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Journal articles on the topic 'Shear wall openings'
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1
Badarloo, Baitollah, and Faezeh Jafari. "A Numerical Study on the Effect of Position and Number of Openings on the Performance of Composite Steel Shear Walls." Buildings 8, no. 9 (2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8090121.
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Use of composite steel shear walls (CSSW) in earthquake-resistant structures has grown in recent years. However, no thorough information exists on their performance, especially in cases where openings are present. In the present study, in order to first validate the analysis method, ABAQUS was used to model the studied composite shear wall with gap at UC-Berkeley, according to the results of which, a good agreement between the experimental and analytical models was observed. Then, the effect of the position and number of the openings on the performance of the walls was addressed. To this end, models with various openings, including openings close to the beam/column, horizontal/vertical openings and distributing opening, were prepared and analyzed. The results indicate that the maximum reduction in stiffness and strength occurred in walls with single openings. The size of opening and the opening’s area significantly affect shear wall performance. Ultimately, artificial neural network and fitness function tools were employed to obtain predictive models for shear wall performance. A neural network has proven an appropriate alternative method for predicting the displacement, stress, and strength of the composite shear wall.
2
Saeed, Ahmed, Hadee Mohammed Najm, Amer Hassan, Shaker Qaidi, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri, and Nuha S. Mashaan. "A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Regular and Staggered Openings on the Seismic Performance of Shear Walls." Buildings 12, no. 9 (2022): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091293.
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Shear walls have high strength and stiffness, which could be used at the same time to resist large horizontal loads and weight loads, making them pretty beneficial in several structural engineering applications. The shear walls could be included with openings, such as doors and windows, for relevant functional requirements. In the current study, a building of G + 13 stories with RC shear walls with and without openings has been investigated using ETABS Software. The seismic analysis is carried out for the determination of parameters like shear forces, drift, base shear, and story displacement for numerous models. The regular and staggered openings of the shear wall have been considered variables in the models. The dynamic analysis is carried out with the help of ETABS software. It has been observed that shear walls without openings models perform better than other models, and this is in agreement with the previous studies published in this area. This investigation also shows that the seismic behaviour of the shear wall with regular openings provides a close result to the shear wall with staggered openings. At the roof, the displacement of the model with regular openings was 38.99 mm and approximately 39.163 mm for the model with staggered openings. However, the model without a shear wall experienced a displacement of about 56 mm at the roof. Generally, it can be concluded that the openings have a substantial effect on the seismic behaviour of the shear wall, and that should be taken into consideration during the construction design. However, the type of opening (regular or staggered) has a slight effect on the behaviour of shear walls.
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Mahadik, Sanjivan, S. R. Bhagat, Pravin D. Gunaware, and Vijay N. Patil. "Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behavior of RC Shear Wall with Opening Using Concealed Stiffeners." Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 2 (2023): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.04.
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A shear wall becomes weak when an opening is provided in it. It is important to provide some arrangement in the shear wall having an opening for recovering strength loss due to the opening. It may be recovered by providing some steel profiles around the opening or at weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening. At first, the identification of weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening is important and then, the wall can be made stronger as the shear wall without an opening by strengthening weaker sections. In the present study, the performance of a shear wall having an opening subjected to horizontal cyclic loading along the plane of the shear wall in the presence of concealed stiffeners is investigated. The reduced models of shear walls with openings were tested under axial and lateral load conditions. Load-carrying capacity, deformation behavior and strain behavior of shear walls were studied with experiments and the validation of the results was made with general-purpose finite element software ANSYS. Significant improvements were observed in strength, deformation and strain behavior of a shear wall having a central opening using concealed reinforced concrete (RC) stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners. KEYWORDS: Shear wall, Strength, Stiffness, Strain, Openings, Stiffeners.
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Prof., Syed Farroqh Anwar, Mohd Hashmat Mr., and Mohammad Omar Muqtaar Ahmed Shaik. "ANALYTICAL STUDY ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING USING SHEAR WALL WITH AND WITHOUT OPENINGS UNDER LATERAL LOADS." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 4, no. 7 (2017): 106–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.830199.
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Finite Element Modeling now a day is an essential approach in analysis and simulating civil engineering problem numerically. In this thesis ANALYTICAL STUDY ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING USING SHEAR WALL WITH AND WITHOUT OPENINGS UNDER LATERAL LOADS to apply the finite element modeling in analyzing and exploring the behavior of shear wall with & without opening under seismic load actions and wind load actions. In modern tall buildings, shear walls are commonly used as a vertical structural element for resisting the lateral loads that may be induced by the effect of wind and earthquakes. Shear walls are generally located at the sides of buildings or arranged in the form of core that houses stairs and lifts. Due to functional requirements such as doors, windows, and other openings, a shear wall in a building contains many openings. The size and location of openings may vary from architectural and functional point of view. In most of the apartment building, size and location of openings in shear wall are made without considering its effect on structural behavior of the building. This study is carried out on G+20 story frame-shear wall buildings, using linear elastic analysis with the help of finite element software, ETABS under earthquake loads in equivalent static analysis. The results reveal that stiffness as well as seismic responses of structures is affected by the size of the openings as well as their locations in shear wall. It is also explored that top lateral drift of the system can also be reduced thickening the element in the model around the opening of shear wall.
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Zhu, Junfeng, Donghui Zheng, and Yifan Li. "Failure Dependence Analysis of Shear Walls with Different Openings under Fortification Earthquakes." Mechanical Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mer.v3n1p185.
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It is necessary to study failure dependence problem in order to solve system reliability in the field of Civil Engineering. In this paper, failure dependence of reinforced concrete shear walls with different openings (including the whole shear wall, the shear wall with small opening, the coupled shear wall, the shear wall frame) are studied under fortification earthquakes using Monte Carlo method. The results demonstrate that failure of reinforced concrete shear walls with different openings is neither fully independent nor fully relevant. The number of failure dependent floors is about one-half total floors. The failure dependent floors are concentrated mainly in the upper part.
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Mandloi, Shubham. "Opening Area Effect of Core Type Shear Wall in Hospital Building with Highest Importance Factor." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (2021): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38806.
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Abstract: Multi-storey buildings have fascinated mankind from the beginning of civilization, their construction being initially for defence and subsequently for ecclesiastical purposes. These tall buildings because of its height, is affected by lateral forces due to wind or earthquake actions tends to snap the building in shear and push it over in bending. In general, the rigidity (i.e. Resistance to lateral deflection) and stability (i.e. Resistance to overturning moments) requirement become more important. Shear walls (Structural walls) contribute significant lateral stiffness, strength, and overall ductility and energy dissipation capacity. In many structural walls a regular pattern of openings has to be provided due to various functional requirements such as to accommodate doors, windows and service ducts. Such type of openings reduces the stiffness of the shear wall to some extent depending on the shape and size of the opening. In the present parametric study, efforts are made to investigate and critically assess the effects of various size of openings in shear walls on the responses and behaviours of multi-storey buildings also Opening Area Effect of Core Type Shear Wall In Hospital Building with Highest Importance Factor. Many G+20 storey prototype buildings with different types of openings in shear wall with and without incorporating the volume of shear wall reduced in the boundary elements are analysed using software Staad-Pro using Response spectrum method (1893-2016). Overall analysis shows that the most efficient case for this study has been HIF5. The hospital building can be survived with highest importance with the value of I = 1.5 as per IS 1893:2016 for opening area effect of core type shear wall. It can also be recommended that upto 25% opening will be possible without any seismic damage. Keywords: Shear wall, Opening Criteria, Highest Importance Factor, Multi-storey Hospital Building
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Pawar, G. D., and V. B. Dawari. "Effect of Openings in Shear wall on Seismic Behaviour of RC Buildings." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (2022): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.574.
