Journal articles: 'Sheep [trade]'

1

Hutchings, M. R., I. Kyriazakis, D. H. Anderson, I. J. Gordon, and F. Jackson. "Trade-offs between sward nitrogen intake and faecal avoidance in sheep foraging decisions: the effect of parasitic status and level of feeding motivation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001733.

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The deposition of dung on pasture may create a trade-off between the benefit of increased nutrient intake due to the leaching of nutrients and the risk of parasitism due to migration of helminth parasite larvae (Sykes, 1987), from the faeces to the sward. Physiological state can affect herbivore foraging decisions in relation to this trade-off. Our objectives were to determine whether such a trade-off exists in a grazing situation for sheep and whether level of feeding motivation and parasitic status affect the grazing behaviour of sheep faced with this trade-off.Texel x Greyface lambs were presented pairs of swards (36 x 21cm) which varied in nitrogen content (high=N+; low=N-) and level of contamination with faeces from sheep infected with Ostertagia circumcincta (Ost.) (20g faeces per sward=F+; no faeces=F-) and allowed to graze for short periods (60 bites or ten minutes). We defined ‘taking the trade-off’ as taking more bites from an N+F+ sward compared to an N-F- sward, when presented together as a choice.

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Tyler, Daniel, and John O. Baxter. "Las Carneradas: Sheep Trade in New Mexico, 1700-1860." Western Historical Quarterly 19, no. 3 (August 1988): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/968270.

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Jones, Oakah L., and John O. Baxter. "Las Carneradas: Sheep Trade in New Mexico, 1700-1860." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 3 (August 1988): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516523.

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Jones, Oakah L. "Las Carneradas: Sheep Trade in New Mexico, 1700-1860." Hispanic American Historical Review 68, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 580–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-68.3.580.

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SKONHOFT, ANDERS, GUNNAR AUSTRHEIM, and ATLE MYSTERUD. "A BIOECONOMIC SHEEP-VEGETATION TRADE-OFF MODEL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE NORDIC SHEEP FARMING SYSTEM." Natural Resource Modeling 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 354–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.2010.00067.x.

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Scott, Pam, and Roger Meischke. "Politics of the Saudi Sheep Trade: A Question of Disease." Australian Quarterly 62, no. 3 (1990): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20635590.

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Rachlow, Janet L., and R. Terry Bowyer. "Habitat selection by Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli): maternal trade-offs." Journal of Zoology 245, no. 4 (August 1998): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00120.x.

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Hutchings, M. R., I. J. Gordon, I. Kyriazakis, and F. Jackson. "Sheep avoidance of faeces creates a foraging trade-off between nutrient and parasite intake." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004762.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, acquired by sheep through the action of foraging, are the most pervasive challenge to their survival and reproduction. The eggs of many GI parasite species are deposited on pasture in faeces where they develop into infective stage larvae that contaminate surrounding swards. We test the hypotheses that (1) faeces and hence parasite avoidance behaviour of sheep creates a grazing trade-off between nutrition and parasitism and (2) the relative costs and benefits of the trade-off in relation to animal state of infection (parasitized, non-parasitized, immune) determines their subsequent grazing behaviour.

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Bertolotti, L., M. Mazzei, G. Puggioni, M. L. Carrozza, S. Dei Giudici, D. Muz, M. Juganaru, C. Patta, F. Tolari, and S. Rosati. "Characterization of new small ruminant lentivirus subtype B3 suggests animal trade within the Mediterranean Basin." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.032334-0.

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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) represent a group of viruses infecting sheep and goats worldwide. Despite the high heterogeneity of genotype A strains, which cluster into as many as ten subtypes, genotype B was believed to be less complex and has, so far, been subdivided into only two subtypes. Here, we describe two novel full-length proviral sequences isolated from Sarda sheep in two Italian regions. Genome sequence as well as the main linear epitopes clearly placed this cluster into genotype B. However, owing to long-standing segregation of this sheep breed, the genetic distances that are clearly >15 % with respect to B1 and B2 subtypes suggest the designation of a novel subtype, B3. Moreover the close relationship with a gag sequence obtained from a Turkish sheep adds new evidence to historical data that suggest an anthropochorous dissemination of hosts (small ruminants) and their pathogens (SRLV) during the colonization of the Mediterranean from the Middle East.

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Degen, A. Allan, and Shaher El-Meccawi. "Livestock Trader Entrepreneurs among Urban Bedouin in the Negev Desert." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 9, no. 2 (May 2008): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000008784489462.

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There are more than 150,000 Bedouin in the Negev Desert. Traditionally they were nomadic pastoralists relying on camels, sheep and goats for their livelihood; today about half the population lives in urban communities. Most urban Bedouin men have entered the wage labour market and have abandoned raising livestock. Nonetheless, of close to 1,300 registered flocks, about 15% are owned by urban households, and the Ministry of Agriculture estimates that the figure should be close to 50%. In Tel Sheva, a Bedouin town of 14,000 inhabitants, there are 17 registered flocks and about 15% of the households maintain sheep and/or goats. In addition, 111 livestock trader entrepreneurs are active, dealing mainly with sheep and, to a lesser extent, goats and cattle. Sheep and goats are bought mainly from Bedouin, while cattle are bought mainly from Jewish settlements. There are 16 large livestock traders, all men, who trade throughout the year; for seven of them, livestock trading is their main occupation. These traders generally do not attend weekly markets but do their transactions from home. Thirteen of these traders deal mainly with sheep and goats and can handle upwards of 200 head at a time, while three of them deal primarily with cattle, supplying them mainly for wedding celebrations. There are 75 small livestock traders, five of whom are women. These traders handle mainly small numbers of sheep and goats all year round and often buy and sell at the local markets. In addition, there are 20 opportunist traders, all men, who handle sheep periodically, in particular at Eid ul-Adha when most Muslim families sacrifice an animal. The future of most Bedouin would appear to lie in integration into the Israeli urban economy while attempting to maintain cultural traditions. The use of sheep and other livestock for traditional purposes will continue to play an important role.

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Villepique, Jeffrey T., Becky M. Pierce, Vernon C. Bleich, Aleksandra Andic, and R. Terry Bowyer. "Resource Selection by an Endangered Ungulate: A Test of Predator-Induced Range Abandonment." Advances in Ecology 2015 (February 18, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/357080.

