénologie des arbres, systèmes agroforestier. Climate trends, perceptions of the shea park managers on the productivity of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) in Benin. ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the perceptions of shea park managers of the effects of climate change on the productivity of shea trees along the climatic gradient in Benin. Methodology and Results: 420 shea-park managers in the municipalities of Bohicon (located in the south), Savè (located in the centre), Parakou, Bembèrèkè and Kandi (located in the north) were subjected to a semistructured questionnaire. Socio-demographic characteristics of the people surveyed, trends in the climatic factors, criteria used to appreciate effect variability of climate parameters on shea trees’ productivity and the adaptation strategies developed were data collected. These data were analyzed using principal component analysis and correspondence factorial analysis. Then, an ordinal polychotomic logistic regression was used to assess the determinants of the adoption of the adaptation strategies to climate change by shea park managers. The results showed that temperature (38.65% of the respondent), rainfall (50.27% of the respondent) and wind (2.43% of the respondent) are climatic factors affecting negatively trees’ productivity. Intercropping of shea tree with annual crops and regular maintenance of the trees were the main adaptation strategies to climate change developed by 98.33% and 48.55% of the respondents respectively. The agroecological zone, gender of the shea park managers, membership of farmer organization and density of shea trees significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the choice of the adaptation strategies developed. Conclusion and Application of Results: The variation in climatic factors caused, according to the people surveyed, abortion of flowers and consequently a decrease in the trees’ nut yield. The choice of an adaptation strategies by shea trees park managers to climate change depends on the agroecological zone, gender of the managers, membership of farmers’ organization and density of shea trees. We suggested an analysis of the effectiveness of these adaptation strategies in order to develop crop management technology that guarantee the sustainability of this agroforestry system. Keywords: Adaptation strategy, climatic factors, tree phenology, agroforestry systems
20
Doccola, Joseph, Sheri Smith, Joseph Fischer, and Brian Strom. "Evaluation of Stem-Injected TREE-äge® (4% Emamectin Benzoate) for Protecting Western White Pines (Pinus monticola) from Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46, no. 5 (2020): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.024.
Full textAbstract:
The protection of high-value trees against bark beetles and the development of alternatives to bole sprays is a priority for the tree manager. The objective of this study was to evaluate stem-injected TREE-äge® (emamectin benzoate [EB]) as a protective treatment for western white pines (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) against mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). Treatment efficacy was based solely on tree mortality as per Shea protocols (i.e., ≥ 60% check vs. ≤ 20% treated tree mortality). Our first experiment was installed in 2007 and included trees stem-injected with TREE-äge and untreated controls. Bole application of S-(-)-verbenone and green leaf volatile (GLV) blend was included for observational comparison. Pressure from MPB was heavy, as indicated by the number and timing of control tree mortality (90%). Strip attacks by MPB in TREE-äge trees indicated that the impacts of EB, and by inference its distribution, were inconsistent. In 2009, the injection protocol was revised to improve EB distribution in the phloem via closer injection points. In the 2009 TREE-äge-treated trees, adult beetle mining stopped when they contacted phloem and was insufficient to cause tree death by girdling. Blue-stain fungi colonized the sapwood of trees in both studies. Isolates from autopsied trees treated with TREE-äge alone were subsequently identified as Grosmannia clavigera and Leptographium longiclavatum (Ophiostomatales: Ascomycota), species that can incite tree mortality. In 2013, we revised our protocol to include GLV plus verbenone or propiconazole with TREE-äge, wherein these treatments proved effective in protecting trees against MPB and their associated pathogenic fungi.
21
Saba, A. M., A. H. Baba, I. Y. Mohammed, and M. AbdulQadir. "OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS VARIABLES TO OBTAIN QUALITY SHEA KERNELS FROM SHEA NUT." JOURNAL OF THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS 37, no. 2 (2022): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51975/22370205.som.
Full textAbstract:
Shea butter is a product of Shea kernel obtained from Shea tree. It has wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, confectionaries, chocolates, and soap industries. The use of Shea butter for these applications is largely dependent upon its Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content. The resultant FFA of Shea butter produced from the Shea kernel depends largely upon the process variables applied to the kernel prior to Shea butter production. Poor and inconsistent qualities usually characterize unprocessed Nigerian Shea kernels. Thus, the need to improve Shea kernel quality in Nigeria becomes necessary. This study investigated the effects of optimizing processing factors, responses, development, and analysis of predictive response models of Shea kernel leading to its optimization. Shea fruits that have fallen to the ground were picked and the pulp removed to expose the Shea nut. Effects of Shea Nut Conditioning Period (SNCP), Shea Nut Boiling Duration (SNBD) and Shea Nut Drying Temperature (SNDT) on the FFA of Shea kernel were investigated. The boundary conditions obtained from earlier experiments were used for the Design of Experiment (DOE) by Box-Bekehn method of response surface methodology. Fresh Shea kernels were then processed according to the experimental design and the responses of free fatty acid, peroxide value and percentage oil content determined. The upper, middle and lower limits obtained for SNCP were 1, 6.5, and 12 day respectively, SNBD were 0, 60, and 120 minutes respectively and SNDT were 30, 70, 110 oC respectively. The optimum conditions of SNCP, SNBD and SNDT obtained after the optimization of Shea kernel were respectively 4.0 day, 120 minutes and 86 oC and the corresponding predicted responses of PV, percentage oil content, FFA and desirability were 2.868 meq/kg, 0.628 %, 53.8 5 % and 0.878 respectively. Keywords: Shea-kernel, Shea Nut Conditioning Period, Shea Nut Boiling Duration, Shea Nut Drying Temperature, and Optimization
22
Wardell, D. A., A. Tapsoba, P. N. Lovett, et al. "Shea ( Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) – the emergence of global production networks in Burkina Faso, 1960–2021 1." International Forestry Review 23, no. 4 (2021): 534–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777189.