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Shear walls along the exterior perimeter of buildings increase the efficiency of buildings to resist seismic forces. In some conditions, the locations of shear walls are very critical because of the demand of architectural openings like doors and windows in the exterior face of the buildings. The literature has revealed that stiffness and seismic response of the structure is affected by the size of openings and location of openings in shear walls. This paper demonstrates effect of static and dynamic actions on 15 storey RC building having shear walls with openings. 32 building models have been prepared in commercial software STAAD for various inline and staggered openings in shear walls. Seismic coefficient method and Response spectrum method are used for seismic analysis. The analysis is carried out for the seismic zones III and IV for hard and medium soil conditions. The paper compares the response of these building models having shear wall with and without openings on parameters of time period, base shear, storey displacement, storey drifts and surface stress distribution. Uniform stress distribution was observed in shear wall with staggered opening as compared to inline openings.
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Saad, Islam M., Heba A. Mohamed, Mohamed Emara, Ayman El-Zohairy, and Sherif El-Beshlawy. "Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of RC Shear Walls with Cutting-Out Openings." Modelling 5, no. 3 (2024): 1314–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/modelling5030068.
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In recent decades, reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls have been one of the best structural solutions to resist lateral load in high-rise buildings. Shear wall openings are essential for preparations and architectural requirements, which weaken the wall, reducing bearing capacity, energy absorption, and stiffness while also causing stress concentrations. This paper presents a comprehensive finite element (FE) investigation of the behavior and performance of RC shear walls with openings and subjected to lateral loads. The study aims to evaluate the influence of various parameters, such as opening location, size, wall aspect ratio, axial load, and concrete strength, which affect the performance of shear walls. FE models were developed to simulate the seismic response of RC shear walls under the combined effect of constant axial and lateral loads. The obtained results from the FE model showed a successful validation using the experimental data available in the literature. The FE analysis results demonstrate that the inclusion of lower openings leads to a 25% decrease in the bearing capacity of the wall when compared to the upper openings. Moreover, it was observed that augmenting the sizes of the openings and the aspect ratios of the wall resulted in declines in the strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity of the wall while simultaneously enhancing the ductility and displacement of the RC shear walls.
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Marsono, Abdul Kadir, and Somaieh Hatami. "Evaluation of Coupling Beams Behavior Concrete Shear Wall with Rectangular and Octagonal Openings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.104.
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Reinforced concrete coupled walls are cantilevered shear walls joined by coupling beams and are used in high-rise apartment for many years. Rectangular openings are the most common shape of openings used in shear wall in order to provide doors, windows, entrance to car park areas and elevators or staircases. Behavior of coupling beams affect the strength of coupled walls. This research suggests adding haunches to the corners of rectangular openings and form octagonal openings as a method to increase the strength of coupling beams. The experimental results of shear wall with single band of rectangular and octagonal openings are compared in terms of behavior of coupling beams under cyclic load. The results demonstrate that the coupling beams in shear wall with octagonal openings are stronger than coupling beams in shear wall with rectangular openings.
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Zhang, Hongmei, Zizhao Tang, Yuanfeng Duan, and Zhiyuan Chen. "Seismic Performance of SFRC Shear Walls with Window Opening and the Substitution Effect for Steel Bars." Buildings 13, no. 6 (2023): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061550.
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Shear walls are important vertical and lateral bearing element in structures. While shear walls with openings are fragile due to stress concentration and the quasi-brittle behavior of concrete in tension. Therefore, additional strengthening rebars are required for the shear walls with openings. However, it aggravates the problem of dense reinforcement which increases the steel cage manufacturing and concrete compaction problem and still lacks countermeasures against concrete damage and cracking. To reduce the rebar demand and improve the damage tolerance of squat reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with openings, an optimized steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) was adopted to understand the seismic performance by cyclical loading test. The tested specimens included a plain RC shear wall without strengthening bar around the opening (for comparison), an SFRC shear wall, and an SFRC shear wall with a reduced distributed steel bar. This paper mainly studies the effect of using SFRC to improve the seismic performance of the open shear wall and to replace the reinforcement around the opening and the shear reinforcement. The hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, bearing capacity degradation and energy dissipation of the specimens were analyzed. The results show that the failure can be delayed and relieved, the deformation capacity and energy dissipation can considerably improve, and rebars can be partially replaced by using SFRC.
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Dadayan, Tigran, and Ehsan Roudi. "Investigations of RC Shear Wall-Frame Structures with Various Openings in Walls under Earthquake Loading." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.242.
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Almost all high-rise buildings have been constructed in the Republic of Armenia for past twenty-five years are Reinforced Concrete (RC) shear wall–frame structures, where shear walls provide most of the stiffness of buildings. The walls in these buildings are designed to sustain earthquake and wind loads. Vulnerability of them during earthquake action depends on many different factors. Some of them are the openings and its location in the walls. Usage of ground stories as parking and garages is demanded large openings in shear walls therefore determination of ultimate sizes of openings is important problems for designers. In this paper, FEM (Finite Element Method) models are used for investigation of stress-strain state of RC wall–frame buildings with various openings in the walls under action of seismic forces. Limitation of size and position of openings are considered in the paper taking into account of building code of Armenia. Various schemes of openings are considered in the article. The existing experimental data of shear walls were performed in various laboratories have been compared with our numerical investigation of RC models based on nonlinear computer analyses. Dynamic analyses of structures using accelerograms are showed sequence of damages in RC wall-frame models. The recommendations for limitation of ratio area of an opening to the whole area of a wall are proposed at the end of the article.
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Muthukumar, G., and Manoj Kumar. "Influence of Opening Locations on the Structural Response of Shear Wall." Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics 2014 (November 25, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/858510.
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Shear walls have been conferred as a major lateral load resisting element in a building in any seismic prone zone. It is essential to determine behavior of shear wall in the preelastic and postelastic stage. Shear walls may be provided with openings due to functional requirement of the building. The size and location of opening may play a significant role in the response of shear walls. Though it is a well known fact that size of openings affects the structural response of shear walls significantly, there is no clear consensus on the behavior of shear walls under different opening locations. The present study aims to study the dynamic behavior of shear walls under various opening locations using nonlinear finite element analysis using degenerated shell element with assumed strain approach. Only material nonlinearity has been considered using plasticity approach. A five-parameter Willam-Warnke failure criterion is considered to define the yielding/crushing of the concrete with tensile cutoff. The time history responses have been plotted for all opening cases with and without ductile detailing. The analysis has been done for different damping ratios. It has been observed that the large number of small openings resulted in better displacement response.
