Journal articles: 'Sheet-web spider'

1

Adarsh, C. K., and P. O. Nameer. "A preliminary checklist of spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 4 (2016): 8703. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2740.8.4.8703-8713.

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A preliminary study was conducted to document spider diversity in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Idukki District, Kerala State in southern India. The study was conducted from October to November 2012. A total of 101 species of spiders belonging to 65 genera from 29 families were identified from the sanctuary. This accounted for 6.98% of Indian spider species, 17.81% of Indian spider genera and 48.33% of the spider families of India. The dominant families were Lycosidae (11 species) and Araneidae (10). Two endemic genera of Indian spiders such as Annandaliella and Neoheterophrictus were found at Chinnar, each representing one species each, and belonging to the family Theraphosidae. A guild structure analysis of the spiders revealed seven feeding guilds such as orb weavers, stalkers, ground runners, foliage runners, sheet web builders, space web builders and ambushers.

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Thawkar, Sonu G., and Sharyu V. Ghonmode. "Study on structure and types of spider webs from Nagpur district Maharashtra India." Advanced Studies in Biology 16, no. 1 (2024): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/asb.2024.91933.

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The structure of spider webs varies substantially between species, and web building has even been lost completely in some clades. Examples of different web forms include the classic orb webs, which may be oriented vertically to the ground or horizontally, sheet webs, and cobwebs, consisting of three-dimensional meshwork and ascending sticky threads for support and capture of prey. The primary function of spider webs is to capture prey. This ecological success is in part due to the exceptional mechanics of the spider web, with its strength, toughness, elasticity, and robustness, which originate from its hierarchical structures from sequence design to web architecture. Hence a preliminary survey was carried out to structure and identify types of spider webs from Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India. This study explores the structure and identification of spider webs (Arachnids) in the Nagpur District of Maharashtra. Sampling was carried out in 8 months from January 2024 to August 2024 during the weak and month wise. Spider webs are collected using a Photograph collection and black paper for the collection of type’s spider webs. The results of the study concluded that a total of 8 types of spider webs were collected there were Site A 3 types of spider webs, Site B 3 types of spider webs, Site C 1 type of spider web and Site D 1 type of spider web were identified. A total 8 types of spider webs are identified, the names of types of spider webs are the total 8 types of spider webs Identified in Nagpur district the following types of spider webs are the Funnel-web of spider, Sheet web, Classic round webs of spider webs or Orb webs, Mesh web of a spider, Cobweb of spider, Tangle web, Messy web of a spider, and Triangle web of spider.

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Su, Isabelle, Zhao Qin, Tomás Saraceno, et al. "Imaging and analysis of a three-dimensional spider web architecture." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 146 (2018): 20180193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0193.

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Spiders are abundantly found in nature and most ecosystems, making up more than 47 000 species. This ecological success is in part due to the exceptional mechanics of the spider web, with its strength, toughness, elasticity and robustness, which originate from its hierarchical structures all the way from sequence design to web architecture. It is a unique example in nature of high-performance material design. In particular, to survive in different environments, spiders have optimized and adapted their web architecture by providing housing, protection, and an efficient tool for catching prey. The most studied web in literature is the two-dimensional (2D) orb web, which is composed of radial and spiral threads. However, only 10% of spider species are orb-web weavers, and three-dimensional (3D) webs, such as funnel, sheet or cobwebs, are much more abundant in nature. The complex spatial network and microscale size of silk fibres are significant challenges towards determining the topology of 3D webs, and only a limited number of previous studies have attempted to quantify their structure and properties. Here, we focus on developing an innovative experimental method to directly capture the complete digital 3D spider web architecture with micron scale resolution. We built an automatic segmentation and scanning platform to obtain high-resolution 2D images of individual cross-sections of the web that were illuminated by a sheet laser. We then developed image processing algorithms to reconstruct the digital 3D fibrous network by analysing the 2D images. This digital network provides a model that contains all of the structural and topological features of the porous regions of a 3D web with high fidelity, and when combined with a mechanical model of silk materials, will allow us to directly simulate and predict the mechanical response of a realistic 3D web under mechanical loads. Our work provides a practical tool to capture the architecture of sophisticated 3D webs, and could lead to studies of the relation between architecture, material and biological functions for numerous 3D spider web applications.

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Jose, Alex Chembakassery, Puthoor Pattammal Sudhin, Prejith Madasseril Prasad, and Kalpuzha Ashtamoorthy Sreejith. "Spider Diversity in Kavvayi River Basin, Kerala, Southern India." Current World Environment 13, no. 1 (2018): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.1.10.

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Kavvayi river basin is a typical lateritic biotope situated in the Northern part of Kerala, which holds various ecological units such as lateritic vegetation, agro-ecosystems, seasonal pools, Grass lands, Kanams, Sacred groves, Mangrove marsh and riparian vegetation. Many of these microhabitats are unique in character and poorly documented. A preliminary study was conducted to document the diversity of spider fauna inhabiting in the different ecosystems of Kavvayi river basins. India is having 1,686 species of spiders belonging to 60 families and 438 genera, which constitutes 3.6% of world’s spider population. The present study resulted in the documentation of 112 species of spiders belonging to 81 genera and 21 families. Araneidae was the most dominant family which constitutes 21.5% of the total spider species collected. The second dominant family was Salticidae which constitutes 19.5% of total spider population. Guild structure analysis of the collected spiders revealed seven feeding guilds, namely stalkers, orb web builders, ambushers, foliage runners, space web builders, ground runners and wandering sheet weavers. The spider fauna of this ecosystem is qualitatively rich due to varied microhabitats, which supports high floral and faunal diversity. The present study suggests a detailed investigation at ecosystem level to understand the role of spiders in ecosystem function.

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Rao, Kritika, and Amita Kanaujia. "Spider Diversity (Arachnida: Araneae) in Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary’s Different Ecosystems, Terai Region, Uttar Pradesh, India." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, SUPPL (2024): S312—S317. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i03s.054.

