Journal articles: 'Sheep breeds in South Africa'

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Ramsay, K., M. Smuts, and H. C. Els. "Adding value to South African landrace breeds conservation through utilisation." Animal Genetic Resources Information 27 (April 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001243.

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SummaryThe paper analyses the importance of breed conservation in South Africa by means of added value through a number of species. This principle was applied to some of Southern Africa populations: Nguni cattle, indigenous pigs, indigenous sheep landraces including fat-tails (Pedi, Damara, Zulu, Afrikaner) and fat-rumped breeds (Persian) as well as the improved Boer goat. The latter is an example of what can be achieved by selecting an indigenous breed for a specific purpose.For each breed, possible alternative uses are explained by analysing their characters. For the Nguni cattle (very well adapted to local conditions) a premium is paid for hides with minimal tick damage as these are used for car upholstery, an important added value. Beef quality and easy calving are also relevant factors that are important when crossing the Nguni with European breeds.Indigenous sheep landraces are often used to develop hardy composites and this helps their conservation, while the Boer goat is in demand in many countries for meat-production and has been exported world-wide; this is probably the only selected meat-goat in the world.Indigenous pig breeds are capable of generating a good income and are satisfactory alternatives to modern breeds.

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Revelo, Herman Alberto, Diana López-Alvarez, Vincenzo Landi, Lauden Rizzo, and Luz Angela Alvarez. "Mitochondrial DNA Variations in Colombian Creole Sheep Confirm an Iberian Origin and Shed Light on the Dynamics of Introduction Events of African Genotypes." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091594.

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The genetic origins and diversity of Creole sheep from five regions of Colombia were investigated based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations across 89 sequences from five breeds: one wool Creole sheep (CL) and four hair Creole sheep, including Ethiopian (OPCE), Sudan (OPCS), Pelibuey (OPCP) and Wayúu (OPCW). A global comparison was done using 62 haplotypes from Iberian, African, Indian, Caribbean, Mexican, Caucasian and European sheep based on sequences retrieved from GenBank. This study aimed to identify the maternal origin of Colombian Creole sheep and their genetic relationships at a global level. The results showed 31 different haplotypes from Colombian Creole sheep, which can be assigned to maternal lineage B, the most common lineage found in European sheep breeds and the only one found in several Iberian breed (e.g., Churra, Spanish Merino) that most likely participated in the Creole formation. Additional analyses showed that wool and hair sheep retained a broad genetic identity despite being geographically separated. The global-level phylogenetic analysis revealed that Colombian Creole sheep belong to a distinct and defined genetic lineage that is likely the result of a founder effect with ecotypes of Iberian descent and the subsequent introduction of foreign breeds. This is consistent with historical reports on the presence of sheep in South America and, particularly, Colombia.

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Soma, P., A. Kotze, J. P. Grobler, and J. B. van Wyk. "South African sheep breeds: Population genetic structure and conservation implications." Small Ruminant Research 103, no. 2-3 (April 2012): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.09.041.

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Maqhashu, A., N. O. Mapholi, H. A. O’Neill, K. A. Nephawe, F. V. Ramukhithi, J. P. Sebei, K. S. Nxumalo, and T. L. Nedambale. "Assessment of genetic variation in Bapedi sheep using microsatellite markers." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i2.15.

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This study was conducted to assess genetic variation in Bapedi sheep using 14 microsatellite markers. Blood samples were collected from 174 unrelated Bapedi sheep on six farms in various districts of Limpopo and from the Agricultural Research Council Animal Production Institute (ARC-API) in Gauteng. Genotypes from other South African indigenous sheep, namely Zulu (N = 14), Damara (N = 11), Dorper (N = 8), and Namaqua (N = 11), were included to represent reference populations. The effective number of alleles averaged 5.6 for across the Bapedi flocks and was 4.9 for the reference breeds. Among the Bapedi flocks, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.56 ± 0.05 to 0.69 ± 0.03 and expected heterozygosity (He) values were between 0.75 ± 0.04 and 0.88 ± 0.01. Thus, there is considerable genetic diversity within the Bapedi sheep populations. However, the fixation index was high, indicating the possibility of inbreeding becoming a problem for these flocks. A neighbour-joining tree was constructed from the estimates of Nei’s genetic distances among flocks. The presence of Bapedi sheep flocks on all of the main branches of the tree along with one of the reference breeds suggests the present-day Bapedi is not an entirely distinct breed and that there are genetic differences between flocks of these South African indigenous sheep. Sustainable breeding and conservation programmes are needed to control inbreeding and to foreclose possible genetic dilution of Bapedi sheep. Keywords: genetic diversity, germplasm conservation, inbreeding, indigenous sheep

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Tshabalala, P. A., P. E. Strydom, E. C. Webb, and H. L. de Kock. "Meat quality of designated South African indigenous goat and sheep breeds." Meat Science 65, no. 1 (September 2003): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(02)00249-8.

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Agbede, J. O., A. G. Ologun, and J. A. Alokan. "UDDER SIZE AND MILK PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF GOATS AND SHEEP IN THE SOUTH WEST OF NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 24, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v24i2.2383.

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Twelve adult lactating goats and sheep (2 to 2 ½ years old) comprising three groups of four each of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats and sheep and Yankasa ewes used for a nine week trial. The animals kidded and lambed between January and March. During these periods the udder sizes of the dams were measured weekly before hand milking thrice a week to derermine the milk yield. Samples of the milk were analysed for their composition. The results showed that the udder size increased with increasing milk yield (112 – 248ml) up to the peak of lactation which was between weeks 3 and 4 after parturition. Thereafter it decreased in size till the end of the experiment. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the udder size was influenced by breed. Udder size was positively correlated with milk yield. Milk yields were generally low or and ranged between 39 and 70ml and this was dependent on the behavior of the lactation curve. The milk protein and ash contents for the three breeds were comparable to those of the temperate breeds. Though Yankasa sheep exhibited the highest milk production potential, yet the peculiar characteristics of goat milk cannot be overlooked.

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Cloete, S. W. P., S. J. Schoeman, J. Coetzee, and J. de V. Morris. "Genetic variances for liveweight and fleece traits in Merino, Dohne Merino and South African Meat Merino sheep." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00030.