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We investigated influences of risk of predation by mountain lions (Puma concolor), topographic metrics at multiple scales, and vegetation, land, and snow cover on resource selection by Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae), an endangered taxon, during winters 2002–2007, in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We hypothesized that those mountain ungulates would trade off rewards accrued from using critical low-elevation habitat in winter for the safety of areas with reduced risk of predation. Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep did not trade off benefits of forage for reduced risk of predation but selected areas of high solar radiation, a correlate of vegetation productivity, where risk of predation by mountain lions was greatest, while mitigating indirect risk of predation by selecting for steep, rugged terrain. Bighorn sheep selected more strongly for areas where mountain lions were active, than for low-elevation habitat in winter, likely because mountain lions were most active in those areas of bighorn sheep winter ranges overlapping ranges of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), where both ungulates accrued forage benefits. We demonstrated reduced benefit of migration to low elevation during drought years, providing an alternative explanation to the predator-induced abandonment hypothesis for the disuse of low-elevation winter range observed during drought years.

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Acatrinei, Arina, Ioana Rusu, Cristina Mircea, Cezara Zagrean-Tuza, Emese Gál, Doru Păceșilă, Oana Gâza, et al. "Shedding Light on the Dark Ages: Sketching Potential Trade Relationships in Early Medieval Romania through Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Sheep Remains." Diversity 13, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050208.

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Southeast Europe has played an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of sheep due to its proximity to the Danubian route of transport from the Near East into Europe, as well as its possible role as a post-domestication migration network and long tradition of sheep breeding. The history of Romania and, in particular, the historical province of Dobruja, located on the shore of the Black Sea, has been influenced by its geographical position at the intersection between the great powers of the Near East and mainland Europe, with the Middle Ages being an especially animated time in terms of trade, migration, and conflict. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial control region of five sheep originating from the Capidava archaeological site (Dobruja, Southeast Romania), radiocarbon dated to the Early Middle Ages (5–10th century AD), in order to better understand the genetic diversity of local sheep populations and human practices in relation to this particular livestock species. The analyses illustrate high haplotype diversity in local medieval sheep, as well as possible genetic continuity in the region. A higher tendency for North to South interaction, rather than East to West, is apparent, together with a lack of interaction along the Asian route. Continuous interaction between the First Bulgarian Empire, which occupied Dobruja starting with the 7th century AD, and the Byzantine Empire is indicated. These results might suggest expanding trade in Southeast Romania in the Early Middle Ages.

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Sibbald, A. M., and R. J. Hooper. "Trade-offs between social behaviour and foraging by sheep in heterogeneous pastures." Behavioural Processes 61, no. 1-2 (February 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00160-2.

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Bridbury, A. R., and Joan M. Frayn. "Sheep-Rearing and the Wool Trade in Italy during the Roman Period." Economic History Review 38, no. 2 (May 1985): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597171.

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15

Alves, José Romero Alexandre, Clécio Henrique Limeira, Geilson Manoel de Souza Lima, Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro, Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves, Vanderlan Warlington Souza dos Santos, Sérgio Santos de Azevedo, and Clebert José Alves. "Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentiviral infection of small ruminants at animal fairs in the semiarid Sertão region of Pernambuco, Brazilian semiarid." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p1875.

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Animal agglomerations at commercial events such as trade fairs represent an important facilitator in infectious disease transmission. Thus, it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of infectious diseases in small ruminants. The objective of this study was to examine lentiviral presence in goats and sheep traded at the animal fair of Tabira city (Sertão region of Pernambuco) and identify possible risk factors associated with infection. We collected serum samples from 233 crossbred goats and 119 crossbred sheep, belonging to 12 breeders, at the Tabira livestock fair from November 2014 to June 2015. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to analyze the risk factors. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and western blotting (WB) were performed to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection. In the AGID test, we used maedi-visna virus (MVV) antigens for sheep and caprine arthritis/encephalitis virus (strain Cork) (CAEV-Co) antigen for goats. The WB analysis used CAEV-Co antigen for both species. Variables from the questionnaire were analyzed with univariate and multivariate statistics. One seropositive goat but no sheep was identified via AGID. According to the WB results, 15/233 goats (6.44%; CI95% = 3.94 - 10.35%) and 8/119 sheep (6.72%; CI95% = 3.45 - 12.71%) were seropositive, totaling 23/352 reactive animals (6.53%; CI95% = 4.39 - 9.61%) from 12 herds. Annual vermifugation of the animals was a significant risk factor (odds ratio = 5.9; CI95% = 1.7-19.8; p = 0.04) for disease in goats, but no variables associated with infection risks were identified in sheep. We concluded that SRLV was present in goats and sheep at the animal fair. Western blots were more sensitive than AGID for SRLV diagnosis. Practices aiming to improve sanitary management may reduce the risk of infection in goats. All studied herds included animals identified as seropositive for SRLV. Therefore, we recommend adopting measures that increase disease diagnosis while intensifying traffic control and surveillance of animal agglomerations.

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Sibbald, A. M., and R. J. Hooper. "Individual differences in sociability and the trade-offs made by sheep grazing in a patchy environment." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007274.

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In a patchy environment, sheep may have to make trade-offs between being close to companions and grazing the preferred vegetation. It has been demonstrated that individual differences in sociability, measured as the tendency to graze close to others in a group, can predict behaviour in a motivational conflict situation (Sibbald et al, 2000). An experiment was carried out, in which sheep with different sociability indices were compared in a test situation which required single animals to move away from the group in order to graze, but where stress due to physical separation was minimised.

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Aleksic, S., V. Pantelic, and C. Radovic. "Livestock production: Present situation and future development directions in Republic of Serbia." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906267a.

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Livestock production is important branch of agriculture in Republic of Serbia. Over 700.000 households are engaged in this production, which is over 55% of total number of households. Livestock production provides necessary products (milk, meat, eggs) for nutrition of domestic population. Also, livestock production provides raw materials for food industry (dairy plants, slaughterhouses, meat industry, conditory industry and leather industry). Livestock production is expected to provide high quality products for export, primarily beef and lamb meat. Chance/opportunity for export exists also for cheeses of high quality (especially sheep and goat cheeses) of defined origin and quality. Based on available data, current situation in livestock production is assessed as inviolable. Number of heads of all species of domestic animals and poultry has been constantly decreasing over the period of last 12 years. The greatest decrease of number of heads of livestock was recorded in years 2000, 2001 and 2002, in all species of domestic animals. During this period, number of cattle decreased by 18,6%, of pigs by 11,8%, sheep by 12,3%, number of goats by 54,1%, horses by 66,0% and poultry by 28,0%. So, by the end of 2007, number of cattle was 1.087.000, pigs 3.832.000, sheep 1.606.000, goats 149.000, horses 18.000 and poultry 16.422.000. Republic of Serbia will in its near future become member of European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO), which means that livestock production should prepare for competition on unique developed market, without any state trade barriers. Serbia has been preparing for this since 2006 when it signed bilateral agreement on free trade with neighbouring countries - Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and in this way became part of the market and accepted the competition rules on the free market. Accession to EU and WTO includes liberalization of trade in livestock products, low possibility for import protection, implementation of quality standards (HACCP; ISO, Global GAP), reduction of the level of domestic support, discontinuing of export subsidies, increase of profitability and ability to be competitive on the international market.

