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1
KAMARUDIN, SAIFUL KHAIRI. "BRITISH PROTECTIONISM AND OIL INDUSTRY PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PETRONAS." MALIM: JURNAL PENGAJIAN UMUM ASIA TENGGARA (SEA JOURNAL OF GENERAL STUDIES) 21, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/malim-2020-2101-02.
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The existence of protectionism policy in Malaya and Borneo had been practised by the British specifically in the oil industry during colonialism. This policy was to prevent the largest American oil corporation, from dominating the oil market in Southeast Asia. The two British oil companies, the Anglo-Saxon Company and Shell Company in the early 20th century completed their business relationship with the Dutch oil company to control the oil industry in Southeast Asia. Oil producer colonies in Southeast Asia was solely granted oil supply through British oil company to prepare the outbreak of the First World War. This marked the height of British protectionism by providing continuous oil supply to the British Navy and expanding oil exports during the First World War. Later, PETRONAS adopted protectionism and monopoly strategies to increase equity ownership of Malays in the oil and mining industry.
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Rulianto, Jorza, and Wida Prima Mustika. "Implementasi Algoritma Apriori Terhadap Data Penjualan Oli Mobil Berbasis Sistem Pencarian Aturan Asosiasi." J-SAKTI (Jurnal Sains Komputer dan Informatika) 3, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/j-sakti.v3i2.150.
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Data mining techniques are used to design effective sales or marketing strategies by utilizing sales transaction data that is already available in the company. The problem in the company is that there are many data transactions that occur unknown, causing an accumulation of data unknown sales most in each month & year, unknown brands of car oil are often sold or demanded by customers. So this association search uses a priori algorithm as a place to store data using pattern recognition techniques such as static and mathematical techniques from a set of relationships (associations) between items obtained, it is expected that can help developers in designing marketing strategies for goods in the company. Software testing results that have been made have found the most sold oil brand products if you buy Shell Hx7, it will buy Toyota Motor Oil with 50% support and 66.7% confidence. If you buy Toyota Motor Oil, you will buy Shell Hx 7 with 50% support and 85.7% confidence.
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Weswasi, Enes Al. "Spending blood for oil in Nigeria: a frame analysis of Shell’s neutralisation of acts that led to corporate-initiated state crime." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 106, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v106i3.124794.
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AbstractThe environmental impact of Shell Oil Company in Nigeria has resulted in largescale protests. Despite their peaceful nature, these protests have been met with lethal violence by the Nigerian security forces. Accusations have been levelled against Shell for liability for human rights violations, but the company has denied responsibility. Previously confidential correspondence between Shell and Nigerian officials has shown that the company repeatedly persuaded security personnel to act against protesters. The current article examines how Shell framed its desire for the Nigerian state to suppress protests against the company. It does this by analysing published documents within Stanley Cohen’s (1993) theoretical framework regarding the neutralisation of criminal acts – most notably the neutralisation technique of appealing to higher loyalties. This is a technique adopted by companies when they use the greater good as a rationale for minimising their responsibility for harmful acts. The correspondence between Shell and Nigerian officials shows that Shell continuously urged Nigerian officials to take action by referring to the company’s contribution to economic and social development in the region, even after their calls for action has been shown to result in human rights abuses. In describing these rationales, the article highlights a case of corporate-initiated state crime, a form of crime that involves corporations inducing state actors to commit harmful acts.
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Wang, Xueying. "Research on the Low-Carbon Transformation Path of Shell Oil Company." BCP Business & Management 21 (July 20, 2022): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v21i.1170.
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At present, global warming has aroused widespread attention, and it is recognized that the greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil energy is one of the main factors affecting global temperature. Statistics suggest that the global temperature has increased significantly in recent years, and the average temperature in the Arctic has increased by more than 1.6 ℃ in the 21st century. In order to meet this challenge, the Paris Agreement on climate change has officially entered into force, proposing to achieve a peak in global greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, and to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions to 40 billion tons by 2030. Corresponding to the trend of green and low-carbon development, the major international oil companies have put forward new and targeted strategies.
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Bartman, Steef M., and Cornelis De Groot. "The Shell Nigeria Judgments by the Court of Appeal of the Hague, a Breakthrough in the Field of International Environmental Damage? UK Law and Dutch Law on Parental Liability Compared." European Company Law 18, Issue 3 (June 1, 2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2021012.
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On 29 January 2021, the Court of Appeal of The Hague rendered three judgments in cases brought by Nigerian citizens who had suffered damage as a result of leaks from oil pipelines. The proceedings stand out because they are being conducted in the Netherlands, not only against Shell Nigeria, but also against the former UK and Dutch parent companies of the Shell group, as well as against the current group holding company Royal Dutch Shell Plc. The Court of Appeal, in line with the Vedanta judgment of the UK Supreme Court, makes an extensive analysis of the structure of the Shell group and, based thereon, derives (albeit limited) a duty of care for the parent company Royal Dutch Shell Plc (RDS) vis-à-vis the claimants. corporate social responsibility, international environmental damage, piercing the corporate veil, EEX Regulation (recast), Brussels I-bis Regulation, Rome II Regulation
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Singh, Kelvin. "Oil Politics in Venezuela during the López Contreras Administration (1936–1941)." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014437.
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When the Venezuelan dictator, Juan Vincente Gómez, died on 17 December 1935, after ruling Venezuela with an iron fist for 27 years, an outburst of popular unrest and nationalistic fervour was unleashed against the foreign oil companies operating on Venezuelan soil. The dominant oil interests in Venezuela at the time were Royal Dutch Shell, the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and the Gulf Oil Company. There were several smaller companies such as British Controlled Oilfields, a British state-owned company with a network of Venezuelan affiliates, and the Socony Vacuum Company, a New York-based company which was a significant latecomer. It was the first three aforementioned companies, however, that constituted the Big Three.1The oil companies were associated in the popular mind with the odious Gómez dictatorship and partly for this reason became the object of the people's wrath. Yet there were also practical economic and social reasons for the popular feeling against the companies. The latter paid low wages, provided miserable housing and social amenities for their workers and discriminated against Venezuelans in their employment practices.2For more than a year after the dictator's death Venezuela was in the throes of popular unrest.
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Hoffmann, Jochen, and Maria E. Kristensen. "Sustainable Oil and Profitable Wind." Nordicom Review 38, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0404.
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Abstract Companies are confronted with differing public perceptions, which influence the way in which they present their social and environmental responsibilities. Our qualitative study compares the online responsibility communication of two companies from the energy sector: Shell, representing the controversial but profitable oil industry; and Vestas, representing the sustainable wind industry, the financial competitiveness of which is sometimes called into question. The website analysis reveals that both companies engage in inverted positioning. They invert perceived weaknesses into strengths: Shell highlights its social and environmental responsibilities, whereas Vestas, instead of capitalising on its potential as a CSR brand, highlights its economic responsibility. Theoretically, we integrate inverted positioning into a constitutive process model of responsibility communication. Inverted positioning might lead either to a reputational downward spiral, making a company less credible in the longer term, or the public communication of contested responsibilities functions as a self-imposed ambition that can, over time, induce substantial corporate learning processes.
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Sluyterman, Keetie. "Royal Dutch Shell: Company Strategies for Dealing with Environmental Issues." Business History Review 84, no. 2 (2010): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500002580.
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The intricate interplay among environmental pressure groups, oil companies, and governments is revealed from the perspective of the Anglo-Dutch company Royal Dutch Shell. An examination of three environmental issues demonstrates the company's awareness of such problems and describes its efforts to contain potential damage to the degree permitted by existing technological and economic constraints. The industry view is that government measures should create a level playing field and should be effective and economically feasible. While pressure groups are skilled at calling attention to environmental problems, industry highlights the tradeoffs between different societal aims that are entailed in tackling these problems. Governments are left to fi nd the best ways to weigh conflicting interests.
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Huxham, Mark, and David Sumner. "Emotion, Science and Rationality: The Case of the Brent Spar." Environmental Values 8, no. 3 (August 1999): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096327199900800304.
