Academic literature on the topic 'Shell disease'
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Journal articles on the topic "Shell disease"
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Quinn, Robert A., Richard J. Cawthorn, Rachael L. Summerfield, Roxanna Smolowitz, and Andrei Y. Chistoserdov. "Bacterial communities associated with lesions of two forms of shell disease in the American lobster (Homarus americanus, Milne Edwards) from Atlantic Canada." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 6 (June 2013): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2012-0679.
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Shell disease is a major threat to the American lobster (Homarus americanus, Milne Edwards) fishery. Here we describe the composition of microbial communities associated with lesions of 2 forms of shell disease in Atlantic Canada, (i) a trauma shell disease (TSD) characterized by massive lesions and (ii) an enzootic shell disease (EnSD) characterized by irregularly shaped lesions with a distinct orange to yellow color. The microbiology of the lesions was described by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA amplified from scrapings of the shell lesions and was compared with communities of unaffected carapaces and previously described forms of shell diseases. Both TSD and EnSD lesions were dominated by members of Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteria, all commonly detected in other forms of shell disease; however, unique members of Epsilonproteobacteria were also present. Two Vibrio spp. and 2 Pseudoalteromonas spp. were dominant in lesions of TSD and a Tenacibaculum sp. and Tenacibaculum ovolyticum were dominant in lesions of EnSD. The TSD and EnSD in this study contained similar taxa as other shell disease forms; however, their microbiology is mostly different and neither resembles that of epizootic shell disease.
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Maya, Siti Maesunah Gilang, Raden Roro Fine Ayu Putri, Aisyah Sahara, Galuh Adhiyaksa Ashari, Abdurrahman Zaky, and Dimas Andrianto. "Comparison of Methods for Glucosamine Production from Achatina fulica Shells Waste." Current Biochemistry 4, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/cb.4.1.15-22.
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Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. This disease occurs when the joint feels painful due to mild inflammation that arises due to activity with the bone of end friction joints. Glucosamine has been proven to stimulate the production of cartilage and inhibit the enzyme that destroys cartilage. Glucosamine which was obtained from the hydrolysis of chitin occurs in a variety of animals such as the shell of crustacea, insects, arthropods, and the shell of molluscs (snail shells). There is a large snail population in Indonesia. Some restaurants and people make use by product snails as food sources. However, this process leaves snail shell as a by product. The high yield of glucosamine produced from snail shells use methods such as reflux+water bath and reflux+magnetic stirrer was 1.47%. Glucosamine hydrochloride was obtained through autoclave at 121 °C and pressure 1 atm for 70 minutes. The presence of chitin, chitosan, glucosamine was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. A joint pain ointment was prepared using glucosamine hydrochloride from snail shells concentration at 1 % w/w. Results of this research will be very useful for the reduction of agricultural pests while simultaneously generating a new product that can lift the economic value of snail shells.
Keywords: Chitin, Chitosan, Glucosamine, Osteoarthritis, Snail Shells
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Mosse, George L. "Shell-shock as a Social Disease." Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 1 (January 2000): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002200940003500109.
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Braojos, Cheyenne, Vanesa Benitez, Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz, Silvia Cañas, Yolanda Aguilera, Silvia M. Arribas, and Maria A. Martin-Cabrejas. "Evaluation of the Hypolipidemic Properties of Cocoa Shell after Simulated Digestion Using In Vitro Techniques and a Cell Culture Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-07669.
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Obesity is closely associated with the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the lack of proper pharmacological treatments for NAFLD, finding novel ingredients is necessary to reduce its incidence. Cocoa shell is a cocoa byproduct verified as a safe ingredient and a potential source of health-promoting compounds. Hence, this study’s main objective was to evaluate, after an in vitro simulated digestion, the hypolipidemic properties of the residual fraction of cocoa shell flour and the biological activity of the digested fractions of cocoa shell flour and extract in HepG2 cells. An in vitro static digestion (INFOGEST) of cocoa shell flour was used to establish the residual fraction’s capacity to bind cholesterol and bile salts and inhibit lipase. The results showed that digestion promoted the ability to bind cholesterol and bile salts of a residual fraction from a cocoa shell up to 65.2% and 90.5%. Moreover, digestion improved (1.6-fold, p < 0.05) the ability to inhibit lipase activity. The digested fractions of the flour and extract from the cocoa shell (50–250 µg/mL) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the accumulation of fat (17–42%), triglycerides (9–38%), and cholesterol (11–54%) in HepG2 cells after NAFLD induction with palmitic acid (500 µM). In conclusion, digestion positively impacted the hypolipidemic properties of cocoa shells in vitro and enhanced their biological activity in cell culture models. Since cocoa shells might be used as a safe, novel ingredient to prevent hyperlipidemia and regulate lipid metabolism, future animal and clinical investigations will be necessary to confirm the effects observed.
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Orriols, R., JL Aliaga, JM Anto, A. Ferrer, A. Hernandez, MJ Rodrigo, and F. Morell. "High prevalence of mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis in nacre factory workers." European Respiratory Journal 10, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10040780.
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Following the discovery of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by the inhalation of mollusc shell dust in two workers from a nacre-button factory, the health status of 26 workers employed in sawing mollusc shells was investigated. The evaluation included the administration of two questionnaires and radiological, functional and immunological assessments of all workers at the outset and 1 year later, when hygienic and therapeutic measures had been taken. Six workers, in whom specific inhalation challenge test was positive, were diagnosed with mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis, thus yielding a prevalence of 23%. Evidence of diffuse lung disease and systemic symptoms was found in these patients. Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity was also found more frequently in patients with mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) level and specific skin testing failed to differentiate patients with mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis from other exposed workers; whereas, nonspecific skin testing, which was impaired in the patients, did differentiate. Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy performed in patients with mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis were consistent with the disease. Removal from an environment containing mollusc shell dust was followed by regression of clinical, radiological and functional changes. The clinical picture of the 20 workers who did not present mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis remained unchanged, but functional decline was observed despite improvement in the environmental conditions of the factory. This report describes the first series of patients with mollusc shell hypersensitivity pneumonitis studied, and underlines the importance of careful follow-up of workers occupationally-exposed to mollusc shell dust.