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Jameel, Mohammed, A. B. M. Saiful Islam, Mohammed Khaleel, and Aslam Amirahmad. "EFFICIENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING STRUCTURES." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, no. 6 (2013): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.799096.
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A multi-storey building is habitually modelled as a frame structure which neglects the shear wall/slab openings along with the inclusion of staircases. Furthermore, the structural strength provided by shear walls and slabs is not precisely incorporated. With increasing building height, the effect of lateral loads on a high-rise structure increases substantially. Inclusion of shear walls and slabs with the frame leads to improved lateral stiffness. Besides, their openings may play imperative role in the structural behaviour of such buildings. In this study, 61 multi-storey building configurations have been modelled. Corresponding analyses are performed to cope with the influence of shear walls, slabs, wall openings, masonry walls and staircases in addition to frame modelling. The finite element approach is used in modelling and analysis. Structural responses in each elemental combination are evaluated through equivalent static and free vibration analyses. The assessment reveals that inclusion of only slab components with frame modelling contributes trivial improvement on structural performance. Conversely, the presence of shear wall slabs with frame improves the performance noticeably. Increasing wall openings decreases the structural responses. Furthermore, it is not recommended to model staircases in addition to frame–slab–shear wall modelling, unless the effect of wall openings and slab openings is adequately considered.
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Merabti, Salem, Salah Bezari, Abdelkadir Aymen Laari, and Aboubaker Khachouche. "Investigation into the Impact of L-Shaped RC Shear Wall Placement with Openings on the Behavior of Medium-Rise Buildings." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 9, no. 9 (2023): 16816–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl9iss9pp16816-01e.
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This article aims to investigate the impact of regular openings in L-shaped reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls located at building corners. A comparison of different buildings and an estimation of the optimal percentage of openings were conducted. To accomplish this, various wall models, with and without openings, underwent numerical simulations using the ETABS program. The research focused on medium-rise ten-story buildings with opening rates of 0%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% in the X and/or Y direction under high seismic loading conditions (Zone-III) following the Algerian Paraseismic Regulations (RPA 99/version 2003). The findings of this study indicate that openings have a noticeable impact on the overall behavior of buildings and on the shear wall's capacity to withstand earthquakes. However, opening ratios of 20.8%, 30%, and 31.8%, depending on the direction, are considered optimal opening percentages for L-shaped shear walls. These percentages ensure a suitable balance between architectural functionality and the effective structural performance of L-shaped shear walls. Thus, it is important to consider the placement of openings in the design of reinforced concrete structures braced by shear walls.
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Kumar, Manoj, and V. Keshav. "Effect of Shape and Size of Openings in Shear Walls on Lateral Deformations in Shear Walled Framed Structures." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (2022): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.600.
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Due to the high density of occupancy of multi-storey structures, structural safety becomes of utmost importance. Shear walls are structural walls which assist the framed structure in resisting lateral forces due to wind and earthquake. Providing the shear walls in multi-storeyed buildings decrease the necessity of providing heavier frames thereby increasing the floor area available in the structure. Generally, openings are provided in shear walls for architectural and functional requirements of the building structure. It is well known that providing openings in shear walls significantly decrease its stiffness and tension/Compression coupling mechanism. Codes of various origins restrict the percentage of openings in shear walls, however, remain silent about the shape of opening. The Finite element analysis has become an essential method of analysis for incorporating the physical entities mathematically. This paper aims to numerically investigate the effect of opening shape and opening size on lateral deformations of a multi-storeyed framed structure. To this end various shapes of openings i.e. triangular, square, and circular are incorporated in the shear wall and for each opening shape 20% and 25% openings have been considered. A ten-storey building containing the shear walls of various configurations has been analysed using the SAP2000 under the seismic load condition and the maximum lateral deformation produced at top storey of buildings are compared.
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Mamdouh, Hala, Nasr Zenhom, Mahmoud Hasabo, Ahmed Farouk Deifalla, and Amany Salman. "Performance of Strengthened, Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Opening." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (2022): 14366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114366.
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Shear walls are one of the primary lateral resisting structural elements. Due to architectural and technical needs, openings in the structural wall are almost inevitable. Discontinuity regions and a reduction in wall stiffness result from these openings. The use of fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) systems is a sustainable construction solution for strengthening these areas and is a viable method to restore their integrity and serviceability. This paper presents an experimental and analytical study on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with openings of various sizes and positions strengthened using glass-fiber-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) sheets. Ten RC shear walls were cast and tested; initially without strengthening; and then retested with a layer of bi-directional GFRP sheet added around the opening. The finite-element (FE) program ANSYS was used for modeling since using FE contributes to sustainability. The results showed that for un-strengthened walls with a 6.25% opening and strengthened walls with an 11.11% opening, the rate of stiffness degradation was reasonably low. As the opening size was enlarged, the strength and stiffness values were drastically reduced; and the shear walls with an opening at the mid-height position also have smaller load capacities compared to the bottom and top opening positions. In addition, the ability of the GFRP sheets to control stress redistribution and crack propagation improved the overall performance of the walls. The FE and experimental results match well. Furthermore, the ACI and ECP calculations revealed a good prediction of lateral load capacity without considering the opening position, whereas the other proposed models were inaccurate. Finally, the author proposed a reduction factor (β) to the shear strength equation provided by ECP-203-2020 depending on openings sizes and locations; and suggests that FRP sheets be used around openings to assure the appropriate performance and avoid unexpected failure.
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M., S. Kukade, S. Joshi T., R. Kale V., W. Gawatre D., S. Kurumkar P., and A. R. Bodake Ms. "Analysis and Design of Shear Wall with Various Openings Criteria." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 4 (2018): 532–36. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11655.
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"Shear wall in a building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior wall , floors and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes . Example,.reinforced concrete wall. Wind and seismic loads are the most common load that shear wall are designed to carry. In this project we are going to study about shear wall and its various openings . According to the previously studied papers, shear wall having different kind of opening shows different behavior .Variation in the opening can be of its size , percentage of opening with respect to size of wall , its shape and location.The variation regarding shear wall will be its thickness. We are also going to study parameter such as seismic loads, storey drift , storey displacement , lateral stiffness. .After considering all these parameters with respect to shear wall and its opening , the behavior of shear wall can be concluded. M. S. Kukade | T. S. Joshi | V. R. Kale | Ms. A. R. Bodake | P. S. Kurumkar | D. W. Gawatre "Analysis and Design of Shear Wall with Various Openings Criteria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11655.pdf
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Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, and Aris Avdelas. "Wood-steel composite shear walls with openings." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 10, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v10i1.31255.
