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1
Mayrinck, Rafaella C., Colin P. Laroque, Beyhan Y. Amichev, and Ken Van Rees. "Above- and Below-Ground Carbon Sequestration in Shelterbelt Trees in Canada: A Review." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100922.
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Shelterbelts have been planted around the world for many reasons. Recently, due to increasing awareness of climate change risks, shelterbelt agroforestry systems have received special attention because of the environmental services they provide, including their greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential. This paper aims to discuss shelterbelt history in Canada, and the environmental benefits they provide, focusing on carbon sequestration potential, above- and below-ground. Shelterbelt establishment in Canada dates back to more than a century ago, when their main use was protecting the soil, farm infrastructure and livestock from the elements. As minimal-and no-till systems have become more prevalent among agricultural producers, soil has been less exposed and less vulnerable to wind erosion, so the practice of planting and maintaining shelterbelts has declined in recent decades. In addition, as farm equipment has grown in size to meet the demands of larger landowners, shelterbelts are being removed to increase efficiency and machine maneuverability in the field. This trend of shelterbelt removal prevents shelterbelt’s climate change mitigation potential to be fully achieved. For example, in the last century, shelterbelts have sequestered 4.85 Tg C in Saskatchewan. To increase our understanding of carbon sequestration by shelterbelts, in 2013, the Government of Canada launched the Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Program (AGGP). In five years, 27 million dollars were spent supporting technologies and practices to mitigate GHG release on agricultural land, including understanding shelterbelt carbon sequestration and to encourage planting on farms. All these topics are further explained in this paper as an attempt to inform and promote shelterbelts as a climate change mitigation tool on agricultural lands.
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Bonifacio, R. S., C. M. Kinross, G. M. Gurr, and H. Nicol. "The effect of woody plant diversity and other stand and landscape factors on the diversity and abundance of birds using farm shelterbelts." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 1 (2011): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110022.
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Shelterbelts are common features of farm landscapes that provide shelter for livestock and crops and timber but may also benefit wildlife. The importance of shelterbelt plant diversity for birds was investigated by a survey of 62 sites in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. An area search technique was used to assess bird occurrence. An all subsets and exponential regression analysis approach explored the relationships between woody plant diversity and avifauna diversity (using Hill’s diversity index), whilst seasonal variations were analysed using restricted maximum likelihood. Sixty-six bird species, including many that are woodland-dependent, representing eight foraging guilds, were observed in the shelterbelts. More species of birds occurred and at higher density in more floristically diverse shelterbelts. Other factors found to influence avifaunal use of shelterbelts were woody plant density, shelterbelt width, structural complexity, tree height, crown cover index and elevation. Seasonal analysis confirmed the importance of these independent variables but also revealed the significance of shelterbelt’s proximity to water during summer for birds using this habitat. This study shows that floristic diversity, amongst other factors, is a significant predictor of avifauna diversity in shelterbelts and suggests that shelterbelts may be designed to optimize their wildlife habitat and biodiversity conservation values.
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Li, Huiliang, Yongdong Wang, Shengyu Li, Aikedai Askar, and Haifeng Wang. "Shelter Efficiency of Various Shelterbelt Configurations: A Wind Tunnel Study." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071022.
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The construction of protective forests in Nursultan is key to reducing near-surface wind speeds and snowstorm effects in urban areas. This study analyzed the effects of the number of plant rows and spacing of the shelterbelts on the flow field around protective forests to evaluate the wind protection benefits of the existing configuration of the shelterbelt in Nursultan and guide the construction of protective forests. We measured the airflow fields of four shelterbelts with different numbers of rows, seven double pure shelterbelts, and double mixed shelterbelts of arbors and shrubs with different spacings. The results showed that the airflow field around the shelterbelts can be divided into five characteristic regions based on shelter efficiency: a deceleration region before the shelterbelt, acceleration region above the canopy, strong deceleration region in the canopy layer, deceleration region behind the shelterbelt, and recovery region behind the shelterbelt. In terms of windproof ability, the wind protection benefits of a shelterbelt with six rows are the best in a single shelterbelt. Behind the shelterbelt, the wind protection benefits of double pure shelterbelts are greater than that of double mixed shelterbelts of arbor and shrub. On the contrary, the windbreak benefits of the latter are stronger than those of the former between the two shelterbelts.
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Szajdak, Lech Wojciech, Wioletta Gaca, Jürgen Augustin, and Teresa Meysner. "Impact of Shelterbelts on Oxidation-Reduction Properties and Greenhouse Gases Emission from Soils." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0043.