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Raghukumar, C., and V. Lande. "Shell disease of rock oyster Crassostrea cucuilata." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 4 (1988): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao004077.
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Hokama, A., Y. Ihama, K. Kishimoto, F. Kinjo, and J. Fujita. "Gastrointestinal: The shell sign of Crohn's disease." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 23, no. 1 (December 13, 2007): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05257.x.
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Li, Rui, Yue Pan, Di Chen, Xiangyu Xu, Guangrong Yan, and Tianyuan Fan. "Design, Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Core–Shell Fused Deposition Modelling 3D-Printed Verapamil Hydrochloride Pulsatile Tablets." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020437.
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The aim of the study was to investigate core–shell pulsatile tablets by combining the advantages of FDM 3D printing and traditional pharmaceutical technology, which are suitable for a patient’s individual medication and chronopathology. The tablets were designed and prepared with the commercial verapamil hydrochloride tablets as core inside and the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printed shell outside. Filaments composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) and used for fabrication of the shell. Seven types of printed shells were designed for the tablets by adjusting the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. A series of evaluations were then performed on the 3D-printed core–shell tablets, including the morphology, weight, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), in vitro drug release and CT imaging. The results showed that the tablets prepared by FDM 3D printing appeared intact without any defects. All the excipients of the tablet shells were thermally stable during the extruding and printing process. The weight, hardness and in vitro drug release of the tablets were affected by the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. The pulsatile tablets achieved personalized lag time ranging from 4 h to 8 h in the drug release test in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8). Therefore, the 3D-printed core–shell pulsatile tablets in this study presented good potential in personalized administration, thereby improving the therapeutic effects of the drug for circadian rhythm disease.
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Caill-Milly, Nathalie, Noëlle Bru, Kélig Mahé, Catherine Borie, and Frank D'Amico. "Shell Shape Analysis and Spatial Allometry Patterns of Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in a Mesotidal Coastal Lagoon." Journal of Marine Biology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/281206.
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While gradual allometric changes of shells are intrinsically driven by genotype, morphometrical shifts can also be modulated by local environmental conditions. Consequently the common use of a unique dimension (usually length) to assess bivalves’ growth may mask phenotypic differences in valve shape among populations. A morphometric exhaustive study was conducted on Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum, by acquiring data in the French Arcachon Bay (intrasite phenotypic variability) and by comparing with other sites in the literature (intersite phenotypic variability). 2070 shells were subsampled, weighted, and automatically measured using TNPC software. Some ratios’ values indicate a relatively round and globular shape shell in comparison with other sites confirming poor conditions for some individuals. Among adult clams, three main morphological groups were identified and discussed according to spatial considerations. Allometric relations for pairs of shell descriptors were determined by testing classical linear and piecewise regression models on log-transformed relation of Huxley. A significant shape change correlated to size was observed; it corresponds to the second year of life of the clam. Relationships between density, disease, and shell shape are demonstrated and discussed related to other potential factors affecting shell shape. Finally, consequences on population regulation are addressed.
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Tlusty, Michael F., Anita Kim, and Kathleen M. Castro. "Modeling shell disease in American lobster (Homarus americanus) as individual-based health trajectories." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 6 (June 2014): 808–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0373.
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The emergence of epizootic shell disease in American lobsters (Homarus americanus) has presented many new challenges to understanding the interface between disease and the management of the lobster fishery. While a variety of the potentially causative and correlative factors for shell disease have been explored, a clear etiological agent remains elusive. The recency of this disease and the lack of identifiable causal agents have hindered the development of conceptual models that can yield testable predictions. Here, a model originally developed for human–parasite interactions was applied to lobster shell disease as a means to unify the broad experimental and field observations. The model is a graphical means to understand the onset and severity of shell disease and is a function of the length of the molt cycle and the rate of the decrease of health both before and after lesion formation as a function of bacterial abundance and pathogenicity. The model also accounts for shell hardening and passive and active portals of entry for the bacteria. The timing for a conceptual understanding of the epidemiology of shell disease is critical because its prevalence is increasing in key fishing areas. Ideally, such a model will help researchers create hypothesis-driven predictive experiments from which we can further our understanding of an important disease to a critical member of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shell disease"
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Vogan, C. L. "Studies on shell disease in the edible crab, Cancer pagurus." Thesis, Swansea University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639315.
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The current study investigates the levels of shell disease in Cancer pagurus from various sites on the Gower Peninsula. Generally, it was found that (i) male crabs displayed higher levels of the disease then females, (ii) the proportion of lesioned carapace increased with crab size, (iii) exoskeletal areas subjected to abrasion were most commonly infected and (iv) male crabs from Rhossili were less severely affected than their Langland counterparts. The observed sexual differences in shell disease were attributed largely to behavioural difference whereas, regional (site) differences were explained by variations in substratum type and chitinolytic bacterial populations. Histologically, diseased crabs showed indications of systemic bacterial infections. The thin cuticular lining over the gills appeared to be particularly vulnerable to microbial degradation and penetration. Extensive hepatopancreatic atrophy in severely diseased crabs suggested shell disease is a significant source of crab mortality. Chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from both lesioned and non-lesioned areas of crab exoskeleton. Nine isolates (I1-I9) were partially identified and used for future investigations into the causative agents of the disease. In liquid culture, their extracellular chitinase production/activity was found to vary with chitinous substrate, with C. pagurus shell pieces found to be the strongest inducers of chitinase activity. Zinc and mercury were found to inhibit chitinase activity, whilst iron and copper had the potential to enhance activity. Injections of the bacterial isolates (I4 and I7) into healthy crabs, revealed differential pathogenicities suggesting that shell disease mortalities are highly dependent on the virulence of the exoskeletal penetrator.