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This paper reports an investigation into the behaviour of wood-steel composite shear walls, consisting of strand laminated lumber boundary frames with infill steel plates. Recently it has been shown that wood-steel composite shear wall systems can offer various advantages over code-approved wood frame shear walls, including architectural flexibility. However, further research is needed so as to gain a better insight and understanding into the structural behaviour of this lateral load resisting system. On this basis, three-dimensional full-scale finite element models are developed and used to simulate the wood-steel composite shear wall with solid infill plates and with centrally-perforated infill plates. In this paper, firstly, a three-dimensional finite element model of wood-steel composite shear wall under monotonic loading. The numerical results were compared with experimental data and it was found that the model can predict the behaviour of wood-steel composite shear walls with reasonable precision. Using the verified model, a parametric study on wood-steel composite shear wall models with and without openings was performed. Critical parameters influencing the wood-steel composite shear walls behaviour such as the thickness of the steel plate and the opening ratio were investigated. The results of this parametric study provide useful information for the engineering application of wood-steel composite shear wall systems.
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Salem, Merabti. "Combined effect of removing corner columns and vertical openings in an L-shaped shear wall." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (2024): e11381. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-602.
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This study examines several buildings braced with L-shaped shear walls, with and without corner columns. In this case, the L-shaped shear wall consists of two walls, each with vertical rectangular openings. At the same time, three wall thicknesses 15cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm were used in buildings of 4, 7, and 11 stories. A comparison was made between walls with and without columns based on tensile stresses and dynamic shear forces at the base of the buildings. The maximum displacements at the tops of the buildings were also compared between those braced with shear walls with and without corner columns. The results show that the analyzed parameters for the L-shaped shear walls, following the removal of the column, were strongly influenced by both the number of stories and the percentage of openings in the wall. Permissible openings in L-shaped walls without corner columns will be proposed based on the three wall thicknesses and the number of stories examined.
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Zhang, Daiyuan, Liming Shen, Xudong Zhu, Sujun Zhang, and Meng Gong. "The influence of the opening size on the shear performance of the cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls." BioResources 16, no. 4 (2021): 7071–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.7071-7085.
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Cross-laminated timber is a wood product with excellent fire resistance and mechanical performance that is often used in tiny houses. Using the ASTM standard E564, the shear performance of cross-laminated timber wall panels, with and without openings, were investigated in this study. The specimens were made of spruce-pine-fir IIc lumber and installed on a test platform using high-strength bolts passing through them. This connection mode limited the displacements obtained in the test, primarily the shear displacements and rocking displacements. By comparing the static load test data of the three specimens with openings and the one without an opening, it was found that openings reduced the shear strength and shear stiffness. For the same sized rectangular opening, the shear stiffness of the cross-laminated timber panel was less when the wider side was horizontal (normal to the direction of the applied force). The shear stiffness of the cross-laminated timber wall panels can be effectively improved by reinforcing the areas near the openings with metal sheets. With reinforcement, the shear strength did not change drastically, but the damage to the cross-laminated timber wall panels was significantly reduced.
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Gong, Li Yan, Jian Wei Chen, and You Po Su. "Research Advances in Seismic Behaviors of Shear Wall with Opening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1443.
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In order to meet the requirements for using function of structure, openings are often needed to be laid out in shear wall, and the mechanical behaviors of the wall will be significantly influenced. The experimental analysis, establishment of simplified mechanical model and numerical simulation researches on shear wall with opening were reviewed, the research findings on shear wall with opening at home and abroad were summarized, and the seismic behaviors were induced and analyzed. The problems about seismic behaviors of shear wall with opening which need to be solved urgently were pointed out.
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Kim, Han-Soo, Yi-Tao Huang, and Hui-Jing Jin. "Influence of Multiple Openings on Reinforced Concrete Outrigger Walls in a Tall Building." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (2019): 4913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224913.
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Outrigger systems have been used to control the lateral displacement of tall buildings. Reinforced concrete (R.C.) outrigger walls with openings can be used to replace conventional steel outrigger trusses. In this paper, a structural model for an R.C. outrigger wall with multiple openings was proposed, and the effects of the multiple openings on the stiffness and strength of the outrigger walls were evaluated. The equivalent bending stiffness of the outrigger wall was derived to predict the lateral displacement at the top of tall buildings and internal shear force developed in the wall. The openings for the passageway in the wall were designed by the strut-and-tie model. The stiffness and strength of the outrigger wall with multiple openings was analyzed by the nonlinear finite element analysis. Taking into consideration the degradation in stiffness and strength, the ratio of the opening area to the outrigger wall area is recommended to be less than 20%. The degradation of stiffness due to openings does not affect the structural performance of the outrigger system when the outrigger has already large stiffness as the case of reinforced concrete outrigger walls.
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Jaleel, Syed. "Analysis of Soft Story Building with Different Percentages of Shear Walls by Using ETABS Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (2021): 810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38468.
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Abstract: In late decades, shear walls and tube structures are the most proper basic structures, which have made the stature of solid structures be taken off. In this way, ongoing RC tall structures would have more confounded auxiliary conduct than previously. Here in this paper; we will examine the auxiliary parts of one of the tallest RC structures, situated in Hyderabad seismic zone, with 15 stories where shear wall framework with sporadic openings are used under both horizontal and gravity stacks, Because of utilitarian necessities, for example, entryways, windows, and different openings, a shear wall in building contains numerous openings. The size and area of openings may fluctuate for building and utilitarian perspective. Hence this examination is done on 15 story outline wall building utilizing Response range investigation by utilizing ETABS V 9.7.4. The models are examined with increment in level of shear mass of 15%, 18%, 28% through and through story. Keywords: Structural forms, Irregular openings, Drift, Shear, and Moments
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Kukade, M. S., T. S. Joshi, and V. R. Kale Ms A. R. Bodake P. S. Kurumkar D. W. Gawatre. "Analysis and Design of Shear Wall with Various Openings Criteria." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (2018): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11655.
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Nasr, Nasr E., M. N. Fayed, Gamal Hussien, and A. M. El-Makhlasawi. "The Effect of Shear Wall Openings on the Response Reduction Factor." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 4 (2022): 796–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-04-013.
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This research attempts to investigate the effect of shear wall openings on the response reduction factor. Openings are commonly necessary because of other engineering disciplines’ requirements. When openings are modest in proportion to the size of the wall, their effects are frequently disregarded. On the other hand, when these openings are large or located in a high-risk area, they can have a significant impact. A broad literature review has been conducted in the present study. A verified comparative example consisting of eight stories was studied. Then, a numerical study has been conducted on two different model sets with 16 and 8 stories, which were designed according to the Egyptian code of loads, ECP-201 (2012), and checked according to the Euro code, EC8 (2004). ETABS software was used to conduct pushover analysis before and after applying different-sized openings. The ground-opening effect has also been studied. The results show that by increasing the opening area, the R-factor was reduced. It is more influenced by the opening height than the width, though. By increasing the number of stories, the reduction percentage in the R-Factor increased for openings that are less than 30% of the wall area. The R-factor increases slightly when half of the reinforcement bars are added. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-04-013 Full Text: PDF
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Merabti, Salem, and Salah Bezari. "Study of Stress Distribution in L-Shaped Walls with Openings under Intense Seismic Conditions on Various Soil Types." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 9, no. 8 (2023): 16604–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl9iss8pp16604-01e.