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(Co)variance estimates for weaning weight, yearling liveweight, clean fleece weight and fibre diameter at yearling age were obtained for Merino, Dohne Merino and South African Meat Merino flocks maintained on the same property. Direct additive genetic variances for weaning weight [expressed as a ratio of the total phenotypic variance (h2, direct heritability)] were estimated at 0.15 for Merinos, 0.21 for Dohne Merinos and 0.32 for South African Meat Merinos. Corresponding maternal variance ratios (m2, including direct maternal variance and permanent environmental maternal variance) were estimated at 0.15, 0.30 and 0.24, respectively. The correlation between direct and maternal variance ratios was high and negative in Dohne Merinos and South African Meat Merinos (–0.72 and –0.53, respectively). Direct heritability estimates for yearling liveweight were 0.30 for Merinos, 0.33 for Dohne Merinos and 0.45 for South African Meat Merinos. Corresponding maternal variance ratios were only significant in the latter 2 breeds, amounting to 0.13 in Dohne Merinos and 0.12 in South African Meat Merinos. For yearling clean fleece weight, h2 and m2 were estimated at 0.28 and 0.12, respectively, for both Merinos and Dohne Merinos. In the case of South African Meat Merinos, only the h2 estimate was significant, at 0.68. Maternal variance ratios for yearling fibre diameter were not significant in any of the breeds, while h2 ranged from 0.58 in Merinos to 0.75 in South African Meat Merinos. Selection progress for yearling traits seems likely in all breeds, depending on the breeding objectives being strived for.

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Salako, A. E., and L. O. Ngere. "Application of multifactorial discriminant analysis in the morphometric structural differentiation of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Yankasa Sheep in South West." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i2.1553.

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A total of 264 adult sheep comprising WAD and Yankusa rams and ewes traditionally managed in flocks within the south West Nigeria were investigated. Ten geometrical variables were monitored in order to contrast their validity cys racial markers and breed discriminants and identify metric characters which can be valuıuble for population classification within the species. Descriptive statistics showed that the Yankasa generally appear superior to the WAD in all variables measured except for shoulder width where WAD appeared superior giving the breed a blockier look than Yankasa which is relatively narrower. Neck circumference exhibited the highest variability in both sheep studied, c.v. being 18.34 and 20.12% respectively. These were followed by shoulder width in WAD and body length in Yankasa. The cephalic characters (head width and face length) exhibited the lowest variability in both breeds (c.v. being between 3.62 and 5.67%). High environmental sensitivity of neck circumference and shoulder width in the WAD population explains the observed variability although measurement of neck circumference was affected by the neck ruff of the rams. The low variability exhibited by the cephalic characters in both breeds is a reflection of their relative insensitivity to environmental elements resulting from their close association with cranial bone growth. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that tail length (the most discriminant variable between the breeds) was followed by shoulder width, the cephalic characters, body length and wither height in that order. Other variables did not qualify to enter the model. The small number of variables exhibiting high discriminant power (i.e. tail length, shoulder width, and head width) are explained by the genetic exchange that has existed between the breeds.

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Zishiri, O. T., S. W. P. Cloete, J. J. Olivier, and K. Dzama. "Genetic parameters for live weight traits in South African terminal sire sheep breeds." Small Ruminant Research 116, no. 2-3 (February 2014): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.11.005.

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10

Sandenbergh, L., SWP Cloete, R. Roodt-Wilding, MA Snyman, and AE Bester-van der Merwe. "Evaluation of the OvineSNP50 chip for use in four South African sheep breeds." South African Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v46i1.11.

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11

Baylov, V. V., and L. N. Trudova. "Rams balanoposthitis treatment." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 1 (2020): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.1.145.

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In recent years, sheep farms in the Lenin-grad region began to increase import from abroad of sheep breed "Dorper" This breed were bred in the 1930s in the deserts of South Africa. Later this breed began to be exported to Australia, the UK and in small quantities to Russia. Breed "Dorper" very precocious, young quickly gaining live weight up to 500 grams per day. Adult sheep reach a weight up to 90 kg or more. Rams can be used as producers from 5 months. Taking into account that, like all meat breeds of sheep, dorpers are very sensitive to drafts, high humidity, dampness in sheep-fields. The object of research- breeding sheep breed "Dorper". The research was carried out in the farm "SP A. Krylov" Leningrad re-gion. Two groups of 3 heads each were formed to treat the rams. In the scheme of treatment of animals of the first (experimental) group, a finely dispersed soft powder (manganese-acid potassium+copper sulfate+ boric acid + streptocide 1:1:3:5) was used, which was applied on the ulcer with the help of a powder blower. For animals of the second group were applied "Konkov ointment". For the rams of both groups were used a short novocaine blockade with an antibiotic (streptomycin) directly under the pathological focus. Repeated treatments were carried out after 3,6,12 16 days. It should be noted that balanoposthitis in rams appears mainly in autumn and spring. The use of complex powders in rams with ulcerative balanoposthitis showed positive dynamics of the course of this disease, re-duces the healing time of the ulcer surface by 3-4 days, compared to the conventional treatment in the farm with the use of "Konkov ointment

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Selepe, Mokhethi Matthews, Simone Ceccobelli, Emiliano Lasagna, and Nokuthula Winfred Kunene. "Genetic structure of South African Nguni (Zulu) sheep populations reveals admixture with exotic breeds." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 26, 2018): e0196276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196276.

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Van der Merwe, D. A., T. S. Brand, and L. C. Hoffman. "Application of growth models to different sheep breed types in South Africa." Small Ruminant Research 178 (September 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.08.002.

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Csizmár, Nikolett, András Jávor, and Szilvia Kusza. "Examination of microsatellite markers of Dorper sheep breed." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1789.

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Number of not woolly and molty sheep exceeds 60 million throughout the world. Their numbers and their importance is growing, still they have appeared in the past two decades all over in North-America, Australia, New-Zealand and also in Europe. The South African Dorper has been a pioneer among them in Hungary. It was introduced in 2006 in the country. The Dorper sheep is the second largest breed in South Africa, which was developed from the crossing of Dorset Horn and the Blackhead Persian. The aim of the EU Member States in terms of this specific breed is increasing the small populations, improving the productive qualities, in addition to this avoiding inbreeding. However, finding appropriate breeding stock is difficult due to the small size of available populations and also to the suspected common of origin. With the help of various molecular genetic methods we could get a total view of the genetic background of these flocks. Nowadays the most commonly known and used genetic markers are microsatellites, because their applications give fast, accurate and easily reproducible results. There is no specific descriptive information on the genetic background of Dorper populations in the various EU countries , also regarding diversity between populations. Therefore in our work we want to optimize the conditions of applicability of 31 selected microsatellite reactions as a first step of mapping the entire genetic background of the different EU Dorper populations.