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Mini, Sixolile. "Silica Coated Core-Shell Quantum Dot-based Electro-Immunosensor for Interferon Gamma TB Disease Biomarker." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7597.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScTuberculosis (TB) is a disease that results from infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is regarded the most common infecting organism. TB has killed countless numbers of people particularly in underdeveloped countries. TB bacteria can remain inactive or in dormant state for years without causing symptoms or spreading to other subjects, but as soon as the immune system of the host becomes weakened, the bacteria become active and infect mainly the lungs along with other parts of body. TB cases are further aggravated by other illnesses that affect the immune system, such as human immune virus (HIV), which is very prevalent in resource-poor countries. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a TB biomarker that has found to have all the qualities that are needed to help and cure Tuberculosis disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential measures for effectively controlling the disease. Traditional microbial culture-based tests are the most common methodologies currently used. Usually, these methods involve cell culture, cell counts, and cell enrichment, but this process is time-consuming and laborious, especially for the slow-growing bacteria like M. tuberculosis. Sputum smear is one of the methods currently used to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) in clinical specimens or fluorescent staining. It is a cost-effective tool for diagnosing patients with TB and to monitor the progress of treatment especially in developing countries. The traditional method of inoculating solid medium such as Lowerstein-Jensen (L-J) or 7H10/7H11 media is also used currently it is slow and takes 6-8 weeks of incubation to diagnose the infection and further more time to determine the susceptibility patterns. The microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay they are also used currently they rely on light microscopy to visualize the characteristic cording morphology of M. tuberculosis in liquid culture. MODS has shorter time to culture positivity (average 8 days) compared with LJ medium (average ~26 days), they are very expensive. The Gen-Probe assay specific for M. tuberculosis complex is a rapid detection that is also used, nucleic acid amplification (NAA) test results can be obtained as fast as in two hours (provided if a positive culture is present); it also has a high sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 99.2%. It holds the disadvantage of needing of positive culture that can take several days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is a test that uses antibodies and colour change to identify a substance. ELISA is an assay that uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a substance, usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or wet sample. It can be used to detection of Mycobacterium antibodies in tuberculosis. The Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (AMTDT) is used for the detection of M. tuberculosis it enables the amplification and detection of M. tuberculosis rRNA directly from respiratory specimens. The diagnostic methods employing genetechnology based on the amplification of DNA or RNA are expected to improve the speed, sensitivity, and specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. TB rapid cultivation detection technique, such as MB/BacT system, BactecMGIT 960 system and flow cytometry. The BACTEC MGIT960 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) performs incubation and reading of the tubes continuously inside the machine using a predefined algorithm to interpret the fluorescent signal and giving the results as positive or negative. When performing DST, the BACTEC MGIT960 interprets the results as susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic under study. Results are available within 8 days. A recent meta-analysis of the published studies found high accuracy and high predictive values associated with the use of BACTEC MGIT960. These methods are more sensitive and rapid than the traditional microbial culture-based methods. However, they cannot provide the detection results in real-time and most of these methods are centralized in large stationary laboratories because complex instrumentation and highly qualified technical staff are required. Recently, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two new assays that were introduced. These two assays detect in vitro a specific immune response to M. tuberculosis. These tests are the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (Cellestis/Qiagen, Carnegie, Australia) and the T-SPOT.TB assay (Oxford Immunotec, Abingdon, United Kingdom). Both assays use whole blood from the patient and measure the production of interferon gamma after the whole blood is exposed to specific antigens from M. tuberculosis. These tests are based on the knowledge that IFN-γ is a product of an active cell-mediated immune response induced by M. tuberculosis. However, TB detection remains a major obstacle due to several drawbacks of these methods. To date, the number of diagnosis approaches for TB has increased as the disease continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and most conventional detection technologies present difficulties in recognizing the presence of M. tuberculosis, since they are time consuming, do not provide clinically reliable results and significantly lack of sensitivity. This thesis focusedon developing two binary and one ternary-electrochemically quantum dots, all synthesised at room temperature in aqueous media for detecting (IFN-γ). Copper telluride (CuTe) and Zinc telluride (ZnTe) was prepared to check how does the two quantum dot behave individual and also to check on how they behave when they are combined and formed ternary quantum dots (CuZnTe). The electrochemical studies of the binary CuTe quantum dots, ZnTe quantum dots and the ternary CuZnTe core-shell quantum dots reveal that ternary quantum dots were stable and showed a significant enhancement in the conductivity of CuZnTe core-shell solution compared to that of CuTe and ZnTe, all studied in solution. The three different quantum dots were capped with three different capping reagents which are tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), thioglycolic acid (TGA), (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPS). In the study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was prepared for the first time using ternary quantum dots. The biosensor consists of water-soluble silica coated Copper Zinc telluride (CuZnTe core-shell) quantum dots conjugated to a gold electrode. The antibody-antigen were then conjugated on the CuZnTe core-shell QD modified gold electrode. Results from synthesis of two different binary quantum dots are also presented in the study and compared to the results of the CuZnTe core-shell QDs. The CuTe quantum dots had a small average size which was confirmed through HRTEM, SAXS and XRD analysis
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Costa-Ramos, C. "Studies on the pathogenicity of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from shell disease infected edible crabs, Cancer pagurus." Thesis, Swansea University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636300.