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Memon, Hafeezullah, Hua Wang, and Enock Langat. "Determination and Characterization of the Wool Fiber Yield of Kenyan Sheep Breeds: An Economically Sustainable Practical Approach for Kenya." Fibers 6, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6030055.

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The aim of this paper is to study wool fiber resources from Kenya that have been obtained from different breeds in order to characterize the basic properties of their wool to help improve the economic value of Kenyan wool. The Kenyan sheep industry has received less attention in terms of research and development when compared with large livestock. Wool quality and yield are essential to obtaining good returns in the international market. This study was conducted to analyze the wool yields and qualitative index of Kenyan sheep. The wool samples were taken from 95 crossbreed Dorper sheep comprising 23 males and 72 females between the ages of one and five years. Wool samples from the shoulders, flanks, back belly and legs were taken for analysis. The mean fleece weight was 2.04 ± 0.06 kg, with coefficient of variation of 37% for all the selected sheep; the average for the males was 2.06 ± 0.06 kg and the average for females was 2.02 ± 0.08 kg. The variation in the fleece weight was in the range of 0.7–3.3 kg. The yield percentages and impurities were analyzed and reported. The wide variations in fleece weight, the increase in sheep population and the trend of raw wool export suggests that there is potential for improving economic traits. Kenya can obtain trade benefits related to the wool industry by becoming a member of International Wool Trade Organization and by following economically sustainable practical approaches. It is essential to have good international and regional cooperation with countries that can share knowledge and training as well as marketing and information.

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Amprako, Louis, Hanna Karg, Regina Roessler, Jennifer Provost, Edmund Kyei Akoto-Danso, Seydou Sidibe, and Andreas Buerkert. "Vehicular Livestock Mobility in West Africa: Seasonal Traffic Flows of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats across Bamako." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010171.

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Mali is a major livestock producing country in West Africa. However, in recent years, the sector has faced multiple challenges like farmer-herder conflicts, overuse of grazing and water resources, and the effects of climate change. Meanwhile, traditional livestock systems are becoming less important given the increased availability of vehicular transport for regional and international animal trade as well as new opportunities for more specialised urban and peri-urban production systems. To assess the role of Mali’s capital city Bamako for livestock consumption and trade, this study examined the scale of livestock movement in the city, comprising influxes, outfluxes, and transits. To this end, flows of cattle, small ruminants, and livestock feed were recorded through road surveys covering three different seasons. The results showed the role of Bamako as a major trade hub in the distribution of ruminants. While traffic of cattle and sheep was regional, movement of goats was smaller and more localised. Religious festivals were an important driver of livestock traffic, both in terms of the numbers of livestock and the distance covered. This study highlights the role of cities for livestock mobility and contributes to a better understanding of challenges related to urban livestock production and trade and its requirements for better livestock management.

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Costes-Thiré, Morgane, Pauline Laurent, Cécile Ginane, and Juan J. Villalba. "Diet selection and trade-offs between condensed tannins and nutrients in parasitized sheep." Veterinary Parasitology 271 (July 2019): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.05.013.

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Sibbald, A. M., D. J. F. Smith, and R. J. Hooper. "Individual differences in sociability and their consequences for foraging behaviour in sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001307.

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The spatial distribution of grazing sheep is influenced by the distribution of vegetation and by social behaviour. Where there are conflicts between grazing preferred vegetation and maintaining normal inter-individual distances, animals may have to make trade-offs based on the relative strengths of their motivation to feed or to be social. Social motivation, or sociability, has been assessed in chickens by measuring the rate at which isolated individuals move towards their companions (Suarez and Gallup, 1983) and in sheep by studying nearest neighbours (Sibbald et al, 1998). The aim of this experiment was to test whether individual differences in sociability affect the foraging behaviour of sheep, when animals have to choose between grazing or remaining close to their companions.

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Walker, Peter J. "Bluetongue virus is ‘on-the-move’." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 4 (2009): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09136.

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Bluetongue virus is ?on-the-move?. The distribution of this important arthropod-borne pathogen of sheep and cattle is expanding rapidly, particularly in Europe, where its emergence and spread during the past decade have had severe economic consequences. The movement of bluetongue virus into new temperate European habitats appears to have been driven, at least in part, by global warming. Record summer temperatures, warmer winters and changes in precipitation patterns are believed to have provided the conditions necessary for more northerly seasonal spread, over-wintering and adaptation of the virus to new insect vectors. The emergence of bluetongue disease in Europe since 1998 has resulted in the deaths of more than two million sheep. The economic impact in France alone in 2006-07 was estimated to have already exceeded $1.4 billion, mostly in lost trade. These events have significant implications for Australia, where freedom from disease and favourable terms of trade rest on a potentially fragile ecological balance between viruses, hosts and vectors.

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Salamah, Ummu. "PRAKTIK JUAL BELI KULIT MENTAH DI SUKAREGANG KABUPATEN GARUT DALAM PERSFEKTIF HUKUM EKONOMI SYARIAH." Asy-Syari'ah 20, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/as.v20i2.3063.