Full textAbstract:
After Burkina Faso's independence, shea butter continues to be the key staple edible oil used by Burkinabe households although alternatives are now being placed in local markets. Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) is primarily managed as a food tree crop for African consumers but has been promoted as a wild and abundant crop which gives African women cash and empowerment. New international demand for edible Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) from the 1960s onwards led to the introduction of several state-led efforts to regulate and control the shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. Increasingly since 2003, several leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture CBEs are involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demands of the multi-billion-dollar confectionary and cosmetics industries. Burkina Faso and Ghana are two of the main exporting countries producing 60–75% of all international shea offtake. West, Central and East African women shea collectors and their associations have also managed, more recently, to meet the growing demand for 'hand-crafted' shea butter for the global personal care sector and new niches in the edible oil industry. Attempts to explain the radical transformation of shea supply chains in West Africa have focused on relatively recent events and actions detached from the broader historical context in which they are embedded. This paper adopts a broad periodization, stemming from the formulation of CBEs incorporating shea and palm stearin in the 1960s, and using a Global Production Network approach to understand the role and position of women shea producers and their associations at the intersection of global, regional, and local periodic markets. It challenges the assumption that global markets are necessarily a more viable alternative to reliance on local, domestic, or regional markets. The growth of global trade in shea kernels and shea butter has been accompanied by significant land cover and land use changes which has led to the progressive loss of trees, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services such as pollination and carbon sequestration. This presents new socio-economic challenges, including threats to local food and nutrition security, tenure rights and the livelihoods of local communities.
23
Choungo Nguekeng, Patrick Bustrel, Prasad Hendre, Zacharie Tchoundjeu, et al. "The Current State of Knowledge of Shea Butter Tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertner.) for Nutritional Value and Tree Improvement in West and Central Africa." Forests 12, no. 12 (2021): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121740.
Full textAbstract:
Vitellaria paradoxa (C.F.Gaertn.) is a multi-purpose tree species distributed in a narrow band across sub-Saharan Africa. The species is integrated into cropping and agroforestry systems as a nutritional and economic resource, which provides a range of environmental services. Integration of the species into land-use systems provides an essential source of livelihoods and income for local populations. The economic potential of the shea butter tree derives from its edible products, which also serve cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. To understand the current state of knowledge about V. paradoxa, this paper summarizes information about the ecology, population structure, and genetic diversity of the species, also considering compositional variation in the pulp and kernels, management practices, and efforts towards its domestication. Despite the great potential of the shea butter tree, there are some gaps in the understanding of the genetics of the species. This review presents up-to-date information related to the species for further domestication and breeding purposes.
24
Ahamidé, Innocent D. Y., Monique G. Tossou, Hounnankpon Yédomonhan, Aristide C. Adomou, Janvier Houénon, and Akpovi Akoègninou. "Diversité Des Loranthaceae Et Leur Impact Sur Vitellaria Paradoxa C.F.Gaertn.: Un Fruitier À Grande Valeur Socio-Économique Au Nord-Bénin." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 24 (2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n24p217.
Full textAbstract:
Shea butter: Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn (Sapotaceae) is a fruit tree in the Sudano-Sahelian region where it is a major economic source. Unfortunately, in Benin, the species has been revealed in recent decades, the target of parasitic vascular plants of Loranthaceae family that threaten its conservation. The present study, carried out in northern Benin, evaluated the impact of these parasitic plants on the shea of two phytogeographical zones. The botanical inventory identified three species of Loranthaceae in fields and protected areas. The rate of infestation and parasite density were assessed and their variation on shea was assessed. The results show that shea is parasitized by three species of Loranthaceae in varying proportions: Agelanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Polh. and Wiens (191.75 tufts / ha), Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Van Tieghem (70.57 tufts / ha) and T. Ophiodes (Sprague) (2 tufts / ha). The impact of Loranthaceae on shea productivity varies significantly between fields and protected areas with infestation rates of 87% versus 42% and average densities per shea foot of 14.76 tufts versus 3.62 tufts. These results are data to be taken into account in the control programs against Loranthaceae which parasitize shea.
25
Kolo, S. I., N. J. Dadi-Mamud, M. Aliyu-Paiko, and B. Jubril. "Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) Pulp Juice Production and Quality Evaluation via Proximate and Mineral Composition Analyses." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 10 (2022): 1727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i10.17.
Full textAbstract:
Shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) are common in African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Sudan, and others. When fully ripe, the Shea tree's green fruit turns yellow. The tree is well-known and valued for its versatility. Its entire composition is useful in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Among its applications is the production of butter from the nuts, while the rest of the fruit is left to rot or discarded. This study focuses on using other parts of the fruit to create a new product, reduce waste, and expand the Shea value chain. Three formulations of Shea fruit juice were created. The juice were evaluated for nutritional, physicochemical, and mineral compositions. The nutritional composition revealed a high moisture content that ranged from 84.39 to 93.01%, high carbohydrate and caloric values, ranging from 5.84 to 8.96% and 33.51 to 67.31%, respectively. It also had a high concentration of vitamin C (16.45 - 38.99 percent). The mineral composition was observed to increase as the Shea pulp percentage increased. Magnesium was observed to be higher in sample C (36.71±0.24) while sample A recorded a lower magnesium content (18.04±0.06). Calcium was also found to be present in high concentrations (30.07 - 50.64 %). The juice's potassium content ranged from 58.6 - 50.54% in sample C to 24.6 - 60.16% in sample A. The physicochemical analysis revealed a close range of p H values (5.37 - 6.06 %) between the samples and the control, making the juice less susceptible to spoilage. Overall, the results presented a high-quality juice that could compete favorably in the market with other fruit juices.