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Bacterial shell disease syndrome, which is characterised by the appearance of black spot lesions on the carapace of affected crustacean species, has been found to affect wild populations of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus, in the Gower region, in South Wales. A previous study isolated nine bacterial isolates (11-19) from lesions of diseased edible crabs. The current study further characterises these isolates and possible modes of action. Pathogenicity studies were performed for all isolates by injection into disease-free crabs and from the initial screening of the nine isolates, two (14 and 17) were studied in further detail due to their high pathogenicity towards edible crabs. These isolates were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (14) and Pseudoalteromonas atlantica (17). Both caused high mortalities upon injection but with distinct modes of action. S. maltophilia appeared to kill crabs by septicaemia, with bacteria being rapidly removed from the haemocoel, only to reappear close to time of death. Studies with P. atlantica showed that this isolate caused crab mortality as a result of the action of toxic extracellular products (ECP). When injected into crabs these were found to produce the same symptoms as live bacteria (e.g. limb tremors followed by paralysis). Due to the nature of the symptoms, which suggested a neurotoxic action, and due to the heat-stability that the ECP showed, LPS was isolated from live P. atlantica bacteria and from ECP. Such preparations when injected into crabs caused high mortalities and similar symptoms as observed following the challenge with live bacteria or ECP. Overall it was concluded that the main virulence factor of P. atlantica for edible crabs is LPS either alone or in combination with other heat-stable factors. Despite these studies, the potential synergistic roles of these and other bacterial isolates in shell disease syndrome is unresolved.
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Krämer, Philipp Verfasser], Gabriele [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gerlach, Meinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Simon, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Albach. "The effect of climate change on marine brachyurans and the implication of shell disease / Philipp Krämer. Betreuer: Gabriele Gerlach ; Meinhard Simon ; Dirk Albach." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080298207/34.
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Krämer, Philipp Verfasser], Gabriele [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gerlach, Meinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Simon, and Dirk Carl [Akademischer Betreuer] Albach. "The effect of climate change on marine brachyurans and the implication of shell disease / Philipp Krämer. Betreuer: Gabriele Gerlach ; Meinhard Simon ; Dirk Albach." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:715-oops-26469.
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Kaye, Julie. "A Preliminary Analysis of the Sediment Quality Triad, Lobster Homogenate Data and the Effects of Metal Contamination on Epizootic Shell Disease in the Gulf of Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KayeJ2007.pdf.
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Wai, Chi-wan, and 衛至韻. "Development of shell vial culture assay for the rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses using the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo2) cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193551.
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Background: Respiratory diseases are common worldwide, which are caused by various respiratory viruses. As symptoms caused by these viruses are similar, laboratory diagnosis is essential to distinguish the virus. Conventionally, respiratory viruses are isolated by cell culture with a panel of cell lines. However, handling of several cell lines is labour intensive, and the turnaround time of conventional culture is long. In previous study, the use of human colon adeno-carcinoma (Caco-2) in conventional culture was investigated. The study has proven that Caco-2 is generally susceptible to the eight common respiratory viruses, i.e. Adenovirus, Influenza A and B, Respiratory Syncytial virus, Parainfluenza virus 1, 2,3 and 4. As turnaround time of conventional culture is long; therefore, in this study, rapid shell vial culture using Caco-2 cells were evaluated. Moreover, the application of Caco-2 shell vial culture on recovering human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was also investigated.
Materials and methods: This study consisted of four stages. First, recovery of viruses by conventional culture and shell vial culture of Caco-2 were compared. Specimens were added to conventional culture and shell vial simultaneously. For conventional culture, formation of CPE was examined daily and IF staining was performed when CPE was indicated; meanwhile, shell vial culture were incubated for seven days and stained with IF to detect infected cells. In stage two, the effect of incubating shell vial culture in rolling drum was investigated. Shell vials inoculated with the same specimen in duplicate were incubated in rolling drum and without rolling drum simultaneously. IF staining was performed in day 2, and results were obtained. For those which are IF negative in day 2, second shell vial was further incubated to seven days before harvest. In the next stage, a large batch of samples was used to evaluate on the use of Caco-2 shell vial culture in day 2 and day 7. Lastly, Caco-2 shell vial and conventional culture and LLC-MK2 conventional culture were tested for isolation of hMPV.
Results: Compared to Caco-2 conventional culture, recovery rate of shell vial culture was elevated slightly. When experimenting on the effect of incubation in rolling drum, results showed that recovery rate was raised in shell vial with rolling drum in day 2, moreover, the percentage of positive cells were increased significantly (p value < 0.05). Furthermore, in the evaluation of Caco-2 shell vial in day 2 and day 7, 75% of samples were isolated in day 2 while 85% were recovered in day 7. Lastly, in the investigation on recovery of hMPV, 53%, 42% and 17% hMPV positive cases were isolated by Caco-2 shell vial, Caco-2 conventional culture and LLC-MK2 conventional culture respectively.
Conclusion: First, although recovery rate by shell vial and conventional culture were similar, turnaround time was reduced from a week to a few days by shell vial culture. Therefore, Caco-2 shell vial culture is a more efficient than Caco-2 conventional culture in isolating respiratory viruses. The study also showed that incubation of shell vial in rolling drum able to increase the number of positive cells. Furthermore, in this study, Caco-2 cells were also shown to be more efficient in isolating hMPV when compare to LLC-MK2 cells.published_or_final_version
Microbiology
Master
Master of Medical Sciences
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Grama, Charitra Nagesh. "Investigations on scale up and shelf-stability of curcumin encapsulated polymer nanoparticles for treating inflammatory and vascular diseases." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20825.