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Spiders are essential parts of all ecosystems in which they exist, and they’re recognized to be good markers of the diversity and health of terrestrial populations. However, the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary’s spiders are poorly documented, with hardly any information on their systematics, diversity, or ecology. The current study aims to look into the spider faunal richness in a few habitats in the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh, India. The chosen environments yielded a total of 65 species, divided into 46 genera and 20 families. The maximum species richness was found at Razia Taal (Site C), while the lowest was found at Hathiakunda Naala (Site D). The spiders were divided into seven functional categories based on their guild structure: stalkers, orb-web builders, ambushers, space-web builders, ground runners, foliage runners, and sheet-web builders. Finally, the highest species richness is linked to the flora and fauna of these locations. The findings of this study provide useful and up-to-date information on the diversity of species found in the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary, and the data may be used for future spider research.

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Zschokke, Samuel, Yann Hénaut, Suresh P. Benjamin, and J. Alvaro García-Ballinas. "Prey-capture strategies in sympatric web-building spiders." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 7 (2006): 964–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-074.

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Arthropods in several orders use traps to capture prey. Such trap-building predators expend most of their foraging energy prior to any prey contact. Nevertheless, relative investments in trap construction and actual prey capture may vary among trap builders, and they are likely to face a trade-off between building very effective but energetically costly traps and building less effective traps requiring faster reaction times when attacking prey. We analysed this trade-off in a field experiment by comparing the prey capture behaviour of four different sympatric web-building spiders (Araneae: Araneidae, Nephilidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae) with the retention times of five different prey types in the webs of these spiders. Retention times differed greatly among webs and among prey types. The vertical orb webs retained prey longer than the horizontal orb web and the sheet web, and active prey escaped more quickly than less active prey. Among spiders with orb webs, the spider with the web that retained prey for the shortest time was the fastest to capture prey, thus confirming the expected trade-off between building long-retaining webs and attacking slowly versus building short-retaining webs and attacking more rapidly. The sheet web, however, neither retained prey for an appreciable period of time nor facilitated rapid prey capture. We suggest that this low capture effectiveness of sheet webs is compensated by their lower maintenance costs.

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7

Brackenbury, J. H. "Spider webs: dew-loading of the linyphiid sheet-web." Journal of Zoology 242, no. 1 (1997): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02934.x.

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8

Reshma Solanki, Manju Siliwal, and Dolly Kumar. "A preliminary checklist of spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) in Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary, Panchmahal District, Gujarat, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (2020): 16576–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3094.12.11.16576-16596.

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Studies relating to spiders in Gujarat have been sporadic and most of the spider documentation have been done from agriculture fields, wetlands and few from protected areas. One such undocumented area was Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary, Panchmahal District, Gujarat. Therefore, a study to document the spider diversity was carried out in Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary from July 2012 to October 2015. A combination of four sampling methods namely, belt transect along with hand-pick method, pitfall sampling, vegetation beating and leaf litter extraction were used for collection of spiders from different strata. During the study, a total of 138 species belonging to 90 genera and 29 families were recorded from the study area. Of which, 21 species and 17 genera were recorded for the first time from Gujarat State. The theridiid genus Cephalobares O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 was recorded for the first time from India. The families Araneidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae and Oxyopidae were found to be dominant in the area. We recognized seven feeding guilds namely ambushers, foliage runners, ground runners, orb weavers, sheet web-builders, space web-builders and stalkers. Amongst these, orb-weavers, stalkers and ground runners were dominant. This documentation, however, forms the baseline information for spiders of Jambughoda WLS, suggesting the great diversity of the spider fauna in this protected area, which can be further explored.

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Adarsh, C. K., and P. O. Nameer. "Spiders of Kerala Agricultural University Campus, Thrissur, Kerala, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 15 (2015): 8288. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2468.7.15.8288-8295.

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A total of 86 species of spiders belonging to 56 genera of 20 families have been recorded from the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) campus, Thrissur, Kerala, southern India. This represents 5.1% of the total spiders’ species and 33.33% of the total families of spiders recorded in India. The dominant spider family at KAU campus is Araneidae with 18 species of nine genera. Salticidae is represented by 14 species of 13 genera. Out of 252 endemic spiders of India, 16 have been reported from KAU campus. Guild structure analysis shows spiders belonging to seven types of feeding guilds present in KAU campus. Orb-web builders are the dominant feeding guild accounting for 34%, followed by stalkers (22%), ground runners (20%), ambushers (8%), scattered line weavers (8%), foliage runners (7%) and sheet-web builders (1%).<div> </div>

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10

Rao, Kritika. "Spider (Araneae: Arachnida) Fauna of Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary, District Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh, India." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 12 (2024): e76004. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n12-051.

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Spiders are known to be excellent indicators of the diversity and well-being of terrestrial populations, and they are vital components of any ecosystem in which they live. Unfortunately, there is very little information available about the systematics, diversity, and ecology of the spiders found at the Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary. The current study was conducted from May 2023 to August 2024 in order to investigate the variety of spider fauna in the Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 1012 specimens, representing 55 species across 39 genera and 16 families, have been collected. The South Chowk range has the most species richness, whilst the Nichlaul range had the lowest. Araneidae and Lycosidae were prevalent (17%), with Selenopidae (2%) being uncommon. Based on their guild stucture, the spiders were categorized into seven functional groups: stalkers, ambushers, scattered line weavers, ground runners, foliage runners, orb-web builders, and sheet-web builders. The flora and fauna found in these areas are also associated with the highest species richness. The results of this study offer current and helpful information about the variety of species present in the Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary, and the knowledge might be applied to further spider research.

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11

Lee, Sue Yeon, and Jung Sun Yoo and Seung Tae Kim. "Neriene bovista sp. nov., a new sheet-web spider (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from Korea." Journal of Species Research 11, no. 2 (2022): 94–97. https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2022.11.2.094.

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Lee, Sue Yeon, Kim, Jung Sun Yoo and Seung Tae (2022): Neriene bovista sp. nov., a new sheet-web spider (Araneae: Linyphiidae) from Korea. Journal of Species Research 11 (2): 94-97, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2022.11.2.094

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Opatova, Vera, Chris A. Hamilton, Marshal Hedin, Laura Montes De Oca, Jiři Král, and Jason E. Bond. "Phylogenetic Systematics and Evolution of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae Using Genomic Scale Data." Systematic Biology 69, no. 4 (2019): 671–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz064.