26
Dr., Zachary Pealore, Yakubu Zuweira, and D. Pealore Eunice. "A Participatory Evaluation of Child Labor in the Shea Value Chain in Northern Ghana." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 10, no. 2 (2025): 1012–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14944913.
Full textAbstract:
The shea tree has been a strategic resource for women livelihoods in Ghana serving as an important source of income for rural households. An estimated 20 million women are directly involved in the shea sector in West and East Africa. In West Africa, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Mali play a very important role in the shea market with Shea butter, a product of shea used for food products (90%), cosmetics (9%) and pharmaceuticals (1%). Given the nature of the actors and their interactions, human rights violations may exist in this shea market: forced labor, child labor, indecent wages, etc. In spite of the fact that most countries in the shea belt have policies in place to protect children’s rights, many countries still face child labor; hence, this study. The study adopted a participatory and learning approach to assess the shea value chain in northern Ghana, involving interviews with companies, 11 shea cooperatives, 11 children’s groups, 11 Department of Social Welfare officers, 11 teachers, and 20 parents/caregivers. The qualitative design allowed respondents to provide detailed information on the shea value chain and the cause of child labor. The study revealed that the shea value chain is a viable economic activity for communities, especially women and their households. Key stakeholders in the industry include chiefs, religious leaders, women cooperatives, assembly, transporters, shea nut aggregators, processors, and policy and advocacy institutions. There are still high potential areas for shea nut extraction that the government, multilateral, and private sector could tap into. Child labor exists in the sourcing communities of all participating companies, with children being active participants in the picking and transportation of shea nuts. Poverty is the major cause of child labor or engagement in the shea value chain. The study recommends enforcement of the Children Act, 1998 under the shea value chain sector and child policy dialogue among communities and government to balance law and moral issues in child labor engagement.
27
Azebre, Abu Ibrahim. "A Review of the Constraints and Prospects of Shea Butter Processing in Ghana and Burkina Faso." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation XII, no. III (2025): 385–90. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2025.12030025.
Full textAbstract:
Shea butter, extracted from the nuts of the Vitellaria paradoxa tree, holds a crucial position in the global market, particularly within the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. This review paper investigates the constraints and prospects of Shea butter processing in Ghana and Burkina Faso, two leading producers. Key challenges include gender inequality, environmental degradation, lack of mechanization, financial and market barriers, and weak institutional support. However, there are substantial opportunities for economic growth, women’s empowerment, and sustainable development within the industry. The paper recommends Governments in Ghana and Burkina Faso to address gender disparities in the Shea butter value chain by improving women’s access to resources and supporting cooperatives. Policies should promote sustainability through incentives and certification schemes, while infrastructure investment can enhance market access. Financial institutions should offer tailored credit, and research should focus on sustainable processing, gender equity, and Shea waste valorization.
28
Awo, Martha Adimabuno. "A Survey-Based Qualitative Analysis of the Institutional Structures and Policy Measures in the Shea Sector of Ghana." Research in World Economy 9, no. 2 (2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v9n2p24.
Full textAbstract:
Shea is an important tree crop for women in the three impoverished northern regions of Ghana and is considered to be a major source of poverty alleviation in these regions. The crop is picked in the wild as nuts mainly by women who sell the nuts to processors. These nuts are processed into butter and soap for local use and/or for exports. Institutional structures, from a variety sources including the cultural environment, community support systems and the State regulatory and support mechanisms, shape the opportunities, constraints and obstacles facing women pickers and local processors who rely on shea as an important source of income and economic empowerment. Both State and non-State institutions in Ghana have designed various policy interventions and programmes for the shea sector with the objective of reducing market failures of the sector and to improve incomes of shea-producing households. Based on a relatively large survey of 405 shea-producing households in selected districts of the Northern Region of Ghana, this paper discusses the institutional structures and policy measures in the shea sector in Ghana. From the perspective of the survey respondents, there is not enough coordination of programmes and policies among the various institutions in the shea sector. Respondents feel that the shea sector is largely unregulated; various actors take actions mainly for their own benefits and not necessarily for the benefit of the whole sector. Organised groups of shea-producing households are more likely to improve their chances of being impacted by programmes and policies of State and non-State institutions than unorganized individual shea-producing households.
29
ADERIBIGBE, Ezekiel Jesusanu, Felix OLADELA, Clement OGUNKUNLE, and Olamide FOLARIN. "Eco-distribution of Vitellaria paradoxa (G.F. Gaertn) in Kwara State, Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 9, no. 4 (2017): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb9410072.