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Dzomba, E. F., M. Chimonyo, M. A. Snyman, and F. C. Muchadeyi. "The genomic architecture of South African mutton, pelt, dual‐purpose and nondescript sheep breeds relative to global sheep populations." Animal Genetics 51, no. 6 (September 7, 2020): 910–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12991.

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Baker, R. L. "Finnsheep and their utilization experiences in temperate conditions." Agricultural and Food Science 60, no. 6 (October 1, 1988): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72312.

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The highly prolific Finnsheep (F) has been exported to more than 40 countries around the world to improve the reproductive performance of local breeds through crossbreeding. The infusion of one-half F into local breeds results in a substantial improvement in all reproductive traits with net reproduction (lambs weaned/ewe mated) being increased by about 25 % in the British Isles and Western Europe and by up to 70—100 % in New Zealand, South Africa and the USA. Heterosis for litter size at birth has been low or negligible in a number of crossbreeding studies involving F. Serious reservations have been expressed about the growth, fleece producton and carcass characteristics of F. While F-cross lambs are usually lighter at birth than local breeds, their weaning and post-weaning weights are often very similar, at least partly due to heterosis. Despite the perceived poor live conformation of purebred F, the carcass weight, quality and composition of F-crosses have been very similar to local breeds or crosses. A striking feature of F-cross carcasses is that they have more kidney and less subcutaneous fat than local breeds. This may be a desirable feature of F-cross in extensive, pastoral farming situations to help sheep survive during droughts or periods of low pasture production. The fleece weight of the purebred F is 30—40 % lower than most local breeds, particularly long-wooled breeds. However, the 1/4-F crosses have consistently been only 5—10 % lower in fleece weight. Studies have reported comparable, or superior, processing qualities of F-cross wool. F-cross ewes have generally been shown to have superior longevity, overall productivity and economic efficiency than local breeds across a diverse range of environments and farming systems. Some of the problems of integrating a highly prolific genotype into extensive, low cost, sheep production systems are discussed. F has been utilized in many countries by producing a new synthetic population containing a certain proportion (1/8 to 1/2) of F ancestry. This approach is usually superior to other crossbreeding options such as stratified crossing or rotational crossing systems.

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Van der Merwe, D. A., T. S. Brand, and L. C. Hoffman. "Premium lamb production of South African sheep breed types under feedlot conditions." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i4.9.

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An increasing number of producers opt to finish their lambs in on-farm feedlots. Therefore, detailed production information is required to implement precision finishing of lambs of different genotypes. Precision finishing monitors growth, feed intake and efficiency to optimize management. In this study, feedlot production characteristics of Dohne Merino, Dormer, Dorper, Meatmaster, Merino, Namaqua Afrikaner, and South African Mutton Merino (SAMM) lambs were evaluated. The lambs were reared in a feedlot and fed a diet with 10.41 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg feed and 19.06% crude protein. Feed intake and body weight were recorded weekly from an initial weight of 30 kg until they had the subcutaneous fat cover needed to produce an A2 carcass. Subcutaneous fat was measured on the Longissimus lumborum muscle with an ultrasound scanner. Dorper, Meatmaster and Namaqua Afrikaner had the shortest rearing periods in the feedlot, and were market ready at a lower live weight (P <0.05). As a result, these lambs consumed less feed in the feedlot. Namaqua Afrikaner and Merino lambs were least efficient: 7.08 and 5.63 kg feed/kg gain, respectively. Dohne Merino, Dormer, Dorper, and Meatmaster rams and Dorper ewes were more efficient; approximately 3.58 kg feed/kg gain. Dohne Merino and Dormer rams had the highest growth rates: approximately 465 g/day. The end weights described in this study could be used as an indication for producers of the ideal slaughter weights for breeds of different maturity types.Keywords: average daily gain, fat deposition, feed efficiency, rearing period

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Anyanwu,, N. J., J. O. Ogualu, V. U. Odoemelam,, G. A. Kalio,, and I. I. Ekpe. "Sheep and goat farming in Imo state Southeast Nigeria: A traditional vocation at the verge of extinction?" Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.70.

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Since prehistoric times, sheep and goat farming has been an integral part of the farming system of the people of South east Nigeria. This study investigated the current state of sheep and goat farming amongst households in Imo State south eastern Nigeria. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers randomly selected from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Imo state namely, Oru West, Ahiazu Mbaise and Ezinihitte Mbaise to determine the socio-economic characteristics, production systems, breeding and reproduction, constraints and strategies for economic improvement in a focus group interview. Only 89 farmers were available for interview. The results revealed significant decline in sheep and goat farming amongst the households across four generations within the households interviewed. Lack of interest due to poor policy framework, low productivity of existing breeds, difficulty in feed supply and high cost of breeding stock was identified as constraints of sheep and goat production in thiese areas. It was also observed that older people were more directly involved in sheep and goat farming than youths. 59.6% of the farmers were females, and 31-50% of the farmers were between the ages of 31 and 50 years. Farming was the most common occupation amongst the households while trading was the next. Results also showed that 76.4% of the communities had history of sheep and goat keeping whereas 73% of the total families interviewed had a history of sheep and goat keeping. It was also observed that 33.7% of households were involved in poultry enterprise and 25.3% involved in fish farming. Only 4.8% engaged in sheep and goat farming. Results obtained also revealed that 48.3% of the identified sheep and goat farmers kept breeds of sheep and goat from northern Nigeria while 40.4% maintained the west African dwarf breed. 34% of respondents believed that access to grants and credit facilities, 25 % believed provision of land in urban areas, while 21% believed improvement in small ruminant feed technology, would improve production. Lambing and kidding was mostly twice a year (48.3%). Breeding was mostly observed to be uncontrolled (51.7%). Also, the results showed that, 59.6% of the farmers were willing to pay for veterinary services. The most important diseases within these areas were worms, ecto-parasites and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). It can be inferred from the study that farmers within the region appear to pay greater emphasis on poultry production and fish farming to the detriment of smallholder sheep and goat farming which could be attributed to poor knowledge of sheep and goat farming technologies resulting to low productivity.

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Van der Merwe, Daniël André, Tertius Swanepoel Brand, and Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman. "Slaughter Characteristics of Feedlot-Finished Premium South African Lamb: Effects of Sex and Breed Type." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050648.