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Abstract The infraorder Mygalomorphae is one of the three main lineages of spiders comprising over 3000 nominal species. This ancient group has a worldwide distribution that includes among its ranks large and charismatic taxa such as tarantulas, trapdoor spiders, and highly venomous funnel-web spiders. Based on past molecular studies using Sanger-sequencing approaches, numerous mygalomorph families (e.g., Hexathelidae, Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae) have been identified as non-monophyletic. However, these data were unable to sufficiently resolve the higher-level (intra- and interfamilial) relationships such that the necessary changes in classification could be made with confidence. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenomic treatment of the spider infraorder Mygalomorphae. We employ 472 loci obtained through anchored hybrid enrichment to reconstruct relationships among all the mygalomorph spider families and estimate the timeframe of their diversification. We sampled nearly all currently recognized families, which has allowed us to assess their status, and as a result, propose a new classification scheme. Our generic-level sampling has also provided an evolutionary framework for revisiting questions regarding silk use in mygalomorph spiders. The first such analysis for the group within a strict phylogenetic framework shows that a sheet web is likely the plesiomorphic condition for mygalomorphs, as well as providing insights to the ancestral foraging behavior for all spiders. Our divergence time estimates, concomitant with detailed biogeographic analysis, suggest that both ancient continental-level vicariance and more recent dispersal events have played an important role in shaping modern day distributional patterns. Based on our results, we relimit the generic composition of the Ctenizidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Dipluridae, and Nemesiidae. We also elevate five subfamilies to family rank: Anamidae (NEW RANK), Euagridae (NEW RANK), Ischnothelidae (NEW RANK), Pycnothelidae (NEW RANK), and Bemmeridae (NEW RANK). Three families Entypesidae (NEW FAMILY), Microhexuridae (NEW FAMILY), and Stasimopidae (NEW FAMILY), and one subfamily Australothelinae (NEW SUBFAMILY) are newly proposed. Such a major rearrangement in classification, recognizing nine newly established family-level rank taxa, is the largest the group has seen in over three decades. [Biogeography; molecular clocks; phylogenomics; spider web foraging; taxonomy.]

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Rovner, Jerome S. "Territoriality in the Sheet-Web Spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Araneae, Linyphiidae." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 25, no. 2 (2010): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1968.tb00015.x.

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Bao, Leticia, Juaquín Ginella, Mónica Cadenazzi, et al. "Spider assemblages associated with different crop stages of irrigated rice agroecosystems from eastern Uruguay." Biodiversity Data Journal 6 (May 3, 2018): e24974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.6.e24974.

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The rice crop and associated ecosystems constitute a rich mosaic of habitats that preserve a rich biological diversity. Spiders are an abundant and successful group of natural predators that are considered efficient in the biocontrol of the major insect pests in agroecosystems. Spider diversity in different stages of the rice crop growth from eastern Uruguay was analysed. Field study was developed on six rice farms with rotation system with pasture, installed during intercropping stage as cover crop. Six rice crops distributed in three locations were sampled with pitfall and entomological vaccum suction machine. Sixteen families, representing six guilds, were collected. Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Anyphaenidae and Tetragnathidae were the most abundant families (26%, 25%, 20% and 12%, respectively) and comprised more than 80% of total abundance. Other hunters (29%), sheet web weavers (25%) and ground hunters (24%) were the most abundant guilds. Species composition along different crop stages was significantly different according to the ANOSIM test. The results showed higher spider abundance and diversity along the crop and intercrop stages. This study represents the first contribution to the knowledge of spider diversity associated with rice agroecosystem in the country.

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Bao, Leticia, Juaquín Ginella, Mónica Cadenazzi, et al. "Spider assemblages associated with different crop stages of irrigated rice agroecosystems from eastern Uruguay." Biodiversity Data Journal 6 (May 3, 2018): e24974. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e24974.

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The rice crop and associated ecosystems constitute a rich mosaic of habitats that preserve a rich biological diversity. Spiders are an abundant and successful group of natural predators that are considered efficient in the biocontrol of the major insect pests in agroecosystems. Spider diversity in different stages of the rice crop growth from eastern Uruguay was analysed. Field study was developed on six rice farms with rotation system with pasture, installed during intercropping stage as cover crop. Six rice crops distributed in three locations were sampled with pitfall and entomological vaccum suction machine. Sixteen families, representing six guilds, were collected. Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Anyphaenidae and Tetragnathidae were the most abundant families (26%, 25%, 20% and 12%, respectively) and comprised more than 80% of total abundance. Other hunters (29%), sheet web weavers (25%) and ground hunters (24%) were the most abundant guilds. Species composition along different crop stages was significantly different according to the ANOSIM test. The results showed higher spider abundance and diversity along the crop and intercrop stages. This study represents the first contribution to the knowledge of spider diversity associated with rice agroecosystem in the country.

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Gonzaga, Marcelo O., Diego G. Pádua, and Adilson Quero. "Inclusion of an alien species in the host range of the Neotropical parasitoid Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Brullé, 1846) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 89 (February 28, 2022): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.76620.

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In this study we report the first case of an introduced alien host spider species being parasitized and manipulated by an ichneumonid wasp. Hymenoepimecis bicolor, previously described parasitizing exclusively Trichonephila clavipes (Araneidae), was observed parasitizing the European species Cyrtophora citricola (Araneidae) in southeastern Brazil. The cocoon web built by the parasitized spider is composed of a reduced horizontal sheet, which maintains the radial structure. The reduced number of radii and spirals probably reduce the chances of insect interception by these modified structures. In addition, the density of supporting threads is apparently very different between normal and modified webs. The cocoon web spun by C. citricola lacks the protective barrier structure usually observed in cocoon webs spun by parasitized females of T. clavipes. Our observations are in agreement with several predictions of the ecdysteroid hypothesis and represent an interesting opportunity for further investigation of interactions between these parasitoids and their spider hosts.

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Gonzaga, Marcelo O., Diego G. Pádua, and Adilson Quero. "Inclusion of an alien species in the host range of the Neotropical parasitoid Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Brullé, 1846) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 89 (February 28, 2022): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.76620.