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AbstractBuy and sell is an activity to trade goods to other goods or money, and vice versa. In this case Sharia has outlined various conditions and essential requirements so the trade can be considered valid. The object of this study is the practice of cow and sheep skin trade in Sukaregang, Garut Regency, with aims to determine the aspects of sharia economy in the trade, to find a way and solutions for a better system. This paper is based on field research results, used observation and interviews as data collecting methods upon sellers and buyers of cow and sheep skin in Sukaregang, Garut Regency. It shows that the skin trade use kilo system, by weighing the skin. It can be considered as goror, since skin quality is known after buyer process the skin into semi-finished goods. The seller’s motive using kilo system is to gain more profit, even though it will affect the quality of Garut’s leather industry.Keywords:sharia economic law, trading, cow and sheep skin, leather industry AbstrakJual beli adalah suatu kegiatan tukar menukar antara barang dengan barang, atau uang dengan barang, juga sebaliknya. Dalam hal ini syariah telah menggariskan berbagai syarat dan rukun agar jual beli tersebut dapat diakui keabsahannya. Dengan objek kajian praktek jual beli kulit sapi dan domba di daerah Sukaregang Kabupaten Garut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek hukum ekonomi syariah dalam praktik jual beli tersebut sehingga diharapkan menjadi jalan untuk mendapatkan solusi bagi para pelaku usaha agar terhindar dari kerugian di masa yang akan datang. Tulisan ini dasarkan pada hasil penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan menggunakan metode observasi dan interview kepada penjual dan pembeli kulit sapi dan domba di Sukaregang Kabupaten Garut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan jual beli kulit dengan sistem kilo tersebut mengandung unsur gharar, mengingat kualitas barang tidak tampak pada saat jual beli, dan baru diketahui setelah barang tersebut diolah oleh pembeli menjadi barang setengah jadi. Adapun faktor pendorong para penjual menggunakan sistem kilo tidak lebih dari motif untuk mendapatkan keuntungan, padahal jika diteliti lebih lanjut akan mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas industri kulit di Garut.Kata Kunci:hukum ekonomi syari’ah, jual beli, kulit sapi dan domba

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Zenda, M., and P. Malan. "The sustainability of small-scale sheep farming systems in the Northern Cape (Hantam Karoo), South Africa." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 49, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2021/v49n1a10781.

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The objective of the study was to assess the current sustainability of small-scale sheep farming systems in the Hantam Karoo, Northern Cape Province (South Africa). The influence of economic, social, and environmental variables (indicators) in promoting the development of sustainable sheep farming was taken into account. Thirty-two small-scale sheep farmers were interviewed using questionnaires which consisted of structured and unstructured questions. The results showed that the sheep farming system was mostly not economically viable due to low sheep numbers, but partially sustainable in the social context. Small flocks result in low income and profitability which is not sustainable. Market access was not a limitation because farmers had good trade relations. Farming benefitted farmers’ families and the community and farmers had access to basic resources. Secure tenure was a major challenge to small-scale farmers. With regard to environmental variables, grazing conditions were poor. In 2017, stocking density was within the norm, which means that frequent droughts and continuous grazing methods rather than sheep stocking rates were probably responsible for poor grazing conditions. Extension advisors could teach the practice of rotational grazing and it might be a good idea to promote gender equality in order to alleviate poverty and increase food security.

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Rao, T. V. S., and S. K. Bandyopadhyay. "A comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis." Animal Health Research Reviews 1, no. 2 (December 2000): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252300000116.

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AbstractSheep and goats occupy a premier place in the livestock industry and contribute significantly to the world economy. Their populations are threatened by a number of health hazards, among the most notable of which are goat pox and sheep pox. These diseases inflict substantial losses in terms of reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. They pose a major obstacle to the intensive rearing of sheep and goats and considerably hamper international trade. A comprehensive knowledge of goat pox and sheep pox would help in the diagnosis, prevention and control as well as the management of these diseases in a proper and effective manner. Although the two diseases are easily identified from the clinical signs and host species affected, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. A battery of simple but highly efficient diagnostic methods and reagents is available for goat pox and sheep pox. However, the best way to control these diseases is the prophylactic immunization of all susceptible animals with a potent and efficacious vaccine, especially in areas where these diseases are endemic.

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Almadani, Mohamad Isam, Peter Weeks, and Claus Deblitz. "Introducing the World’s First Global Producer Price Indices for Beef Cattle and Sheep." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082314.

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While international beef and sheep meat price developments are usually measured with meat trade prices (provided by FAO), no comparable information exists on world average of national prices that producers receive for livestock. This paper aims to fill this gap by introducing a set of global producer price indices representing cattle, lambs, and sheep prices as received by producers: the agri benchmark of weaner cattle, finished cattle, lambs and lambs and sheep price indices. These Laspeyres, production-weighted indices measure changes in global farm gate prices as provided annually by the agri benchmark Beef and Sheep Network, with this paper covering prices between 2000 and 2019. The results showed that growing Asian imports, local economic developments in South America, the interconnection with the dairy sector in Europe, growth of beef consumption in China and exchange rates shifts are the key factors that drove developments of global beef producer prices over the past 20 years. Droughts in Oceania and the rapid rise in China’s sheep meat prices are highly reflected in the Global Lambs and Lambs and Sheep Meat Price indices. The indices indicate whether cattle and sheep producers globally are receiving more, or less, for the commodity and may increase or reduce production and investment accordingly. This will be of more use if there were similar producer price indices for competing enterprises, such as dairy and cropping, and for competing proteins, such as pigs, poultry, and fish.

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Starling, Melissa J., Elyssa Payne, and Paul McGreevy. "Optimal Flow—A Pilot Study Balancing Sheep Movement and Welfare in Abattoirs." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020344.

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Abattoirs are faced with the challenge of moving livestock efficiently through the plant, while also engaging in handling practices that assure good animal welfare. Achieving optimal outcomes for both of these goals can bring them into conflict. An additional source of conflict can arise from the design of the abattoir. These problems are compounded by the dearth of research available to inform how livestock should be handled to achieve all of these goals. We applied the concept of ‘Optimal Flow’ to describe conditions under which rate of movement is maximised while overt signs of distress in sheep are minimised. Effectively, this represents the point at which trade-offs between speed and welfare converge. The current pilot study examined the behavioural interactions between humans (n = 5), livestock herding dogs (n = 7), and sheep (n = 3235) in a large Australian abattoir to describe the factors associated with an increase or decrease in rate of sheep movement per minute. It revealed that distress behaviours in sheep were associated with dog presence and with a decrease in livestock movement rate. However, we found that as sheep density increased, there was increased livestock movement rate as well as an elevated incidence of distress behaviours. Optimal Flow at this abattoir was achieved by maintaining sheep at lower densities. Our report discusses the possible confounds in this interpretation.

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Matošková, D., and J. Gálik. "Selected aspects of the internal and external competitiveness of Slovak agricultural and food products." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/579-agricecon.

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The article describes the competitiveness of Slovak agricultural and food products after the accession of the Slovak Republic into the EU. The analysis has shown that even despite the increased subsidization and full liberalisation of trade, the competitiveness of our products still needs to develop. The main reason behind this is the poor efficiency of production and the lack of innovation activities. Most agricultural commodities are profitable only because of subsidies. Processing industry is the main contributor to the worsening deficit of trade balance. Specific commodities with good sales potential in the EU market include cereals, malt, wheat flour, dairy products, live cattle and sheep meat.