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In June 1995, a campaign by Greenpeace forced the multinational oil company Shell to cancel its planned disposal of a redundant oil installation in the Atlantic. The Brent Spar incident attracted massive publicity and was influential in changing government policy on marine disposal of waste. During and following their campaign, Greenpeace were criticised as emotive and irrational by Shell and academic scientists. This paper looks at the arguments used during the debate, using literature, interviews and questionnaires. We investigate the use of key environmental words and phrases and ask what is meant by rationality in this context. We discuss some of the lessons that should be learnt from the incident by policy makers and scientists.
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AbdulGhani Gaghman. "Learning from Royal Shell’s Logistics and Supply Chain Management." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v7i1.100.
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The study is conducted to analysis the supply chain management paying special attention to the logistics. The aim is to understand the impact of logistics on organization performance, also to help in identifying opportunities for cost/time removals and/or value adding along the supply chain. The company chosen for the study is Royal Dutch Shell Plc. As Shell is the one of the big-gest Oil and Gas Company known in the world and one of the leaders of logistic and supply chain management. Though Shell is working efficiently for providing customers with quality services still there are is-sues with the supply chain which should be taken care of in order to be much better. These factors grouped in Control the Cost, Planning and Risk Management, Suppliers/Owners Relationship Management. Study concluded with some suggestions can be adopted by any organization aiming for better performance in supply chain.
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AbdulGhani Gaghman. "Learning from Royal Shell’s Logistics and Supply Chain Management." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 9, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v9i1.100.
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The study is conducted to analysis the supply chain management paying special attention to the logistics. The aim is to understand the impact of logistics on organization performance, also to help in identifying opportunities for cost/time removals and/or value adding along the supply chain. The company chosen for the study is Royal Dutch Shell Plc. As Shell is the one of the big-gest Oil and Gas Company known in the world and one of the leaders of logistic and supply chain management. Though Shell is working efficiently for providing customers with quality services still there are is-sues with the supply chain which should be taken care of in order to be much better. These factors grouped in Control the Cost, Planning and Risk Management, Suppliers/Owners Relationship Management. Study concluded with some suggestions can be adopted by any organization aiming for better performance in supply chain.
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Christopher, Anderson. "Application Comparison of the Lex Loci Delicti Commission Theory between the Oil Spill Case in the Gulf of Mexico and the Carbon Emissions Case in the Netherlands." JISIP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan) 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jisip.v8i1.6302.
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The event of a disastrous oil spill from British Petroleum's offshore drilling installation on the 20th of April 2010 was caused by a leaking underwater pipeline, which polluted the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently, there was the Carbon Emission Case in the Netherlands, which required Shell to reduce their carbon emissions by 45% by 2030 from the carbon emissions generated in 2019. Both events were deeply concerning and directly effected the citizens of the respective countries. In the first case, the spill of approximately 5,000 barrels or 210,000 gallons (795,000 liters) of crude oil spread extensively due to ocean currents where the contaminated area ended up covering 9,933 square kilometers of ocean (77 x 129km). This oil spill, which was a result of British Petroleum's negligence, lead to legal action taken against the company for violations of international environmental laws, due to environmental pollution. In the second case, Shell, was deemed to have contributed significantly to climate change in the Netherlands. The company was responsible for twice the amount of greenhouse gas emissions than the Netherlands. The research method employed in this journal uses a normative juridical research approach, focusing on legal norms within the decisions for Case MDL No. 2179 and the Verdict issued by the Haugue District Court. In this journal, the author concludes that both British Petroleum and Shell have been proven to commit unlawful acts against the international environment laws through environmental pollution.
13
Jägers, Nicola, Katinka Jesse, and Jonathan Verschuuren. "The Future of Corporate Liability for Extra territorial Human Rights Abuses: The dutch Case Against Shell." AJIL Unbound 107 (2013): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009673.
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The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. limits the potential of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) as a means of legal redress for victims of human rights abuses caused by transnational companies. Interestingly enough, almost simultaneously with the Kiobel decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, a Dutch court issued its rulings in five cases concerning Nigerian individuals, supported by a Dutch environmental nongovernmental organization (NGO), in their claims against Royal Dutch Shell (RDS), headquartered in the Netherlands, and its Nigerian subsidiary, Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, Ltd. (SPDC). These cases relate to oil spills for which the plaintiffs believed Shell should be held liable.
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Siswanto, Jatmiko Edi, and Generousdi Generousdi. "Analisis Efisiensi Water Tube Boiler Berbahan Bakar Fiber dan Cangkang Sawit di PT Dhamasraya Palma Sejahtera." Journal of Electrical Power Control and Automation (JEPCA) 5, no. 2 (December 17, 2022): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jepca.v5i2.74.
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Palm oil mill processing companies in their operations use Water Tube Boilers which are fueled by shells and fiber. Boiler or Steam Kettle is a container that contains water or other fluids to be heated. Boiler with a capacity of 30 tons. In general, every machine produced by the factory is always equipped with a handbook/instruction book on how to install, maintain and operate it. Likewise with the boilers in the Company there are manuals regarding specifications for operation, maintenance, installation, and others. of various kinds of boiler fuel mixtures for combustion can produce different thermic efficiencies depending on the percentage of the mixture, in this study the results of laboratory tests obtained the calorific value of the fuel mixture of 70% fiber and 30% shells had the highest calorific value, namely 4604.7 Cal /g. The highest boiler efficiency value produced was 53.9% using 100% shell fuel, the efficiency using 100% fiber fuel was 51% and the lowest boiler efficiency value produced was 49.5% using a mixed fuel of 70% fiber and 30 % shell.
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Fraser, J. P., J. R. Mortenson, D. P. Montoro, and M. E. Rugg. "RESPONSE TO THE APRIL 1988 OIL SPILL AT MARTINEZ, CALIFORNIA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-65.
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ABSTRACT A spill of approximately 9,400 bbl of San Joaquin Valley crude oil (13.5 API gravity) occurred on April 23, 1988, from the Shell Oil Company Martinez Manufacturing Complex. Part of the high-viscosity oil eventually reached Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay. Areas initially affected by the spill included a 103-acre freshwater marsh, the shorelines of Carquinez Strait and Suisun Bay, saltwater marshes associated with both the strait and the bay, three marinas, two local parks, and waterfront properties in Benicia. To aid in the cleanup, Shell used the facilities of the local oil spill cooperative, Clean Bay, Inc., four oil spill contractors, and U.S. Navy skimmers. Two local organizations were actively involved in caring for birds and other widlife oiled by the spill. Within four weeks, over 90 percent of the spilled oil was judged by the federal On-Scene Coordinator to have been recovered. Cleanup of floating oil involved use of skimmers and vacuum trucks. Sorbent materials were used extensively for shoreline cleanup, and a substantial amount of vegetation was removed to reduce the risk of wildlife contamination. High-pressure hot water was used to clean some rocky shorelines.
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Wiwa, Ken. "The murder of Ken Saro-Wiwa." Soundings 78, no. 78 (August 1, 2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.78.08.2021.
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Ken Wiwa heard of his father's execution in November 1995 while he was in New Zealand, as part of his campaign against the Nigerian government's planned judicial murder of his father and eight other Ogoni leaders. The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was due to be held in Auckland the following week. At the time of his death Saro-Wiwa was the leader of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), which sought to challenge the situation whereby a community which had contributed to the exchequer an estimated $30 billion in oil revenue found itself without basic amenities, living in a wretched environment, and being daily assaulted by oil exploration. He had accused Shell Oil company, which had a very close relationship with the Nigerian government, of 'waging an ecological war against the Ogoni'. After the executions, Nigeria was roundly condemned by international leaders, as was Shell itself.
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Abdo Hamud, Sh aalan Mohamed, and Raisa A. Ak hmedyanova. "Oil, gas industry of Saudi Arabia." Butlerov Communications 63, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-9-105.