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In this study we report the first case of an introduced alien host spider species being parasitized and manipulated by an ichneumonid wasp. Hymenoepimecis bicolor, previously described parasitizing exclusively Trichonephila clavipes (Araneidae), was observed parasitizing the European species Cyrtophora citricola (Araneidae) in southeastern Brazil. The cocoon web built by the parasitized spider is composed of a reduced horizontal sheet, which maintains the radial structure. The reduced number of radii and spirals probably reduce the chances of insect interception by these modified structures. In addition, the density of supporting threads is apparently very different between normal and modified webs. The cocoon web spun by C. citricola lacks the protective barrier structure usually observed in cocoon webs spun by parasitized females of T. clavipes. Our observations are in agreement with several predictions of the ecdysteroid hypothesis and represent an interesting opportunity for further investigation of interactions between these parasitoids and their spider hosts.

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Leclerc, Jacques. "Optimal Foraging Strategy of the Sheet-Web Spider Lepthyphantes Flavipes Under Perturbation." Ecology 72, no. 4 (1991): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941100.

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Clemente, Christofer J., Kellie A. McMaster, Liz Fox, Lisa Meldrum, Barbara York Main, and Tom Stewart. "VISUAL ACUITY OF THE SHEET-WEB BUILDING SPIDER BADUMNA INSIGNIS (ARANEAE, DESIDAE)." Journal of Arachnology 33, no. 3 (2005): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/s04-35.1.

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Gosline, J. M., P. A. Guerette, C. S. Ortlepp, and K. N. Savage. "The mechanical design of spider silks: from fibroin sequence to mechanical function." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 23 (1999): 3295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.23.3295.

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Spiders produce a variety of silks, and the cloning of genes for silk fibroins reveals a clear link between protein sequence and structure-property relationships. The fibroins produced in the spider's major ampullate (MA) gland, which forms the dragline and web frame, contain multiple repeats of motifs that include an 8–10 residue long poly-alanine block and a 24–35 residue long glycine-rich block. When fibroins are spun into fibres, the poly-alanine blocks form (β)-sheet crystals that crosslink the fibroins into a polymer network with great stiffness, strength and toughness. As illustrated by a comparison of MA silks from Araneus diadematus and Nephila clavipes, variation in fibroin sequence and properties between spider species provides the opportunity to investigate the design of these remarkable biomaterials.

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CARDOSO, PEDRO, and NIKOLAJ SCHARFF. "First record of the spider family Symphytognathidae in Europe and description of Anapistula ataecina sp. n. (Araneae)." Zootaxa 2246, no. 1 (2009): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2246.1.4.

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The spider family Symphytognathidae has never been recorded from Europe, being mostly present in tropical regions. Different collecting trips to a cave system in Portugal revealed several specimens of a new species of Symphytognathidae here described, Anapistula ataecina sp. n. This is one of the smallest spiders described to date. The species is almost exclusively known from the Frade Cave System in Portugal which is partly endangered by limestone quarries. No males were found to date despite many collecting trips to the caves during more than three years. Parthenogenesis could therefore be responsible for the species reproduction. Its web, with a sheet-like structure, seems atypical for the family and for the genus. Details on the eggsacs and spinneret morphology are also given.

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Houser, Jeremy D., Adam H. Porter, Howard S. Ginsberg, and Elizabeth M. Jakob. "Effect of phenology on agonistic competitive interactions between invasive and native sheet-web spiders." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 6 (2016): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0221.

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The phenologies of introduced relative to native species can greatly influence the degree and symmetry of competition between them. The European spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) (Linyphiidae) reaches very high densities in coastal Maine (USA). Previous studies suggest that L. triangularis negatively affects native linyphiid species, with competition for webs as one mechanism. We documented phenological differences between L. triangularis and three native species that illustrate the potential for the reversal of size-based competitive advantage over the course of the year. To test whether relative size influences interaction outcome, we allowed a resident spider to build a web and then introduced an intruder. We examined whether the outcomes of agonistic interactions over the webs were influenced by the species of the resident (invasive or native), the relative size of the contestants, and the species × size interaction. We found that the importance of relative size differed among species. In interactions between L. triangularis and each of two native species, size played a greater role than resident species on the outcome of interactions, suggesting that competitive advantage reverses over the season based on phenology-related size differences. Linyphia triangularis had a negative impact on the third species regardless of relative size.

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Yoo, Jung-Sun, and Volker W. Framenau. "Systematics and biogeography of the sheet-web building wolf spider genus Venonia (Araneae:Lycosidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 20, no. 6 (2006): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is06013.

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The Australian/Oriental wolf spider genus Venonia Thorell, 1894 (type species V. coruscans Thorell, 1894) belongs to one of the few true web-building genera within the Lycosidae. Their small sheet-webs with funnel-like retreats are generally found in the ground layer of vegetation, such as on lawns and meadows, but also in depressions of soil and under roots of trees. Members of the genus Venonia are easily identified within the Lycosidae due to a unique combination of somatic and genitalic characters. Most conspicuous is a posterodorsal white spot on the abdomen just above the elongated posterior spinnerets on an otherwise uniformly coloured, small, and relatively slender spider. The cymbium of the male pedipalp is highly asymmetrical appearing retrolaterally truncated. Its tegular apophysis is membranous. The female epigyne is generally not sclerotised and has a posterior central incision. Our revision recognises fifteen species of which seven are new to science: V. chaiwooi, sp. nov.; V. choiae, sp. nov.; V. cinctipes (Simon, 1898); V. coruscans Thorell, 1894; V. infundibulum, sp. nov.; V. joejim, sp. nov.; V. kimjoopili, sp. nov.; V. kokoda Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979; V. micans (Simon, 1898) (= Venonia gabrielae Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, new synonymy); V. micarioides (L. Koch, 1877); V. milla Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979; V. muju (Chrysanthus, 1967); V. nata, sp. nov.; V. sungahae, sp. nov.; and V. vilkkii Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979. A phylogenetic analysis including representatives of the venoniine genera Anomalosa Roewer, 1960 and Allotrochosina Roewer, 1960 with Pirata subpiraticus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) as outgroup suggests a Gondwanan origin of the Venoniinae and one dispersal event within Venonia from the Australian region into Wallacea and only one dispersal event by V. coruscans into the Oriental region. Venonia spirocysta Chai, 1991 from China is not a true Venonia and is here considered incerta sedis. We reject the inclusion of the genus Zoica Simon, 1898 in the subfamily Venoniinae Lethinen & Hippa, 1979 due to considerable morphological differences in representatives of this genus (in particular in the male pedipalp), and therefore consider the subfamily Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa, 1979 as valid.