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Abstract The Typic Hapludalfs soils under two old shelterbelts (200 years old) Robinia pseudacacia and Crataegus monogyna, multi species of trees (young shelterbelt - 20 years old) and neighbouring cultivated fields were investigated. The function of shelterbelts of different age and plant composition in agricultural landscape and estimation of biochemical and chemical soil conditions for the decrease of greenhouse gases release from soil to the atmosphere was the aim of the research. In soils under shelterbelts were estimated activities of several enzymes participating in the oxidation-reduction processes, ferric and ferrous ions and the evolutions of gases like N2, N2O, CO2, and CH4. The soils under old shelterbelts characterized higher peroxidase activity than in young shelterbelt and adjoining cultivated fields. However, no significant differences were observed for nitrate reductase activity between old and young shelterbelts. There were proved differences between emission of N2O in soils under shelterbelts and in adjoining cultivated fields. Furthermore, it was observed significant effect of the young shelterbelt on the decrease of carbon dioxide release than in the adjoining cultivated field. The manipulation of the landscape through the introduction of shelterbelts of different age and the composition of plants leads to the modification of biogeochemical soil conditions for N2O and N2 formation and finally decrease of the greenhouse gases evolution from soils to the atmosphere. Thus the creation of new shelterbelts is favourable factor for agricultural landscape.
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Kong, Tongwei, Binhui Liu, Mark Henderson, Wanying Zhou, Yuanhang Su, Shuai Wang, Ligang Wang, and Guibin Wang. "Effects of Shelterbelt Transformation on Soil Aggregates Characterization and Erodibility in China Black Soil Farmland." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111917.
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Farmland shelterbelts are widely used to reduce wind erosion, maintaining the ecological and food security of the black soil plain region of northeast China. In recent years, the protective effect of shelterbelts has been reduced due to tree degeneration. Efforts have been made to transform the construction of shelterbelts to conserve the stability of soil aggregates and enhance protection against erosion, however, the results are not well understood. To evaluate the impact of shelterbelt transformation on the stability of farmland soil aggregates and soil erodibility, three transformation modes of shelterbelts were selected, including pure Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (ZC), pure Picea asperata (YS), and mixed Populus × xiaohei–Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica (ZY), with a degraded Populus × xiaohei shelterbelt (TYC) used as a control. We set up soil sampling points at 0.5H, 1H, 1.5H, 3H, 5H, 7H, and 9H from the shelterbelts and analyzed aggregate composition, mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), fractal dimension (D), soil erodibility (K-value), and their relationships to soil properties of the 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers and the shelterbelt structure by using dry and wet sieving and equation estimation methods. The results show that dry (d) sieved soil samples from the transformed shelterbelt-protected farmlands are mainly composed of 2–5 mm and >5 mm grain size aggregates; the sum of the two particle sizes ranged from 48.67% to 51.27%, significantly larger than in the degraded shelterbelts (15.37%), decreasing with increasing distance from the shelterbelts. The effect is most obvious in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Wet (w) sieved soil samples are all dominated by <0.25 mm and 0.25–0.5 mm grain size aggregates; the sum of the two particle sizes ranged from 78.25% to 80.82%, which do not vary significantly with the mode of shelterbelts. The dMWD and dGMD show significantly higher mean values in samples from transformed shelterbelt-protected farmland than in soil from degraded shelterbelt-protected farmland; their magnitudes differ depending on the transformation mode, showing a pattern of ZC > ZY > YS and decreasing with increasing distance from shelterbelts, while the opposite is true for D and K. The difference between wMWD and wGMD for different shelterbelts protected farmland is not significant and is significantly lower than that between dMWD and dGMD. Clay and silt content was highly significantly positively correlated with aggregates dMWD and dGMD, weakly positively correlated with wMWD, wGMD and wD, and highly significantly negatively correlated with dD and K values. This shows that particle composition parameters can be used to reflect the sensitivity of agricultural soils to wind erosion. Farmland shelterbelt porosity is the main factor driving changes in soil aggregates stability, soil erodibility, and other soil properties. The transformation of degraded farmland shelterbelts can decrease the porosity and reduce wind speed, resulting in improved stability and erosion resistance of the farmland soil aggregates by increasing the clay content of the farmland soils. These results are useful in renovating degraded shelterbelts, providing novel insights into how to regulate the stability of soil aggregates and soil erodibility characteristics at the shelterbelt network scale.