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Curcumin, a natural spice of Indian origin is the active principle present in the yellow spice turmeric. However, this molecule is under-utilized due to its poor peroral bioavailability. Very recently, we have demonstrated that encapsulation of curcumin in biodegradable nanoparticles improve oral bioavailability of curcumin. This study reports scale-up and shelf-stability of curcumin encapsulated poly (lactic acid-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (nCUR). The nCUR were prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation/diffusion method and by varying the process parameters such as homogenisation duration we could successfully prepare large quantities nCUR. The particle size decreased as the homogenisation duration increased from 5 min to 30 min and the particles were spherical. The particle characteristics of large scale preparation (particle size 288.7 ± 3.4 nm and curcumin entrapment efficiency of 52.5 ± 4.3%) were similar to those obtained by lab-scale preparation. The freeze dried nCUR were subjected to six-month ICH shelf-stability conditions suitable for room temperature and refrigerated storage. The nCUR were found to retain the stability over test period as determined by particle characteristics and curcumin integrity using AFM, zeta sizer and XRD analysis. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit various pharmacological actions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic activities. Therefore, attempts were made to evaluate the potential of nCUR in models of diabetic cataract, stroke and cancer. In diabetic cataract model, oral administration of 2 mg/day nCUR was significantly more effective than curcumin in delaying cataract progression independent of its glucose lowering ability but with significant effect on aldose reductase pathway reducing sorbitol levels and osmotic pressure. The nCUR was found to be very effective in acute ischemic stroke and the activity was mediated via prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation and MMPs over expression. However, nCUR was not as effective as reported in the literature in ovarian cancer xenograft, but a slight reduction towards 18-19 days post implantion but was not significant. On the other hand, nCUR was ineffective in B16 F0 orthotopic xenograft lung tumour model. Together, this data indicate the potential of curcumin in treating a variety of diseases and nCUR was superior due to its ability to improve peroral bioavailability.
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Parente, Hilca Maria de Azevedo. "Prevalence of helicobacter pylori and cagA shells in carriers of intestinal inflammatory disease taken at Walter CantÃdio University hospital in Fortaleza-CE." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19420.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorVÃrios trabalhos tÃm investigado o possÃvel papel protetor da infecÃÃo pelo H. pylori na doenÃa inflamatÃria intestinal (DoenÃa de Crohn e Retocolite ulcerativa), contudo os resultados sÃo controversos. Esse estudo prospectivo, transversal e de carÃter observacional foi realizado entre agosto/2014 e novembro/2016, teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalÃncia do H. pylori e do gene de virulÃncia cagA, nos pacientes portadores de DII e em controles atendidos no ambulatÃrio de Gastrenterologia do Hospital UniversitÃrio da Universidade Federal do Cearà - Fortaleza. Foram analisados 182 pacientes, sendo 41 pacientes com DII nos quais 31,7% (13/41) eram homens e 68,3% (28/41) eram mulheres com idade variando entre 18-72 anos e com 39,84  14,76 (mÃdia  SD) anos; e 141 pacientes dispÃpticos nÃo portadores de DII sendo 39,9% (55/141) homens e 60,1% (86/141) mulheres com idade variando entre 18-70 anos e com 40,1Â14,20 (mÃdiaÂSD) anos, pareados para a idade, os quais assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA), sendo coletadas biÃpsias (antro, corpo e incisura). A detecÃÃo de H. pylori foi feita por meio do teste da urease, da anÃlise histolÃgica e da ReaÃÃo em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) para o gene ureA. AlÃm disso foi realizado PCR para o gene de virulÃncia cagA. Dos 41 pacientes com DII, 36,5% (15/41) eram portadores da DoenÃa de Crohn e 63,5% (26/41) Retocolite ulcerativa. Sobre os achados endoscÃpicos, os pacientes com DII apresentaram erosÃo gÃstrica em 41,5% (17/41), associada a pangastrite crÃnica encontrada em 64,3,% (9/14) dos pacientes com DoenÃa de Crohn; e 56,5% (13/23) nos pacientes com Retocolite ulcerativa, a inflamaÃÃo ativa e leve foram os achados histopatolÃgicos mais encontrados sendo visualizados em 71,4% (10/14) e 73,9% (17/23); 64,3% (9/14) e 56,5% (13/23) na DoenÃa de Crohn e Retocolite Ulcerativa respectivamente. A bactÃria foi encontrada em 73,2% (30/41) no grupo DII, no grupo controle essa prevalÃncia foi de 75,1% (106/141). Entre os grupos DC e RCU as prevalÃncias do H. pylori foram de 73,3% (11/15) e 73,1% (19/26) respectivamente. O gene cagA foi positivo em 43,9% (15/26) do grupo DII e em 76,3% (80/103) do controle, (p=0.038). A prevalÃncia de H. pylori nos pacientes portadores de DII e controles foi similiar. As cepas cagA foram significantemente menos prevalentes nos pacientes com DII.