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Draney, Michael L., Jason C. Doll, Lydia R. Doerr, Christopher J. Houghton, and Patrick S. Forsythe. "Spatial Distribution of a Tree Trunk Specialist Spider: Relative Role of Landscape Versus Microhabitat Drivers." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 4 (2020): 963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa051.

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Abstract By completely censusing a 1 ha forest dynamics plot it was possible to identify the variables (spider mass, size, sex and tree species, size, and bark roughness) that influenced the spatial distribution of adult Drapetisca alteranda Chamberlin 1909 (Araneae: Linyphiidae), a sheet web spider that specializes in lower tree trunks in North American forests. To account for spatial autocorrelation, a conditional autoregressive random effect was included in the zero-inflated Poisson generalized linear mixed model. Parameters estimated were produced by Bayesian inference with vague prior probability distributions and the best of 16 models were selected using Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion. The best model showed that larger diameter trees located at higher plot elevations were more likely to have D. alteranda present. Smooth bark tree species such as paper birch and American basswood tended to have the most spiders while rough bark species had the least. The relationship between tree diameter and D. alteranda abundance also varied by tree species. Paper birch and quaking aspen tend to produce a greater slope compared to the other species, indicating that as these trees get larger, the abundance of D. alteranda increases at a higher rate than on other tree species. Spider sex and size were not associated with height on the trunk or tree species selection, nor were they associated with microhabitats such as bark furrow depth. Landscape-level factors largely predict D. alteranda abundance and distribution, suggesting that spatial autocorrelation should be considered when modeling the abundance of even small organisms, such as spiders.

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Faisol, Muhammad Aris, and Raharjo Raharjo. "ISLAMIC EDUCATION LEARNING MODEL IN NATURAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF AR-RIDHO." Lentera Pendidikan : Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan 25, no. 1 (2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/lp.2022v25n1i5.

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This study aimed to know the learning plan, implementation, and evaluation of Islamic Education lessons. The method used in this research was qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The subjects of this study were principals, teachers, and students of Ar-Ridho Elementary School. The results indicated that the lesson plan consisted of determining the theme for one semester, making theme analysis, spider-web, weekly planning sheets, and writing daily activities. The Natural elementary school of Ar-Ridho used an integrated thematic model with spider-web or linked one theme with several lessons, which emphasizes aqidah (believes), 'akhlaq (moral), and fiqh (knowledge). Evaluation of learning used written, oral, and practical assignments that referred to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. Therefore, Islamic education already has a good learning plan, implementation, and evaluation, but several things still need improvement for better learning. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana rencana, penerapan, dan evaluasi pembelajaran dari pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah kepala sekolah, guru, dan siswa SD Alam Ar-Ridho. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rencana pembelajaran terdiri dari penentuan tema untuk satu semester, membuat analisis tema, spider web, weekly planning sheet atau lembar rencana mingguan, dan menulis kegiatan sehari-hari. SD Alam Ar-Ridho menggunakan model tematik terpadu dengan spider web atau mengaitkan satu tema dengan beberapa pelajaran, yang menekankan pada akidah, akhlak, dan fiqih. Evaluasi pembelajaran menggunakan teknik tes tertulis, lisan, dan tugas praktek yang mengacu pada aspek kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran PAI sudah memiliki rencana, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi pembelajaran yang baik, tetapi beberapa hal masih perlu ditingkatkan dan diperbaiki untuk pembelajaran yang lebih baik.

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Anwardi Jamil, Amirul Ridzuan Abu Bakar, and Nurul Husna Khairuddin. "Structural Elucidation of the Masp1 and Masp2 Protein from Nephila Pilipes Web Via Bioinformatics Approaches." Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 30, no. 1 (2023): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.30.1.132144.

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Major ampullate spidroin (MaSps) from orb-weaver spp spider has recently gained interest due to its exceptional characteristics. The biomechanical and biochemical properties from MaSps offer potential in harvesting and exploiting MaSps as a promising bio-based product. However, the current research on the structural elucidation focused more onto the Nephila clavipes spider web rather than the Nephila pilipes which are more common in this region. Herein, this study integrates the used of computational power and algorithm to elucidate the 3D protein morphology of MaSp1 and MaSp2 of Nephila pilipes dragline silk protein using nearly complete amino acid sequences obtained from the protein database. In silico homology modelling via Phyre2, SWISS-MODEL and RaptorX was adopted to predict the protein structure of MaSP-1 and 2 using proteins threading, automated comparative modelling of three-dimensional (3D) protein structures and deep learning approaches. Consequently, we described a thorough 3D protein models of MaSp1 and MaSp2 with a higher percentage of coils, α-helix and a low percentage of β-sheet on repetitive regions of MaSp1 and MaSp2. The results of this current work provide insights into Bioinformatics potentials in engineering spider silk-based biomaterial and bridging the most apparent gaps in the knowledge of MaSp1 and MaSp2.

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Segoli, M., A. Maklakov, E. Gavish, I. Tsurim, and Y. Lubin. "The effect of previous foraging success on web-building behaviour in the sheet-web spider, Frontinellina cf. frutetorum (Araneae Linyphiidae)." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 16, no. 4 (2004): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2004.9522621.

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Bucher, Roman, Jonas Rochlitz, Nathalie Wegner, et al. "Deer Exclusion Changes Vegetation Structure and Hunting Guilds of Spiders, but Not Multitrophic Understory Biodiversity." Diversity 13, no. 1 (2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13010025.

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Ungulate herbivores modify plant community compositions, which can modulate biodiversity at higher trophic levels. However, these cascading effects on herbivorous and predatory arthropods in forest ecosystems remain poorly understood. We compared plant and arthropod communities between fenced exclosures and unfenced control plots in a permanent forest in Germany. After five years of deer exclusion, we quantified plant diversity and vegetation structure as well as the diversity of insects and spiders in 32 pair-wise plots. In addition, we compared spider communities with respect to different hunting guilds because they are expected to have different requirements for vegetation structure. Although we did not find differences in plant communities, vegetation height and heterogeneity were higher in exclosures compared to control plots. The diversity of insects and spiders was not affected by deer presence. However, the abundance of sheet-web weavers and ambush hunters was lower in exclosures whereas ground hunters were more common in exclosure plots. Structural changes in the vegetation changed predator hunting guilds even though mere abundance and biodiversity indices were not affected. We therefore suggest that monitoring of vegetation structure and associated functional groups seems more sensitive to assess the impact of ungulate herbivores compared to taxonomic metrics.