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The review of the oil and gas industry in Saudi Arabia is Conducted. Data on oil and gas reserves, consumption, and exports are provided. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest non-FTI producers in the Russian Federation among the non-FTI exporters (OPEC). BL agodarya mirovym za pasam not FTI, one of the most important ones in the world, but the one with the most inquisitive in the field of energy from rasli, Saudi Arabia, is the largest exporter of oil. The data on oil reserves of the largest fields, including the largest in the world of the terikovoye non-oil field of Gavar are presented. Saudi Arabia occupies the fifth place in the world in the field of natural gas passes, with a volume of 294 trillion cubic feet, and the third place in the field of natural gas passes in the Far East. Saudi Arabia they EET de nine EXT morning not preparatively for waste water treatment, of which four PR andlegal Saudi Aramco and the OS the rest of the floor joint PR Adbrite with to foreign companies. The largest oil and gas companies represented in SaudiI Arawia are named, in particular: Saudi Aramco, Saudi Shell, Saudi Exxon Mobil, Saudi Chevron, Total, Eni, Sinopec, Sumitomo. It is shown that Saudi Ar amco is a non-state oil company of Saudi Arabia, the largest in the world in terms of oil production and oil reserves. The company also controls natural gas production in the country. Saudi Aramco is a national non-oil company Of the Saudi Aravia, which is responsible for non-oil and gas operations throughout the Kingdom. Recently, the main goal is to use unconventional gas sources, namely shale gas production. Currently, the company Saudi Aramco has more than 16 drilling rigs for the extraction of shale gas. By the end of 2020, the company is expected to extract 3 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day.
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Hinton, Diana Davids. "Introduction." Business History Review 84, no. 2 (2010): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500002579.
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This issue brings together five articles on the modern petroleum industry. Two cover the growth of the industry in the early twentieth century: Michael Adamson's study of the development of California's coastal oil region by independent oilman Ralph Lloyd; and the study by Lisa Bud-Frierman, Andrew Godley, and Judith Wale of the British entrepreneur Weetman Pearson's operations in Mexico. Two articles treat the post–World War II period: Nathan Citano looks at the budding interests of U.S. oilmen in the Middle East and Daniele Pozzi traces the transformation of the Italian company ENI into an international oil firm. Finally, Keetie Sluyterman examines the ways in which Royal Dutch Shell handled environmental issues from its inception in 1907 to the present. The issue also contains a survey of recent historiography on the oil industry in Latin America by Marcelo Bucheli and a review essay by James Bamberg on a recent four-volume history of Royal Dutch Shell.
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Fischel, Marion, and Gordon A. Robilliard. "Natural Resource Damage Assessment of the Shell Oil Spill at Martinez, California." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-371.
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ABSTRACT On April 23, 1988 about 400,000 gallons (9,500 barrels) of San Joaquin Valley crude oil were accidentally released from the Shell Oil Company Martinez Manufacturing Complex. The oil flowed into Peyton Slough, Suisun Bay, and Carquinez Strait of the San Francisco Bay system. Approximately one week after the oil spill, discussions on assessing the injury to natural resources were initiated between Shell and the federal and state agencies that were trustees of the affected resources. At this time, the trustees and Shell agreed that a single cooperative study should be conducted, managed by a contractor acceptable to all concerned parties. The lead trustee was the California Department of Fish and Game. However, within one month after the spill, the Attorney General's office of the State of California assumed responsibility for the damage assessment. Subsequently, legal considerations and constraints imposed by the state Attorney General's office prevented active participation in the study by the agencies. The work agreed upon included video and aerial photographic surveys, and mapping of the areas affected by the spill; a study of fish and macroinvertebrate abundance and distribution; hydrocarbon analyses of fish and clam tissue; a comparison of the effects of oil on marsh vegetation; a survey of the distribution and abundance of the benthos; an ambient aquatic toxicity study; a survey of endangered species (birds and mammals); chemical analyses of the sediment and water; chemical and physical characterizations of San Joaquin Valley crude oil; and a study of the weathering of the oil. A preliminary study to estimate natural resource damages (economic analysis) also was conducted.
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Abdul Rasyid, Enny Widawati, and Marsellinus Bachtiar W. "Analysis of Fuel Supply Control (Palm Shell) Using EOQ Method in Pt. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk." Journal of Scientific Research, Education, and Technology (JSRET) 1, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v1i2.29.
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PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk. (Gorontalo) is still experiencing problems in managing fuel supply where the company often experiences a lack of inventory that hinders the production process. The company also experienced excess inventory, causing storage costs to rise. For this reason, companies need to exercise inventory control. One of the analytical tools that can be used to control inventory is the "Economic Order Quantity" (EOQ). From the calculation results, it was found that the optimal number of fuel supply purchases from palm oil shells using the EOQ method is 352 tons with a purchase frequency of 3 times in one period (1 year) so that the company can save fuel procurement costs. . The total inventory cost of raw materials with an EOQ of Rp. 32,845,640 while the cost incurred by the company without using EOQ amounted to Rp. 34,731,000. The savings that can be made by the company is Rp. 1,885,360 with a Reorder Point of 81.9 tonnes and a total safety stock of 241 tonnes.
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Javadova, A. A., A. R. Yusifova, G. G. Yusifzade, Z. K. Maharramova, and T. A. Dadashova. "The study of new employment areas for used motor oils." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 05 (May 15, 2022): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-05-42-46.
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The paper studies the perspective of applying a regeneration product of Mysella-40 used motor oil of Shell Company, which has high viscous-temperature properties, high flash point and low freezing temperature used in the modern power stations of module type. As a result of the studies based on the regeneration product of Мycella-40 motor and M-8 Baku oils obtained through the refinement of Azerbaijani oil mixtures and some additives of various functionalities, new lubricating compositions of motor oils for diesel engines of different purposes have been developed.
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Onguene Mvogo, Philippe, Inna Samomssa, Richard Domga, Mihaela Rodica Dinică, and Adrian Circiumaru. "Prediction of Cotton Shell from Sodecoton Behavior in Thermal Conversion and Theoretical Energy Potential." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2024.9.1.3107.
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This work focuses on the evaluation of the energy potential of cotton shells from SODECOTON and to predict suitable thermal conversion conditions. To achieve this goal, structural and proximate analyses were performed, while ultimate analysis, flue gas and higher heating value were calculated from models. This study reveals that cotton shells highly contain cellulose, volatile matter, lignin and carbon, which make it suitable for bioethanol, bio-oil/syngas and biochar production via biochemical and thermochemical technologies as well as fuel briquette. Heating value from cotton shell ranging from 17 MJ/kg to 19 MJ/kg, is set in the interval to be used as fuel. From the results, the value of flue gas is within acceptable limits and the pollutant emissions are less than the values of regulated threshold set. The energy potential released is around 1.30 GJ per year, 1.58 × 107 Nm3/year, 1.62 × 104 m3/year, 15.21 × E6 L and 26 × E6 L for annual combustion energy, syngas, methane, bioethanol and bio oil, respectively. Amongst them combustion via fuel briquette is suitable for less developing country such as Cameroon thus, it could supply 40% of cooking energy consumption in Garoua center town and can improve environmental sustainability in company.
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Abbasov, V. M., E. Sh Abdullayev, R. Z. Hasanova, S. B. Loghmanova, B. M. Aliyev, and N. F. Gafarova. "Advanced lubricants from foreign producers." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 06 (June 15, 2022): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-6-7-54-56.
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Currently, the main suppliers of base oil and additives are “ExxonMobil”, “BP Castrol”, “Shell”, “Total”, “Chevron”, “Ethyl”, “Lubrizol”, and etc. The largest engine oil producers in Russia are “Rosneft”, “Lukoil”, “Gaspromneft”, “Bashneft”. The additive package, viscosity modifying agent and depressors are added into the base oils. The most popular additive producers are Afton Chemical, Lubrizol, Infineum, Chevron, Oronite; most oil marks contains predominantly the additives of four producers: “Lubrizol Corp.”, “Infineum”, “Oronite Company LLC”, “Afton Chemical” from ”Ethyl Corp.” 15W-40 engine oils with base components on completely synthetic and semi synthetic basis with foreign additive package Lubrizon were developed in the Institute for Petrochemical Processes through 2017-2020.
