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Journal articles on the topic 'Shear Rheometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Kohl, Katinka. "Comparison of Dynamic Light Scattering and Rheometrical Methods to Determine the Gel Point of a Radically Polymerized Hydrogel under Mechanical Shear." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050462.

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The phase transition of nanocomposite hydrogels made of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and clay (Laponite® XLS) was investigated under mechanical shear influencing the gelation. The hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization. For the processing of cross-linked gels, the phase transition (liquid–solid) and its dependence on mechanical stress are of paramount importance. On the one hand, the determination of the gel point (tg) is possible with rheometry and, on the other hand, with dynamic light scattering (DLS). With rotational rheometry, by identifying the abrupt increase of viscosity, the gel point is evaluated. The DSL is an alternative method to rheometry, to investigate hydrogels under the action of the shear flow, to make results comparable to the rheometric investigations, with and without shear. Experimental parameters were chosen based on preparatory work to obtain comparable results regarding the determination of the gel point of a radically polymerized NIPAm hydrogel.

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2

Wang, Hong Yun, and Hui Qiang Zheng. "Shear and Squeeze Rheometry of Magnetorheological Fluids." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.344.

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The mechanical properties of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid in shearing, compression and shearing after compression have been studied in the magnetic field which is generated by a coil carrying different magnitudes of DC electrical current on a self-constructed test system. The relations of compression stress versus compression strain, yield stress versus compression stress were studied under different magnetic fields. The compressing tests showed that the MR fluid is very stiff at small compressive strains lower than 0.13. The shear yield stress of MR fluids after compression was much stronger than that of uncompressed MR fluids under the same magnetic field. The enhanced shear yield stress of MR fluids can be utilized to design the MR clutch and brake for new structure and will make MR fluids technology attractive for many applications.

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3

Marín-Santibáñez, Benjamín M., José Pérez-González, Lourdes de Vargas, Francisco Rodríguez-González, and Guadalupe Huelsz. "Rheometry−PIV of Shear-Thickening Wormlike Micelles." Langmuir 22, no. 9 (April 2006): 4015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la053167k.

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4

Clasen, Christian. "High shear rheometry using hydrodynamic lubrication flows." Journal of Rheology 57, no. 1 (January 2013): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.4766364.

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5

Elemsimit, Hamid A., and Dana Grecov. "Utilizing macroscopic rheometry to investigate triglyceride self-assembly." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 7 (September 25, 2017): 851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117732716.

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The rheological behavior of a canola oil-based bio-lubricant was correlated with its surface activities using a rotary rheometer. The experiments on the gap size, substrate, and surface conditions led to a consistent and conceivable assumption that the self-assembled monolayer was extended to a degree that was sufficient to make a significant change in the bulk properties. In parallel, the thermal behavior was also connected to the surface activities. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure what is thought to be the monolayer melting point without using a graphite substrate. Crystallization points were measured at relatively high temperatures. Tribological tests were conducted and explained based on the rheological and thermal findings. A scenario describing both the boundary and bulk regimes was hypothesized. Rheometry and thermal analysis techniques are promising because of the variety of variables that could be controlled, such as temperature, shear, time, gap and substrate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using macroscopic rheology to study the surfactant activities of vegetable oil. The influence of substrate and gap size on rheological behavior could change the current standards for using rotary rheometers.

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6

Nichetti, Dario. "Oscillating shear capillary rheometry (OSCAR) for polymer melts." Journal of Polymer Engineering 40, no. 9 (October 25, 2020): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0231.

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AbstractKnowing the flow parameters of a polymer melt under steady state condition is required to assess the performance of the material in die and mold design. Often, however, this is not sufficient for a full understanding of the polymer processing behavior, and information on the linear and non-linear viscoelastic behavior is needed. In this paper, the non-linear viscoelastic behavior of a polymer under shear flow has been investigated by measuring the stress response when a cyclic oscillating shear rate in a capillary rheometer is applied. The time-dependent wall shear stress has been decomposed into in-phase viscous and elastic components. A model to interpret the experimental results is presented and applied to a well-characterized polystyrene and two polyethylenes with similar rheology but different molecular structure (HDPE and LLDPE). The relevant characteristics resulting from the model, such as the generalized elastic and viscous modulus under shear, are compared and discussed.