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This study compared the carcass characteristics of ram and ewe lambs from South African wool, dual-purpose, meat, and fat-tailed sheep types, reared to produce premium lamb carcasses. The lambs were reared on a feedlot diet (10.41 MJ ME/kg feed and 19.06% crude protein) from weaning (30 kg live weight) until they attained a back-fat depth of ~4 mm, measured using ultrasound. After slaughter, the carcasses were assessed for retail cut yields, composition, and physical meat quality. Later, maturing lambs attained heavier carcass weights than early maturing breeds (~20.7 kg vs. 16.9 kg, respectively; p ≤ 0.05), and differences in carcass composition and retail cut yields were ascribed to differences in the frame size and pattern of fat deposition of the respective breeds. Small differences in physical meat quality were observed, with meat from Dormer and Namaqua lambs having notably higher shear-force values (~46 N) than that from Meatmaster carcasses (~34 N). These differences though are expected to have little influence on the perceived quality of the meat.

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Molotsi, Annelin H., Jeremy F. Taylor, Schalk W. P. Cloete, Farai Muchadeyi, Jared E. Decker, Lynsey K. Whitacre, Lise Sandenbergh, and Kennedy Dzama. "Genetic diversity and population structure of South African smallholder farmer sheep breeds determined using the OvineSNP50 beadchip." Tropical Animal Health and Production 49, no. 8 (September 16, 2017): 1771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1392-7.

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Peters, F. W., A. Kotze, F. H. van der Bank, P. Soma, and J. P. Grobler. "Genetic profile of the locally developed Meatmaster sheep breed in South Africa based on microsatellite analysis." Small Ruminant Research 90, no. 1-3 (May 2010): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.02.005.

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Dzomba, E. F., M. A. Snyman, M. Chimonyo, and F. C. Muchadeyi. "P4055 Assessing the genomic status of South African mutton, pelt and dual purpose sheep breeds using genome-wide single nucleotide genotypes." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_4 (September 1, 2016): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.94supplement4106x.

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Maqhashu, A., H. A. O'Neill, P. J. Sebei, F. V. Ramukhithi, N. O. Mapholi, K. A. Nephawe, and T. L. Nedambale. "140 The relationship between morphometric characteristics and semen parameters in Bapedi rams." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 2 (2020): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab140.

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Bapedi is a fat-tailed, hardy, and disease-tolerant breed of sheep that is indigenous to South Africa. The Bapedi sheep breed is facing genetic degradation due to nonselective cross-breeding and irregular mating; therefore, breeding strategies for urgent conservation of Bapedi sheep are crucial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body measurements and semen traits of Bapedi rams conserved in situ (conserved in their natural habitat) and ex situ invivo (live animals conserved outside their natural habitat). Semen was collected twice per week from 33 rams aged 2-4 years (four ejaculates per ram) using an electroejaculator. Body measurements (rump height, body length, scrotum circumference (SC), scrotal width, and scrotum length (cm)), body condition score (BCS; scale of 1-5), bodyweight (BW; kg), rectal temperature (°C), semen volume (mL), spermatozoa concentration (billionsmL−1), and motility parameters were measured using a computer-aided semen analysis system. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and the general linear models of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). The Pearson correlation coefficient in SAS was used to determine the relationship among variables. There was uniformity in all body measurements of Bapedi sheep regardless of the conservation method (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in body temperature during semen collection, SC, semen volume, semen pH, semen concentration, spermatozoa total motility, and kinematics in Bapedi rams between methods of conservation (P>0.05). Pearson correlation revealed moderate significant relationships between semen volume and BW, BCS, and SC (r=0.315, 0.638, and 0.381, respectively). Rump length had a moderate correlation (0.566) with normal spermatozoa (P<0.05). It was concluded that Bapedi sheep are still a uniform breed regardless of their decreasing numbers. The BW, BCS, and SC must be considered in the selection criteria for improving the reproductive performance of Bapedi breeding rams because they were positively correlated with semen volume. It is recommended that more studies be done to correlate body measurements, testicular morphometry, and semen parameters in this breed.

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Dlodlo, Nomusa, Lawrance Hunter, Anton Botha, and Roger Metelerkamp. "A distributed knowledge-based system for the optimum utilisation of South African wool." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 28, no. 3 (September 6, 2009): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v28i3.57.

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This article describes the concept and development of a knowledge-based advisory system for the optimum utilisation of South African wool for the beneﬁt of present and potential investors and other interested parties. Wool is a natural animal ﬁbre produced in varying quantities around the world. The wool ﬁbre is far from homogenous; its type and quality, such as ﬁneness and length, depending on the breed of sheep and the environmental conditions prevailing during its growth. Wool is used in a variety of end uses, ranging from ﬁ ne worsted suiting, to hand knitting yarn, carpets, blankets and aircraft upholstery, its use depending largely on its ﬁbre ﬁneness and length. The wool industry is one of the oldest agricultural industries in South Africa, playing an important economic role as an earner of foreign exchange, and providing a living to many people. Wool is produced in many parts of South Africa under extensive, semi-extensive or intensive conditions, and is largely an export commodity. It is produced and traded in a sophisticated free market business environment into the international market place, where supply and demand forces determine price levels. More than 90% of locally produced wool is exported in an unprocessed or semi-processed form which detrimentally affects employment, foreign exchange and income-generating opportunities associated with value-addition prior to export. To reduce the amount of wool exported in unprocessed or semi-processed form, wool-processing enterprises need to be established to produce internationally marketable end products. Therefore, South Africa needs to attract investors into the wool sector, who will set up manufacturing mills in an economically sustainable manner. Potential and present investors in the South African (S.A.) wool industry need easily accessible and up-to-date information on the production statistics, processing properties and end-use pplications of the wool they need for the particular end-products they manufacture or could manufacture. To achieve this and ensure accessibility to such continuously updated information, it is essential to develop an integrated computer-based system. It is with the above in mind that a knowledge-based system for the optimum utilisation of South African wool has been developed, which is described here. This paper reviews relevant work in this ﬁ eld and covers wool production statistics in South Africa, the end uses of the wool ﬁbre versus the diameter of the ﬁbre, the advantages of distributed architectures, and the ﬂow of processes in a wool utilization system. It then sets out the concept and development of the proposed system, including the architecture of the proposed expert system, the associated analysis and ﬁnally the conclusions. The components of the expert system, namely the knowledge base, inference engine, knowledge acquisition component, and explanation system are described. The architecture of the system incorporates the concept of distributed systems and the related advantages incorporated in its general architecture and within its internal components. It marries both expert and general knowledge-based systems, consisting of a combination of an ordinary knowledge-based system (KBS) that can be queried for information and an expert system that provides advice to users. The distributed system developed involves collection of autonomous components that are interconnected, which enables these components to coordinate their activities and share resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single integrated facility. There are a number of advantages of such a distributed system and these are articulated in the paper. This approach allows not only incremental development of the system, but also facilitates sharing of data and information. The distributed nature of the architecture of the system developed, consists of three main elements: The expert system to advise on the characteristics of the wool that is required for a particular end use A knowledge-based system for querying on the distribution of wool of the various characteristics in South Africa An expert system for the selection of the best alternative area for investment for the particular product end use.The knowledge base consists of a number of databases, each representing the various wool characteristics. This represents a distributed architecture of the knowledge base. Therefore, this architecture inherits all the advantages of distributed processing systems as described in the paper. These knowledge bases can be queried by the user via a database management system (DBMS), a software that manages the creation, updating, maintenance and querying of the database. In terms of wool utilization, the system involves capturing the end-use and requirements of a product and from it, retrieving the characteristics of the wool that will meet the particular end-use. The availability of the wool is then checked by region and province for each style, type, clip type, yield, colour, vegetable matter fault and micron range, in line with the latest statistics available.The system developed enables questions such as the following to be asked at the user interface: What is the anticipated end use of the wool? What criteria must the wool satisfy for the selected end-use? What quantities of wool are required?The outputs at the user interface of the system are the quantities of wool per province and region in terms of micron, style, yield, colour, type, clip type as available on the web-site of Cape Wools SA. At the very end of the system, the best alternative site for siting the manufacturing base can also be indicated.