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Mérő, Thomas. "Breeding birds of shelterbelts near Sombor (NW Serbia)." Acrocephalus 31, no. 144 (October 1, 2010): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-010-0001-x.
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Breeding birds of shelterbelts near Sombor (NW Serbia) In 2008, breeding birds were studied in the shelterbelts surrounded by arable land NW of Sombor (Vojvodina, NW Serbia). Seven 500 m long sections of wooded shelterbelts were selected and surveyed for birds six times between May and July. Sampling plots differed in tree species composition and dominance, in height of trees, and presence and composition of shrub and herb layers. 22 breeding species were found with a mean density of 9.86 ± 1.47 pairs/km of shelterbelt. The mean number of species per shelterbelt was 8.3 ± 1.2. Species richness ranged from 4 (shelterbelt G) to 14 (shelterbelt D) species. Similarity, measured by the Sørensen index, showed strong qualitative similarity (over 70%) between the compared communities in only 19% of all possible pairs of shelterbelts. The most abundant breeding species were Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus and Greenfinch Carduelis chloris, with overall linear densities of 2.9 and 2.6 pairs/km, respectively. Overall linear densities of a further four species (Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio, Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopos syriacus, Whitethroat Sylvia communis and Cuckoo Cuculus canorus) exceeded 1 pair/km. The densities of breeding birds are compared to those obtained during other studies in Europe and elsewhere.
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Sun, Qinming, Bo Zheng, Tong Liu, Lekui Zhu, Xiaoran Hao, and Zhiquan Han. "The optimal spacing interval between principal shelterbelts of the farm-shelter forest network." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 9 (January 5, 2022): 12680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17272-1.
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AbstractThe farm-shelter forest network is a complex grid protection system, with a windbreak that is distinctly different from that of the single shelterbelt. We selected the farm-shelter forest network of a jujube field in the Tarim Basin of northwest China and used a combination of field measurements and wind tunnel tests to determine the optimal spacing interval between principal shelterbelts. The wind speed reductive curve of the farm-shelter forest network showed a gradual wind speed tendency to stability. Therefore, a model was established based on the energy transfer balance between the upper and the lower airflows for a steady wind speed. The prediction error of the model was found to be < 1%. The model results indicated that increasing the spacing interval between principal shelterbelts from 10 to 20 H, where H is the shelterbelt height, maintained more than 70% of the windbreak effect of the farm-shelter forest network. If the spacing interval between principal shelterbelts were to be increased from 10 to 20 H, the jujube planting area would be increased by 0.54%. Therefore, a thorough consideration of the windbreak effect of each shelterbelt, the synergistic effects of shelterbelts, the windbreak effects of tall crops, and the effects of temperature and humidity in farm-shelter forest networks indicates that increasing the spacing interval will not only maintain the windbreak effect, but it will also reduce the side effects of shelterbelts, increase the planting area, favor mechanized operation, and improve planting efficiency.
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Tsitsilas, A., S. Stuckey, A. A. Hoffmann, A. R. Weeks, and L. J. Thomson. "Shelterbelts in agricultural landscapes suppress invertebrate pests." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05137.
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The homogenous nature of agricultural landscapes generally reduces biodiversity of invertebrate species, but this can be partly offset by developing refuges at field margins. In Australia, shelterbelts are widely planted to provide protection for livestock and to counter salinity problems associated with rising water tables. Shelterbelts may also play a role in acting as reservoirs for organisms that are beneficial to pastures, although this has rarely been directly evaluated. We sampled invertebrates along transects running from replicated shelterbelts into pastures, and in glasshouse trials we tested the impact of the beneficial organisms from the shelterbelts on the collected pests. Contrary to popular views, numbers of pest mites and lucerne fleas were low within shelterbelts. Moreover, numbers were typically lower adjacent to shelterbelts compared with >30 m into the pasture, an effect that was much more apparent when shelterbelts carried a groundcover of high (>30 cm) grass. Numbers of predatory mites and spiders were higher in shelterbelts and in adjacent pasture when there was taller grass and higher grass cover in the shelterbelts. Samples of potential predators collected from a shelterbelt were more effective at suppressing pest mite numbers than those collected in pasture. Shelterbelts with ground cover appear to harbour a diversity of beneficial organisms that suppress pest numbers in adjacent pastures.
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Asmare, Melkamu. "The role of shelterbelt for soil management in Ethiopia." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 60, no. 2 (2023): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov60-44826.