VÃrios trabalhos tÃm investigado o possÃvel papel protetor da infecÃÃo pelo H. pylori na doenÃa inflamatÃria intestinal (DoenÃa de Crohn e Retocolite ulcerativa), contudo os resultados sÃo controversos. Esse estudo prospectivo, transversal e de carÃter observacional foi realizado entre agosto/2014 e novembro/2016, teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalÃncia do H. pylori e do gene de virulÃncia cagA, nos pacientes portadores de DII e em controles atendidos no ambulatÃrio de Gastrenterologia do Hospital UniversitÃrio da Universidade Federal do Cearà - Fortaleza. Foram analisados 182 pacientes, sendo 41 pacientes com DII nos quais 31,7% (13/41) eram homens e 68,3% (28/41) eram mulheres com idade variando entre 18-72 anos e com 39,84  14,76 (mÃdia  SD) anos; e 141 pacientes dispÃpticos nÃo portadores de DII sendo 39,9% (55/141) homens e 60,1% (86/141) mulheres com idade variando entre 18-70 anos e com 40,1Â14,20 (mÃdiaÂSD) anos, pareados para a idade, os quais assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA), sendo coletadas biÃpsias (antro, corpo e incisura). A detecÃÃo de H. pylori foi feita por meio do teste da urease, da anÃlise histolÃgica e da ReaÃÃo em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) para o gene ureA. AlÃm disso foi realizado PCR para o gene de virulÃncia cagA. Dos 41 pacientes com DII, 36,5% (15/41) eram portadores da DoenÃa de Crohn e 63,5% (26/41) Retocolite ulcerativa. Sobre os achados endoscÃpicos, os pacientes com DII apresentaram erosÃo gÃstrica em 41,5% (17/41), associada a pangastrite crÃnica encontrada em 64,3,% (9/14) dos pacientes com DoenÃa de Crohn; e 56,5% (13/23) nos pacientes com Retocolite ulcerativa, a inflamaÃÃo ativa e leve foram os achados histopatolÃgicos mais encontrados sendo visualizados em 71,4% (10/14) e 73,9% (17/23); 64,3% (9/14) e 56,5% (13/23) na DoenÃa de Crohn e Retocolite Ulcerativa respectivamente. A bactÃria foi encontrada em 73,2% (30/41) no grupo DII, no grupo controle essa prevalÃncia foi de 75,1% (106/141). Entre os grupos DC e RCU as prevalÃncias do H. pylori foram de 73,3% (11/15) e 73,1% (19/26) respectivamente. O gene cagA foi positivo em 43,9% (15/26) do grupo DII e em 76,3% (80/103) do controle, (p=0.038). A prevalÃncia de H. pylori nos pacientes portadores de DII e controles foi similiar. As cepas cagA foram significantemente menos prevalentes nos pacientes com DII.
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Vasquez, Orejarena Eva G. "Development of a Functional Shelf Stable High Protein Dairy Beverage with Oat-beta-glucan." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468632216.
Full textBooks on the topic "Shell disease"
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State of lobster science (2005 Boston). Proceedings of a workshop "State of lobster science: lobster shell disease -- assessing research priorities for understanding how lobster biology and health issues impact productivity" held March 12-13, 2005 at the University of Massachusetts Boston, USA. Edited by Tlusty Michael F, New England Aquarium (Boston, Mass.), University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Policy Center for Marine Biosciences and Technology., Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass.), Darden Restaurants (Firm), New England Biolabs, and Legal Sea Foods (Restaurant). Boston, Mass: New England Aquarium, 2005.
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Shoshan, ʻInbar. Li-ḥeyot ʻim tiḳṿah: Sipur hatsalat ḥayeha shel ha-peʻuṭah Batʼel Shoshan. Yerushalayim: [ḥ. mo. l.], 1991.
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Gal, Naomi. ʻAd maṿet: Sipurah shel naśaʼit Aids. Tel Aviv: Yediʻot aḥaronot, 1994.
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Ḳamti ṿe-nafalti ṿe-ḳamti shuv: Madrikh maḳif le-nifgeʻe eruʻa moḥi u-vene mishpeḥotehem : sipuram ha-meshutaf shel meshuḳam ṿeha-meshaḳmim ha-miḳtsoʻiyim. Raʻananah: Hekhṿen sherutim kalkaliyim, 2007.
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Atlas, Michel. Matai kevar tamtsiʼu makhshir aḥer?: Monolog shel gineḳolog. Tel-Aviv: Yaron Golan, 2004.
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Thomas, Dafydd. Neurology-- what shall I do? 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworths Heinemann, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Shell disease"
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Hornemann, Thorsten. "Lipidomics in Biomarker Research." In Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, 493–510. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2021_517.
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AbstractLipids are natural substances found in all living organisms and involved in many biological functions. Imbalances in the lipid metabolism are linked to various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Lipids comprise thousands of chemically distinct species making them a challenge to analyze because of their great structural diversity.Thanks to the technological improvements in the fields of chromatography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics over the last years, it is now possible to perform global lipidomics analyses, allowing the concomitant detection, identification, and relative quantification of hundreds of lipid species. This review shall provide an insight into a general lipidomics workflow and its application in metabolic biomarker research.
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Depil, Stephane, and Waseem Qasim. "Off-the-Shelf Allogeneic CAR-T Cells or Other Immune Effector Cells." In The EBMT/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook, 51–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94353-0_9.
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Abstract“Off-the-shelf” allogeneic CAR TCRab T cells and other immune effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) or gamma delta (gd) T cells, can be premanufactured from healthy donors and may offer alternatives to autologous strategies. However, major barriers, namely HLA disparity resulting in graft versus host disease (GvHD) and host-mediated rejection, must be addressed.
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Singh, Akanksha, and Rakesh Pandey. "Management of Diseases of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Using High Shelf Life Formulation of Trichoderma." In Soil Biology, 181–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54758-5_8.
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Panneerselvam, A., and R. Saravanamuthu. "Studies on the Saprophytic Survival and Suppression of Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld, Helminthosporium oryzae Breda De Haan and Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & D. Hawksw., Causing Diseases in Paddy." In Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management, 297–323. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_20.
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"Shell Disease." In Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery, 275–79. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118656372.ch32.
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Chong, Roger Sie-Maen. "Chitinolytic shell disease." In Aquaculture Pathophysiology, 167–72. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95434-1.00021-8.
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Chong, Roger Sie-Maen. "Lobster epizootic shell disease." In Aquaculture Pathophysiology, 337–44. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95434-1.00051-6.
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Rowley, Andrew F. "Bacterial diseases of crustaceans." In Invertebrate Pathology, 400–435. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853756.003.0015.