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Blamires, Sean J., Chung-Lin Wu, Todd A. Blackledge, and I.-Min Tso. "Post-secretion processing influences spider silk performance." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 75 (2012): 2479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0277.

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Phenotypic variation facilitates adaptations to novel environments. Silk is an example of a highly variable biomaterial. The two-spidroin (MaSp) model suggests that spider major ampullate (MA) silk is composed of two proteins—MaSp1 predominately contains alanine and glycine and forms strength enhancing β-sheet crystals, while MaSp2 contains proline and forms elastic spirals. Nonetheless, mechanical properties can vary in spider silks without congruent amino acid compositional changes. We predicted that post-secretion processing causes variation in the mechanical performance of wild MA silk independent of protein composition or spinning speed across 10 species of spider. We used supercontraction to remove post-secretion effects and compared the mechanics of silk in this ‘ground state’ with wild native silks. Native silk mechanics varied less among species compared with ‘ground state’ silks. Variability in the mechanics of ‘ground state’ silks was associated with proline composition. However, variability in native silks did not. We attribute interspecific similarities in the mechanical properties of native silks, regardless of amino acid compositions, to glandular processes altering molecular alignment of the proteins prior to extrusion. Such post-secretion processing may enable MA silk to maintain functionality across environments, facilitating its function as a component of an insect-catching web.

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Moses, S., S. Pal, N. Chaudhuri, and J. Ghosh. "Faunistic and diagnostics of predaceous spiders in rice ecosystem under Terai region of West Bengal." Journal of Environmental Biology 44, no. 4 (2023): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/4/mrn-5073.

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Aim: Analyzing the community structure of predatory spider fauna in rice ecosystems to facilitate conservation biological control and sustainable pest management programmes. Methodology: The spiders were collected from rice field with cultivated variety (MTU-7029) during both Kharif and Rabi seasons at different rice growth stages. The spiders collected by various sampling methods such as direct catch in polythene carry bags, ground collection and foliage collection were kept in collection bottles and killed by inserting a strip of cotton dipped in chloroform and transferred separately on a white sheet of paper. Thereafter, using a stereo zoom microscope (ZEISS Stemi 508), the spiders were sorted, separated, counted, identified based on the available keys and literature described by Tikader (1987) and Barrion and Litsinger (1995). The unidentified samples were sent to the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for authorized identification. Results: In total, sixteen different species of predatory spiders belonging to six families of order Araneae and representing four functional/foraging guilds were identified in the rice ecosystem of Sub-Himalayan Terai region of West Bengal. These included Lycosa pseudoannulata Boesenberg & Strand and Arctosa tanakai Barrion & Litsinger; Oxyopes lineatipes C.L. Koch, Oxyopes javanus Thorell and Oxyopes salticus Hentz; Bianor sp. and Hasarius adansoni Audouin, while the family Thomisidae was represented by a single species Thomisius sp. All these eight species constituted the non web former group of spiders. The web weaving spiders recorded were Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer. Tetragnatha javana Thorell, Leucage decorate Walckenaer, Leucage celesbesiana Walckenaer and Neoscona theisi Walckenaer, Neoscona mukerjei Tikader, Araneus sp. Interpretation: The lynx spiders (Oxyopidae) were found to be the most dominant group by individual numbers, followed by the wolf spiders (Lycosidae), however, considering the species richness, the long jawed spiders (Tetragnathidae) were in large number with five different species. Good agricultural practices along with habitat diversification of landscapes are imperative for enhancing the predation by rice field spiders. Key words: Dominance, Foraging guilds, Predatory spiders, Rice, Species richness, Terai region

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Gonçalves, Fátima, Vera Zina, Cristina Carlos, Luís Crespo, Irene Oliveira, and Laura Torres. "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Spiders (Araneae) Co-occurring on the Ground of Vineyards from Douro Demarcated Region." Sociobiology 64, no. 4 (2017): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i4.1934.

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This study, held in vineyards from Douro Demarcated Region, aimed to: a) identify the communities and main functional groups of spiders and ants; b) check patterns of co-occurrence between the two communities; and c) evaluate the impact of ground cover and adjacent non-crop habitats in the proximity of vineyards, on the two communities. Samplings were done using pitfall trapping. Twenty species of ants and 44 species of spiders were identified, which included respectively three and nine Iberian endemic species. Aphaenogaster gibbosa (Latreille 1798), Aphaenogaster iberica Emery 1908, Cataglyphis hispanica (Emery 1906), Cataglyphis iberica (Emery 1906), Messor barbarus (L. 1767) and Tapinoma nigerrimum (Nylander 1856) totalized 71.21% of ants. Alopecosa albofasciata (Brullé 1832), Callilepis concolor Simon 1914, Eratigena feminea Simon 1870, Zodarion alacre (Simon 1870) and Zodarion styliferum (Simon 1870) accounted for 38% of spiders. Abundance of both ant-mimicking and ant-eating spiders were positively correlated with Formicinae, while only ant-eating spiders showed positive correlation with Myrmicinae ants. All genera/ species of ant-associated spider were associated with one or more genera/ specie of ants. The abundance of specialist spiders was higher in areas where abundance of ants was also higher. Sheet web weavers spiders were found to be positively correlated with the percentage of ground cover. The present study a) stresses that vineyard agroecosystem support a rich assemblage of ants and spiders evincing that wine production and species conservation is possible and b) the co-occurrence between some species of this two groups is not determined by random patterns.

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Wen, Lelei, Xiaoguo Jiao, Fengxiang Liu, Shichang Zhang, and Daiqin Li. "High-lipid prey reduce juvenile survivorship and delay egg laying in a small linyphiid spider Hylyphantes graminicola." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 23 (2020): jeb237255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.237255.