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Soil is a vital component for the growth of trees and shrubs in the shelterbelts agroforestry practices. Management of trees has a critical contribution to soil improvements. People's use of shelterbelts is varying across agroecology zones of Ethiopia. Some nations use it as their cultural expression, while the others use it as area demarcation (farming and home). In shelterbelt agroforestry practice, Millettia ferruginea, Sesbania sesban and Acacia abyssinica legumes tree species were deliberately planted for soil management across agro-ecologies. Considering the population and the farm size of farmers in Ethiopia, most farmers' knowledge of shelterbelts for soil management is scantly documented. This is due to a low level of awareness and expert consultancy. Therefore, this paper reviews the soil management roles and possible threats, opportunities, and challenges of shelterbelts. This review paper was developed through using related published papers. Scientists reported that areas covered by well-managed shelterbelts had good soil physical, biological, and chemical properties. The soil quality and fertility of the area further improved through good soil microbial activities. The tree crop compatibility, climatic factors, land use policy, and scarcity of land were among the possible threat and challenges to shelterbelts establishment. Generally, good tree and shrub management skills result in a high level of land productivity. Therefore, further development planners should focus on the extensive demonstration of shelterbelt practices as well as training and monitoring of farmers on such issues for their livelihood improvements.
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Popov, Andriy, Vladyslav Tymoshevskyi, and Vadym Poliakh. "Costs, Benefits and Obstacles to the Adoption and Retention of Shelterbelts: Regional Perception and Mind Map Analyses for Ukraine." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2022.16.2.157.
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The role of shelterbelts within an agricultural landscape is changing significantly. In the past, shelterbelts have been encouraged and established to reduce soil erosion and increase crop yields. Land reform (land privatisation) and advances in production technology led to increases in agricultural holding size. This requires a revision of policy concerning shelterbelt management in rural communities, especially since there is no recent research on community perceptions regarding the adoption and retention of shelterbelts. The specific objective of this research was to identify the public costs, benefits and obstacles from the adoption and retention of shelterbelts. In the summer of 2019, a survey was conducted of territorial communities (hromadas) in Ukraine. It was observed that many of the benefits of shelterbelts were classified as noneconomic. Therefore, these benefits are more difficult for the leaders of hromadas to recognise within their management decisions. The costs to hromadas were identified and strongly affected management decisions but the actual monetary costs were not identified. Shelterbelts have the potential to mitigate climate change yet most hromadas do not recognise the social and environmental benefits of shelterbelts within their management decisions.
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Szigeti, Nóra, Imre Berki, Andrea Vityi, and Dániel Winkler. "The Role of Grassy Habitats in Agroforestry." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 17, no. 2 (2021): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2021-0005.
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Planting shelterbelts on agricultural fields has long traditions in Hungary. The biodiversityenhancing effect of this type of agroforestry is intensively researched, but most of the results concentrate on tree species diversity and specific animal communities such as insects and birds. The characteristics of herbaceous vegetation and soil mesofauna related to shelterbelts are understudied; however, both communities play key roles in agricultural productivity. This study aimed to explore the diversity and species composition of these groups in shelterbelts and adjacent grassy and cropped habitats. Samples were taken inside and adjacent to a native and a non-native shelterbelt in an agricultural landscape. The results highlight that shelterbelt edges are at least as important as tree stands in preserving soil-related diversity. Native tree species composition shows slightly more favorable conditions concerning the examined communities. While the positive impact of shelterbelts on the agricultural productivity and the diversity of several animal communities has been proven, the appearance of forest-related herbaceous species in tree stands planted on cultivated fields is not expected, even after decades have passed. The research was supported by the Blue Planet Climate Protection Foundation.
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Liu, Yage, Huidong Li, Minchao Wu, Anzhi Wang, Jiabing Wu, and Dexin Guan. "Estimating the Legacy Effect of Post-Cutting Shelterbelt on Crop Yield Using Google Earth and Sentinel-2 Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 5005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14195005.