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Ofualagba, G., and D. U. Onyishi. "Oil spill identification in visible sensor imaging using automated cross correlation with crude oil image filters." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i2.29.
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An algorithm for detection of crude oil spills in visible light images has been developed and tested on 50 documented crude oil spill images from Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) Nigeria. A set of three 25 x 25 pixels crude oil filters, with unique red, green, and blue (RGB) colour values, homogeneity, and power spectrum density (PSD) features were cross-correlated with the documented spill images. The final crude oil spill Region of Interest (ROI) was determined by grouping interconnected pixels based on their proximity, and only selecting ROIs with an area greater than 5,000 pixels. The crude oil filter cross correlation algorithm demonstrated a sensitivity of 84% with a False Positive per Image (FPI) of 0.82. Future work includes volume estimation of detected spills using crude oil filters, and utilizing this information in the recommendation of appropriate spill clean-up and remediation procedures for the detected spills.
Keywords: Crude Oil Spill Detection, Crude oil image filters, Cross correlation, Visible sensor imaging, Oil Spill Segmentation.
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Jones, Trevor H., and N. Brad Willms. "A critique of Hubbert’s model for peak oil." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0097.
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In 1956, Shell Oil Company geologist M. King Hubbert published a model for the growth and decline over time of the production rates of oil extracted from the land mass of the continental US. Employing an estimate for the amount of ultimately recoverable oil and a logistic curve for the oil production rate, he accurately predicted a peak in US oil production for 1970. His arguments and the success of his prediction have been much celebrated, and the original paper has 1400 publication citations to date. The theory of “peak oil” (and subsequently, of natural resource scarcity in general) has consequently become associated with Hubbert and “Hubbert” curves and models. However, his prediction for the timing of a world peak oil production rate and the subsequent predictions of many others have proven inaccurate. We revisit the Hubbert model for oil extraction and provide an analysis of it and several variants in the language of (time) autonomous differential equations.
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Sæverud, Ingvild Andreassen, and Jon Birger Skjærseth. "Oil Companies and Climate Change: Inconsistencies between Strategy Formulation and Implementation?" Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 3 (August 2007): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.3.42.
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This article examines major oil companies in terms of climate strategies and their implementation. More specifıcally, it takes a critical look at Shell, BP, and ExxonMobil, and the relationship between rhetoric and action regarding investments in climate-friendly activities. Empirical evidence indicates a generally high degree of consistency between what these companies say and what they do, but interesting differences are also found: ExxonMobil has done somewhat more than its climate strategy formulations would suggest; Shell has done somewhat less; whereas BP's activities are mainly in line with its statements. Factors at three levels contribute to explaining these differences: (1) the company level, 2) the political framework conditions in the various regions where the companies operate, 3) international climate cooperation. The fındings and explanations, although restricted to the three oil companies with regard to climate change, provide insight into the relationship between corporate strategies and implementation more generally. They offer understanding and analytical categories for assessing how well and why such multinational entities put into practice stated objectives.
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Verma, Shraddha, and Neveen Abdelrehim. "Oil multinationals and governments in post-colonial transitions: Burmah Shell, the Burmah Oil Company and the Indian state 1947–70." Business History 59, no. 3 (August 2, 2016): 342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2016.1193158.
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Sakib, S. M. Nazmuz. "The Impact of Oil and Gas Development on the Landscape and Surface in Nigeria." Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer 4, no. 1 (October 2, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjec.2021.4.1.9-17.
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This writing will focus on the impact on the impact of oil and gas development on the landscape, surface water and groundwater of the Niger Delta – while also assessing the various means of remediation in use. Geologically, the Niger Delta petroleum systems consist of Lower Cretaceous , Upper Cretaceous–lower Paleocene and Tertiary. When Nigeria became an independent nation on 1 October 1960, Shell–BP began to relinquish its acreage and its exploration licenses were converted into prospecting licenses that allowed development and production. The Federal Government of Nigeria started its Department of Petroleum Resources Inspectorate in 1970 and Nigeria joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1971. – and in order to take control of the country’s petroleum industry, Nigeria nationalized BP’s holding completely in 1979, and Shell–BP became Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria. Oil spillages routinely occur in the Niger Delta. The official figures of SPDC show that between 1976 and 2001, 6,187 incidents in which 3 million barrels were spilled. The Niger Delta Environmental Survey An impact assessment of the 1983 Oshika oil spill. Spills of crude oil in Niger Delta farmlands have been reported since 1971. In general, toxicity depends on nature and type of crude oil , level of oil contamination, type of environment and degree of selective of individual organisms. Controlled burning effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly but it must be done in low wind and can cause air pollution. A principal target for emissions reduction is flaring and venting which causes most of the air pollution. Saltwater tanks can be often susceptible to lightning strikes due to build up in static electricity, with the spilled oil spreading to surrounding lands, waterways. This requires a secondary containment of the tanks that makes it easier to clean up the inevitable spill. In cases of expected major storms or flooding events, crude oil can be removed from tank batteries while refilling the tanks with saltwater to prevent them tipping over during the flooding event.
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Faturoti, Bukola, Godswill Agbaitoro, and Obinna Onya. "Environmental Protection in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry and Jonah Gbemre v. Shell PDC Nigeria Limited: Let the Plunder Continue?" African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, no. 2 (May 2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2019.0270.
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The case of Jonah Gbemre v. Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited made a historic deviation from the usual trend of seeking monetary compensation by host communities in oil-rich regions in Nigeria. Rather, it seeks to correct regulatory shortcomings which were upheld by the court but never enforced. This article argues that the failure to enforce the judgment of the court is a missed opportunity to strengthen the environmental regulatory framework in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. It further argues that if the judgment had been enforced, it could have contributed to the reduction of the militant activities in the region and also encourages a significant change in the pattern of redress sought by litigants whose communities have been affected by the operations of oil multinational corporations in the region.
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Shimmin, Kathleen G. "REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM-HOSTED PUBLIC FORUM FOR SHELL OIL SPILL, SAN FRANCISCO BAY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-289.
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ABSTRACT On April 22 and 23, 1988, Shell Oil Company spilled more than 400,000 gallons of crude oil into northern San Francisco Bay from its refinery in Martinez, California. The resulting contamination of more than 11 miles of shoreline, marshes, beaches, and marinas attracted widespread public interest and extended investigation by governmental agencies and elected officials, as the cleanup extended for many weeks. The regional response team (RRT) was asked to host two public forums to present a unified governmental perspective on the incident and to give the public a chance to comment and express ideas for restoration and mitigation measures. This paper describes how this process was carried out and makes observations on the importance of the SPCC program. Reviewing a regional response to a discharge is a possible RRT activity described in the National Contingency Plan. This effort presents an opportunity for the RRT to solicit public views for use in its evaluation process.
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Bucheli, Marcelo. "Multinational Corporations, Business Groups, and Economic Nationalism: Standard Oil (New Jersey), Royal Dutch-Shell, and Energy Politics in Chile 1913–2005." Enterprise & Society 11, no. 2 (June 2010): 350–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700009083.
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This article analyzes the long-term strategies employed by multinational oil corporations in a late industrializing country with powerful business groups when faced with economic nationalism. I study the case of Royal Dutch-Shell in Chile from 1913 to 2005, where two oil multinationals controlled 100 percent of the Chilean market until forced by the government to accept a domestic private company, COPEC, into a new three-member cartel. The multinationals accepted this arrangement reluctantly, but in the long term it proved beneficial. COPEC's involvement in Chilean business groups protected the multinationals from hostile actions by the government and gave legitimacy to the cartel. These benefits ended when Chile abandoned its import substitution industrialization strategy in the 1970s.
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Afiffah, Shofaul, Sriyoto, and Bambang Sumantri. "ANALISIS NILAI EKONOMI LIMBAH INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT DI PT. SANDABI INDAH LESTARI KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA)." Jurnal AGRISEP 15, no. 2 (September 18, 2016): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.15.2.189-202.