Full textAbstract:
The conservation status of Vitellaria paradoxa in Kwara state was studied. The frequency ranged from 20% at Offa and Ilofa to100% at Jebba and Kaiama, as the shea tree occurred twice in the ten sampling points at Offa and Ilofa, but occurred in all sampled sites at Jebba and Kaiama. The highest tree mean density of 34 trees/ha was noted at Kaiama and the lowest at Offa 4 trees/ha. The overall mean densities of the species was 13.33 trees/ha. These show that Vitellaria paradoxa trees were more conserved towards the Northern part of the state than the Southern part. The majority of the trees were between (21-30 cm) diameter class, which indicated that they were saplings and very few were around (<10 cm) diameter class. The results showed low population of seedlings in the state, especially at the Northern part of the state. This might be due to trees’ removal for farming activities, uncontrolled incessant bush burning and trampling by grazing live stocks in the areas.
30
Ogwok, Gertrude, Peter O. Alele, and Sarah Kizza. "Influence of Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) on maize and soybean production." PLOS ONE 14, no. 4 (2019): e0201329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201329.
Full text
31
Lovett, Peter N., and Nazmul Haq. "Progress in developingin vitrosystems for shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxaC.F. Gaertn.) propagation." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 22, no. 1 (2013): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2013.765092.
Full text
32
Earl, Lesley K., Paul Baldrick, and Paul A. Hepburn. "A 13-Week Feeding Study in the Rat with Shea Oleine and Hardened Shea Oleine." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 1 (2002): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810252825984.
Full textAbstract:
Shea oleine is an oil fraction derived from the nut of the tree, Butyrospermum parkii, which grows in central and western Africa. There are several uses of shea oleine, including its use as a cooking oil and, after hardening, in margarine and toffee fat. As part of a series of studies, a 13-week rat feeding study was conducted in which groups of Colworth-Wistar rats (15 male and 15 female) were fed 27.5% total fat semipurified diets containing 20% (w/w) shea oleine (SU) or hardened shea oleine (SH). Equivalent groups of rats were fed either 20% ( w/w) palm oil (PU), soyabean oil (BU), or the hardened (hydrogenated) equivalents (PH and BH, respectively). Assessments of body weight, food and water intake, clinical pathology, organ weights, and macroscopic histopathology were carried out. Results showed that shea oleine diets produced similar biological effects to palm oil and and soyabean oil diets. A slightly reduced body weight gain was noted in rats fed either of the shea oleine diets in comparison with palm oil and soyabean oil. The process of hardening had no significant impact on the normal growth in rats fed shea oleine, although minor differences compared with un-hardened diets comprised some small changes in clinical chemistry parameters, raised fiver weight, and less liver lipid. In addition, raised alkaline phosphatase and an increase in food intake were noted in rats fed SH. All diets were well tolerated in the growing rat and none of the findings in the study were considered to be adverse.
33
Elias, Marlène, and Seema Arora-Jonsson. "Negotiating across difference: Gendered exclusions and cooperation in the shea value chain." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35, no. 1 (2016): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775816657084.
Full textAbstract:
Shea butter, derived from the African shea tree, has acquired a pivotal position in global agro-food and cosmetics industries. In Burkina Faso, public and private actors as well as civil society are converging upon the product to boost the incomes of rural female producers. As a result of these trends, the shea value chain is increasingly segmented; shea nuts are sold in a low-return, conventional market and simultaneously enter an alternative, high-value niche market. In the latter strand of the value chain, some producers are improving their prospects by forming an association. Tracing relationships across the two strands, we demonstrate how ‘horizontal’ relations based on gender, ethnicity, age and geography contribute to shaping participation and benefit capture in the shea value chain. We argue that processes of social inclusion and exclusion operate in parallel, as differentiated actors both cooperate and compete to secure their place within the chain. While collective organizing brings positive social and economic benefits, we show that producers’ associations need not be empowering for all women. The significance of collective enterprises, but also their drawbacks must be considered when valorising pathways to women's empowerment. Our study reinforces calls for greater integration of horizontal elements in value chain analyses.
34
Abu, Abigail J., Faruruwa Dahiru Muhammad, and Femi Emmanual Awe. "THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTION METHOD ON FATTY ACID PROFILE OF TRADITIONALLY AND MECHANICALLY EXTRACTED SHEA BUTTER SAMPLES FROM NASARAWA STATE." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 9, no. 5 (2025): 239–43. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0905-3629.
Full textAbstract:
Shea butter, a valuable plant fat has been extracted from the nuts of Shea tree. This study aim at determining the effect of extraction method on fatty acid profile of Shea butter samples from four local government areas of Nasarawa state, namely: Akwanga, Kokona, Nasarawa and Lafia. Two different methods were used for the extraction, which were the traditional and mechanical methods. The fatty acid profiles where analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopic (GC-MS) analytical method. The results obtained for fatty acid profile for the two extract varies. The butter extracted with the tradition method project three fatty acids which were oleic acid, ethyle oleate, and behehic acid while that of the mechanical methods detected seven fatty acids which were oleic acid, ethyl oleate, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, and pentadecanioc acid. While the traditional method project majorly oleic acid and its esters, the mechanical methods shows more of the fatty acids and their esters. The results of fatty acids profile therefore shows that, the traditional methods used in these region of Nasarawa state for the extraction of shea butter do not release all the fatty acids in the extracts and needs to be modernized so as to obtain shea butter of best quality.
35
Djossa, Bruno A., Jakob Fahr, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, and Brice A. Sinsin. "FRUIT SELECTION AND EFFECTS OF SEED HANDLING BY FLYING FOXES ON GERMINATION RATES OF SHEA TREES, A KEY RESOURCE IN NORTHERN BENIN, WEST AFRICA." ECOTROPICA 14 (June 5, 2008): 37–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406747.