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Mysterud, Atle, Per Kristian Larsen, Rolf Anker Ims, and Eivind Østbye. "Habitat selection by roe deer and sheep: does habitat ranking reflect resource availability?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-025.

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Habitat ranking is often assumed to reflect food availability, but habitat selection may involve trade-offs, for example, between selecting for food or cover. We tested whether the habitat selection of 27 radio-collared European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 10 free-ranging domestic sheep (Ovis aries) on a forest range in southern Norway reflected resource availability. We predicted that ruminants of different feeding types would use habitats according to the main forage class, but that antipredator behavior might remove the correlation between habitat selection and food availability, thus making temporal and spatial scaling crucial. As predicted, habitat selection by sheep was highly correlated with grass availability on both the home-range and study-area scales. The habitat ranking of roe deer habitat selection did not correlate with the availability of herbs on either scale, but rather was correlated with the availability of canopy cover. We found a clear effect of temporal scale on habitat selection by roe deer. During summer, roe deer used forest habitats with more forage to a greater extent when they were active than when they were inactive, and tended to use habitats with greater availability of herbs at night. We conclude that scale-dependent trade-offs in habitat selection may cause inconsistent habitat rankings when pooled across temporal and spatial scales.

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Mašková, E., and I. Paulíčková. "PCR-based detection of cow’s milk in goat and sheep cheeses marketed in the Czech Republic." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 3 (November 12, 2011): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3307-cjfs.

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A method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) principle was validated for detecting cow’s milk in goat and sheep cheeses. DNA was isolated from the cheeses using the isolation kit Invisorb Spin Food I by Invitek Co., designed for the samples of animal origin. The PCR method applied utilizes the sequence of the mitochondrial gene coding cytochrome b which is specific for mammals. It uses the common forward primer and the reverse primer species-specific. After electrophoresis, cow DNA was characterised by the fragment of the size of 274 bp, goat DNA by the fragment of 157 bp, and sheep DNA by the fragment of 331 bp. The detection limit of the PCR method described (1%) was determined with model samples made from pure goat cheese with a defined addition of cheese made from cow’s milk. The method validated was applied in the analysis of 17 goat cheeses and 7 sheep cheeses obtained from retail trade. Products of Czech, Slovak, French, Dutch, and Italian origin were examined. The presence of undeclared cow’s milk was detected in three kinds of goat cheese and in one of sheep cheese.  

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Fernández-Aguilar, Xavier, Luca Rossi, Óscar Cabezón, Andrea Giorgino, Isis Victoriano Llopis, Joachim Frey, and Jorge Ramón López-Olvera. "Infectious keratoconjunctivitis and occurrence ofMycoplasma conjunctivaeand Chlamydiaceae in small domestic ruminants from Central Karakoram, Pakistan." Veterinary Record 181, no. 9 (August 1, 2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.103948.

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Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a contagious eye disease primarily caused byMycoplasma conjunctivaein domestic and wild Caprinae.Chlamydophilaspecies have also been detected in ruminants with IKC. The objectives of this study are to investigate the ocular infection ofM. conjunctivaeand Chlamydiaceae and assess its interaction in relation to IKC in sheep and goats from remote communities around the Central Karakoram National Park in Pakistan, performing a combination of cross-sectional and case–control study design. Mostly asymptomatic and endemic infections ofM. conjunctivaeand Chlamydiaceae were found in sheep (19.3 per cent and 4.5 per cent, respectively) and goats (9.5 per cent and 1.9 per cent, respectively) from all communities, assessed by qPCR. Prevalence significantly differed between species only forM. conjunctivae(P=0.0184), which was also more prevalent in younger sheep (P<0.01).Chlamydophila pecorumwas identified by sequencing and was related with IKC only when coinfection withM. conjunctivaeoccurred, which suggest a synergic interaction. Cluster analysis ofM. conjunctivaestrains revealed higher diversity of strains than expected, evidenced interspecific transmission and suggested a higher local livestock trade than previously assumed. These results highlight the widespread occurrence ofM conjunctivaein sheep worldwide and its implications for wildlife should be assessed from a conservation perspective.

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GREER, A. W. "Trade-offs and benefits: implications of promoting a strong immunity to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep." Parasite Immunology 30, no. 2 (January 7, 2008): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.00998.x.

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Costes-Thiré, Morgane, Pauline Laurent, Cécile Ginane, and Juan J. Villalba. "PSIII-42 Diet selection and trade-offs between condensed tannins and nutrients in parasitized sheep." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.381.

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Abstract We determined how parasitized sheep prioritize selection of crude protein, energy and a medicinal plant secondary compound (quebracho tannins-QT). Foraging preferences were tested in 40 lambs before experiencing a parasitic infection (Phase 1), during an infection (Phase 2; 10,000 L3 Haemonchus contortus per lamb) and after chemotherapy (Phase 3). Lambs were assigned to four groups (10 lambs/group) such that animals in Group 1 (Control) could choose between rations of high energy (HE) or high protein (HP) density. The other groups received the same choice, but QT were added (4%) to HE (Group 2), to HP (Group 3) or to both HE and HP (Group 4). Intake and preference indexes were analyzed as a split-plot design with lambs nested within group and day as the repeated measure. All groups increased their preference for HE when parasitized relative to Phase 1 (0.66 and 0.44 ± 0.042, respectively; P < 0.05). As a result, lambs increased their intake of digestible energy during Phase 2 (0.126 ± 0.007 Mcal/kg BW) relative to Phase 1 (0.106 ± 0.007 Mcal/kg BW; P < 0.05). These patterns remained during Phase 3. Only lambs receiving QT in the HE increased their intake of condensed tannins from Phase 1 to Phase 2 (P < 0.05). Fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood parameters revealed a parasitic infection (P < 0.05) in Phase 2 that subsided in Phase 3, although no differences were detected among groups (P > 0.05). The importance of protein nutrition on parasitized animals has been highlighted before, but these results suggest that parasitized lambs prioritized the ingestion of energy-dense over protein-dense foods or medicinal condensed tannins. Nevertheless, intake of tannins increased when these compounds were present in the energy-dense food, suggesting that selection of condensed tannins was influenced by the nutritional composition of the foods during testing.

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GREGORY, N. G., T. BENSON, N. SMITH, and C. W. MASON. "Sheep handling and welfare standards in livestock markets in the UK." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 3 (January 20, 2009): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960800837x.