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Solid and liquid waste from PT. Sandabi Indah Lestari only do the management and utilization. The Company not count the economic value of waste produced. If the company counting and know about the economic value of waste, so the company will know advantage which ought to be accepted by PT. SIL. This research aim to identify kind and form of waste, and also counting and analysis economic value of waste yielded by PT. SIL. Analysis method the use is descriptive analysis for first aim and quantitative descriptive for second aim. Based on the research result, solid waste the yielded is empty fruits bunch, fiber, shell and solid. Liquid waste consist of condensate and sludge oil. The form and benefit from each yielded waste different each other. Total economic value of waste yielded by PT. SIL is Rp 518.140.954,47/month. The mentioned mean that the waste of yielded by PT. SIL have economic value and than the company getting of benefit, that is the company getting income from waste is Rp 518.140.954,47/month. Keywords: solid waste, liquid waste, economic value of waste
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Kalistratov, K. A., A. M. Novikov, V. S. Zubankov, and R. T. Apasov. "A methodology for selection the most optimal well operation method in oil rims." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (June 27, 2022): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2022-3-57-71.
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To date, the reserves of fields with oil rims are significant and belong to the category of hard-to-recover. Not only domestic companies, but also foreign companies, such as Shell, Repsol and Schlumberger, are interested in developing these fields. A particularly important stage in the development of fields with oil rims is the selection the well operation method. Mistakes in choosing the extraction method can lead to losses of the project's NPV and the impossibility of further development of the field. This article provides a comparative analysis of methods for evaluating the method of well operation, and identifies their key advantages and disadvantages. We also describe our own methodology for selecting a method for operating wells in oil-rim conditions. The technological and economic efficiency of the proposed method, tested at one of the field of company LUKOIL-Komi LLC with oil rim, is proved. The developed method is compared with other methods for evaluating production methods.
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Onor, Kester, and Thaddeus T. Ityonzughul. "Oil Economy and Society of Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region, 1956-2019." Jurnal Administrasi Publik Public Administration Journal 14, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jap.v14i1.12089.
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This paper studies the oil economy with a particular focus on the Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region. It argues that since the discovery and exploration of oil in commercial quantities in the Region, it has become both a blessing and a curse. It is a blessing because it has provided wealth to the people and government of the region. Some indigenes of the Nigeria Delta are owners of the oil wells others are employed to work with the oil multi-national companies like Chevron, Texaco, Shell Petroleum Development Company, Agip Oil Company, et cetera. The exploration of oil in the area under review is also a curse because it has negatively affected plants and animals (that is the destruction of flora and fauna); it has destroyed the ecosystem of the area. Using survey and documentary methods of data collection; the paper reveals that despite the discovery and exploration of oil in the said region, Nigeria’s Delta Region has remained one of the underdeveloped regions of the country. This is to say that the impact of the oil industry on the economy and society of the people is marginally felt. Based on the foregoing, these policy options are made. The government should give immediate attention to the indigenes of the region where crude oil is being extracted from. This will reduce the unrest in that region. The government should establish an institution that will ensure that the multinational oil companies are socially responsible to their host communities. Environmental pollution and the adverse effects on the host communities of oil exploration sites in the Niger Delta is an important issue that requires urgent and prompt attention because petroleum production forms the major natural-based resources on which the country depends. Therefore, Policymakers of the various oil exploration companies should realize that there is a need to protect the health, safety, and welfare of these communities. The communities and the inhabitants have to be well protected and some of the health and safety measures, which members of the company staff benefit, should be extended to members of the host communities to improve their standard of living.
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Fazillah ma, Mirza, Al Munawir, Joli Supardi, and Muzakir Muzakir. "ANALISA BAHAN BAKAR SERABUT DAN CANGKANG PADA KATER UAP KAPASISTAS 20 TON/JAM DI PT. BEURATA SUBUR PERSADA." Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 7, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v7i2.4242.
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Limited Liability Company (PT) Beurata Subur Persada is a large company engaged in palm oil processing with an area of approximately 23 hectares of activity. In the processing there is a steam catter/boiler working tool. This steam boiler engine is often used as a production engine in industrial companies. Steam boiler or boiler is a container that is very tightly closed in which the heat of combustion flows until hot steam is formed. The analysis uses a data processing application, then the calculation and data retrieval starts from march 11 to August 13 2021. The results of the study state that the components of the steam boiler at a capacity of 20 Tons/hour are the most important, namely the burner, evaporator pipe, combustion chamber, water reservoir. from economizers, superheaters, steam heaters and ash or ash collection devices from combustion. Calculations at a high calorific value (HHV) of 5,691.17 Kcal/Kg and a low calorific value (LHV) of 4,608.96 Kcal/Kg used shell and fiber fuel with a ratio of 3:1 with a percentage of 25% shell and 75% fiber. Keywords: Steam Boiler,Heat Value, PT. Beurata Subur Persada
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Picard, M. "Remembering First Oil in Nevada." Earth Sciences History 28, no. 2 (November 5, 2009): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.28.2.3568120856325474.
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In June 1954 Nevada became the twenty-ninth oil-producing state in the United States (Picard 1955). Interestingly, production was from volcanic rocks from the open-hole interval 6,450 to 6,730 ft (1,966 to 2,051 m) in the Oligocene Garrett Ranch volcanics, an unexpected reservoir in the kind of rocks rarely productive anywhere in the world. The pour-point (65-80° F) and gravity (26-29° API) of the crude were high, similar to oils found in the Eocene Green River Formation of the Uinta Basin, northeast Utah. Cumulative production in the field through September 1978 was 3.3 million barrels of oil. An early estimate of ultimate primary reserves was four million barrels of oil (Bortz and Murray, 1979). The trap is a faulted truncated wedge of Oligocene and Cretaceous-Eocene rocks with a top seal of impermeable valley fill, a bottom seal of Paleozoic rocks, and an east-side seal formed by a basin boundary fault and impermeable Paleozoic rocks. The new field in Railroad Valley of east-central Nevada, finally totaling fourteen producing wells, was called Eagle Springs after the locality and the name of the discovery well drilled by the Shell Oil Company. Twenty-two years after the Eagle Springs discovery a larger oil field, Trap Spring, was discovered by Northwest Exploration Company less than ten miles west of Eagle Springs, in Tertiary ash-flow tuffs. Two hundred dry holes had been drilled in Nevada between the two discoveries. In 1982, six years after the Trap Spring discovery, Amoco Production Company drilled the first well outside of Railroad Valley at Blackburn field on the east side of Pine Valley in Eureka County. Blackburn, a structural trap above a Tertiary low-angle extensional fault, produces from Devonian reservoirs. In 1983, Northwest Production brought in the Grant Canyon field about 10 mi (6 km) south of Eagle Springs. The oil reservoir of Devonian carbonates there is entrapped in a ‘buried-hill’. The discovery in 2004 of the Covenant field in Central Utah, because of similarities to large oil fields in the thrust belt of Wyoming and Utah and some resemblance to the Nevada fields of the Great Basin, ignited a frenzy of leasing which still goes on when land is available. Located along the thrust-belt (hingeline), Covenant produces oil from the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone that apparently originated in the Paleozoic.
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Fauzun, Hudri. "Analisa Kinerja Mesin Ripple Mill dengan Beban 30 Ton/Jam." MASALIQ 4, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/masaliq.v4i2.2686.
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The growth of oil palm agricultural land until 2017 was 234 479. Ha, with a production productivity figure of 437 292 tons. (BPS 2017) The development of oil palm plants has been developed in several regions in Indonesia and has become a superior plantation crop. Because it has quite high economic value. One factor that needs to be considered in the company's progress is the issue of smoothness. The production process is greatly influenced by the performance of the machines used. PT. Merbaujaya Indahraya is a subsidiary company of PT. MIG is engaged in processing fresh palm fruit bunches into Crude Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil. Fresh fruit bunches are obtained from core gardens and farmers. Core garden with 4 sections of MI Group gardens (MI, Binanga Mandala and Heksa). with a capacity of 30 tons/hour. Processing palm oil into CPO (Crude Palm Oil) has several stations including Loading ramp, Sterilizer, Thresser, Screw Press, clarification, and Kernel. The ripple mill machine is a palm kernel processing machine that is located at the kernel station and is prone to damage, where in the ripple mill machine, the seeds enter between the rotor and the ripple plate being pressed so that they collide with each other and break the shell from the core. So that the core is separated from the shell. This research aims to analyze the performance of the ripple mill machine. From the results of the analysis, an efficiency level of 80% was obtained, with 4 samples taken and varying collection times of around 2 hours within 1 (one) day of production.