Full textAbstract:
(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Many tropical plants depend on seed dispersal by animals for their natural regeneration. Our results reveal that in the Pendjari Region, Benin (West Africa), fruits of shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) constitute a key resource for flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Furthermore, handling of Vitellaria seeds by flying foxes can lead to an increase in germination success. We propose that seed dispersal by flying foxes is crucial for the long-term maintenance of this socio-economically important tree, which is not yet cultivated by local populations in traditional agroforestry systems. Accepted 9 May 2008.
36
I.D., Garba, and Muhammad-Lawal A. "The Economic and Constraints to Shea Tree Conservation among the Shea Value Chain Actors in the North-central, Nigeria." International Journal of Business Policy and Strategy Management 7, no. 1 (2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijbpsm.2020.7.1.01.
Full text
37
Djekonbe, P., T.M.L. Avana, and M.H. Womeni. "Influence des pressions parasitaires (Loranthaceae) et anthropiques sur la dynamique des peuplements du karité (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. C. F.) au Tchad." Revue Scientifique et Technique Forêt et Environnement du Bassin du Congo 11 (October 1, 2018): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1437210.
Full textAbstract:
<strong>Résumé</strong> Au Tchad, Vitellaria paradoxa est une espèce à usages multiples qui, malheureusement, est souvent la cible de multiples pressions parasitaires et anthropiques. L’objectif de la présente étude est de contribuer à la gestion durable de l’espèce au Tchad à travers une caractérisation des facteurs responsables de ces pressions. Pour y parvenir, un inventaire des arbres parasités par les espèces de Loranthaceae ainsi qu’une évaluation des indices de pressions anthropiques ont été réalisés dans sept des vingt-trois régions administratives du Tchad. 512 unités de comptage de 100 m x 100 m ont été implantées dans 128 villages à travers lesquelles 4 712 arbres ont été caractérisés. Le nombre de touffes de plantes parasites par arbre a été recensé, les indices d’écorçage des tiges et d’élagages anarchique des branches ont été relevés. Les résultats révèlent que les peuplements de karité sont fortement parasités avec une densité moyenne de 17 touffes de parasites par arbre. La densité moyenne des indices de pression anthropique par hectare est de 14 pour l’écorçage, 6 pour les tiges percées, 7 pour les tiges brulées et de 4 pour l’élagage. Le taux moyen d’infestation parasitaire varie en moyenne de 54% dans les systèmes cultivés à 81% dans les milieux naturels (savanes et jachères). L’analyse de Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique a permis de regrouper les bassins de production en trois types de parcs à karité suivant un gradient de dégradation. Il ressort de ces résultats que les principaux facteurs qui dégradent les parcs à karité au Tchad sont l’infestation des Loranthaceae et l’écorçage des tiges. Pour la gestion durable des ressources du karité au Tchad, cette étude recommande le développement et la promotion des méthodes de lutte contre les infestations de Loranthacées et une sensibilisation des populations pour la domestication et l’adoption des méthodes rationnelles d’écorçage et d’élagage. <strong>Abstract</strong> In Chad, Vitellaria paradoxa is a multipurpose tree species that, unfortunately, is often the target of parasitic and anthropogenic pressures. The objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable management of V. paradoxa in Chad through the characterization of factors responsible of these pressures. To achieve this, an inventory of Shea trees infested by Loranthaceae parasites and an assessment of anthropogenic pressure indices were conducted in seven out of the twenty-three administrative regions in Chad. 512 plots units of 100 m x 100 m were implanted in 128 villages through which 4 712 trees were characterised. The number of clumps of parasitic plants was recorded, the indices of stem peelings and uncontrolled branch pruning was noted. The results reveal that Shea stands are heavily parasitized with an average density of 17 tufts per tree. The average density of human pressure indices per hectare is 14 for debarking, 4 for pruning, 6 for pierced stems and 7 for burnt stems. The rate of parasite infestation varies from 54% in farming systems (Crop farms, homegardens and Fruit orchards) to 81% in natural land use (savanna and fallow lands), whereas the level of anthropogenic pressure, especially bark removal is higher in farmlands. The Hierarchical Ascendant Classification analysis grouped the Shea production areas into three types of parks according to a degradation gradient. From the results, it appears that the main factors degrading shea parks in Chad are infestation of tree branches with Loranthaceae and debarking for medicinal use. Therefore, for the sustainable management of shea tree resources in Chad, this study support the development and promotion of a control measure against infestation of Loranthaceae parasites as well as sensitization of the populations for Shea tree domestication and adoption of rational methods of bark harvesting and branch pruning.
38
Dermane, Wagbe Tchapo, Minkilabe Djangbedja, and Hodabalo Kamou. "NATURAL REGENERATION CAPACITY OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA (SHEA TREE) ON THE HILLS OF BASSAR (NORTH-TOGO)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 9 (2022): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4764.