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Ngcobo, J. N., A. Maqhashu, F. V. Ramukhithi, L. P. Kruger, K. A. Nephawe, and T. L. Nedambale. "17 Relationship Between Semen Parameters and Morphometric Characteristics of Zulu Rams." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 1 (2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv30n1ab17.

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Zulu sheep is an adapted breed of South Africa with desirable traits such as their ability to thrive in a harsh environment and tolerant to various diseases. However, they are endangered, with their population size not exceeding 1000, and hence are associated with high inbreeding rates. Therefore, to limit biodiversity loss, there is a need to characterise and conserve its genetic materials. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between morphometric characteristics and semen parameters of Zulu rams and conserve these genetics. The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Council. Rams (n = 6, age = 3 years and average weight = 42 kg) were fed a standard diet and water was provided ad libitum. Semen was collected twice a week, using an artificial vagina, over 4 consecutive weeks. Semen volume, spermatozoa concentration, motility parameters, and viability were evaluated immediately after arrival in the laboratory. The experiment was carried out during breeding season (March to May 2017). Body measurements (rump height, body length, scrotum circumference, body weight, scrotal width, and scrotum length) were measured in the morning following the fasting period (night) using flexible measuring tape. Pearson correlation coefficient in Minitab 17 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA) was used to determine the relationship among variables. A moderate significant correlation (P < 0.001) between body weight and %live spermatozoa (r = 0.46) was observed. Of note, a very weak (r = 0.28) significant correlation (P < 0.05) between scrotum circumference and live spermatozoa was observed. A very weak (r = 0.06) nonsignificant correlation (P > 0.05) was found between scrotum circumference and semen volume. These results indicate that body weight and scrotum circumference provide reliable spermatozoa viability estimates. Positive correlation between scrotum circumference and semen volume shows that scrotum circumference can be used to predict semen volume.

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Scholtz, A. J., S. W. P. Cloete, J. B. van Wyk, I. Misztal, E. du Toit, and T. C. de K. van der Linde. "Genetic (co)variances between wrinkle score and absence of breech strike in mulesed and unmulesed Merino sheep, using a threshold model." Animal Production Science 50, no. 3 (2010): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09033.

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Heritability estimates for, and genetic correlations among neck wrinkle score, body wrinkle score, breech wrinkle score and the absence of breech strike were determined on 2918 16-month hoggets from a selection experiment with South African Merinos. Data were obtained from the lamb drops of 9 years between 1998 and 2007, born as the progeny of 247 sires and 1250 dams. All progeny born until 2002 were subjected to the Modified Mules operation as lambs (n = 1799). However, due to international pressure to phase out the Mules operation, animals from 2003 onwards were not mulesed (n = 1119). During both periods, the experimental animals were maintained in single flocks (separated on sex) after weaning. Progeny were subjected to visual appraisal of wrinkle scores (range) on the neck (1–6), body (1–5) and breech (1–6) at an age of ~16 months. The occurrence of blowfly strike in the breech area (breech strike) was recorded in all animals during the wool growth period of a year from shearing as weaners. Two four-trait animal models were fitted to obtain (co)variance components and ratios from the separate datasets with neck wrinkle score; body wrinkle score, breech wrinkle score and the absence of breech strike, all defined as threshold traits. Estimates of heritability for breech wrinkle score amounted to 0.27 and 0.45 for the mulesed and unmulesed groups, respectively. The absence of breech strike on the underlying scale was also heritable for the mulesed (0.33) and unmulesed (0.46) groups; translating to heritability estimates of 0.074 and 0.157, respectively, on the observed scale. The genetic correlations of wrinkle scores with absence of breech strike were generally favourable, but significant only for neck wrinkle score (–0.57) and breech wrinkle score (–0.45) in the unmulesed group. It was concluded that South African Merino sheep would respond to selection against breech strike under conditions of adequate challenge. Based on results from unmulesed sheep, selection for plainer sheep is also expected to result in a favourable correlated response in breech strike.

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IKEOBI, C. O. N., and O. A. FALETI. "FACTORS AFFECTING LIVEWEIGHT OF GOAT AND SHEEP IN TWO LOCATION WITHIN OGUN STATE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v23i1.2023.

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A study was conducted over two years With the to determine the changes in the liveweight of Yankasa sheep and Maradi goat in goats and sheep in two locations in Ogun State, South-Western Nigeria Factors found to be important included breed of goat, season, location, and sex of the animal. The Maradi goat had a greater variation in its liveweight than the West African' dwarf goat. The mean weekly gain in the liveweight of goats was 0.18±02 dry season and 0.26±0.05 kg in the wet season. Liveweight changes were greater in yearling Yankasa sheep reared in this part of the Southwestern Nigeria than in older ones; these differences were significantly greater in the dry than in the wet season.

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Driesch, Angela Von Den, and H. J. Deacon. "Sheep Remains from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 40, no. 141 (June 1985): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3887992.

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PRMANSHAEV, M. "ADAPTATION OF FAT-TAILED SHEEP OF DIFFERENT BREEDS TO THE CONDITIONS SOUTH-EAST OF KAZAKHSTAN." Sheep, goats, woolen business, no. 1 (2021): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2074-0840-2021-1-19-21.