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Russell, James M. "The ambivalence about the globalization of telecommunications: The story of Amnesty International, Shell Oil Company and Nigeria." Journal of Human Rights 1, no. 3 (September 2002): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14754830210156625.
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Backer, Lise. "Narrating organisational identities by way of evolutionary tales—Talking Shell from an oil to an energy company." Scandinavian Journal of Management 24, no. 1 (March 2008): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2007.11.005.
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Odisu, Terry Andrews. "The Nigerian State, oil multinationals and the environment: A case study of Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC)." Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research 7, no. 2 (March 31, 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jpapr2014.0303.
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Downs, Erica S. "Catch-Up and Competitiveness in China: The Case of Large Firms in the Oil Industry. By Jin Zhang. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. xx +230 pp. $114.95. ISBN 0-415-33321-0.]." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 1103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100427076x.
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Jin Zhang's study of the oil industry examines the challenges China faces in its efforts to create indigenous firms capable of competing with the world's leading companies. The task of catching up with the international oil giants is daunting for China's oil firms not only because the global oil business is one with a high cost of entry in terms of experience (the top companies have been around the longest), but also because, as Zhang observes, they are chasing a moving target. The international oil industry of today is fundamentally different from that of the 1980s and early 1990s when the Chinese government embarked on its tortuous path to reform China's oil sector. The mergers that occurred between the world's major oil companies in the late 1990s created a smaller group of much larger companies at the apex of the international oil industry, greatly expanding the gap between these companies and China's aspiring giants. Furthermore, many state-owned firms have disappeared from the ranks of the world's leading oil companies, a development that runs counter to China's strategy of catapulting its “national champions” into this peer group.Zhang illustrates the magnitude of these challenges facing China's aspiring oil giants through her systematic comparison of BP and Shell with PetroChina and Sinopec, the partially-privatized subsidiaries of the state-owned China National Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Company (CNPC) and Sinopec Group respectively, on a number of key business and organizational criteria. At first glance, the lead these “super majors” have over the Chinese companies in terms of business capabilities such as financial performance, technological prowess and the quality of their reserve portfolios, is more striking than the advantage the super majors have in organizational capabilities such as structure and leadership. Indeed, the organizational structures of PetroChina and Sinopec resemble those of BP and Shell. Zhang notes, however, that beneath these superficial similarities lie two critical differences between the Chinese companies and the super majors, differences that arguably constitute the greatest obstacle to the Chinese oil companies “catching up” with the super majors.
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Adie, P., M. M. Orosun, S. A. Oniku, N. B. Salawu, and D. M. Akinnagbe. "Determination of Magnetic susceptibility of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Port Harcourt and Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i1.39822/sajest.2020.001.
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In this study, determination of magnetic susceptibility were carried out on 366 soil samples using MS2B magnetic susceptibility meter connected to a computer system using MULTISUS2 software. The soil samples were selected from six sites namely: Shell environment, Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas environment, Port Harcourt Refining Company James Hart, New Jerusalem and Port Harcourt respectively. Three of the six sites; Shell, NLNG and Port-Harcourt Refining Company environments have their soils contaminated with hydrocarbon. One hundred and ninety two (192) soil samples were collected from these hydrocarbon contaminated sites and 174 from non-hydrocarbon contaminated soil (control samples). The magnetic susceptibility values obtained from Shell environment and for hydrocarbon samples showed higher (enhanced) magnetic susceptibility with average values of 117.54x10-8 m3kg-1 and 2016.39x10-8 m3kg-1 and a moderate magnetic susceptibility for with an average value of 20.83x10-8 m3kg-1 in comparison to magnetic susceptibility values obtained from the control samples whose average values were 2.39x10-8 m3kg-1, 12.42x10-8 m3kg-1 and 3.31x10-8 m3kg-1 for James Hart, New Jerusalem and Port Harcourt respectively. This means that the hydrocarbon sites are highly magnetic which could be indication of pollution. The results of the percentage frequency dependent susceptibility (χFD%) obtained in the hydrocarbon samples showed about 16% of the samples had percentage frequency dependent susceptibility (χFD%) values between 0-2%, 53% had values of χFD% between 2-10% and 31% had χFD% between 10-12% and above while about 21% of the control samples had χFD% values between 0-2%, 58% between 2-10% and 21% between 10-12% and above. The high magnetic susceptibility value in the hydrocarbon soil samples is an indication of pollution due to hydrocarbon deposit. The Government is therefore advised to monitor the location and activities of the oil companies and initiate quick mop up strategies should be put in place in the eventuality of oil spillage.
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Adie, P., M. M. Orosun, S. A. Oniku, N. B. Salawu, and D. M. Akinnagbe. "Determination of Magnetic susceptibility of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Port Harcourt and Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (September 12, 2023): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i1.39822.
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In this study, determination of magnetic susceptibility were carried out on 366 soil samples using MS2B magnetic susceptibility meter connected to a computer system using MULTISUS2 software. The soil samples were selected from six sites namely: Shell environment, Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas environment, Port Harcourt Refining Company James Hart, New Jerusalem and Port Harcourt respectively. Three of the six sites; Shell, NLNG and Port-Harcourt Refining Company environments have their soils contaminated with hydrocarbon. One hundred and ninety two (192) soil samples were collected from these hydrocarbon contaminated sites and 174 from non-hydrocarbon contaminated soil (control samples). The magnetic susceptibility values obtained from Shell environment and for hydrocarbon samples showed higher (enhanced) magnetic susceptibility with average values of 117.54x10-8 m3kg-1 and 2016.39x10-8 m3kg-1 and a moderate magnetic susceptibility for with an average value of 20.83x10-8 m3kg-1 in comparison to magnetic susceptibility values obtained from the control samples whose average values were 2.39x10-8 m3kg-1, 12.42x10-8 m3kg-1 and 3.31x10-8 m3kg-1 for James Hart, New Jerusalem and Port Harcourt respectively. This means that the hydrocarbon sites are highly magnetic which could be indication of pollution. The results of the percentage frequency dependent susceptibility (χFD%) obtained in the hydrocarbon samples showed about 16% of the samples had percentage frequency dependent susceptibility (χFD%) values between 0-2%, 53% had values of χFD% between 2-10% and 31% had χFD% between 10-12% and above while about 21% of the control samples had χFD% values between 0-2%, 58% between 2-10% and 21% between 10-12% and above. The high magnetic susceptibility value in the hydrocarbon soil samples is an indication of pollution due to hydrocarbon deposit. The Government is therefore advised to monitor the location and activities of the oil companies and initiate quick mop up strategies should be put in place in the eventuality of oil spillage.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (February 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0222-0017-jpt.