Full textAbstract:
As the consequence of anthropic pressure along with climatic factors, the vegetation of the hills of Bassar is degrading day after day and a regression of many woody species is observed. Vitellaria paradoxa is a highly valued multi-use species, but it is threatened with extinction in the area. The "bell" and "L" shapes of the diameter class distribution histograms reflect aging and/or disturbed populations. Stand disturbance is illustrated by the low proportion of large diameter class individuals. The "L" shape reveals an advanced state of degradation characterized by a near absence of large diameter trees. The study of the natural regeneration of Vitellaria paradoxa on the hills of Bassar shows that the density of regeneration by seedlings, shoots and suckers depend on the diameter of the individual stem. The larger the diameter increases, the higher the density of seedlings becomes. However, plantlets stemming from seedlings are higher, and weaker from suckers and shoots. The density of Vitellaria paradoxa seedlings is lower in shrub savannahs than in tree savannahs. The analysis of variance showed that whether under the crown or outside the crown, there was a significant difference between individuals from regeneration in all the formations studied. In the inventory plots, the densities of young trees are equally variable under the crown and outside the crown as those of large trees.
39
Silas Elisée Ahouman Djoman, Boris Abel Kouakou, Rose-Monde Mégnanou та Gladys Ginette Doué. "Potential exploitation of Shea press cakes in glycaemia regulation: Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by protein and methanolic extracts". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, № 02 (2021): 083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.15.2.0119.
Full textAbstract:
Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) tree is integrally used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several health disturbances. Its kernels fat is widely exploited for food, medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Nevertheless germinated kernels are considered as waste, whereas shea germinative power would be very high. Their anti-diabetic ability was evaluated in vitro, in ordre to highlight their pharmacological benefits. Therefore, both proteins (crude, digested and dialysed ones) and hydroalcoholic extracts, were prepared from germinated and ungerminated shea seed press cakes. The anti-diabetic essay was carried out by evaluating extracts inhibiting power on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Proteins were quantified by spectrophotometry (214 nm). Results revealed that the protein content of the extracts from germinated seed cakes was 450 mg/100 g and that of the extracts from ungerminated shea seed cakes was 410 mg/100 g. The percentage of inhibition of α-amylase by the dialysed extracts of germinated shea seeds, in this case the external dialysate of germinated seed, presented the best rate of inhibition with 30.21 %. Contrary to the percentage of inhibition of α-amylase, the highest rates of inhibition of α-glucosidase were recorded with the crude protein extracts of sprouted seeds (82.02 %) and unsprouted seeds (62.32 %). For methanolic extracts, the highest inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was recorded by the ungerminated seeds, with 42.61% for α-amylase and 97.47% for α-glucosidase. These results show that protein extracts of shea seed cakes may play a role in blood glucose regulation.
40
Silas, Elisée Ahouman Djoman, Abel Kouakou Boris, Mégnanou Rose-Monde та Ginette Doué Gladys. "Potential exploitation of Shea press cakes in glycaemia regulation: Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by protein and methanolic extracts". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 15, № 2 (2021): 083–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5017364.
Full textAbstract:
Shea (<em>Vitellaria paradoxa)</em> tree is integrally used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several health disturbances. Its kernels fat is widely exploited for food, medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Nevertheless germinated kernels are considered as waste, whereas shea germinative power would be very high. Their anti-diabetic ability was evaluated <em>in vitro</em>, in ordre to highlight their pharmacological benefits. Therefore, both proteins (crude, digested and dialysed ones) and hydroalcoholic extracts, were prepared from germinated and ungerminated shea seed press cakes. The anti-diabetic essay was carried out by evaluating extracts inhibiting power on both α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Proteins were quantified by spectrophotometry (214 nm). Results revealed that the protein content of the extracts from germinated seed cakes was 450 mg/100 g and that of the extracts from ungerminated shea seed cakes was 410 mg/100 g. The percentage of inhibition of α-amylase by the dialysed extracts of germinated shea seeds, in this case the external dialysate of germinated seed, presented the best rate of inhibition with 30.21 %. Contrary to the percentage of inhibition of α-amylase, the highest rates of inhibition of α-glucosidase were recorded with the crude protein extracts of sprouted seeds (82.02 %) and unsprouted seeds (62.32 %). For methanolic extracts, the highest inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was recorded by the ungerminated seeds, with 42.61% for α-amylase and 97.47% for α-glucosidase. These results show that protein extracts of shea seed cakes may play a role in blood glucose regulation.
41
Gwali, Samson, Grace Nakabonge, John Bosco Lamoris Okullo, Gerald Eilu, Philip Nyeko, and Peter Vuzi. "Morphological variation among shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica) ‘ethnovarieties’ in Uganda." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59, no. 8 (2012): 1883–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9905-8.
Full text
42
Delaney, Aoife, Assita Dembele, Issa Nombré, et al. "Local‐scale tree and shrub diversity improves pollination services to shea trees in tropical West African parklands." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 8 (2020): 1504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13640.
Full text
43
Akatwetaba, Deborah, Basil Mugonola, Apollo Kasharu, and Anthony Egeru. "An Assessment of the Competitiveness of Shea Actors in the Shea Nut Value Chain of Northern Uganda." East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 1 (2024): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajab.7.1.2076.