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SUMMARYSome meat retailers have introduced a trade embargo on fat lambs sold through livestock markets on the grounds that welfare standards associated with live auction markets are said to be worse than standards associated with direct sale to abattoirs. The current study examined the handling difficulties and welfare standards at 24 UK livestock markets. Comparisons were made according to class of animal (store, fat, breeding animals, etc.) and throughput of the market: <100 livestock units (LU) per week, 100–300 LU per week and >300 LU per week. Handling problems examined included refusal to move, balking, slips, falls, impacts, isolation leading to apparent distress, confusion while loading onto vehicles and inappropriate handling such as wool pulling. The overall prevalence of each handling problem was low (usually <0·05 of the sheep). The most common difficulties were impacts, slips and falls when grading fat lambs, and confusion or refusal to load onto the vehicles after the sale in ewes. Store lambs were generally easier to handle than fat lambs. They were less prone to refusing to move, balking, impacts, slips and falls. In fat lambs, slips and falls during grading were more common at small markets, while at larger markets there were more impacts, slips and falls during selling. Confusion during loading onto vehicles after the sale was more common in breeding ewes and rams, and at small markets. Projections in the corridors that were considered to be potential bruising or impact points were found in 0·33 of the markets and 0·71 did not have a way of ensuring that legs could not get trapped between gates and gateposts if sheep attempted to jump out of a holding pen. In most other respects the prevalence of problems with the facilities and during handling was low and it was concluded that a trade embargo on selling fat lambs in markets might not be justified.

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Yao, Mu, Mei Yu Chen, Run Jun Sun, Zhao Huan Zhang, Cheng Kun Liu, and Li Qiao Li. "Resource of Wool Fibers and Development Trend of Wool Product." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.483.

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A wide variety of new wool fiber materials, such as super-fine sheep wool with the average diameter of about 11 μm, rabbit wool of long-hair rabbit, Wusuli raccoon dog wool, and vicuna wool, were developed except for sheep wool and cashmere in the wool textile industry. Tibetan antelope wool was not allowed to make a processing and trade, but it may have a development in the future. Meanwhile, other natural and chemical fibers were added as the raw materials in wool textile production because of their new functional requirements including antistativity, antibacterial, deodorant, improvement of strength and abrasion resistance, anti-electromagnetic radiation and improvement of flame retardancy. The raw materials of the wool textile industry have shown a magnificent development.

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Shires, David. "Australian/Cairns Group Perspective: Southern Agriculture and the World Economy: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 1 (July 1988): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025656.

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Last week was Australia's 200th birthday. When the rebels in America won what they called their war of independence, Britain lost her penal colonies in the Carolinas and looked around for replacements. The first colonial fleet arrived in Australia on January 26,1788, and included, along with 700 convicts, 44 sheep and 6 cattle. If Britain had defeated her American colonists, then the history of both Australia and Louisiana would likely have been very different. The French flag might be flying today over both Sydney and New Orleans.

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Cottle, DJ. "Effects of defaunation of the rumen and supplementation with amino acids on the wool production of housed Saxon Merinos. 2. Methionine and protected methionine." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 2 (1988): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880179.

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In experiment 1, 6 groups, each of 10 superfine Merino wethers, were individually penned indoors and hand-fed oats, wheat straw and whole lupins, either alone or with 2 g/day of DL-methionine or 6.6 g/day of fatty acid coated methionine (Ketionin) for 23 weeks. Following shearing the 6 groups were hand-fed lucerne-chopped hay in experiment 2 either alone or with hydroxymethyl-methionine (Mepron) or Ketionin for 23 weeks. In both experiments the rations were fed at maintenance level and were offered 3 times a week. Half of the sheep had no rumen ciliate protozoa following treatment in a previous trial. In experiment 1, defaunated sheep produced an additional 6.5%clean wool on the supplemented oats plus lupins rations. Inclusion of Ketionin in the ration of defaunated sheep resulted in an 11% increase in clean wool growth, without affecting wool quality. In experiment 2 defaunated sheep produced an additional 6% clean wool on the lucerne-chopped hay ration. No responses to defaunation occurred on the supplemented rations. Inclusion of both forms of protected methionine in the ration (providing 2 g methionine/sheep.day) resulted in 23% and 13% higher clean wool production in the faunated and defaunated sheep respectively. Fibre diameter of wool was increased by 0.7 pm in sheep receiving Mepron and 0-5 pm in sheep receiving Ketionin. The wool grown by suppiemented sheep remained suitable for the 'Sharlea' trade (< 17.5 �m). It is concluded that wool growth responds more to defaunation on high energy-low protein diets. Wool growth responses to supplementation with protected methionine were greater on 100% roughage diets than on high grain diets. Further study is needed before an optimal ration for superfine wool production is formulated.

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Li, L., V. H. Oddy, and J. V. Nolan. "Whole-body protein metabolism and energy expenditure in sheep selected for divergent wool production when fed above or below maintenance." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 5 (2008): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07231.

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Rates of whole-body protein turnover and energy expenditure were measured in two groups of wethers differing in estimated breeding values (EBVs) for wool growth, but with similar EBVs for fibre diameter and liveweight (LW). The sheep were offered a pelleted diet at 1.2 times their metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (1.2 M) followed by either 0.8 M or 1.8 M for 5 weeks. In the 5th week, whole-body protein metabolism was estimated by using intravenous injection of 15N-glycine (g N/day) and whole-body energy expenditure rate (EE) was predicted by the CO2 entry rate technique using intravenous injection of NaH13CO3. The higher N intake (8.7 v. 20.4 g N/day, P < 0.001) was associated with a higher whole-body protein flux (22.1 v. 34.2 g N/day, P < 0.001), and a higher whole-body protein synthesis rate (17.0 v. 25.5 g N/day, P < 0.001) and protein degradation rate (15.9 v. 20.7 g N/day, P < 0.001). Irrespective of feeding levels, sheep with high-fleece EBVs (F+) synthesised and degraded more body protein N (g N/day) than sheep with low-fleece EBVs (F–), and F+ sheep also retained more ingested protein N (P < 0.05) in wool and body tissue than F– sheep, but the significant differences due to genotypes disappeared when whole-body protein flux, synthesis and degradation were expressed as g N/kg LW0.75.day (metabolic weight). Estimates of EE were lower when the sheep were offered 0.8 M than when offered 1.8 M (5.85 v. 7.68 MJ/day, P < 0.001) and were higher in F+ than in F– sheep (6.95 v. 6.58 MJ/day; P < 0.05), but F+ sheep had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) EE (MJ/kg LW0.75.day) than F– sheep. F+ animals also retained more energy in wool and wool-free body tissue than F– animals (P < 0.05). The present study indicates that genetic selection for wool growth has resulted in increased efficiency of dietary protein and energy use for wool production and body-tissue growth in these sheep. Furthermore, there is no ‘trade off’ between deposition of nutrients in the body and wool in sheep with high EBVs for wool growth.