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7

LODGE, A. S. "LOW-SHEAR-RATE RHEOMETRY AND POLYMER QUALITY CONTROL." Chemical Engineering Communications 32, no. 1-5 (January 1985): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448508911641.

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8

Kelly, A. L., T. Gough, B. R. Whiteside, and P. D. Coates. "High shear strain rate rheometry of polymer melts." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 114, no. 2 (October 15, 2009): 864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.30552.

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9

Wichterle, K., and P. Mitschka. "A novel approach to high shear rate rheometry." Rheologica Acta 25, no. 3 (May 1986): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01357961.

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10

Magnin, A., and J. M. Piau. "Shear rheometry of fluids with a yield stress." Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 23 (January 1987): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0257(87)80012-5.

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11

Marín-Santibáñez, Benjamín M., José Pérez-González, and Lourdes de Vargas. "Shear rheometry and visualization of glass fiber suspensions." Rheologica Acta 49, no. 2 (December 22, 2009): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0418-0.

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12

Borin, Dmitry, Nico Kolsch, Gennady Stepanov, and Stefan Odenbach. "On the oscillating shear rheometry of magnetorheological elastomers." Rheologica Acta 57, no. 3 (January 23, 2018): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-1071-2.

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13

Daniel, Christophe, and Ian W. Hamley. "Extensional and shear rheometry of oriented triblock copolymers." Rheologica Acta 39, no. 3 (August 4, 2000): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003970000086.

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14

Vadodaria, Saumil Sudhir, Amaka J. Onyianta, and Dongyang Sun. "High-shear rate rheometry of micro-nanofibrillated cellulose (CMF/CNF) suspensions using rotational rheometer." Cellulose 25, no. 10 (August 3, 2018): 5535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1963-4.

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15

Götz, Joachim, Hartmut Balzer, and Ruth Hinrichs. "Characterisation of the Structure and Flow Behaviour of Model Chocolate Systems by Means of NMR and Rheology." Applied Rheology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2005-0005.

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Abstract In order to characterise the structure and flow behaviour of model chocolate systems Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and rheometry were used to determine the T1 - and T2 - NMR relaxation times and their corresponding flow functions. T1 and T2 characterise the molecular mobility of fluids and correlate with both the zero-shear-rate and infinity viscosity of various chocolate model systems (determined with rotational rheometry and capillary rheometry). Based on this correlation, NMR provides the possibility to determine characteristic viscosities of chocolate masses by means of NMR-relaxation experiments. The viscosities of chocolate masses are important process parameters, as they are used for quality control of the production process. An online process viscosimetry via T2 relaxation would allow the installation of an efficient process control and, thus, a process automation. This NMR application with comparatively short measuring times is especially interesting for disperse systems where the use of conventional rheometric techniques may cause large errors. The only prerequisite for the measurement of the viscosities using NMR is a previous calibration. This was performed with the help of rotational and capillary rheometry. The NMR self-diffusion experiments are especially appropriate to characterise the influence of emulsifiers on the structure and the flow behaviour of chocolate masses.

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16

Rathner, Raffael, Wolfgang Roland, Hanny Albrecht, Franz Ruemer, and Jürgen Miethlinger. "Applicability of the Cox-Merz Rule to High-Density Polyethylene Materials with Various Molecular Masses." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081218.

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The Cox-Merz rule is an empirical relationship that is commonly used in science and industry to determine shear viscosity on the basis of an oscillatory rheometry test. However, it does not apply to all polymer melts. Rheological data are of major importance in the design and dimensioning of polymer-processing equipment. In this work, we investigated whether the Cox-Merz rule is suitable for determining the shear-rate-dependent viscosity of several commercially available high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe grades with various molecular masses. We compared the results of parallel-plate oscillatory shear rheometry using the Cox-Merz empirical relation with those of high-pressure capillary and extrusion rheometry. To assess the validity of these techniques, we used the shear viscosities obtained by these methods to numerically simulate the pressure drop of a pipe head and compared the results to experimental measurements. We found that, for the HDPE grades tested, the viscosity data based on capillary pressure flow of the high molecular weight HDPE describes the pressure drop inside the pipe head significantly better than do data based on parallel-plate rheometry applying the Cox-Merz rule. For the lower molecular weight HDPE, both measurement techniques are in good accordance. Hence, we conclude that, while the Cox-Merz relationship is applicable to lower-molecular HDPE grades, it does not apply to certain HDPE grades with high molecular weight.