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The indicators of live weight and measurements of body weight in fat-tailed sheep of diff erent breeds in age dynamics in the conditions of the semi-desert zone of the South-east of Kazakhstan are given. The change in these indicators in sheep of diff erent breeds in the age dynamics under the infl uence of environmental factors can be considered as one of the indicators of their adaptation to these conditions, in this case, to the conditions of the semi-desert zone of the South-East of Kazakhstan

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AMEUR AMEUR, Abdelkader, Onur YILMAZ, Nezih ATA, Ibrahim CEMAL, and Semir Bechir Suheil GAOUAR. "Assessment of genetic diversity of Turkish and Algerian native sheep breeds." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.1.1.

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In Algeria and Turkey, the sheep production systems are based on the under extensive rural conditions and their genetic management has led to increased homozygosity and hence productivity loss. The identification of inter-breed and intra-breed genetic diversity plays a key role in the shaping of conservation and breeding programs. The present study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of native sheep breeds reared in Turkey and Algeria. A total of 240 animals from four Algerian (Hamra, Ouled Djellal, Sidaou, and Tazegzawt) and four Turkish (White Karaman, South Karaman, Karacabey Merino, and Kıvırcık) native sheep breeds were genotyped with fourteen microsatellite markers recommended by FAO. A total of 340 alleles were detected from fourteen markers studied. All the eight breeds exhibited moderate to high levels of genetic diversity, with a slight superiority of the Algerian sheep breeds. Overall FIS value was low, but highly significant (p < 0.001). It may have been due to the high inbreeding within the population. The mean global coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) showed that approximately 94.0 % of the genetic variation was within-population. The highest number of private alleles with a frequency above 5 % was observed in Ouled Djellal sheep. Structure analysis of populations studied revealed the most appropriate K with four genetic clusters. As the result, the dendrogram showed that the Algerian sheep breeds were completely separated from the Turkish sheep breeds furthermore the Bayesian clustering revealed a high level of admixture, especially in Algerian sheep populations.

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AMEUR AMEUR, Abdelkader, Onur YILMAZ, Nezih ATA, Ibrahim CEMAL, and Semir Bechir Suheil GAOUAR. "Assessment of genetic diversity of Turkish and Algerian native sheep breeds." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.1.1229.

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In Algeria and Turkey, the sheep production systems are based on the under extensive rural conditions and their genetic management has led to increased homozygosity and hence productivity loss. The identification of inter-breed and intra-breed genetic diversity plays a key role in the shaping of conservation and breeding programs. The present study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of native sheep breeds reared in Turkey and Algeria. A total of 240 animals from four Algerian (Hamra, Ouled Djellal, Sidaou, and Tazegzawt) and four Turkish (White Karaman, South Karaman, Karacabey Merino, and Kıvırcık) native sheep breeds were genotyped with fourteen microsatellite markers recommended by FAO. A total of 340 alleles were detected from fourteen markers studied. All the eight breeds exhibited moderate to high levels of genetic diversity, with a slight superiority of the Algerian sheep breeds. Overall FIS value was low, but highly significant (p < 0.001). It may have been due to the high inbreeding within the population. The mean global coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) showed that approximately 94.0 % of the genetic variation was within-population. The highest number of private alleles with a frequency above 5 % was observed in Ouled Djellal sheep. Structure analysis of populations studied revealed the most appropriate K with four genetic clusters. As the result, the dendrogram showed that the Algerian sheep breeds were completely separated from the Turkish sheep breeds furthermore the Bayesian clustering revealed a high level of admixture, especially in Algerian sheep populations.

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Zishiri, O. T., S. W. P. Cloete, J. J. Olivier, and K. Dzama. "Genetic parameters for growth, reproduction and fitness traits in the South African Dorper sheep breed." Small Ruminant Research 112, no. 1-3 (May 2013): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.01.004.

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Almeida, André Martinho. "The Damara in the context of Southern Africa fat-tailed sheep breeds." Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, no. 7 (April 21, 2011): 1427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9868-3.

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Delgado, J. V., R. Perezgrovas, M. E. Camacho, M. Fresno, and C. Barba. "The Wool-Less Canary Sheep and their relationship with the present breeds in America." Animal Genetic Resources Information 28 (April 2000): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001334.

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SummaryWhen the Spaniards discovered and conquered the Canary Islands in the 15th Century, they found a type of hair sheep, a breed described by the colonists as “white in colour, large in size and with horns in the males”. This discovery provokes the question: from where did these sheep originate? All other breeds of wool-less sheep in the world in that period were located in the sub-Saharan regions, far away from the Canary Islands and with no possible connection.Archaeologists claim that Northwest Africa was populated by wool sheep from 4000–3000 BC. Northwest Africa is the nearest geographical point of the African continent to the Canary Archipelago. It was also there that the native pre-Hispanic human population is thought to have originated. Did the wool-less sheep breed arrive with these people? The answer is probably yes. It is likely that the population of hair sheep arrived between 3000–2000 BC in a northern expansion of these animals, accompanying the first inhabitants of the islands.After the Spanish conquest, the Canary Islands provided a necessary stop for the explorers of the New World. Various testimonies exist describing the arrival of the first sheep to the Caribbean Islands. This process of animal introduction started with Columbus′ second voyage, after which domestic animals formed a usual part of the shipment arrangements. This raises a third question: what role did the Canary Island sheep play in the origin and evolution of the present Caribbean and Latin-American hair breeds? The majority of researchers working with these animals in America and the Caribbean think that the origin of their wool-less sheep breeds is related to the traffic of black slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries. It may be claimed that this influence of sub-Saharan animals exists as an additional influence of other wool-less sheep breeds, which arrived in the Caribbean from the Canary Islands two centuries earlier. Today, the ancient native hair sheep breed is extinct in the Canary Islands although some wool-less sheep have recently been introduced from Venezuela.All these questions and ideas are investigated in this paper, through historical references and current research.

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Molotsi, Annelin Henriehetta, Bekezela Dube, and Schalk Willem Petrus Cloete. "The Current Status of Indigenous Ovine Genetic Resources in Southern Africa and Future Sustainable Utilisation to Improve Livelihoods." Diversity 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010014.