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This article contributes to deepening our understanding of the distribution of compression, tension, and shear stress in reinforced concrete mid-rise building shear walls. These L-shaped shear walls include openings that can account for up to 50% of the total wall area. To conduct this study, seismic performance analyses of the buildings were carried out using ABAQUS software on four distinct types of soils, subjecting the buildings to a high-intensity earthquake. Three wall thicknesses were considered: 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm. The analysis results demonstrate that the use of thicker walls proved to be effective in reducing stresses, as expected, while also meeting the strength requirements. Furthermore, increasing the openings up to 30% in the shear walls allowed for a reduction in shear stress. However, it is important to note that the observed stresses varied depending on the type of soil and the percentage of openings in the walls.
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Wang, Sukang, Chunjie Li, and Lin Gao. "A Review on Seismic Performance of Steel Plate Concrete Walls with Openings." Journal of Computing and Electronic Information Management 14, no. 1 (2024): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/cnqcxzc3.
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Double steel plate concrete combination wall is a new structural form, with reinforced concrete structure does not have the advantages: both sides of the steel plate can be used as a template for concrete pouring, control the width of cracks in the concrete and extension of leakage, to avoid premature collapse, out of the working state, and at the same time can mitigate the hazards of the impact of the flying object to play a protective role; filled with concrete to enhance the stability of the steel plate to avoid the premature bulging of the steel plate. Drumming. Opening holes in the shear wall structure will not only reduce the integrity of the shear wall, but also affect its seismic performance. When faced with different functional requirements, the selected opening design program will also be different, but for the specific hole arrangement method there is no clear provisions given in the code. Therefore, a large number of scholars at home and abroad have carried out research on shear walls with different opening sizes, locations or shapes by means of experiments and simulations to analyze the influence of these factors on shear walls with openings first.
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Augustino, Daudi Salezi. "Potential of Sustainable Timber Modular Houses in Southern Highland, Tanzania: The Structural Response of Timber Modules Under Wind Load." Buildings 15, no. 9 (2025): 1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091459.
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Traditional construction of timber houses in Tanzania has been prevalent for years; however, inhabiting these structures has been a challenge due to the instability of the buildings under various loadings. This instability, despite its lightweight, is mainly controlled by mechanical joints within timber members. Parametric Python scripts were developed in Abaqus (version 6.13) to have a reliable joint between timber volume modules and assess their response when subjected to wind forces. Two timber volume modules, each with a height of 3.0 m, were subjected to a horizontal displacement of 10 mm. Results show that the screwed fasteners between the modules result in high shear resistance due to the embedded fastener’s threads in timber members increasing the rope effect. Additionally, with weak fastener stiffness, the openings in the longitudinal wall had no effect on resisting shear compared to strong joints between modules. Longitudinal walls with doors and window openings showed a decrease in shear force to 21.95 kN, which is 44% less than the 39 kN of walls without openings. In addition, for a single door in the wall, the shear force decreased to 17.9%, indicating that major shear forces in the wall are affected by the window opening due to its large size and proximity to the point of load application. Furthermore, the stresses were concentrated in the corners of the openings, subjecting the structure to failure during its in-service life and demanding the use of cross-diagonal timber members between the corners to redistribute corner stresses. It is recommended that these types of houses be adopted due to less slip deformation (less than 10 mm) caused by wind speed of 24 km/h.
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Fatemeh, Sadat Asadi, and Mohammadi Farsani Arash. "Effect of Opening Location in the Wall with Corrugated Steel Plate Using the Pushover Analysis." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 3, no. 2 (2019): 79–89. https://doi.org/10.22034/JCEMA.2019.92089.
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Steel shear walls are far cleaner and are considered more rapid replacements for the concrete shear walls in terms of execution and more reliable in terms of strength and behavior. Also, the system takes advantage of all good characteristics of concentrically braced frames (CBF) like V and X-shaped bracings, etc. and also those of eccentrically braced frames (EBF). They are also efficient in terms of execution and good behavior and in many cases, act better. In this research, the effect of opening location in the corrugated plate is investigated using the pushover analysis. For the analysis and investigation of the model, use has been made of ABAQUS software and the two available methods for analysis and design of steel shear walls are incorporated. The obtained results showed that the opening in the corrugated steel shear wall causes reduced safety and lateral resistance of the wall, so that where the openings are located at the corners, the effect of reduction is more severe. On this basis, the minimum reduction in stiffness and strength of the steel shear wall with opening is where it is located at the middle of the wall and the worst case is where the opening is located at the corners and close to the columns.
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Bae, Baek Il, Hyun Ki Choi, and Chang Sik Choi. "Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Shearwalls with Various Types of Openings." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1900–1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1900.
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The installation of new opening is necessary for remodeling project, house merging type. Current structural design code cannot provide the deterministic way for designing the shear walls with openings. So many engineers prefer to retrofit the perforated wall area for the structural safety. For the safe design of retroftitting, for the perforated structural walls, we carried out nonlinear finite element analysis to find the coupling effect of remaing walls. Specifically, many types of shapes were considered and various area of rectangular openings were analyzed. For the effective retrofitting, door shape and such area about 20% of wall is appropriate for retrofitting of reinforced concrete shearwalls.
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Abate, Mistreselasie, Ana Catarina Jorge Evangelista, and Vivian W. Y. Tam. "Comparative Response Spectrum Analysis on 15- and 50-Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings Having Shear Walls with and without Openings as per EN1998-1 Seismic Code." Buildings 13, no. 5 (2023): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051303.
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Medium-rise reinforced concrete (RC) framed apartment complexes with stories ranging from 15 to 50 are becoming more common in Ethiopia’s main cities. In these RC-framed structures, shear walls are included for lateral load resistance. As apertures are frequently provided in shear walls, it is critical to evaluate their influence on story drift, stiffness, shear and moments, and stress within the shear walls. A 3D study with five different cases was carried out with ETABS version 19.00 software to investigate the influence of apertures in a building’s shear wall. This study looks at the effects of changing the size and location of these apertures. Based on this analysis, extensive data were acquired, and useful conclusions were formed that will be useful to practicing engineers. The seismic parameter utilized for the response spectrum study was Building Code of Ethiopia ES8-15, which conforms to Eurocode 8-2004 seismic code guidelines (based on EN1998-1) with target response spectrum type-I. The following parameters were used: ground acceleration, ag/g = 0.1, spectrum type = I, ground type = B, soil factor, S = 1.35, spectrum period, Tb, = 0.05 s, spectrum period, Tc = 0.25 s, spectrum period, Td = 1.2 s, lower bound factor, beta = 0.2, behavior factor = 1, and damping ratio = 5%. The outcomes are compared using various parameters such as displacement, story drift, story stiffness, story shear, and story moment both with and without shear wall opening cases. This study will give tremendous insight into the effect of shear wall openings on the performance of the structure. The analysis in this work was carried out on a linear model, which may not represent the complete local response of the structure; thus, future researchers should perform nonlinear analysis based on a performance-based design. It was concluded from this investigation that incorporating shear walls considerably enhanced the performance of the building over framed structures. Shear wall openings in a structure have a significant influence on the building’s performance. Due to their significant resistance to earthquake forces, shear wall structures are highly recommended for seismic hazard zones.