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17

Lang, Christian, Jan Hendricks, Zhenkun Zhang, Naveen K. Reddy, Jonathan P. Rothstein, M. Paul Lettinga, Jan Vermant, and Christian Clasen. "Effects of particle stiffness on the extensional rheology of model rod-like nanoparticle suspensions." Soft Matter 15, no. 5 (2019): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01925h.

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The linear and nonlinear rheological behavior of two rod-like particle suspensions as a function of concentration is studied using small amplitude oscillatory shear, steady shear and capillary breakup extensional rheometry.

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18

Strobelt, Jonas, Joerg Bauer, Marc Dreissigacker, Ole Hoelck, Tanja Braun, Karl-Friedrich Becker, Martin Schneider-Ramelow, and Klaus-Dieter Lang. "COMBINING ADVANTAGES OF RHEOMETRY AND INLINE VISCOMETRY FOR IMPROVED VISCOSITY MODELING." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000568.

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Abstract In microelectronic packaging, encapsulation by compression and transfer molding is a crucial process block to ensure device reliability. Material properties of encapsulants, highly filled systems of reactive epoxy molding compounds (EMC), strongly depend on process conditions in a complex manner and vary over time. Shear-thinning behavior, as well as time- and temperature-dependent conversion strongly impact the viscosity of the polymer melt. In all fields of application, such as automotive or IoT, demands towards miniaturization, lifetime and environmental conditions increase. Thus, detailed understanding of the complex material behavior is of vital importance. Typically, shear-thinning behavior of polymer melts is characterized using a conventional rheometer in oscillation mode under varying shear-rates and temperatures. Limitations of this approach are, that measurements at process temperature typically cannot be performed due to the high reactivity of the encapsulant at these temperatures (e.g. 175 °C for transfer molding). Therefore extrapolation to the correct temperature range is required. Furthermore, measurements in oscillation mode cannot necessarily be transferred to real process conditions, where a continuous flow is present. To overcome these limitations the inline viscometer can be used, a specially designed measurement tool for a transfer molding machine developed by Fico/Besi. The polymer melt is pressed through a narrow slit under known volumetric flow at process temperature. By measuring the pressure difference before and after the slit, the viscosity can be calculated. In order to better understand and also predict material behavior, inline viscosimetry is combined with rheometer measurements. This allows to maintain the advantages of conventional rheometry regarding material consumption and large shear-rate measuring range. At the same time, the inline approach provides relevant data under process conditions. The synthesis of both approaches yields a correction of the rheometer measurements, ultimately improving viscosity modeling and being an improved basis for process simulation.

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19

Baravian, Christophe, Audrey Lalante, and Alan Parker. "Vane Rheometry with a Large, Finite Gap." Applied Rheology 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2002-0005.

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Abstract The vane geometry with a large gap is used to determine the Newtonian, non-Newtonian and viscoelastic properties of complex fluids. We show that when this geometry is carefully characterized, it can be used for precise rheometry. A novel effective cylinder approximation is used to obtain the shear rate and shear stress factors. The effective radius is found to be close to the height of the triangle formed by joining the tips of adjacent blades. This result differs significantly from that of previous work. Flow visualization has been used to confirm that the stream lines bend towards the centre between the blades. These factors can be used to determine the flow curves of non-Newtonian liquids, using Krieger’s power law expansion. The standard procedure for using the vane to determine the yield stress is also carefully investigated and alternative procedures are suggested.

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20

Sung, Sang Hoon, Sunhyung Kim, Jan Hendricks, Christian Clasen, and Kyung Hyun Ahn. "Orthogonal superposition rheometry of colloidal gels: time-shear rate superposition." Soft Matter 14, no. 42 (2018): 8651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01512k.