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Shell Signs Concession for Oman Block 10 Shell, along with its partners OQ and Marsa Liquefied Natural Gas LLC (a joint venture between TotalEnergies and OQ), have signed a concession agreement with the Ministry of Energy and Minerals on behalf of the government of the Sultanate of Oman to develop and produce natural gas from Block 10. The parties also signed a separate gas sales agreement for gas produced from the block. The two agreements follow an interim upstream agreement signed in February 2019. The concession agreement establishes Shell as the operator of Block 10, holding a 53.45% working interest, with OQ and Marsa LNG holding 13.36% and 33.19%, respectively. For the initial phase, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is building the infrastructure for the project, including the main pipeline to the Saih Rawl gas processing facility, on behalf of the Block 10 venture partners. The venture will drill and hook up wells to maintain the production beyond the initial phase. The block is expected to reach production of 0.5 Bcf/D. Startup is expected within the next 2 years. In addition, Shell and Energy Development Oman (EDO) signed an agreement to process the natural gas from Block 10 in EDO’s Saih Rawl facility. Shell and the government have agreed that, in parallel to the development of Block 10, Shell will develop options for a separate downstream gas project in which Shell could produce and sell low-carbon products and support the development of hydrogen in Oman. Equinor Encounters Oil at Toppand Equinor has discovered oil in the Troll and Fram area in exploration wells 35/10-7 S and 35/10-7 A in the Toppand prospect. Preliminary calculations indicate between 21 million and 33 million BOE of recoverable reserves. Well 35/10-7 S encountered an oil column of around 75 m in the lower part of the Ness formation and in the Etive formation. There were also traces of hydrocarbons in the shale- and coal-dominated upper part of the Brent Group. A total of around 68 m of effective sandstone reservoir of good to very good reservoir quality was encountered in the Ness and Etive formations combined. Exploration well 35/10-7 A encountered a 60-m oil-filled sandstone-dominated interval in the lower part of the Ness formation and in the Etive formation. A total of around 67 m of effective sandstone reservoir of good to moderate quality were encountered in the Ness and Etive formations combined. Geir Sørtveit, senior vice president for exploration and production west operations for Equinor, said, “We are pleased to see that our success in the Troll- and Fram area continues. We also regard this discovery to be commercially viable and will consider tying it to the Troll B or Troll C platform. Such discoveries close to existing infrastructure are characterized by high profitability, a short payback period, and low CO2 emissions.” These wells are the second and third exploration wells in Production License 630. The license was awarded in the 2011 Award in Predefined Areas. The wells were drilled around 8 km west of the Fram field and 140 km northwest of Bergen. Equinor holds a 50% stake and operates Toppand. Partner Wellesley holds the remaining 50% interest. Petrobras Sells Polo Carmópolis Stake to Carmo Petrobras has signed a deal to sell its stake in the onshore Polo Carmópolis area to Carmo Energy for $1.1 billion. The operator said $275 million would be paid up front, another $550 million when the deal closes, and a further $275 million 1 year after closure of the deal, which still needs regulatory approval. The Polo Carmópolis area comprises 11 onshore concessions in the state of Sergipe. Petrobras said in a statement that it is increasingly concentrating its resources on deep and ultradeepwater assets, where it has shown a competitive edge over the years, producing better-quality oil and with lower greenhouse-gas emissions. The Carmópolis Cluster recorded an average production of 7,600 BOPD and 43,000 m3/D of gas from January to November 2021. Eni, EGPC in $1-Billion Pact To Explore Gulf of Suez, Niger Delta Egyptian General Petroleum Corp. (EGPC) has signed an agreement with Italian energy group Eni for oil exploration in the Gulf of Suez and Nile Delta regions. The deal is valued at no less than $1 billion of investments, the petroleum ministry said in late December. The agreement also included a commitment from Eni to additionally spend “not less than $20 million” to drill four wells, the ministry added in a statement. The deal comes as part of the ministry’s strategy to increase production rates and to attempt to offset the natural decline of wells by using the latest technologies in oil-producing areas. Last October, Eni announced three new discoveries in the Meleiha and South West Meleiha concessions in the Western Desert. Eni has been operating in Egypt since 1954 with a current production of about 360,000 BOED. Chevron Transfers Stake in Suriname Block 5 to Shell Chevron has transferred one-third of its 60% equity interest in an offshore Suriname block for which it has a production-sharing agreement to a unit of Royal Dutch Shell, Suriname’s state oil company confirmed. Paradise Oil Company, a subsidiary of Suriname’s state-run Staatsolie, retains its 40% stake in the Block 5 venture as a nonexecutive partner, according to the farmout contract. Staatsolie and Chevron signed a production-sharing contract last October for Block 5, which covers an area of 2235 km2. The deal marked the first time that Staatsolie will participate as a partner in offshore activities. Equinor Increases Ownership in the Statfjord Field Equinor has entered into an agreement to acquire all of Spirit Energy’s production licenses in the Statfjord area which spreads across the Norwegian and UK continental shelves and are developed by three integrated production platforms (Statfjord A, B, C). All licenses are operated by Equinor. Equinor will pay $50 million, plus a contingent payment linked to commodity prices for the period between October 2021 to December 2022. The transaction has a commercial effective date from 1 January 2021, which is expected to result in a net payment to Equinor at closing. Spirit Energy’s daily production from the Statfjord area in the third quarter of 2021 was around 21,000 BOED. The transaction is part of a larger deal including Spirit Energy’s shareholders, Centrica Plc and Stadtwerke München, who are exiting their portfolio in Norway and selling their assets to Sval Energi. The sale to Sval Energi includes all assets with the exclusion of Statfjord. Statfjord marked its 40th year of production in 2019. One of the earliest oil fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, it has produced 5.1 billion BOE. Equinor has recently launched a plan to extend the life of the field toward 2040. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain conditions, including customary government approval, and is expected to be completed by the first half of 2022. Shell Hits Oil at Blacktip North in US GOM Shell has struck oil at the Blacktip North prospect located in the Alaminos Canyon block 336 in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico. The Blacktip North well encountered about 300 ft net oil pay at multiple levels. The well was drilled to a total depth of 27,770 ft by Transocean drillship Deepwater Poseidon. Blacktip North is about 30 miles northeast of the Whale discovery, 4.5 miles northeast of the 2019 Blacktip discovery, and 42 miles from the Perdido spar hub platform. Shell operates the Blacktip North prospect with an 89.49% interest. Spain’s Repsol holds the remaining 10.51% stake. Petrobras Plans Equatorial Margin Drilling Program Petrobras is preparing to drill the first of 14 planned wells at South America’s new deepwater frontier, the Equatorial Margin at its Northern maritime border, a company executive told the World Petroleum Congress in December. Petrobras plans to invest $2 billion in exploration at the Equatorial Margin through 2026, Reservoir Executive Manager Tiago Homem said. The company estimates an overall investment of $2.5 billion in seismic activities over the same period. CLOV Tieback Goes Onstream Offshore Angola TotalEnergies, operator of Block 17 in Angola, has begun production from the CLOV Phase 2 project, connecting to the existing CLOV FPSO. The tieback project is expected to reach a production of 40,000 BOED in mid-2022. Located about 140 km from the Angolan coast, in water depths from 1100 to 1400 m, the CLOV Phase 2 resources are estimated at around 55 million BOE. Block 17 is operated by TotalEnergies with a 38% stake, Equinor (22.16%), ExxonMobil (19%), BP Exploration Angola Ltd. (15.84%), and Sonangol P&P (5%). The contractor group operates four FPSOs in the main production areas of the block: Girassol, Dalia, Pazflor, and CLOV. Canacol Strikes Gas With Siku-1 in Colombia Canacol Energy’s Siku-1 exploration well encountered 33 ft true vertical depth of net gas pay with an average porosity of 20% within the primary Cienaga de Oro sandstone reservoir target. The company has completed casing the well and will return with a workover rig in early 2022 to complete and tie the well into permanent production. The well was drilled to a total depth of 8,825 ft. The rig was mobilized to drill the Clarinete-6 development well, which reached a total depth of 7,478 ft measured depth and encountered 174 ft true vertical depth of net gas pay. The well was tied into the Clarinete production manifold and has been placed on permanent production. Next up for the rig is the Toronja-2 development well, which is targeting gas-bearing sandstones within the Porquero sandstone reservoir. Following the completion of that well, the rig will be mobilized to spud the Carambolo-1 exploration well, expected in the second half of February. The well is expected to take 5 weeks to drill and complete.
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Afrisca, Cindy Clara. "Evaluasi Rigless Plug & Abandonment: Sebuah Studi Kasus." Jurnal Nasional Pengelolaan Energi MigasZoom 2, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 09–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37525/mz/2020-2/256.