Full textAbstract:
Shea nut is an economically important parkland tree species found in parts of northern and eastern Uganda. In northern Uganda, the shea nut value chain consists of collectors, traders, and processors. Whereas the collectors form the bulk of the actors in the chain, it is not clear whether the scale of operations of actors above the chain makes them less competitive. This study assessed the competitiveness of shea actors along the chain. Cross-sectional primary data was collected using a respondent-driven sampling approach. A total of 252 collectors, 51 traders, and 22 processors were included in the study. Results showed that the average market share of the collectors, traders, and collectors is 0.4%, 1.9%, and 4.5%, respectively. Using the concentration ratio (CR4) which measures the market share of the four largest players, results showed that for both collectors and traders, the CR4 was less than 40% (collectors =10%; traders=15%). This finding suggests that, individually, each collector and trader are too small to influence the outcome of the shea market transaction but can only do so collectively. However, for the processors, the CR4 was 65%, implying that for the processors, the 4 largest players control up to 65% of the market. This suggests an oligopolistic tendency among shea processors, with the few large processors able to individually influence both collectors and traders. These findings suggest the need to regulations to protect both the trader and the collectors from unfair competition that may come from the few processors
44
POOLE, NIGEL, CAMILLA AUDIA, BARTÉLÉMY KABORET, and REBECCA KENT. "Tree products, food security and livelihoods: a household study of Burkina Faso." Environmental Conservation 43, no. 4 (2016): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000175.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYThis paper examines the contribution of products derived from baobab (Adansonia digitata), shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) to rural livelihoods in Burkina Faso. A survey was conducted in northern and southern regions to identify and understand the social and environmental factors influencing the utilization of tree products by rural households for home consumption and commercialization, and to explore the contribution of tree products to food security. Emphasis was placed on the roles and responsibilities of women for tree product utilization. Inter- and intra-household relationships governing tree foods were found to vary between regions and tree species, and with gender and household composition. Collection and utilization of tree products differed between north and south because of contrasting ecological contexts and evolving social mores. Household decision making processes were negotiated and consensual in both regions. The results suggest that domestication and dissemination of planting and regeneration technologies, and product processing and marketing initiatives, need a gendered and tree-specific approach in order to build on local norms and capacities. Measures for the conservation and management of tree resources are most important where ecological constraints are most severe but dependence is greatest for sustaining food security.
45
Akinrotohun, Hannah O., Ayobami O. Oyedele, Oluwatoyin A. Igbeneghu, and Lara O. Orafidiya. "Formulation development of topical antibacterial lotion with theobroma cacao pod husk ash extract for treatment of shaving bumps." Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 1 (2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2021.10.00362.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of this study were to determine the emulsifying properties of Theobroma cacao pod husk ash (CPHA) methanolic extract combined with shea butter and explore the antibacterial activities and physicochemical characteristics of resulting emulsions toward the development of a topical antibacterial lotion formulation for shaving bumps treatment. The ash resulting from combustion of pod husks of freshly harvested ripe cocoa fruits was extracted with methanol and the extract evaporated to dryness. Shea butter was also extracted by traditional method from kernels from the shea tree. These natural-source materials were combined with pharmaceutical ingredients (buffer, viscosity enhancer, preservative) to develop fluid emulsion formulations. Stability characteristics (droplet size, viscosity, creaming, and pH) of the formulations were evaluated as well as their antibacterial activities against microorganisms isolated from after-shave bump swabs of adult male volunteers and against reference organisms; in order to select product(s) of best qualities suitable as shaving bumps medication. The prototype formulations exhibited suitable physicochemical properties and demonstrated inhibitory activities against several isolated shaving bump microbes and the reference organisms namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two formulations were finally selected as having physicochemical and antibacterial qualities most suitable for shaving bumps therapy, which contained shea butter (20%), citrate buffer (5%), and parabens (0.3%), prepared using 5% CPHA extract solution with and without methyl cellulose (2%), respectively. The novel shea butter-incorporated emulsion-lotion formulations of CPHA extract provide a useful therapeutic option of topical medication for the treatment of shaving bumps in men.
46
Oforghor, A.O, Usman, A, and Nasiru, L.U. "Dyeing Properties of Natural Dyes Extracted from Shea Butter Tree Bark (Vitellaria paradoxa)." Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research 05, no. 02 (2023): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajbsr.2023.5206.
Full textAbstract:
The research was designed due to the recent renewed interest in the use of natural dyes for the dyeing of textiles as a result of the problem(s) associated with dyeing using synthetic dye. Synthetic dyes are toxic, non-biodegradable and not friendly to the environment i.e. non-eco-friendly. Natural dye therefore is a perfect replacement for synthetic dyes due to their non-toxicity, biodegradable, non-hazardous and more eco-friendly. Natural dye used for the study was extracted from Vitellaria paradoxa Shea butter tree bark using the Soxhlet extraction technique. The extracted dye was applied on cotton fabric and evaluated based on dyeing parameters such as dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, time and temperature. Mordanting was carried out with potassium dichromate using the post-mordanting method. The percentage exhaustion–quantity of dye absorbed by cotton fibres and the fastness properties of the dyed fabric were evaluated. From the result obtained, it was observed that the percentage exhaustion increases with increase dye concentration with the highest percentage exhaustion of 95% which was obtained at 8ml dye concentration. However, increase in electrolyte concentration resulted in increase in the percentage exhaustion with the highest percentage exhaustion of 98% which was obtained at 6ml electrolyte concentration. This observation was in agreement with the effect of electrolyte concentration on percentage exhaustion. It was also observed that the percentage exhaustion increases with increase in time of dyeing. The highest percentage exhaustion of 96% which was obtained at 3h dyeing time and for temperature it was observed that that the rate of dyeing increases gradually by raising the temperature. The highest dye exhaustion of 95% was obtained at the temperature of 50oC. It may be suggested that the extracted dye in the aqueous medium is in aggregated form since they need an increase temperature to migrate into the fibre. However, the application of mordant on the dyed samples improved the dye-fibre bonding and enhanced the fastness properties with colour change rating of 3 and 4 with shade of light brown. Comparing with the mordanted samples, the mordanted samples have a better fastness properties with colour change of 5 with shade of cork. However, on the whole, it can be recommended that dye extracted from Vitellaria paradoxa Shea butter tree bark can be used to dye cotton fabric.