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21

Barrès, C., J. L. Leblanc, and S. Guilet. "Recent developments in shear rheometry of uncured rubber compounds." Polymer Testing 20, no. 3 (2001): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(00)00040-4.

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22

Barrès, Claire, and Jean L. Leblanc. "Recent developments in shear rheometry of uncured rubber compounds." Polymer Testing 19, no. 2 (April 2000): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(98)00090-7.

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23

Kolitawong, Chanyut, A. Jeffrey Giacomin, and Leann M. Johnson. "Assumed periodicity and dynamic shear stress transduction in rheometry." Journal of Rheology 54, no. 4 (July 2010): 835–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.3439774.

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24

Vandebril, Steven, Aly Franck, Gerald G. Fuller, Paula Moldenaers, and Jan Vermant. "A double wall-ring geometry for interfacial shear rheometry." Rheologica Acta 49, no. 2 (December 3, 2009): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0407-3.

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25

Klein, Christopher O., Antigoni Theodoratou, Patrick A. Rühs, Ulrich Jonas, Benoit Loppinet, Manfred Wilhelm, Peter Fischer, Jan Vermant, and Dimitris Vlassopoulos. "Interfacial Fourier transform shear rheometry of complex fluid interfaces." Rheologica Acta 58, no. 1-2 (January 10, 2019): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-01122-y.

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26

Martoïa, F., C. Perge, P. J. J. Dumont, L. Orgéas, M. A. Fardin, S. Manneville, and M. N. Belgacem. "Heterogeneous flow kinematics of cellulose nanofibril suspensions under shear." Soft Matter 11, no. 24 (2015): 4742–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00530b.

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The coexistence of multiple flow bands, wall slippage and possible multidimensional effects in enzymatic and TEMPO cellulose nanofibril suspensions under shear were revealed using optical and ultrasonic speckle velocimetry (USV) rheometry techniques.

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27

Ravendran, Rathesan, Peter Jensen, Jesper de Claville Christiansen, Benny Endelt, and Erik Appel Jensen. "Rheological behaviour of lubrication oils used in two-stroke marine engines." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2016-0075.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the rheological behaviour of commercial lubrication oils used for cylinder lubrication in two-stroke marine diesel engines. Furthermore, it is of interest to investigate whether the viscosity of lubrication oils is affected by different levels of alkalinity. Design/methodology/approach Viscosity measurements are performed using both rotational and capillary rheometry. It was possible to measure oil viscosity in the shear rate from 0.1 to 3,000 s−1 using rotational rheometry, whereas capillary rheometry allowed measurements in higher shear rates from 5 × 105 to 1.3 × 106 s−1 at 50°C. Findings The viscosity measurements show that the studied lubrication oils behave as a Newtonian fluid and that the viscosities are insensitive to the level of alkalinity. Furthermore, the viscosity/temperature dependency for the lubrication oils was found to fit the Arrhenius model. Originality/value This study presents useful information about the rheological behaviour of lubrication oils, more precisely how the oil properties are affected by shear rate, temperature and level of alkalinity. The value of this research is considered to be important for designing two-stroke diesel engines and cylinder lubrication systems.

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28

GEHIN, C., and J. PERSELLO. "EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL SILICA ON ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 17n18 (July 20, 2002): 2494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012566.

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Electrorheological (ER) effect of surface modified silica particles dispersed in silicone oil was experimentally studied. Monodispersed silica particles were prepared by hydrolyzing tetraethylorthosilicate in an ethanol solution. Rheometry measurements of shear stress and viscosity under shear rates of the suspensions were carried out with a rotational double concentric rheometer. Electric field is applied transverse to the direction of the shear. Flow curves reveals that there is no field effect on dispersion of dried particles. When water is adsorbed on the silica particles surface, the ER effect exists, but beyond a rate of 5 wt% of water, the capillary forces produce the aggregation of the particles. This agrees with the theory where it has been shown that the ER behaviour is proportional to the dielectric constant of the particles. Moreover hydrated lithium cations adsorbed on the silica surface involve a reversible ER effect with short relaxation times.