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Indigenous sheep play an important role in the livelihoods of communal farmers in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), and this underlines the need to curb the genetic erosion of these valuable resources. This contribution reports that the phenotypic performance and genetics gains of institutional and commercial sheep in Southern Africa are well recorded. In contrast, there is a dearth of knowledge as far as the performance and genetic gains of indigenous ovine genetic resources utilized by smallholder farmers are concerned. High levels of genetic diversity have been observed in exotic breeds, whereas low levels of genetic diversity were found in the Zulu and Namaqua Afrikaner breeds. Phenotypic measurements for indigenous resources include linear measurements indicative of size and reproduction for Zulu sheep. Lamb survival, reproduction and resistance to ticks of the indigenous, fat-tailed Namaqua Afrikaner sheep, as well as growth and reproduction have also been recorded for Sabi and Landim sheep. This review discusses ways to sustainably utilize ovine genetic resources, which includes the suggested implementation of structured breeding and conservation programs, marketing, improving feed resources, health and diseases, as well as gender and age issues. Clearly, there is ample room for further research and development as far as the performance and improvement of African indigenous sheep are concerned.

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Sahu, A. R., V. Jeichitra, R. Rajendran, A. Raja, S. N. Sivaselvam, and S. M. K. Karthickeyan. "Monomorphism Of Growth Hormone Receptor Gene in South Indian Breeds of Sheep." Indian Journal of Small Ruminants (The) 22, no. 2 (2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9718.2016.00042.8.

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Pieters, A., E. van Marle-Köster, C. Visser, and A. Kotze. "South African developed meat type goats: A forgotten animal genetic resource?" Animal Genetic Resources Information 44 (April 2009): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900002844.

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SummaryThere are mainly three locally developed meat type goat breeds in South Africa namely the South African Boer goat, the Savanna and the Kalahari Red. In order to maintain the characteristics of these breeds and to ensure that their unique traits are not lost through continuous selection and cross-breeding, it has become important to revisit current breed standards and introduce genetic characterization to obtain genetic diversity parameters. Both the Boer goat and Savanna breeds have established breeders associations while a breeders club was founded for the Kalahari Red goats. These associations have set breed standards and the breeds' morphometric traits have recently been described. The differences in morphometric traits among the breeds are fairly insignificant. Preliminary data on genetic diversity report heterozygosity values above 50% for each of the three breeds and they can be distinguished as separate breeds based on genotyping results with eighteen ISAG recommended microsatellite markers. There is however a need for a genetic characterization of both meat type and indigenous goats to ensure sufficient diversity within the breeds for long term conservation of the unique genetic resource.

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Grobbelaar, J. A. N., B. Sutherland, and N. M. Molalakgotla. "Egg production potentials of certain indigenous chicken breeds from South Africa." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 46 (April 2010): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633610000664.

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Mamogobo, M. D., N. O. Mapholi, K. A. Nephawe, T. L. Nedambale, T. J. Mpofu, Y. P. Sanarana, and B. J. Mtileni. "Genetic characterisation of non-descript cattle populations in communal areas of South Africa." Animal Production Science 61, no. 1 (2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20030.

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Context Indigenous cattle breeds represent an important genetic resource for livelihood of communal-area inhabitants. Indigenous breeds have the ability to withstand harsh climatic conditions, can adapt genetically to poor-quality forages and are resistant to parasites and diseases. These unique traits possessed by indigenous breeds are under threat because of unrestrained crossing with exotic commercial breeds, and this can lead to total loss of a breed. Aims The study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of South African non-descript communal beef cattle populations by using 25 microsatellite markers. Methods Unrelated and non-descript animals (n = 150) were sampled from communal areas from five (5) provinces of South Africa, namely, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu–Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the North West, with 30 samples per breed taken. Six (6) known cattle breeds (n = 180) were used as a reference population. This included Angus, Afrikaner, Bonsmara, Brahman, Drakensberger and the Nguni, with 30 samples per breed. Key results High level of genetic diversity was found across the five non-descript populations, with an average heterozygosity of 75%. The Limpopo population was found to be the most diverse population, with the highest average number of alleles (8.5) and heterozygosity (ranging between observed heterozygosity of 70% and expected heterozygosity of 79%). STRUCTURE software assigned populations (2 ≤ K ≤ 20), with the most probable cluster being at K = 7. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu–Natal and Limpopo populations had genetic material similar to those possessed by the Nguni and Bonsmara reference populations. Conclusions Results from the study showed that most genetic differentiation occurred within populations rather than among populations, and this might be due to the fact that there is no selection for or against any specific production trait expressed in the populations. Implications The obtained information will serve as a baseline for the development and implementation of sound breeding programs that will assist in controlling the gene flow, so as to lower the possible genetic dilution of the currently available genetic material.

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Matassino, D., A. Cappuccio, T. Grasso, and Marisa Palazzo. "CONSERVATION OF ANIMAL GERMPLASM AT RISK OF EXTINCTION IN ITALY: THE CENTRE FOR THE DEFENSE OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF CIRCELLO." Animal Genetic Resources Information 12 (April 1993): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900004417.

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SUMMARYAfter a rapid review of the sociocultural aspects justifying that rare breeds be protected, of the aim of a conservation programme. and of the possible strategies, this paper describes in details the activities implemented at the National Centre for the preservation of germplasm of animals at risk of extinction, at Circello, in the south of Italy. In this centre, established on 310 ha, are presently raised 281 animals of more than 30 different breeds, among which 11 cattle breeds, 7 sheep breeds and 10 goat breeds. Activities of the centre include preservation, description, multiplication, improvement and use of the breeds at risk. Collaboration with other insttitutions within the Mediterranean region are listed.

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Khamassi Khbou, Médiha, Mariem Rouatbi, Rihab Romdhane, Limam Sassi, Mohamed Jdidi, Aynalem Haile, Mourad Rekik, and Mohamed Gharbi. "Tick Infestation and Piroplasm Infection in Barbarine and Queue Fine de l’Ouest Autochthonous Sheep Breeds in Tunisia, North Africa." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030839.

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As ticks and tick-borne pathogens affect the productivity of livestock, searching for genetically resistant breeds to infestation by ticks may represent an alternative to the overuse of chemical drugs. The aim of this study was to assess if there is a difference in tick infestation among the main sheep breeds in Tunisia. The study was carried out between April 2018 and January 2020 in 17 small to middle-sized sheep flocks from 3 regions across Tunisia. Four hundred and thirty-nine ear-tagged ewes from Barbarine (n = 288, 65.6%) and Queue Fine de l’Ouest (QFO) (n = 151, 34.4%) breeds were examined and sampled each trimester. Ticks were identified to the species level, and piroplasms were detected using PCR that targets a common sequence ARNr18S to both Babesia and Theileria genera using catch-all primers. Totally, 707 adult ticks were collected from animals; 91.4% (646/707) of them were Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Queue Fine de l’Ouest animals were markedly less infested by ticks, and no one of them was infected by piroplasms compared to the Barbarine breed. Indeed, during the first four seasons, 21 animals, all from the Barbarine breed, were detected positive for piroplasms. This is the first study in Tunisia about the low susceptibility of QFO ewes to infestation by ticks and to infection by piroplasms. The QFO sheep breed could be raised preferably at high-risk areas of tick occurrence and could be considered in concrete control strategies, including a breeding program.