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Choi, Chang Sik, Baek Il Bae, Hyun Ki Choi, and Il Sung Park. "Shear Strength Upgrade of Perforated RC Shearwalls Using Prestress and Steel Plate." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1896.
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Remodeling is also an environmentally-friendly approach that reduces the amount of waste in construction site. Specifically, there are many attempts to make house more wide according to the merging of two old houses in apartment buildings. For making two houses into single housing area, openings shoud be needed or walls should be removed. However, removing shearwalls are very dangerous attempt because of reducing of lateral load capacity of buildings. Therefore many engineers prefer to leave shearwalls. However, there are insufficient studies about partial damage, that is, openings. In these cases the damaged shear walls need to be retrofitted by additional materials or members. In this research, four specimens were tested to investigate the capacity of the damaged wall and the retrofitted wall. The artificially damaged wall was prestressed by tendons to improve the shear capacity of the wall, and the other walls were retrofitted by adding steel plate at the surface for the same purpose. Consequently, these retrofitted walls had improved capacity and stiffness in both shear and flexure. Especially, the wall with steel plate showed ductile behavior after ultimate load and the prestressed wall had greater stiffness than the unstrengthened prototype wall.
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Harne, V. R., and Radhika Hande. "Seismic performance of high rise building having a shear wall with opening and without opening." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1193, no. 1 (2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1193/1/012017.
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Abstract Engineers are primarily interested in determining how a structure will behave when subjected to horizontal forces, and high-rise buildings need to be sufficiently stiff to withstand the horizontal forces produced by earthquakes. Shear walls are added to the inside of the planned building in order to resist the horizontal forces, or lateral loads, produced by earthquakes and to increase the structure’s rigidity. Shear walls may have one or more functional openings, such as doors, windows, and other types of openings. The size and location of openings can vary depending on their purpose. The size and location of shear walls are critical. This study uses Response Spectrum Analysis to investigate the nature of the earthquake-exposed structure and the placement of Shear walls within a G+ 10 multi-story residential building. The storey drift, storey shear, maximum permissible displacement, and stiffness of the multi-story building with G + 10 are all examined. In accordance with IS 1893 (Part-1) 2016, the study and modelling of the entire structure are carried out for seismic zone V using the well-known FEM integrated programme Etabs. In this project, the dynamic analysis is performed on medium soil for an irregular structure. It is concluded that the structure with shear walls will show better results in terms of all the seismic parameters when compared with the structures without a shear wall and shear walls with openings.
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Moradi, Mohammad Javad, Mohammad Mahdi Roshani, Amirhosein Shabani, and Mahdi Kioumarsi. "Prediction of the Load-Bearing Behavior of SPSW with Rectangular Opening by RBF Network." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031185.
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As a lateral load-bearing system, the steel plate shear wall (SPSW) is utilized in different structural systems that are susceptible to seismic risk and because of functional reasons SPSWs may need openings. In this research, the effects of rectangular openings on the lateral load-bearing behavior of the steel shear walls by the finite element method (FEM) is investigated. The results of the FEM are used for the prediction of SPSW behavior using the artificial neural network (ANN). The radial basis function (RBF) network is used to model the effects of the rectangular opening in the SPSW with different plate thicknesses. The results showed that the opening leads to reduced load-bearing capacity, stiffness and absorbed energy, which can be precisely predicted by employing RBF network model. Besides, the suitable relative area of the opening is determined.
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Dungani, Rudi, Sulistyono Sulistyono, Tati Karliati, et al. "Analysis Behavior of Openings on Full-Size Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Frame Shear Walls Tested Monotonically." Forests 14, no. 1 (2023): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010097.
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Walls, as components of the lateral-force-resisting system of a building, are defined as shear walls. This study aims to determine the behavior of shear wall panel cross-laminated-timber-based mangium wood (Acacia mangium Willd) (CLT-mangium) in earthquake-resistant prefabricated houses. The earthquake performance of CLT mangium frame shear walls panels has been studied using monotonic tests. The shear walls were constructed using CLT-mangium measuring 2400 mm × 1200 mm × 68 mm with various design patterns (straight sheathing, diagonal sheathing/45°, windowed shear wall with diagonal pattern and a door shear wall with a diagonal pattern). Shear wall testing was carried out using a racking test, and seismic force calculations were obtained using static equivalent earthquake analysis. CLT-mangium sheathing installed horizontally (straight sheathing) is relatively weak compared to the diagonal sheathing, but it is easier and more flexible to manufacture. The diagonal sheathing type is stronger and stiffer because it has triangulation properties, such as truss properties, but is more complicated to manufacture (less flexible). The type A design is suitable for low-intensity zones (2), and types B, D, E1 and E2 are suitable for moderate-intensity zones (3, 4), and type C is suitable for severe-intensity zones (5).
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Mughal, Ubaid Ahmad, Asad Ullah Qazi, Ali Ahmed, et al. "Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (2022): 7467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127467.
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While openings are an essential requirement in buildings as a source of access, fresh air and sunlight, these openings cause a reduction in the lateral stiffness and torsional resistance of masonry wall units. A detailed numerical investigation was carried out to explore the impact of the opening percentage on the in-plane stiffness and lateral strength of unconfined and confined masonry wall panels prepared using calcium silicate bricks, for sustainable masonry structures. A commercially available FEM package (ANSYS) was used to carry out comparative analysis of ten wall panels, five of each type (confined and unconfined masonry walls) with concentrically located openings of varying sizes (0% to 16.5%). A simplified micro-modeling technique following the Newton Raphson Algorithm was adopted. Results revealed that the confined masonry approach unveiled a more reliable anti-seismic response along with improved in-plane strength in the case of confined masonry walls. The failure type shifted from pure flexural to more of a blend of shear and flexure after the opening percentage increased to 10.09% in unconfined masonry walls, which was not the case where confinement was provided. Based on the outcomes, it is strongly recommended to adopt confined masonry in highly seismic-prone areas to avoid catastrophic damage caused by earthquakes.
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Merabti, Salem, Ibrahim Yahiaoui, Amar Mezidi, and Layachi Guelmine. "Numerical investigation of shear stress in buildings reinforced by walls without corner columns." South Florida Journal of Development 6, no. 1 (2025): e4916. https://doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv6n1-017.
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The concentration of the population is mainly in the northern part of Algeria, where the design and construction of high-rise buildings are essential to rationalize the use of urban space. The application of shear walls made of reinforced concrete in an L shape, placed at the corners of buildings, constitutes an innovative configuration meeting specific architectural and functional needs. In this study, a numerical analysis was conducted on four types of buildings of different heights, supported by L-shaped shear walls without columns, with and without openings. The shear stress distributions were evaluated, and the maximum stress was identified for walls with thicknesses of 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm. The optimal shear stress results revealed that the length of openings in 25 cm thick shear walls should not exceed 6 times the wall thickness. For 20 cm thick walls, the lengths of the openings should be less than 8 times the thickness. In contrast, for 15 cm thick walls, the length of the openings should range between 11 and 13 times the thickness. All the results of this numerical investigation are presented in this article.