Full textAbstract:
Oil was explored and found by Royal Dutch (Shell Group) geologist in early 1900. And since Indonesia’s independence, development in oil and gas projects was able to put Indonesia as one of major oil exporter country with daily production above 1 Million barrel per day in 1970 – 1990. With time as fields become mature, some of the fields have come to the end of its life cycle, where mostly 70% of Indonesia total old oil wells will have no economic value and has to be permanently Plug and Abandonment (P&A) as ruled by the government. It’s part of decommissioning an entire field with environmental preservation which called Abandonment and Site Restoration (ASR). As P&A will impact operating company investment as outlined in Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) No. 15, 2008, efficient P&A operation should be evaluated to ensure proper planning and executions. The subject of evaluation is X well located onshore at Y Field, Java, Indonesia. P&A operation with multiple cements plugs as barriers to ensure no fluids migrations from one formation to others, or to surface. Evaluation between workover rig and rigless P&A operation with coiled tubing unit (CTU) and electric line (E-line) will be presented in this paper to value the expenditures and achieving the result as standardize by the government with accordance of operating company standard. Results show that rigless operation is the preferable solution, which lead to cost effective operation. Rigless operation saves 25% of P&A operations even tough with longer operation days.
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Mullin, Joseph V. "Advancing Oil Spill Response in Arctic Conditions: The Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 960–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.960.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The oil and gas industry has made significant advances in being able to detect, contain and clean up spills in arctic environments. To further build on existing research and improve the technologies and methodologies for arctic oil spill response, nine oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, North Caspian Operating Company, Shell, Statoil, and Total) established the Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology Joint Industry Programme (JIP). The goal of the JIP is to advance arctic oil spill response strategies and equipment as well as to increase understanding of potential impacts of oil on the arctic marine environment. Officially launched in January 2012 at the Arctic Frontiers Conference in Tromsø, Norway, the JIP has six technical working groups (TWG) each focusing on a different key area of oil spill response: dispersants; environmental effects; trajectory modeling; remote sensing; mechanical recovery and in-situ burning (ISB). There is also a field research TWG to pursue opportunities for field releases for validation of response technologies and strategies. Each TWG is led by recognized subject matter experts with years of experience in oil spill response research and operations. This JIP is bringing together the world's foremost experts on oil spill response research, development, and operations from across industry, academia, and independent research centres. Research integrity will be ensured through technical peer review and public dissemination of results. This paper describes the scope and current progress of this Joint Industry Program (JIP).
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Goodnews Loanyie, Komene. "Ecocide Activities and Oil Firms’ Ecological Marketing Practice: A Focus on Agricultural-Economic Sustainability in Niger Delta." World Journal of Business and Management 7, no. 2 (December 25, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v7i2.19379.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out to examine the extent to which the ecocide activities in Niger Delta have affected the ecological marketing practices of the oil firms: Shell BP, Agip Oil Company, and Elf Oil Company in the improvement of the agricultural economic wellbeing of the oil-bearing communities in Niger Delta. A descriptive survey research design was employed in this study. The population of the study was 37,965,391 drawn from Niger Delta States based on which a sample size of 400 respondents was determined using Taro Yamane’s sample size determination techniques at 0.5 percent level of significance. The purposive sampling procedure was employed to enable the researcher to select the representative sample elements of the population interest from the right respondents who have adequate knowledge of the study under investigation from the different strata that makes up the population of the study. A structured instrument for data collection containing twenty (20) item questions was used for the study. The face and content validation of the instrument was obtained through the judgment of experts. A test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and the reliability index of .83 was obtained. The data collected for the study were analyzed using the mean score test and the percentage test method to answered the research questions; while the inferential statistics of the Z-score test was used to test the null hypothesis at .05 level of significance. Results obtained revealed that “Ecological marketing practice of the oil firms does not significantly improved agricultural economic poverty, agricultural market failure, agricultural economic frustration, and agricultural land limitation in the oil-bearing communities in Niger Delta”. The implication of this finding is that the oil firms’ ecological sustainability marketing activities was considered to lack the needed proactive improvement values which, if ethical based ecological effort is not adopted to create sustainable improvement; oil firms might experience unpredicted operational interruption by the oil-bearing communities. It was therefore, recommended that oil firms should consider employing proactive ecological marketing efforts in a more ethical and responsible manner to sustain the agricultural economic wellbeing of the oil-bearing communities.
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G.L., Komene, and Nweidua L.P. "Ecological Marketing Practice and Issues of Agricultural Economic Sustainability: A Focus on Oil Firms’ Activities in Niger Delta." British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjmms-ygbkclur.
Full textAbstract:
This study was carried out to examine the extent to which the ecological marketing practice of the oil firms: Shell BP, Agip Oil Company, and Elf Oil Company have improved agricultural economic wellbeing of the oil-bearing communities in Niger Delta. A descriptive survey research design was employed in this study. The population of the study was 37,965,391 drawn from Niger Delta States based on which a sample size of 400 respondents was determined using Taro Yamane’s sample size determination techniques at 0.5 percent level of significance. The purposive sampling procedure was employed to enable the researcher to select the representative sample elements of the population interest from the right respondents who have adequate knowledge of the study under investigation from the different strata that makes up the population of the study. A structured instrument for data collection containing twenty (20) item questions was used for the study. The face and content validation of the instrument was obtained through the judgment of experts. A test-retest method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and the reliability index of .83 was obtained. The data collected for the study were analyzed using the mean score test and the percentage test method to answered the research questions; while the inferential statistics of the Z-score test was used to test the null hypothesis at .05 level of significance. Results obtained revealed that “Ecological marketing practice of the oil firms does not significantly improved agricultural economic poverty, agricultural market failure, agricultural economic frustration, and agricultural land limitation in the oil-bearing communities in Niger Delta”. The implication of this finding is that the oil firms’ ecological sustainability marketing activities was considered to lack the needed proactive improvement values which, if ethical based ecological effort is not adopted to create sustainable improvement; oil firms might experience unpredicted operational interruption by the oil-bearing communities. It was therefore, recommended that oil firms should consider employing proactive ecological marketing efforts in a more ethical and responsible manner to sustain the agricultural economic wellbeing of the oil-bearing communities.
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Whiskey, Monday Obukowho, and Majority Oji. "Evaluation of the Level of Variability of Niger Delta Community People’s Awareness and Knowledge of Chevron Regional Development Councils (RDCs) and Shell’s Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) Activities." Studies in Media and Communication 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v11i1.5866.
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The study's objectives were to evaluate the level of variability in community people's awareness and knowledge of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) Regional Development Councils (RDCs) and Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) Shell Cluster Development Boards (CDBs) and to determine whether the ascertained community people's awareness and knowledge have a significant impact on how well Multi-National Oil Corporations (MNOCs) development programmes are carried out in the host communities. Adopting the cross-sectional research design, the study surveyed 400 respondents from selected four states in the Niger Delta Oil Producing communities where RDCs and CDBs are operated. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and percentages were used to describe the socio-demographic information and the research questions. Inferential statistical tools like the One-Way Analysis of Variance and regression analysis had been used to take a look at the formulated hypotheses for the study. The findings indicate no relevant difference among community people in their state of awareness of the RDCs and CDBs but that the host community’s people poor involvement in the RDCs and CDBs resulted from inadequate requisite knowledge of the activities of MNOCs in their communities. The study recommended that every decision-making and taking process involve in project initiation, execution and implementation should involve the host communities in order to earn the people’s trust and respect.
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Itu, Madu. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development: A Study of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria and Nigeria AGIP." AKSU Journal of Administration and Corporate Governance 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.61090/aksujacog.2024.004.
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This study assessed the procedures and practices of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) and Nigeria AGIP Oil Company (NAOC) in implementing their respective corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the development of host communities of Bayelsa state. The theoretical framework was derived from the social exchange theory, while the ex post facto research design was applied by employing multi-stage sampling technique, through survey questionnaires. It recorded a reliability index of 0.83. To achieve this, two research questions guided the study, with a sample size of 398 respondents drawn from twenty-four (24) host communities through multi-stage sampling techniques. Data were analysed with mean analysis and chi-square. It found that there was a significant relationship between the level of host community participation and the socio-economic life of the host communities in CSR of SPDC and NAOC on the sustainable development in Bayelsa State. It therefore recommended that SPDC/NAOC should invest a greater percentage of their profit on educational projects, adhere to the implementation of the Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU), the introduction of capacity-building programmes and full public participation by the host communities in the implementation of CRS activities.