47
Purser, William A., Paul Doughty, Jodi L. Rowley, et al. "Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia." Zootaxa 5594, no. 2 (2025): 269–315. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3.
Full textAbstract:
Purser, William A., Doughty, Paul, Rowley, Jodi L., Böhme, Wolfgang, Donnellan, Stephen C., Mitchell, Marion Anstis Nicola, Shea, Glenn M., Amey, Andrew, Mitchell, Brittany A., Catullo, Renee A. (2025): Systematics of the Little Red Tree Frog, Litoria rubella (Anura: Pelodryadidae), with the description of two new species from eastern Australia and arid Western Australia. Zootaxa 5594 (2): 269-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.3
48
Muhammad, M. I., and A. T. Ande. "Influence of Vitellaria Paradoxa Gaertn Depletion on the Incidence, Abundance and Distribution of Cirina Forda Westwood (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Niger State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 35, no. 1 (2019): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/9102/53.01.40.
Full textAbstract:
The pallid emperor moth, Cirina forda, is a prominent edible insect in Niger State but currently at great risk of extinction. The incidence, abundance and distribution of Cirina forda, was investigated for four consecutive seasons, i.e. May-June 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 to ascertain the effect of the depletion of its host plant, Shea butter trees, Vitellaria paradoxa. in Niger State, Nigeria. C. forda egg clusters located on the host plants were enumerated to ascertain the seasonal abundance by visual counting using hand lenses and binoculars (MARCO-model 750/8 m-988000 m). At each location, 100m2 land area in which three 10m2 portions were mapped as replicate sites, were investigated for host plant density, egg cluster abundance and distribution within three host plant canopy height ranges. The 41 locations in six Local Government Areas (LGAs) where C. forda occurred in Niger State in 2010 were investigated. The result indicated the GPS of each of the locations and showed that Niger state had a very rich but fast dwindling population of V. paradoxa. C. forda egg cluster abundance across the six LGAs showed Niger state as highly endowed but ephemeral and highly unpredictable, especially in terms of location where they occurred. The egg cluster abundance reduced drastically from 58.1± 12.1 and 56.1±24.1 egg cluster/host plant in 2010 and 2011, respectively to 41.3 ± 8.3 and 29.7 ±5.1 egg cluster/host plant in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons, respectively. Locational similarities were observed in the trends of C. forda host plant density reduction and egg cluster abundance over the four cropping seasons and these were corroborated across the State. The decreasing densities of Shea butter trees was identified as posing serious threats to egg laying by C. forda. The possibility of the extinction of C. forda was identified as imminent and a conservation approach that stems the indiscriminate destruction of host tree, V. paradoxa (Shea butter trees) was proposed.
49
Treesh, Soad A., Sakina S. Saadawi, Khairi A. Alennabi, Suher M. Aburawi, Kholoud Lotfi, and Amal S. Ben Musa. "Experimental study comparing burn healing effects of raw South African Shea butter and the samples from a Libyan market." Open Veterinary Journal 10, no. 4 (2021): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i4.10.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The fat extracted from the nut of the African Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) is called Shea butter. It has multiple uses at the local level as it is used in cosmetic products and as a cocoa butter substitute in chocolate industries. It has a high nutritious value and is also a valuable product on the local, national, and international markets, making it the ideal candidate to research and invest in.Aim: This study is a comparative experimental study of the possible burn healing effects between imported South African raw Shea butter and samples in a Libyan market.Method: The control samples were brought from South Africa (Benin traditional markets). A total of 18 different samples were collected from different sale centers in Tripoli, including pharmacies, beauty shops, and spices shops, in addition to one sample brought from Poland. Animal experiment on burn healing effect was carried out on nine male Sprague Dawley (350–400 g) rats aged 6–8 weeks old. After shaving the animal’s dorsum hair, a metal cube was used to create a deep second degree burn wound, and the cube was heated to 100°C for 20 seconds. Medication with Shea butter (control, T1, and T2) was initiated daily for one for these groups by the application of a thin film of the Shea butter samples on the burned areas. On days 1, 3, and 7, the rats were anesthetised and a sample from the burned scar tissue and skin adjacent were evaluated using pathological parameters.Results: The histological study indicates that the use of Shea butter T1 as topical treatment induces an immune response, which enhances the form of the presence of a large number of inflammatory cells in the epidermis and dermis layers. The treatment of burned skin with T2 lasted for 72 hours and it showed slightly significant healing in the normal structure of proliferative granulation tissue with accumulation of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells surrounding the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Small areas of the epidermis which formed few layers were observed and some hair roots were grown. This was well seen in cases of T1 and T2. Shea butter bought as raw might have a bad effect on burned skin. Conclusion: Shea butter bought as raw might have bad effect on burned skin. On the other hand, the sample from Poland had a therapeutic effect, which was because of the additives such as avocado oil, grape seed oil, and others.
50
ALLAL, FRANÇOIS, ALEXANDRE VAILLANT, HABY SANOU, BOKARY KELLY, and JEAN-MARC BOUVET. "Isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers in shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxaC. F. Gaertn)." Molecular Ecology Resources 8, no. 4 (2008): 822–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2007.02079.x.
Full text