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29

Schroyen, Bram, Dimitris Vlassopoulos, Peter Van Puyvelde, and Jan Vermant. "Bulk rheometry at high frequencies: a review of experimental approaches." Rheologica Acta 59, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-019-01172-w.

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AbstractHigh-frequency rheology is a form of mechanical spectroscopy which provides access to fast dynamics in soft materials and hence can give valuable information about the local scale microstructure. It is particularly useful for systems where time-temperature superposition cannot be used, when there is a need to extend the frequency range beyond what is possible with conventional rotational devices. This review gives an overview of different approaches to high-frequency bulk rheometry, i.e. mechanical rheometers that can operate at acoustic (20 Hz–20 kHz) or ultrasound (> 20 kHz) frequencies. As with all rheometers, precise control and know-how of the kinematic conditions are of prime importance. The inherent effects of shear wave propagation that occur in oscillatory measurements will hence be addressed first, identifying the gap and surface loading limits. Different high-frequency techniques are then classified based on their mode of operation. They are reviewed critically, contrasting ease of operation with the dynamic frequency range obtained. A comparative overview of the different types of techniques in terms of their operating window aims to provide a practical guide for selecting the right approach for a given problem. The review ends with a more forward looking discussion of selected material classes for which the use of high-frequency rheometry has proven particularly valuable or holds promise for bringing physical insights.

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30

Xie, Renxuan, Youngmin Lee, Melissa P. Aplan, Nicholas J. Caggiano, Christian Müller, Ralph H. Colby, and Enrique D. Gomez. "Glass Transition Temperature of Conjugated Polymers by Oscillatory Shear Rheometry." Macromolecules 50, no. 13 (June 27, 2017): 5146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00712.

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31

Huitrón-Rattinger, Estefania, and Angel Romo-Uribe. "Shear and extensional rheometry of PA6 reinforced with polyacrylic nanoparticles." Polymer Bulletin 70, no. 9 (May 26, 2013): 2547–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-013-0971-7.

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32

Shin, D., J. W. Lee, and B. I. Suh. "Setting properties of luting cements determined by oscillatory shear rheometry." Dental Materials 26, no. 2 (February 2010): e156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.145.

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33

Kuzhir, Pavel, Modesto T. López-López, Grigory Vertelov, Christophe Pradille, and Georges Bossis. "Shear and squeeze rheometry of suspensions of magnetic polymerized chains." Rheologica Acta 47, no. 2 (November 21, 2007): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-007-0230-7.

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34

Jeyakumar, Manickaraj, and Sumanth Shankar. "Rheology of Liquid Al, Zn and Zn-7wt%Al Systems." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.226.

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The flow behavior and viscosity of pure aluminum, zinc and Zn-7wt%Al liquids were quantified with the effects of temperature and shear rate by rotational rheometry experiments. These systems exhibited a non-Newtonian, shear thinning and non-thixotropic flow behavior where in the liquid metal viscosity decreases with increasing shear rates. The temperature dependence of viscosity followed the Arrhenius equation. Moreover, at high shear rate regimes the flow resembles a nearly Newtonian behaviour.

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35

Rosenblatt, J. S., D. S. Soane (Soong), and M. C. Williams. "A couette rheometer design for minimizing sedimentation and red-cell-aggregation artifacts in low-shear blood rheometry." Biorheology 24, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bir-1987-24632.

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36

Costa, Sónia, Paulo Teixeira, José Covas, and Loic Hilliou. "Assessment of Piezoelectric Sensors for the Acquisition of Steady Melt Pressures in Polymer Extrusion." Fluids 4, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4020066.

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Piezoelectric sensors have made their way into polymer processing and rheometry applications, in particular when small pressure changes with very fast dynamics are to be measured. However, no validation of their use for steady shear rheometry is available in the literature. Here, a rheological slit die was designed and constructed to allow for the direct comparison of pressure data measured with conventional and piezoelectric transducers. The calibration of piezoelectric sensors is presented together with a methodology to correct the data from the inherent signal drift, which is shown to be temperature and pressure independent. Flow curves are measured for polymers showing different levels of viscoelasticity. Piezoelectric slit rheometry is validated and its advantage for the rheology of thermodegradable materials with viscosity below 100 Pa·s is highlighted.