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Crustaceans are a large group of arthropods with over 67,000 known species that inhabit a wide range of habitats including freshwater, estuarine and sea water. This chapter reviews the main diseases of crustaceans caused bacteria. Many species of bacteria are pathogens of these animals but vibrios are the main group of pathogens. In particular, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains are major pathogens of shrimp and other crustaceans. Strains of this bacterium that exhibit the production of a binary cytotoxin cause a condition called acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Other bacteria including rickettsia, Wolbachia, Rickettsiella, Aquirickettsiella, Aerococcus viridans, and Spiroplasma spp. also cause disease. Finally, shell disease syndrome is a disease of many crustaceans where the integument is eroded by a community of bacteria arising from dysbiosis in the normal members of the integumentary microbiome. One form of the disease, epizootic shell disease, is an important disease of lobsters (Homarus americanus) in the USA. Treatment and control strategies for disease limitation are described.
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Meres, Norman J. "Surface Biofilm Interactions in Epizootic Shell Disease of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)." In Microbial Biofilms - Importance and Applications. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63498.
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Chong, Roger Sie-Maen. "Crustacean shell diseases." In Aquaculture Pathophysiology, 329–36. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-95434-1.00050-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Shell disease"
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Muñoz, Hector E., Jianhua Yao, Joseph E. Burns, and Ronald M. Summers. "Detection of vertebral degenerative disc disease based on cortical shell unwrapping." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Carol L. Novak and Stephen Aylward. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2008063.
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Hollund, Bjørg Eli, Jorunn Kirkeleit, Cecilie Svanes, Morten Langeland, and Randi Bertelsen. "0358 Rhinitis symptoms and immunological response after occupational exposure to shrimp shell powder." In Eliminating Occupational Disease: Translating Research into Action, EPICOH 2017, EPICOH 2017, 28–31 August 2017, Edinburgh, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104636.293.
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Ayyalasomayajula, Avinash, and Jonathan Vande Geest. "Determining Heterogeneity in the Scleral Shell Using an Inverse Mechanics Approach." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14747.
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One of the important events leading to loss of vision in primary open-angle glaucoma — the 2 nd leading cause of blindness in the US [1] — is the death of retinal ganglion cells. Previous research has established a strong correlation between elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and the incidence of glaucoma [2]. Stiffening of ocular tissues (like sclera) and axonal damage in the optic nerve head (ONH) were found to occur in response to elevated IOPs [3, 4]. As such, the biomechanical environment in and around the ONH, which is surrounded by the sclera and through which the visual information exits the eye, could be important in the incidence of this disease. Additionally, race and ethnicity factors were found to affect the incidence of glaucoma [5].
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Yan, Dongmei, and Jonathan P. Vande Geest. "Microstructural Alterations in the Human Sclera: Do Age and Race Matter?" In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206668.
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Glaucoma, an ocular disease resulting from a loss of retinal ganglion cell function, is the second leading cause of blindness in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Approximately 120,000 are blind from glaucoma, accounting for 9% to 12% of all cases of blindness in the U.S. Earlier studies have suggested that mechanical forces play a critical role in the progression of glaucoma [1–3]. Sigal, Flanagan, et al. studied the influence of varied factors including geometric features and material properties using both generic and individual-specified optic nerve head (ONH) models developed in their work, and they demonstrated that scleral mechanical properties had by far the largest influence in the ONH biomechanical environment (ONH strain) [4–8]. Downs, Burgoyne, et al. defined the effects of the scleral shell and collagen fiber orientation through the examination of displacement [9]. The above studies show that the ONH mechanical properties depend strongly on the microstructure in the scleral shell.
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Coudrillier, Baptiste, Kristin M. Myers, and Thao D. Nguyen. "The Biomechanical Response of Normal and Glaucoma Human Sclera." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19354.
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By 2010, 60 million people will have glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide [1]. The disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. It is well know that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor in the damage to the RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ocular connective tissue and how it affects cellular function is not well characterized. The cornea and the sclera are collage-rich structures that comprise the outer load-bearing shell of the eye. Their preferentially aligned collagen lamellae provide mechanical strength to resist ocular expansion. Previous uniaxial tension studies suggest that altered viscoelastic material properties of the eye wall play a role in glaucomatous damage [6].
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Fazio, Massimo A., Luigi Bruno, Rafael Grytz, and J. Crawford Downs. "Analysis of Experimental IOP-Induced Scleral Deformations at the Sub-Micrometer Scale Using Electronic Speckle Interferometry." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53633.
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The retinal ganglion cell axons carry visual information, and pass through the optic nerve head (ONH) as they traverse from inside the eye to the brain. The ONH is the site of axonal damage in glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness in the world, and ONH biomechanics is hypothesized to play a crucial role in the development and progression of the disease. The load bearing tissues of the ONH insert into the surrounding sclera, which provides the boundary conditions for this important structure. It is therefore important to develop accurate experimental techniques to measure scleral shell deformations under intraocular pressure (IOP) loading that can be used to drive constitutive and computational models of scleral biomechanics. The overall goal of this project is to better understand the role of ocular biomechanics in the development of glaucoma by constructing eye-specific finite element models of the posterior pole and ONH.
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Montana, Fajar Daniswara, Yuni Setyaningsih, and Fajriati Zulfa. "Effectiveness of Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Seed Extract on the Growth of in Vitro Malassezia Furfur." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.01.
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ABSTRACT Background: Pityriasis versicolor or Tinea versicolor is a skin disease caused by the Malassezia furfur which is often found in Indonesia. People can use anti-fungal drugs to treat this disease. However, long-term use of anti-fungal drugs is relatively more expensive and can have side effects for its users. Cocoa bean husk contains flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids which have anti-fungal effects. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effectiveness of the cocoa bean husk extract on the growth of M. furfur. Subjects and Methods: This was an experimental study using cocoa bean husk extract with a concentration variance of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, with a positive control for ketoconazole 2% and a negative control using distilled water. The test was carried out by the well diffusion method using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media. The inhibition of fungal growth was calculated by looking at the clear zone formed after 48 hours. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Post hoc Mann Whitney statistical tests. Results: The mean diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was 3.42 mm, 4.07 mm, 4.9 mm, and 7.3 mm, respectively, and it was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Cocoa bean husk extract has weak anti-fungal effectiveness at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%, while at 100% it has moderate effectiveness. Keywords: antifungal, Pityriasis versicolor, cocoa bean shell, well diffusion, Malassezia furfur Correspondence: Yuni Setyaningsih. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.01
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Liu, X. Sherry, Aaron J. Fields, Tony M. Keaveny, Elizabeth Shane, and X. Edward Guo. "µCT/HR-pQCT Image Based Plate-Rod Microstructural Finite Element Model Efficiently Predicts the Elastic Moduli and Yield Strength of Human Trabecular Bone." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19158.