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ABSTRACTPrey proteins and lipids greatly impact predator life-history traits. However, life-history plasticity offers predators the opportunity to tune the life-history traits in response to the limited macronutrients to allocate among traits. A fast-growing predator species with a strict maturation time may be more likely to consume nutritionally imbalanced prey. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of the protein-to-lipid ratio in prey on a small sheet web-building spider, Hylyphantes graminicola, with a short life span, using adult Drosophila melanogaster as the prey. By manipulating the macronutrient content of the prey to generate three prey types with different protein-to-lipid ratios (i.e. high, intermediate and low), we demonstrated that the majority of the spiders that consumed only these flies could reach full maturity. However, juvenile spiders that consumed high-lipid (low protein-to-lipid ratio) flies had a higher rate of mortality than those consuming medium-protein and high-protein flies. The prey protein-to-lipid ratio had no significant effects on the developmental duration and size at maturity. Although the prey protein-to-lipid ratio had no significant influence on mating behaviour and female fecundity, females reared on high-lipid flies exhibited a significant delay in oviposition compared with those reared on high-protein flies. We conclude that high-lipid prey has negative effects on the survival and reproductive function of H. graminicola. Our study thus provides clear evidence that low plasticity with fast development to a certain size means a high nutritional requirement for protein at a cost of lower survival and prolonged time to egg laying when prey have low protein-to-lipid content in H. graminicola.

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Qureshi, Irfan Zia, and Amjad Altaf. "A comarative scanning electron microscopic study of morphological structures of webs and silk fibers from sheet web weaving spider (Stegodyphus sarasinorum) and orb weaving spider (Eriophora transmarina)." Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 13, no. 3 (2025): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2025.v13.i3a.9500.

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Wu, Shengtao, Jinliang Huang, Haishuai Cui, et al. "Preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid methylene blue polymerized organosilane/sepiolite pigments with superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 19-20 (2019): 4220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519829924.

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Inspired by the self-cleaning and water-repellent properties of the lotus leaf in the natural world, a kind of organic–inorganic hybrid pigment with superhydrophobic properties was prepared by adsorption of cationic methylene blue (MB) azo dyes onto acid-treated sepiolite (SEP), and then a superhydrophobic functional group of polymerized organosilanes (POSs) obtained from hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was introduced onto the composite pigments (MB/SEP). The excellent chemical, thermal and optical stability of MB@POS/SEP are due to the shielding effect caused by the chemical inertness of the POS sheet. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic MB@POS/SEP pigments show an extraordinary self-cleaning property, which is similar to the waterproof property of the lotus leaf and spider web. The superhydrophobicity is strongly linked to their chemical composition and morphology, which can be adjusted by varying the concentration of HDTMS and TEOS. This kind of superhydrophobic pigment can be applied in various fields, such as ceramics, building and daily necessities.

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Yang, Lan, Shuqiang Li, and Zhiyuan Yao. "Five new species of the spider genus Bifurcia Saaristo, Tu & Li, 2006 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from Sichuan, China." Zoosystematics and Evolution 100, no. (2) (2024): 705–20. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.124160.

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Five new species of the genus Bifurcia are described: B. kangding sp. nov. (♂♀), B. labahe sp. nov. (♂), B. luding sp. nov. (♂♀), B. shuangqiao sp. nov. (♂♀), and B. xiaojin sp. nov. (♂♀) from western Sichuan, China. A distribution map of the species and illustrations of genital characters are provided in this paper.

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El-Nabawy, El-Said M., Katsuo Tsuda, Yositaka Sakamaki, Asahi Oda, and Yurie Ushijima. "The Effect of Organic Fertilizers and Flowering Plants on Sheet-Web and Wolf Spider Populations (Araneae: Lycosidae and Linyphiidae) and Its Importance for Pest Control." Journal of Insect Science 16, no. 1 (2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iew002.

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Milne, Marc A., and Elizabeth Wells. "A new species of spider (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Islandiana) from a southern Indiana cave." Subterranean Biology 26 (June 12, 2018): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.26.25605.

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The genus Islandiana (Araneae, Linyphiidae) was erected by Braendegaard in 1932 and is comprised of 14 species, most of which are native to North America. Herein we add a 15th species, Islandiana lewisi sp. n., from southern Indiana, USA. This species resembles both I. flavoides Ivie, 1965 and I. cavealis Ivie, 1965, the latter of which is geographically-close.

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Kostanjšek, Rok, and Jeremy Miller. "New records of sheet web spiders from Slovenia (Arachnida: Araneae: Linyphiidae)." Natura Sloveniae 6, no. 1 (2004): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/ns.6.1.19-24.

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Yang, Lan, Zhiyuan Yao, Muhammad Irfan, and Qiaoqiao He. "A newly recorded genus with description of a new cave-dwelling species of Flagelliphantes (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from northeastern China." Biodiversity Data Journal 11 (May 29, 2023): e105488. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e105488.

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The genus Flagelliphantes Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 was proposed by Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996 to accommodate three ex-Lepthyphantes species distributed in northern Eurasia. Male Flagelliphantes are easlily recognised by having a hood-shaped thumb on the embolus. The females have a long, S-shaped scape and the posterior median plate of the epigyne is grossly enlarged ("hypertrophied").While examining Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859 specimens from Yunxia Cave in China's Jilin Province, we discovered a new cave-dwelling species of the genus Flagelliphantes, F. yunxia sp. n. In this paper, we provide detailed description and photos of its diagnostic somatic and genitalic features. It is the first record of the genus from China.

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Gao, Zhizhong, Muhammad Irfan, and Lu-Yu Wang. "Three new species of the genus Weintrauboa Hormiga, 2003 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from China." ZooKeys 1236 (April 29, 2025): 185–96. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1236.146324.

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Three new species of the genus Weintrauboa Hormiga, 2003 are described here as: W. denticulata sp. nov. (Hunan, ♂), W. shenwu sp. nov. (Hubei and Chongqing, ♂♀), and W. wanglangensis sp. nov. (Sichuan, ♂♀). Detailed descriptions, photographs of genital characters, somatic features, and a distribution map are provided.

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Walker, Josephine E. McCambridgeı Leilani A., and Gregory I. Holwell. "Natural history and ecology of the New Zealand sheet-web spiders Cambridgea plagiata and C. foliata (Araneae: Desidae)." Journal of Natural History 53, no. 19 (2019): 1153–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2019.1632951.

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Walker, Josephine E. McCambridgeı Leilani A., Holwell, Gregory I. (2019): Natural history and ecology of the New Zealand sheet-web spiders Cambridgea plagiata and C. foliata (Araneae: Desidae). Journal of Natural History 53 (19): 1153-1167, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1632951

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Toft, S. "Microhabitat identity of two species of sheet-web spiders: field experimental demonstration." Oecologia 72, no. 2 (1987): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379271.