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Donnelly, Joe. "An Open Economy: The Berwick Shipping Trade, 1311–1373." Scottish Historical Review 96, no. 1 (April 2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2017.0312.

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The argument of this paper is that studies of an earlier world have something to tell modern political economy about the way economies develop and that, while history must draw on economic insights, economics ought not to be a science without time. The paper generalises from one sphere of trade, known from the Berwick ‘particulars of custom’, to national income, which can be estimated (or guessed at) from ecclesiastical taxations. Where studies of medieval Scotland have taken a distinctly theoretical, legal turn, it may do no harm to discuss the practicalities of concrete economic evidence: cargoes, merchants, ships, sailors and so on. The mechanics of customs administration can also be followed in the particulars. The taxations suggest that the immediate demand-side impacts of the export trade had longer-term supply-side effects, as landlords developed their sheep farming interests. The export trade tied in with foreign taxations, generating funds for transmission overseas. The opening of the economy had the potential for the usual multiplier effects but these were counter-balanced by selfish, and hugely damaging, English interference in Scotland's trade in Europe. Fourteenth-century Scots put up stiff resistance but could not entirely escape the tribulations brought on their heads by English decisions.

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Barron, Luis Javier R., Aitor Andonegi, Gonzalo Gamboa, Eneko Garmendia, Oihana García, Noelia Aldai, and Arantza Aldezabal. "Sustainability Assessment of Pasture-Based Dairy Sheep Systems: A Multidisciplinary and Multiscale Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073994.

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This article describes a novel methodological approach for the integrated sustainability assessment of pasture-based dairy sheep systems. Most studies on livestock system sustainability focus on animal production, farm profitability, and mitigation strategies of greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent research indicates that pasture-based livestock farming also contributes positively to rural areas, and the associated increase in plant diversity promotes ecosystem functioning and services in natural and managed grasslands. Likewise, little attention has focused on how pasture-based livestock systems affect soil carbon changes, biodiversity, and ecotoxicity. Furthermore, the quality and safety of food products, particularly sheep milk and cheese, and socioeconomic issues such as cultural heritage and consumer behavior are often neglected in livestock system sustainability assessments. To improve the analysis of sustainability and adaptation strategies of livestock systems, we suggest a holistic approach that integrates indicators from diverse disciplines with complementary methods and models capable of capturing the complexity of these systems at multiple scales. A multidisciplinary perspective generates new indicators to identify critical trade-offs and synergies related to the resilience of dairy sheep livestock systems. A multiscale approach provides insights on the effects of socioeconomic and environmental changes associated with current dairy sheep grazing systems across multiple scales. The combined approach will facilitate the development and progressive implementation of novel management strategies needed to adapt pasture-based dairy sheep farms to changing conditions under future socioeconomic and environmental scenarios.

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GIANNENAS (Η. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ), I., G. LEONIDIS (Γ. ΛΕΩΝΙΔΗΣ), A. CHRISTOFI (Α. ΧΡΙΣΤ0ΦΗ), and K. ROSSIOS (Κ. ΡΩΣΣΙΟΣ). "Overview of the situation of sheep production in the area of Eordea Kozani." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 59, no. 3 (November 22, 2017): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14962.

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In this paper it was examined the current status of sheep production in the area of Eordea of the prefecture of Kozani, that is mainly based in the semi-intensive system. The aim of this research was the collection of information of the current status of the sheep production sector with emphasis on its current problems and future perspectives. For this purpose, a questionnaire based research was conducted, using an objective sample (17.8%) of the total sheep farms in the area of Eordea from 16 separate settlements. The collection of the data and their statistical analysis gave a plethora of conclusions: the farms operate in a traditional way and have not been systematically upgraded; there is lack of uptake of new technologies (automated milking, artificial rearing and buildings). The low milk yields achieved are mainly due to the low genetic status of the animals used and the deficiencies in their feeding (non satisfactory combination between grazing and supplementary feeding, non rational feeding in the farm). Also, farms have high production costs due to their relatively small size and fractionation i.e. ineffective management. Other constraining factors include the age of farmers (they are old enough) and the unsatisfactory trade of the sheep products mainly due to the total lack of farmer cooperatives to market sheep products (milk, meat) and buy animal feeds. Although the sector of sheep husbandry does not seem to face at present intense antagonisms among the European Union countries, there are a lot of problems and disorders. However, many of the above mentioned problems may be overcome in the next years, through collaboration of sheep farmers with the relevant expert scientists, but also with the concern of the responsible services of the state.

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Vidić, Branka, Živoslav Grgić, Sara Sav-Jevđenić, Marko Maljković, and Dubravka Milanov. "PREVALENCE OF MAEDI-VISNA IN SHEEP HERDS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v1i1.221.

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Progressive sheep pheumonia and maedi are terms that denote chronic virus sheep disease. Maedi-visna virus causes a disease named visna, which is a disease of nervous system with the symptoms of paresis and paralyses. Besides pneumonia, maedi-visna is characterized by arthritis, heavy mastitis and slow growth of lambs. This diseases is closely related to encephalitis and goat arthritis. Virus maedi-visna and the virus of sheep progressive pneumonia are neoncogen sheep retroviruses that belong to a subfamily Lentvirinae. They cause persistent infection with lymphoproliferatic changes, mammary gland tissues, brain and joints. The earliest reports on the disease come from South Africa and SAD, but nowadays the disease is present in all the countries where sheep are raised. The ways of transmission and their importance are still not detected. Incubation period is very long, and most of sheep with clinical symptoms are older than 3 years. The most common symptoms are apathy, weight loss and exhaustion. It may be followed by coughing and nasal discharge, pneumonia as a consequence of secondary bacterial infection. The changes on mammary gland appear slowly, the udders are enlarged and hard, but papillae are flaccid. Due to changes on mammary glands lambs of the infected sheep are often weak and less developed. Clinically, the disease lasts 3-10 months always with fatal outcome. The virus may be isolated on tissue culture or identified with the method of complement fixation and virus neutralisation test. Different serology methods are used for diagnostics: agar gel immunodiffusion test, indirect immunofluorescence test and ELISA test. This survey included 2000 sera samples from sheep in 4 epizootiology areas of the Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia (NIVS) Belgrade, Veterinary Specialist Institute (VSI) Sombor, Veterinary Specialist Institute (VSI) Subotica and Veterinary Specialist Institute (VSI) Zrenjanin, each with 500 representative samples. The detection of specific antibodies against maedi-visna virus (MVV) was done by ELISA technique, using commercial set kit CHEKIT-CAEV/MVV, produced by IDEXX. Based on the obtained results from 2000 seep sera tested forMVVantibodies, in 325 cases (16.24%) sheep were seropositive, while only 45 (2.25%) sheep were suspicious (ambiguous). The disease is important because of economic losses, what restricts trade. The fact that MVVis proved in sheep population points out the fact that more attention should be given to this infection.