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Michel, A. "Paratuberculosis in sheep: an emerging disease in South Africa." Veterinary Microbiology 77, no. 3-4 (December 20, 2000): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00315-1.

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Hasnain, H. U., A. A. Al Nokhie, and A. R. F. Al Iryani. "SHEEP AND CATTLE IN YEMEN." Animal Genetic Resources Information 13 (April 1994): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000286.

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SUMMARYThe present Republic of Yemen (RDY) was formed in 1991 with the union of two Yemens namely, Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) or North Yemen and the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) or South Yemen. Studies on livestock breeds were undertaken in the former YAR during 1985–87 under the FAO Project UTFN/YEM/011. It was supplemented with a rapid survey for the former PDRY in 1991 by the senior author (HUH) under the FAO Project UTF/ PDY/013. The information on goats in Yemen has recently been published in FAO Animal Genetic Resources Information No: 8 (1992). Here is presented the information of the Yemeni sheep and cattle population.

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van der Merwe, F. J., and J. Martin. "Four Southern African Horse Breeds." Animal Genetic Resources Information 32 (April 2002): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001565.

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SummaryThe history and development of the four Southern African horse breeds, i.e. Basutho Pony, Nooitgedacht, South African (SA) Boerperd and Cape Boerperd, are traced from their common ancestor, the Cape Horse, to the present day. Recent blood-typing studies of the first three have shown them to be closer related to each other than to any other world breed. At the beginning of the twentieth century the Southern African horse industry was devastated after the Anglo Boer War (1899–1902). Indiscriminate crossbreeding and intentional importation of other specialized breeds led to the near extinction of the descendants of the Cape Horse in South Africa. Fortunately, the efforts of the Government Department of Agriculture and a number of private breeders to identify, conserve and develop the then existing genetic material over the past half century, resulted in the existence today of three small, but viable, registered breeds of locally adapted and versatile horses viz. Nooitgedacht, SA Boerperd and Cape Boerperd. The recent history and apparent present situation of the Basutho Pony in the neighbouring country of Lesotho was also described.

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Zwane, A., A. A. Maiwashe, and E. van Marle-Koster. "P4070 SNP discovery and allele frequency estimation in indigenous breeds of South Africa." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_4 (September 1, 2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.94supplement4114x.

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Ramsay, K. "Establishing a National Focal Point for farm animal genetic resources in South Africa." Animal Genetic Resources Information 32 (April 2002): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900005320.

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SummaryThe recent call from FAO to take part in the process of preparing the First Report on the State of the World Animal Genetic Resources (SoW) stressed the need to develop management capacity at country level to facilitate the preparation of country reports (CRs). A key role is played by the National Focal Points (NFPs) and the National Coordinators (NCs).A national workshop was held in South Africa in 1998 and a National Committee for Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FanGR) was established. The existing Indigenous Livestock Committee was reviewed and adapted to make it more focused on the management of FAnGR. At the same time a National Coordinator was also identified and the Animal Improvement Institute was nominated as national coordinating institute for FAnGR.The collaboration with some NGOs was strongly suggested, particularly with:a) the Farm Animal Conservation Trust (FACT), to assist with the conservation of farm animal genetic resources. This NGO was modelled on the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) in the United Kingdom and on Rare Breeds International (RBI)b) The South African Stud Book and Livestock Improvement Association (SASB) andc) many Rural Communities and National and Provincial animal genetic resource centresThe institutional frame for AnGR conservation in South Africa is briefly described, together with the aims of the South African conservation activities.

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Van Marle-Köster, Este, Carina Visser, Judith Sealy, and Laurent Frantz. "Capitalizing on the Potential of South African Indigenous Beef Cattle Breeds: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084388.

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Cattle populations arrived in Southern Africa almost 2000 years ago, brought by farming communities migrating southwards. For centuries, cattle have been an integral component of livestock production to meet the animal protein needs of a growing population and they are also important in many cultural and religious events, as repositories of wealth and signifiers of social status. Selection within these cattle populations led to the development of breeds such as the Nguni, Afrikaner and Drakensberger that are well adapted to the local production environment. Genetic information has been generated for most of these populations, providing new insights into their ancestry and indicating moderate levels of diversity and relatively low inbreeding. Indigenous cattle breeds are present in both the well-developed commercial sector as well as the developing South African livestock sector. These breeds have been included in several research studies, mostly focusing on their production and adaptive potential. Genetic improvement of the local cattle populations and breeds, which are often more resilient to local environmental conditions, has the potential to improve the productivity of the small-scale production developing sector and contribute to the alleviation of poverty.

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Manyelo, Tlou Grace, Letlhogonolo Selaledi, Zahra Mohammed Hassan, and Monnye Mabelebele. "Local Chicken Breeds of Africa: Their Description, Uses and Conservation Methods." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122257.

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There has been a research gap in the genetic, physiological, and nutritional aspects of indigenous chickens of Africa over the past decade. These chickens are known to be economically, socially, and culturally important to the people of Africa, especially those from marginalised communities. Although they are associated with poor productivity in terms of the number of eggs laid, most consumers prefer their flavoursome meat. Several local chickens have been classified into breeds or ecotypes, but many remain unidentified and are facing extinction. To prevent this, the Food and Agriculture Organization has launched an indigenous poultry conservation programme. In addition, the Agricultural Research Council in South Africa has established a programme to protect four local chicken breeds. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed understanding of the description, uses and conservation methods of local chicken breeds of Africa. Several studies have been conducted on the nutritional requirements of local chickens, but the results were inconclusive and contradictory. This review concludes that local chickens play a significant role in improving livelihoods, and strategies to preserve and sustain them must be intensified.

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Schoeman, S. J., S. W. P. Cloete, and J. J. Olivier. "Returns on investment in sheep and goat breeding in South Africa." Livestock Science 130, no. 1-3 (May 2010): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.012.

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Conradie, Beatrice, and Jenifer Piesse. "Productivity benchmarking of free-range sheep operations for Laingsburg, South Africa." Agrekon 54, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2015.1065186.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sheep breeds in South Africa'

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