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Osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by low bone mass and architectural deterioration, which affects primarily the trabecular sites and causes millions of fractures. High-resolution image voxel-based finite element (FE) models with the detailed 3D microstructure have been widely utilized to assess the mechanical properties of trabecular bone [1, 2]. However, the very large size of the voxel-based FE model, in general, limits its application to linear elastic cases. Despite the great potential it has shown in studying trabecular bone failure, iterative nonlinear analysis is still hard to be performed efficiently. Therefore, there is an apparent need for an alternative approach, which maintains the advantages of the voxel-based FE models in capturing details of trabecular microstructure, while allowing faster computation. Based on the individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS) technique [3], a specimen-specific plate-rod (P-R) microstructural FE model was developed by substituting the individual beam/shell element for 3D volume of trabecular plate/rod of μCT images of trabecular bone (21 μm resolution) (Fig. 1). The first goal of this study is to validate both linear and nonlinear predictions based on the P-R models for in vitro μCT images of human trabecular bone samples. The prediction accuracy and computational speed of the P-R model were examined by comparing with those of the voxel-based FE model.
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Norman, Richard E., Ian A. Sigal, Sophie M. K. Rausch, Inka Tertinegg, Armin Eilaghi, Sharon Portnoy, John G. Sled, John G. Flanagan, and C. Ross Ethier. "Mechanics of Individual-Specific Corneoscleral Shell Models." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192576.
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Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving a progressive optic neuropathy of unknown etiology. It is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. It has been postulated that glaucomatous optic neuropathy may result from mechanical stresses on the optic nerve fibers passing through the lamina cribrosa (LC), from ischemia in the LC region, or from a combination of these two.
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Higgins, Kathryn B., Robert D. Harten, Noshir A. Langrana, and Alberto M. Cuitino. "Biomechanics of Vertebroplasty." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32635.
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Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. It affects 15–20 million women in the United States. Fractures of the vertebrae, wrist and hip are the most common. [1] In the spine, osteoporosis greatly affects the bone mass of the vertebral bodies (VB), the primary structures for transmitting loads in the spine. The VB is comprised of a shell of dense bone surrounding a more porous bony tissue called trabecular bone. Trabecular bone is a lattice-like network of trabeculae in the shape of plates or rods, depending on orientation and one’s age. When the weakened trabecular structure experiences a loss of height, acute back pain, spinal cord compression, and overall loss of mobility can ensue. A single fracture creates a region of high stress in the trabecular network, often leading to more fractures. In almost 20% of the cases one fracture in a VB may result in a secondary fracture within a one year period. [2] Many fractures go unnoticed. The high occurrence, frequent uncertainty of fracture, and gravity of subsequent injury indicate a need to improve the strength of osteoporotic vertebrae before damage can occur. It may be desirable to treat weakened bone prior to fracture. One candidate for prevention that is investigated in this study is vertebroplasty. Currently, the procedure is used to repair fractured VB by injecting acrylic bone cement into the affected level. A parametric finite element (FE) investigation and supporting experimental study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of vertebroplasty as a preventative treatment.
Reports on the topic "Shell disease"
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Chalutz, Edo, Charles Wilson, Samir Droby, Victor Gaba, Clauzell Stevens, Robert Fluhr, and Y. Lu. Induction of Resistance to Postharvest Diseases and Extension of Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables by Ultra-Violet Light. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568093.bard.
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Following preliminary observations by one of the collaborating scientists on this project and the completion of a 1-year, BARD-supported feasibility study (IS-1908-90F), this 3-year BARD project has been executed. The main objectives of the research were to elucidate biochemical and pathological aspects of UV-induced resistance in fruits and vegetables, to characterize physical and biological variables of induced resistance and delay of ripening, and to explore the application of the treatment as a control practice of postharvest diseases and shelf-life extension of fruits and vegetables. Our findings, which are detailed in numerous joint publications, have shown that the effect of UV-C light on induction of resistance and delay of ripening is a general one and of wide oddurrence. Apart from surface sterilization of the commodity, the reduction of decay of different fungi has been associated with and induced resistance phenomenon which gradually builds up within 24 to 48 hours after the UV treatment and can be reversed by visible light. In citrus, induced resistance has been associated with increased activity of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase, and with the levels of endglucanase and chitinase. In tomato, resistance was correlated with the production of high levels of tomatine. Our study of some molecular aspects of the induced resistance in grapefruit has revealed the induction of a cDNA which represents a gene encoding for an isoflavone reductase-like protein that, in legumes, has been associated with phytoalexin biosynthesis. This gene was cloned and sequenced. Delay of ripening was associated in tomato with inhibition of ethylene production, carotenoid synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation and with the presence of high levels of polyamines. In peach fruit epiphytic populations of a yeast increased following the UV treatment. Pilot-size treatment and packing lines were constructed in the US and Israel to test the application of the UV treatment on a semi-commercial scale. Although effective in reduction of decay and delay of ripening, a number of problems will have to be addressed before practical application of this methodology can be realized. The main issues are associated with the temporal and variable response to the treatment, and its relationship to the maturity and date of harvest of the commodity.
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.
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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10
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Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.