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Cehla, Béla. "Termékpálya-fázisok a juhászatban." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2009): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.11-15.

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It is not enough to evaluate only natural data in order to carry out an analysis of agricul-tural sectors. If one wants to put together a realistic analysis, the phases of the sector's supply chain should also be considered. The hierarchical relations of each phase point to structural problems and even strengths of the given sector. The production/processing potential of each layer can reveal the short-comings and strengths of production and processing. The quantity of goods in trade, their composition and the balance of goods produced by producers shows the tendencies which all participants of the supply chain have to adapt to. In my current paper, I examined all phases of the sheep supply chain in order to pin-point the problems whose solution is essential for the existence of the Hungarian sheep farming.

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Oluwayelu, Daniel Oladimeji, Comfort Oluladun Aiki-Raji, Emmanuel Chibuzor Umeh, Samat Odunayo Mustapha, and Adebowale Idris Adebiyi. "Serological Investigation of Akabane Virus Infection in Cattle and Sheep in Nigeria." Advances in Virology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2936082.

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Akabane virus (AKAV) is recognized as an important pathogen that causes abortions and congenital malformations in ruminants. However, it has not received adequate attention in Nigeria. Therefore, in investigating this disease, serum samples from 184 (abattoir and farm) head of cattle and 184 intensively reared sheep from two states in southwest Nigeria were screened for antibodies against AKAV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An overall seropositivity of 70.1% (129/184) was obtained with antibodies being detectable in 73.8% of abattoir (trade) cattle and 40.0% in farm cattle, while 4.3% (8/184) seropositivity was observed in sheep. All the age groups of cattle tested had seropositive animals, 0-1 year (1/7, 14.3%), 2-3 years (17/34, 50.0%), 4-5 years (92/121, 76.0%), and >5 years (19/22, 86.4%), while in sheep only the age groups of 2-3 and 4-5 years showed seropositivity of 4.1% (4/97) and 8.2% (4/49), respectively. The detection of antibody-positive animals among unvaccinated cattle and sheep provides evidence of AKAV infection in Nigeria. These findings call for continuous monitoring of the disease among ruminants in order to ascertain the actual burden and increase awareness of the disease. This will facilitate early detection and aid the development of appropriate control measures against the disease in Nigeria.

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GABA, S., J. CABARET, V. GINOT, and A. SILVESTRE. "The early drug selection of nematodes to anthelmintics: stochastic transmission and population in refuge." Parasitology 133, no. 3 (June 9, 2006): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006000503.

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We have developed an individual-based model to reflect the complexity of the early phase of drug resistance selection in a nematode/sheep model. The infection process consists of the stochastic ingestion of infective larvae spatially aggregated in clumps. Each clump corresponds to infective larvae, which are the offspring of the mature nematodes from a given sheep. We studied the dynamics of the parasitic population and the frequency of the recessive resistance alleles during selection by anthelmintic treatments. The interaction between genetic and demographic processes illustrated the trade-off between the control of the infection and the delay of resistance selection. We confirmed the importance of the number of treatments and their timing. The same treatment frequency may result in different outcomes on resistance selection in relation to the size of the refuge (infective larvae on pasture). Treatment applied during the summer (when the mortality of infective larvae on pasture was high), may lead to a rapid selection of drug resistance and a lack of control of sheep and pasture contamination. We showed that higher stocking rates were also a force in promoting the resistance allele selection.

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Cehla, Béla, Sándor Kovács, and András Nábrádi. "Exploitation of relations among the players of the mutton product cycle." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 5, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2011): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2011/1-2/16.

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The continuous weakening of Hungarian sheep sector and its low effectiveness in terms of value added have posed crucial problems in recent years.The focal problem has been partially caused by economic and market problems.Among these issues, mostly the poor mutton supply chain gives rise to difficulties; therefore the present study seeks to reveal the factors/input variables which predominantly influence the generation of value added. We have constructed a model for the mutton product cycle to represent the relations of phases but mutton trade is not included.The most significant aim of our investigation was to identify the volume of value added generated during processing in various phases of the product cycle and the change of which inputs affected this volume. The received findings suggested that in case of capital uniformity the output of processing was mostly influenced by sheep progeny on the bottom level of the mutton product cycle.

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Hamdi, Jihane, Henry Munyanduki, Khalid Omari Tadlaoui, Mehdi El Harrak, and Ouafaa Fassi Fihri. "Capripoxvirus Infections in Ruminants: A Review." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050902.

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Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, and goatpox are notifiable diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively, caused by viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus. They are responsible for both direct and indirect financial losses. These losses arise through animal mortality, morbidity cost of vaccinations, and constraints to animals and animal products’ trade. Control and eradication of capripoxviruses depend on early detection of outbreaks, vector control, strict animal movement, and vaccination which remains the most effective means of control. To date, live attenuated vaccines are widely used; however, conferred protection remains controversial. Many vaccines have been associated with adverse reactions and incomplete protection in sheep, goats, and cattle. Many combination- and recombinant-based vaccines have also been developed. Here, we review capripoxvirus infections and the immunity conferred against capripoxviruses by their respective vaccines for each ruminant species. We also review their related cross protection to heterologous infections.

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Stiner, M. C., H. Buitenhuis, G. Duru, S. L. Kuhn, S. M. Mentzer, N. D. Munro, N. Pollath, J. Quade, G. Tsartsidou, and M. Ozba aran. "A forager-herder trade-off, from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep management at A kl Hoyuk, Turkey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 23 (April 28, 2014): 8404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322723111.

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Shugart, Jessica. "Life: For sheep horns, biggest is not best: Trade-offs between studliness and survival help less endowed." Science News 184, no. 7 (September 24, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591840704.

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Austrheim, Gunnar, James D. M. Speed, Marianne Evju, Alison Hester, Øystein Holand, Leif Egil Loe, Vegard Martinsen, et al. "Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in an alpine ecosystem grazed by sheep – An experimental approach." Basic and Applied Ecology 17, no. 7 (November 2016): 596–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.06.003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sheep [trade]'

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