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37

Feng, R., K. T. Ramesh, and A. S. Douglas. "An Analytical and Computational Investigation of High-Rate Rheometry." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831579.

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This paper examines a class of experimental techniques used to develop constitutive models for lubricants, by simulating the shearing of a thin lubricant layer while accounting for transient phenomena. The complete transient thermal problem with fully nonlinear constitutive relations is solved, and heat conduction is accounted for both in the lubricant layer and into the walls. Numerical simulations are used to examine the shear stress history, the velocity profile, and the temperature profile as functions of time. As a particular example, the high-rate torsional Kolsky bar rheometer (Feng and Ramesh, 1993) is simulated. The computations indicate that the Kolsky bar experiments, which are able to examine the time-histories of the stresses and of the motion, can he used to obtain material properties for lubricants at high shear rates. A full numerical analysis may be required to properly interpret some of the data available from the Kolsky bar experiments, since at longer times (greater than that associated with the peak shear stress) the thermal softening may dominate the response and the velocity field may become strongly inhomogeneous. The numerical simulations are performed using both rate-dependent and limiting stress constitutive laws, and the effects of the layer thickness and the rise time of the relative velocities are examined. The simulations show that the film thickness and the rise time of the relative velocities can have strong effects on the character of the solution when the transient phenomena are included in the analysis. The computations also demonstrate that highly inhomogeneous and even localized flows may occur within rheometers as a result of transient effects. The development of these flows depends on the layer thickness, the rise-time of the boundary velocity, the thermal boundary conditions, and the constitutive behavior of the lubricant.

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38

Paradkar, Anant, Adrian Kelly, Phil Coates, and Peter York. "Shear and extensional rheology of hydroxypropyl cellulose melt using capillary rheometry." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 49, no. 2 (February 2009): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.11.014.

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39

Baumgardner, Gaylon L., Geoffrey M. Rowe, W. Rossiter, T. Wallace, and S. W. Dean. "Specifications for Roofing and Industrial Asphalts Using Dynamic Shear Rheometry (DSR)." Journal of ASTM International 4, no. 8 (2007): 101044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai101044.

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40

Sutliff, Bradley P., Arit Das, Jeffrey Youngblood, and Michael J. Bortner. "High shear capillary rheometry of cellulose nanocrystals for industrially relevant processing." Carbohydrate Polymers 231 (March 2020): 115735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115735.

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41

Goubert, Alain, Jan Vermant, Paula Moldenaers, Axel Göttfert, and Benoît Ernst. "Comparison of Measurement Techniques for Evaluating the Pressure Dependence of the Viscosity." Applied Rheology 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2001-0003.

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Abstract The different methods that can be used for measuring the effect of a hydrostatic pressure on the viscosity of polymer melts are evaluated. A linear low-density polyethylene is chosen as test material, as it can be expected to have a small pressure dependency. Special attention is given to methods employing capillary rheometry, as these methods yield a range of shear rates and pressures that are typically encountered under polymer processing conditions. The accuracy of the different techniques is evaluated considering also the complexity of the experimental devices. First it is investigated to which extent standard capillary rheometry can be used to extract information about the pressure dependency of the viscosity. Secondly, it is shown how the accuracy can be greatly increased by the simple addition of a pressure chamber below the exit of the capillary, with a needle valve to regulate the back pressure. The results from this device are compared with those from a more robust method using a pressurized double piston rheometer and with literature data. The experimental values for the pressure coefficient of the viscosity will also be compared with those predicted from PVT data using Utracki's method.

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42

Lee, Kok Peng Marcian, Milan Brandt, Robert Shanks, and Fugen Daver. "Rheology and 3D Printability of Percolated Graphene–Polyamide-6 Composites." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092014.