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Ghassemieh, Mehdi, Moein Rezapour, and Vahid Sadeghi. "Effectiveness of the shape memory alloy reinforcement in concrete coupled shear walls." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 5 (2016): 640–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16657200.
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The use of shape memory alloys as a rebar in concrete structures has been receiving increasing attention among researchers. In this study, it is intended to evaluate the application of superelastic Nitinol in reducing the damage to the coupling beams and opening corners within a concrete shear wall. Abaqus finite element software was utilized to develop three verified coupled shear wall models. First, a model without diagonal and shape memory alloy rebars is developed to assess conventional shear walls with openings. Steel diagonal rebars are embedded in the coupling beams of the second model, and shape memory alloy diagonal rebars are embedded in the coupling beams of the third model. Shape memory alloy is also implemented in the opening corners of the third model. All models are subjected to cyclic loading to evaluate the concrete damage. Results indicated that the diagonal rebars reduced damage to the coupling beam and opening corners. The damages were the least when shape memory alloy diagonal rebars are utilized in the model. The superelastic behavior of the shape memory alloy also reduced permanent displacement of the shear wall subjected to substantial lateral loadings.
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Merabti, Salem, and Layachi Guelmine. "Influence of Concrete Compressive Strength on L-Shaped Shear Wall Performance in Buildings within High-Seismicity Zones." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 10, no. 4 (2024): 18712. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl10iss4pp18712.
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Reinforced concrete mid-rise structures are supported by shear walls to withstand lateral forces resulting from earthquakes. In this context, the presence of openings in these walls is essential both functionally and aesthetically. This study employed L-shaped shear walls with varying vertical opening ratios, ranging from 15% to 50%, and compressive strengths ranging from 20MPa to 40MPa in a ten-story building. The study results demonstrate the significant role played by openings and the compressive strength of concrete in reinforced concrete walls to ensure buildings withstand earthquake forces. In this regard, we have developed reference models that adhere to seismic design principles and utilize optimized dimensions for openings based on the compressive strength of the concrete.
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Todea, V., D. Dan, S. C. Floruț, V. Stoian, and V. Ș. Popescu. "Numerical Study on the Seismic Performance of Hybrid Shear Walls with Centered Openings." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 13, no. 2 (2023): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2023-0036.
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Abstract The lateral resisting system comprised of hybrid shear walls is often met nowadays for high rise buildings, to reduce the lateral displacements of the building during a seismic event and to limit the damages of non-structural elements. In fact, “hybrid shear walls” term will replace the old terminology used for composite steel concrete shear walls. This structural system develops a very stable seismic behavior under cyclic lateral loads, but the seismic performance of the system could be significantly changed by the openings required for architectural or functional reasons. This paper presents in detail the seismic behavior of a composite steel-concrete shear wall designed with centered openings and partially embedded steel profiles in the edges. The composite wall was subjected to vertical and horizontal loads and tested to full failure using a cyclic loading testing procedure that simulated the action of an earthquake, aiming to record the seismic performance of the wall in terms of bearing capacity, deformation capacity, failure mode and stiffness degradation. The low-dissipative behavior recorded experimentally of the tested specimen was afterward validated and assessed in detail by performing numerical analyses using ATENA 3D Engineering software. The numerical results were extended to investigate furthermore other structural solutions to increase the bearing capacity and the seismic performance of the wall. It was found that a significant increase in deformation capacity could be obtained if the wall coupling beams are reinforced by diagonal steel bars or additional steel plates.
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Chaallal, O., and D. Gauthier. "Considérations sismiques des murs de refend ductiles avec ouvertures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 5 (1995): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-106.
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This paper describes the results of an analytical study of linear and nonlinear behaviour of ductile coupled shear walls with openings, under seismic loading. The walls in a typical building were studied and assumed to be ductile. They were designed, calculated, and detailed in compliance with the National Building Code of Canada 1990 (NBC) and the Canadian concrete code CAN3-A23.3-M84. The results of the elastic analysis show, as expected, that the concentrated force at the top specified by the NBC does not accurately simulate upper-mode effects, at least for this type of structure. A spectral analysis covering the five first modes, as described in the NBC, seems more suitable for coupled shear walls with openings with a period of more than 1.5 s approximately. The results of the nonlinear analysis show that application of the overstrength factor to the wall as recommended by CAN3-A23.3 greatly improves its behaviour and prevents tensile failure of the wall, although it does not always guarantee the desired sequence of plastification in the case of severe earthquakes. Application of the factor does, nonetheless, limit plastification of the wall to lower levels and keeps rotational ductility in beams and walls to a reasonable level. Key words: coupled shear walls, openings, reinforced concrete, ductility, overstrength factor, earthquake, building codes.[Journal translation]
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Krtinić, Nemanja, Marko Marinković, and Matija Gams. "Finite Element Method Analysis of Seismic Response of Confined Masonry Walls with Openings Built Using Polyurethane Glue." Buildings 15, no. 3 (2025): 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030424.
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The seismic response of confined masonry (CM) walls, built from innovative hollow clay blocks featuring large thermal insulation cavities and bonded with polyurethane glue instead of thin-layer mortar, was investigated. A 3D micro-model was subsequently developed in Abaqus and validated against results from cyclic shear tests on full-scale CM wall specimens. Once validated, the model was utilized in an extensive parametric study to investigate the effects of openings on the walls. This parametric study considered the size of the opening, its position, the aspect ratio of the walls, and different sizes of tie-columns. The results showed that the size and placement of openings substantially and negatively affected seismic response, and that the detrimental effects can be alleviated by placing strong tie-columns next to the openings.
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Choi, Hyun Ki, J. A. Lee, M. S. Lee, Yun Cheul Choi, and Chang Sik Choi. "A Study on Retrofit Methods of Shear Walls with New Openings." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.861.
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A series of five shear wall specimens were tested under constant axial stress and reversed lateral cyclic loading in order to evaluate the seismic retrofit methods that had been proposed for shear walls with new openings. The test results showed that the failed specimens had shear fractures and two different retrofit methods had different effects on the strengths of each specimen.
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Yang, Deshan, and Zhongfan Chen. "Seismic performance of light wood shear wall infilled timber frame structures with openings." BioResources 19, no. 2 (2024): 2916–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.2.2916-2934.
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To study the seismic performance of wood frame structures filled with light wood shear walls, three full-size single-layer single span wooden frame structures with infill walls were designed and manufactured. The beams and columns were connected by mortise-tenon joints, and quasi-static tests were conducted on the specimens under reversed cyclic load. The failure modes and load-displacement hysteresis performance of structures with door opening infill wall, window opening infill wall, and solid infill wall were investigated. The seismic performance was analyzed using indicators such as strength, ductility, and equivalent viscous damping ratio. The failure modes of light wood frame filling walls were the tearing of sheathing panel and the failure of nail connections. The filled wall with the opening initially exhibited inclined cracks at the corner of the opening, and then they extended to the periphery. Compared with the solid filled wall, the positive and negative bearing capacity of the structure with door opening decreased, and that of the structure with window opening decreased also. Because the specimens with opening in the filled wall were more conducive to the deformation of the structure when the bearing capacity was not significantly reduced, the ductility of the specimen with door opening was the highest.