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Walker, Leilani A., Cor J. Vink, Gregory I. Holwell, and Thomas R. Buckley. "A preliminary molecular phylogeny for New Zealand sheet-web spiders (Cambridgea) and comparison of web-building behaviour." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 47, no. 3 (2019): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2019.1672760.

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Kolenda, Krzysztof, Konrad Wiśniewski, Krzysztof Kujawa, Natalia Kuśmierek, Adrian Smolis, and Marcin Kadej. "Living in discarded containers: spiders explore a new niche created by littering in urban woodlands." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 6 (2021): 1637–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02160-4.

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AbstractIncreased urbanisation is leading to littering of the environment. However, some animals may adapt to live in such altered habitats. The aim of this study was to assess whether discarded containers can serve as a suitable microhabitat for spiders. The study was conducted in 10 woodland areas in the city of Wrocław, Poland. In September 2018, a total of 939 containers were collected, of which 33.5% contained evidence of spiders having resided therein: webs, dead or living spiders, exuviae or cocoons. A total of 22 species and several other taxa that could not be recognised so accurately were detected. The most common of these belonged to Linyphiidae and Theridiidae. Juveniles (N = 103) dominated over adults (N = 58), and females (N = 34) were more numerous than males (N = 24). In 15 containers, interspecies pairs were found. Among ecological guilds, sheet web spiders dominated (60%) followed by space web spiders (24%), ground hunters (9%), ambush hunters (3%), specialists (3%), and other hunters (2%). Spiders were significantly more often found in colourless (38.3%) and green (35.5%) than in brown bottles (25.2%). They were also more numerous in glass bottles for sweet drinks (50.0%) than in beer bottles (28.0%), and slightly more frequent than in glass vodka bottles (33.3%). Our study showed that discarded containers are fully exploitable microhabitats for spiders and are used by these animals for at least three different purposes: hunting, hiding and breeding, however the effect on their fitness remains unknown.

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Eberhard, William G. "New Types of Behavioral Manipulation of Host Spiders by a Parasitoid Wasp." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/950614.

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The larva of the parasitic waspZatypotasp. nr.solanoiinduces its host spidersAnelosimusspp. to modify its web in ways not seen in normal webs of this species or in any other species, providing apparent protection and support for the wasp's cocoon by covering the entire web with a protective sheet and adding a central platform and opening a space below in the enclosed tangle, where the larva suspends its cocoon. These modifications differ qualitatively from those induced by a congeneric wasp. Parasitized spiders appeared to adjust modified web construction behavior to local conditions, implying that larval manipulations may occur at higher rather than lower levels of behavioral control (e.g., eliciting overall design decisions, rather than particular motor patterns).

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Hedin, Marshal, Shahan Derkarabetian, Adan Alfaro, Martín J. Ramírez, and Jason E. Bond. "Phylogenomic analysis and revised classification of atypoid mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), with notes on arachnid ultraconserved element loci." PeerJ 7 (May 3, 2019): e6864. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6864.

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The atypoid mygalomorphs include spiders from three described families that build a diverse array of entrance web constructs, including funnel-and-sheet webs, purse webs, trapdoors, turrets and silken collars. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have generally supported the monophyly of Atypoidea, but prior studies have not sampled all relevant taxa. Here we generated a dataset of ultraconserved element loci for all described atypoid genera, including taxa (MecicobothriumandHexurella)key to understanding familial monophyly, divergence times, and patterns of entrance web evolution. We show that the conserved regions of the arachnid UCE probe set target exons, such that it should be possible to combine UCE and transcriptome datasets in arachnids. We also show that different UCE probes sometimes target the same protein, and under the matching parameters used here show that UCE alignments sometimes include non-orthologs. Using multiple curated phylogenomic matrices we recover a monophyletic Atypoidea, and reveal that the family Mecicobothriidae comprises four separate and divergent lineages. Fossil-calibrated divergence time analyses suggest ancient Triassic (or older) origins for several relictual atypoid lineages, with late Cretaceous/early Tertiary divergences within some genera indicating a high potential for cryptic species diversity. The ancestral entrance web construct for atypoids, and all mygalomorphs, is reconstructed as a funnel-and-sheet web.

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Krupa, James J., Kevin R. Hopper, Samuel B. Gruber, Jason M. Schmidt, and James D. Harwood. "Plant–animal interactions between carnivorous plants, sheet‐web spiders, and ground‐running spiders as guild predators in a wet meadow community." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 11 (2020): 4762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6230.

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Walker, Leilani A., and Gregory I. Holwell. "The role of exaggerated male chelicerae in male–male contests in New Zealand sheet-web spiders." Animal Behaviour 139 (May 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.02.020.

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Walker, Leilani A., and Gregory I. Holwell. "Bad tenants: female sheet-web spiders, Cambridgea foliata (Araneae: Desidae), lose feeding opportunities when cohabiting with males." Journal of Arachnology 46, no. 3 (2018): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/joa-s-17-077.1.

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MacDonald, F. H., G. P. Walker, N. J. Larsen, and A. R. Wallace. "Naturally occurring predators of Bactericera cockerelli in potatoes." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6583.

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In recent intensive sampling of insecticidefree potatoes at Pukekohe several insect predators and spiders have been found in association with the new pest Bactericera cockerelli tomatopotato psyllid (TPP) Micromus tasmaniae (brown lacewing) Melanostoma fasciatum (small hover fly) Coccinella undecimpunctata (11spotted ladybird) and sheet web spiders (Linyphiidae) were collected from potatoes at Pukekohe Research Station and reared in the laboratory to assess their potential as predators against TPP nymphs Individual predators were presented every 24 h to a maximum of 10 TPP nymphs of different instars ranging from 2nd to 4th instar depending on the size of the predator All predator species fed on TPP nymphs and all predatory life stages were capable of consuming more than five nymphs per day Ongoing studies with these species show that all predatory life stages of all predatory species feed on all life stages of TPP Together with separate data on predator incidence these results suggest that naturally occurring predators are likely to be important biological control agents of TPP particularly early in the season when TPP infestations are low

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sheet-web spider'

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