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Graphene–polyamide-6 (PA6) composites with up to 17.0%·w/w graphene content were prepared via melt mixing. Oscillatory rheometry revealed that the dynamic viscoelastic properties of PA6 decreased with the addition of 0.1%·w/w graphene but increased when the graphene content was increased to 6.0%·w/w and higher. Further analysis indicated that the rheological percolation threshold was between 6.0 and 10.0%·w/w graphene. The Carreau–Yasuda model was used to describe the complex viscosity of the materials. Capillary rheometry was applied to assess the steady shear rheology of neat PA6 and the 17.0%·w/w graphene–PA6 composite. High material viscosity at low shear rates coupled with intense shear-thinning in the composite highlighted the importance of selecting the appropriate rheological characterisation methods, shear rates and rheological models when assessing the 3D printability of percolated graphene–polymer composites for material extrusion (ME). A method to predict the printability of an ME filament feedstock, based on fundamental equations describing material flow through the printer nozzle, in the form of a printing envelope, was developed and verified experimentally. It was found that designing filaments with steady shear viscosities of approximately 15% of the maximum printable viscosity for the desired printing conditions will be advantageous for easy ME processing.

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Martin, P. J., K. N. Odic, A. B. Russell, I. W. Burns, and D. I. Wilson. "Rheology of Commercial and Model Ice Creams." Applied Rheology 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 12913–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2008-0002.

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Abstract The rheologies of a shear-frozen commercial ice cream and of a model ice cream foam have been studied at − 5ºC and other temperatures by capillary rheometry on a commercial manufacturing line and in a Multi-Pass Rheometer, respectively. Both were 50 vol% aerated emulsions of milk fat in an aqueous sucrose solution, but the model ice cream foam was without ice crystals. The data indicate significant wall slip effects which have been analysed using the classical Mooney method, the Jastrzebski variant and one based on Tikhonov regularization. The latter approach yields ‘most convincing results’, including a previously unreported region of shear thickening at very high shear rates of ~ 3000 s-1 for the model ice cream foam, when the capillary number indicates a possible transition in the flow around bubbles from domination by interfacial effects to viscous effects. Viscous heating effects were observed at relatively low shear rates for the commercial ice cream, but not the model ice cream foam. This was attributed to the melting of the ice crystal phase in the commercial ice cream, and, hence, absent from the model ice cream foam.

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Sun, Mengran, David Jou, and Zhihui Wang. "A Nonlinear Viscoelastic Model for the Yielding of Gelled Waxy Crude Oil." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030536.

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We explore some rheological aspects of the yielding of gelled waxy crude oil on the basis of a fractal model for the structural description of the waxy gel and Marrucci’s model for the time evolution of the stress with mixed elastic and viscous effects. With some parameters of the model directly obtained from classic rheometry, and others by fitting the parameters to the experimental data of one shear-rate condition, the flow curves for another shear-rate condition are predicted. Both theoretical curves—the fitting and the predicted ones—share the basic features of the experimental ones. Comparison with results of Maxwell model shows that Marrucci’s model used here leads to much better results, as it incorporates nonlinear viscoelasticity of waxy crude gels in the stress evolution equation. The strain dependence of the elastic modulus also plays a relevant role on the prediction of the model, suggesting a double-network contribution for very small strain values. Due to the inertia of rheometric device, the actual shear rate is often found to depart from the setting one, and modification of shear rate history can be necessary in model validation.

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Murphy, Ryan P., Zachary W. Riedel, Marshall A. Nakatani, Paul F. Salipante, Javen S. Weston, Steven D. Hudson, and Katie M. Weigandt. "Capillary RheoSANS: measuring the rheology and nanostructure of complex fluids at high shear rates." Soft Matter 16, no. 27 (2020): 6285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00941e.

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Capillary rheometry is combined with small-angle neutron scattering to simultaneously measure the viscosity and nanostructure of complex fluids containing proteins, surfactants, polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles at shear rates up to 10⁶ s⁻¹.

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Czél, György, and Mate Zattler. "Set Point Based Material Selection Method in Case of Recycled Polypropylene Application." Materials Science Forum 885 (February 2017): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.885.257.