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Mozafarjazi, Mehran, and Ramin Rabiee. "Experimental and numerical study on the load-bearing capacity, ductility and energy absorption of RC shear walls with opening containing zeolite and silica fume." Engineering Solid Mechanics 12, no. 3 (2024): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2024.1.009.
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This article originates from an experimental program and nonlinear finite element analysis aimed at examining how pozzolanic concrete influences the behavior of RC shear walls with openings. To achieve this, stress-strain diagrams, and the elastic modulus of 33 cylindrical concrete specimens, each containing varying percentages of silica fume and zeolite (ranging from 0% to 25%), were evaluated. The impact of silica fume and zeolite pozzolans on the ductility and load-bearing capacity of RC shear walls with openings was explored. This was done by analyzing the mechanical properties of the specimens and integrating them into the analytical model. Subsequently, a shear wall with conventional concrete was simulated using the finite element method (FEM). The study delved into the effects of substituting the initial concrete with pozzolanic concrete within the shear wall. Additionally, it investigated the simultaneous reduction in the diameter of the reinforcing bars employed, all in the pursuit of attaining the optimal design for these walls. The findings demonstrated that employing pozzolanic concrete in shear walls, coupled with a balanced configuration of rebar, led to heightened ductility, improved energy absorption, and an enhanced load-bearing capacity for the walls.
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Harshal, M. Banubakode, and H. Shinde Bhushan. "INFLUENCE OF OPENINGS IN SHEAR WALL IN HIGH RISE BUILDING." International Journal of Advances In Scientific Research and Engineering (IJASRE) 3, no. 3 (2017): 24–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.570195.
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<em>In recent decades, shear wall structures are the most appropriate structural forms, which have caused the height of concrete buildings to be soared. In present work, sixteen storey buildings (49.2m) have been modeled using software package ETAB v 9.7.4 for earthquake zone III in India. Different positions and location of shear wall with opening conditions are considered for studying their effectiveness in resisting lateral forces. Study on different opening conditions for storey drift and diaphragm displacement concluded that provision of opening in shear wall ultimately helps to achieve the economy.</em>
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Pande, Piyush. "Seismic Response of shear Wall Building with Openings." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 5 (2019): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.5117.
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Soni, Kapil Shankar. "Seismic Analysis of a Residential Building Considering Different Types of Opening Arrangement in the Infill Wall." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (2021): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38473.
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Abstract: Infill walls are inevitable components of any structure to create dispassion between interior space and external condition. In general, there are some prevalent openings inside the infill walls because of practical needs, architectural observations or aesthetic inspections. In current design practice, strength and inflexibility contribution of infill walls aren't thought of. However, the presence of infill walls may impact the seismic reaction of structures exposed to earthquake loads and cause a conduct which is not the same as that estimated for a bare frame. Additionally, partial openings inside infill walls are significant parameter prompting the seismic behaviour of infilled frames in this manner retreating lateral stiffness and strength. In this study is proposed to compare various models of buildings considering the openings (10% of surface area) at different locations in the infill walls for the seismic behaviour. A G+13 residential building is considered in Zone III with soil type II and analysis is carried out by Response Spectrum Method. Various parameters are considered such as Natural Time period, Base shear, Storey displacement, Storey drift and Storey stiffness were studied. The comparative study could simplify designers and code developers in selecting and recommending appropriate analytical models for estimating strength, stiffness, failure modes and other properties of infill frames with openings. Keywords: Residential Building, Openings Infill Wall, ETAB Software, Natural Time Period, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Storey Displacement, Storey Drift, Storey Stiffness.
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Soni, Kapil Shankar. "Seismic Analysis of a Residential Building Considering Different Types of Opening Arrangement in the Infill Wall." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (2021): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38473.
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Abstract: Infill walls are inevitable components of any structure to create dispassion between interior space and external condition. In general, there are some prevalent openings inside the infill walls because of practical needs, architectural observations or aesthetic inspections. In current design practice, strength and inflexibility contribution of infill walls aren't thought of. However, the presence of infill walls may impact the seismic reaction of structures exposed to earthquake loads and cause a conduct which is not the same as that estimated for a bare frame. Additionally, partial openings inside infill walls are significant parameter prompting the seismic behaviour of infilled frames in this manner retreating lateral stiffness and strength. In this study is proposed to compare various models of buildings considering the openings (10% of surface area) at different locations in the infill walls for the seismic behaviour. A G+13 residential building is considered in Zone III with soil type II and analysis is carried out by Response Spectrum Method. Various parameters are considered such as Natural Time period, Base shear, Storey displacement, Storey drift and Storey stiffness were studied. The comparative study could simplify designers and code developers in selecting and recommending appropriate analytical models for estimating strength, stiffness, failure modes and other properties of infill frames with openings. Keywords: Residential Building, Openings Infill Wall, ETAB Software, Natural Time Period, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Storey Displacement, Storey Drift, Storey Stiffness.
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Jasiński, Radosław, and Tomasz Gąsiorowski. "Comparative Studies of the Confined Effect of Shear Masonry Walls Made of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry Units." Materials 16, no. 17 (2023): 5885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175885.
Full textAbstract:
Confined walls are popular in areas exposed to seismic action. The advantage of such structures is increased load-bearing capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation. Confined masonry walls are also used to restrain the intensity of cracking and improve load-bearing capacity in areas exposed to seismic action. This paper describes the research on 18 confined walls and presents a comparison with research on unconfined walls (referenced models). The confined models were classified into three series: HOS-C-AAC—without openings and with confining elements around the perimeter; HAS-C1-AAC with a centrally positioned opening and circumferential confinement; and HAS-C2-AAC with a centrally positioned window opening and additional confinement along the vertical edges of the opening. The area of the window opening was 1.5 m2. All walls were made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry units of the nominal density class of 600. The walls were tested under initial compressive stresses σc = 0.1; 0.75; and 1.0 N/mm2. The reference models without confinement (six models of the series HOS-AAC without openings and the series HAS-AAC with openings) were prepared from the same masonry units, had almost the same outer dimensions, and were tested under the same initial compressive stresses σc. The analysis was performed for the morphology of cracks, stress values at the moment of cracking and failure, stiffness, and angles of shear strain. The morphology of cracks was found to depend on initial compressive stresses and the presence of an opening. A significant increase in compressive stress leading to cracks and failure stresses was observed with increasing values of initial compressive stresses. As the wall behavior was clearly non-linear, the bilinear relationship described by energy dissipation E, stiffness at the moment of cracking Kcr, and maximum displacement uu was proposed to be included in the engineering description of the relationship between horizontal load and displacement of confined walls. Confinement along the vertical edges of the opening having an area of 1.5 m2 (acc. to EN 1996-1-1) increased the maximum forces Pmax by ca. 45% and marginally affected the ductility of the wall when compared to the elements with circumferential confinement.