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Due to the economic reasons of the injection moulding process, robust technology set point was given in the case of a polypropylene part manufacturing. The part, named lid plate was a relatively humble product not sensitive for small strength parameter changing. K392 coded polypropylene (PP) was given as reference raw material for injection moulding. The technical task was to replace the reference material by using recycled PP. It was necessary to keep the production cycle term. The flow characteristics of the offered recycled polymers were previously unknown. New method and capillary rheometry experimental technique was used to aid the material selection. In the method, the repeatability and the accuracy of rod type capillary rheometry was investigated in order to get more reliable flow behavior data of recycled PP polymer. Relatively low repeatability deviance could be determined in the range of 800-1100 s-1 shear rate range by using rod capillary rheometry. By means of the adequate validated rheometry, the recycled polypropylene could be applied for the given technology set point based forming process.

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Siginer, D. A. "Multiple Integral Constitutive Equations in Unsteady Motions and Rheometry." Applied Mechanics Reviews 44, no. 11S (November 1, 1991): S232—S245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3121360.

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The use of the integral fluid of order three to predict some simple nearly viscometric unsteady flows of viscoelastic liquids, driven by periodic forcing, is discussed. Flow enhancement effects, due to the parallel and orthogonal superposition of oscillatory and simple shear fields, are predicted. It is shown that it is feasible to determine the constitutive constants involved from a series of experiments of rheometry.

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Kotzé, Reinhardt, Rainer Haldenwang, and Paul Slatter. "Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Mineral Suspensions Using Ultrasound Velocity Profiling with Combined Pressure Difference Method." Applied Rheology 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 62114–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2008-0020.

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Abstract The rheological behaviour of non-Newtonian, highly concentrated and non-transparent fluids used in industry have so far been analysed using commercially available instruments, such as conventional rotational rheometers and tube viscometers. When dealing with the prediction of non-Newtonian flows in pipes, pipe fittings and open channels, most of the models used are empirical in nature. The fact that the fluids or slurries that are used normally are opaque, effectively narrows down the variety of applicable in-line rheometers even further, as these instruments are normally based on laser or visible light techniques, such as Laser Doppler Anemometry. In this research, an Ultrasonic Velocity Profiling technique (UVP), in combination with a pressure difference (PD) measurement, was tested to provide in-line measurement of rheological parameters. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the capabilities of the UVP-PD technique for rheological characterisation of different concentrations of non-transparent non-Newtonian slurries. Kaolin, bentonite, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and water solutions were used as model non-Newtonian mining slurries. Results determined by the UVP-PD method were compared with results obtained by off-line rheometry and in-line tube viscometry. The agreement between the UVP-PD method, tube viscometry and conventional rheometry was found to be within 15 % for all of the highly concentrated mineral suspensions investigated over a given range of shear rates. This method, if used in combination with a pressure difference technique (PD), has been found to have a significant potential in the development process of new in-line rheometers for process control within the mining industry.

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Bair, Scott. "Elastohydrodynamic Film Forming With Shear Thinning Liquids." Journal of Tribology 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834405.

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Recent advances in high pressure rheometry have elucidated the shear response of liquid lubricants at the high shear stress characteristic of the traction generating region of lubricated concentrated contacts. These new measurement techniques are used to characterize the shear response of shear thinning liquids at low (<10 MPa) shear stress. A recently developed numerical scheme for calculating film thickness is extended to accommodate sliding. Film thickness predictions are compared with measurements using shear thinning liquids including a polymer/mineral oil blend, a highly elastic liquid, and synthetic base oils. Useful insights are provided concerning the effects of pressure-viscosity behavior for Newtonian liquids, sliding, and starvation for non-Newtonian liquids and the relevant shear stress for film forming.

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Dinic, Jelena, Leidy Nallely Jimenez, and Vivek Sharma. "Pinch-off dynamics and dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) rheometry of complex fluids." Lab on a Chip 17, no. 3 (2017): 460–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6lc01155a.

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We show that the dripping-onto-substrate rheometry protocols allow a quantitative characterization of rheological measures like shear viscosity, power law index, extensional viscosity, extensional relaxation time as well as the processing timescales relevant for printing application for an entire spectrum of complex fluids.

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