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Shelterbelts (or windbreaks) can effectively improve the microclimate and soil conditions of adjacent farmland and thus increase crop yield. However, the individual contribution of these two factors to yield changes is still unclear since the short-term effect from the microclimate and the accumulated effect from the soil jointly affect crop yield. The latter (soil effect) is supposed to remain after shelterbelt-cutting, thus inducing a post-cutting legacy effect on yield, which can be used to decompose the shelterbelt-induced yield increase. Here, we develop an innovative framework to investigate the legacy effect of post-cutting shelterbelt on corn yield by combining Google Earth and Sentinel-2 data in Northeastern China. Using this framework, for the first time, we decompose the shelterbelt-induced yield increase effect into microclimate and soil effects by comparing the yield profiles before and after shelterbelt-cutting. We find that on average, the intensity of the legacy effect, namely the crop yield increment of post-cutting shelterbelts, is 0.98 ± 0.03%. The legacy effect varies depending on the shelterbelt–farmland relative location and shelterbelt density. The leeward side of the shelterbelt-adjacent farmland has a more remarkable legacy effect compared to the windward side. Shelterbelts with medium–high density have the largest legacy effect (1.94 ± 0.05%). Overall, the legacy effect accounts for 47% of the yield increment of the shelterbelt before cutting, implying that the soil effect is almost equally important for increasing crop yield compared to the microclimate effect. Our findings deepen the understanding of the mechanism of shelterbelt-induced yield increase effects and can help to guide shelterbelt management.
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Mbuthia, E. W., J. H. Shariff, A. Raman, D. S. Hodgkins, H. I. Nicol, and S. Mannix. "Abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and fungi in shelterbelts integrated with pastures in the central tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 12 (December 11, 2012): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/12/2012-jfs.
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Shelterbelts are important for the sustainability of agriculture because they provide a variety of benefits to farmers and the society. Several published papers demonstrate that integration of shelterbelts with agroecosystems offers positive outcomes, such as better yield, more congenial microclimate, and greater organic matter levels. Nonetheless, soil biological diversity, the driver of greater organic matter levels, has not been convincingly tested and verified yet. In addressing this gap, we measured abundance and diversity of populations of arthropods and fungi in three<br />11-year old shelterbelts integrated with pasture to determine whether a correlation exists between the abundance of and diversity in populations of arthropods and fungi in two seasons: late autumn-early winter (May–June 2011) and late winter-early spring (August–September 2011). Litter from the soil surface and soil from two depths were sampled at increasing distance from the midpoint of shelterbelts for the extraction of arthropods and isolation culturing of fungi. The relationship among distance, depth and biodiversity of different groups of arthropods and fungi was analysed using linear regression. We found that over both seasons arthropod abundance in the litter and soil declined with increasing distance from the midpoint of the shelterbelts, and with soil depth. However, fungi abundance in either season was not affected by proximity to the shelterbelt but increased with greater soil depth. Distance from the shelterbelt midpoints did not bear an impact on the diversity richness of both arthropods and fungi.
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Li, Hao, Zengfeng Yan, Zhengmo Zhang, Jiachen Lang, and Xudong Wang. "A Numerical Study of the Effect of Vegetative Windbreak on Wind Erosion over Complex Terrain." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071072.
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Wind erosion is a typical issue for stone carvings in northwest China caves, and windbreaks such as shelterbelts have proven to be effective in mitigating wind erosion. This study has the main purpose of examining the effect of shelterbelts on alleviating the wind erosion degree of stone carvings. The applicability of the canopy model for reproducing the aerodynamic effects based on the realizable k–ε and LES model was examined by using a validation metric. The shelterbelt structure has been discussed with the goal of finding the optimum canopy structure to provide a guideline for designing shelterbelts. Compared with the LES model, the realizable k–ε model was adopted in this study based on its comprehensive performance. The results show that a canopy with porosity of φ = 30% and a width of 0.3 to 0.5 H has better sheltering efficiency. Compared to the case with no shelterbelt, the wind speed amplification coefficient decreased by 43%, and the significant decrease in the value of the wind speed amplification coefficient in the primary-harm wind direction demonstrates the effectiveness of the shelterbelt. By exploring preventive protection technology in the context of historical stone carving, this study can promote the practice of scientific and technological protection of cultural relics.
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Li, J., S. Dong, and Y. Li. "Comparative study on windbreak effects of two different configuration shelterbelts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 895, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/895/1/012020.
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Abstract Pinus sylvestris, Artemisia ordosica, Tamarix chinensis Lour, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Salix matsudana Koidz were selected to design the models of forest belts. Through wind tunnel experiments, we analyzed the wind speed frequency, wind speed flow field and wind protection efficiency of two different configuration shelterbelts. The results showed the wind speed frequency of mixed shelterbelts was generally lower than that of single shelterbelts with the same configuration. The similarity of the average wind speed between No.1 A3 and No.2 C3 indicates that the windbreak effect of low-density arbor-shrub mixed shelterbelt was similar to that of high-density single shelterbelt. The average wind protection efficiency of No.1 A1 was similar to that of No.1 C2, indicating that the influence of density of pinus sylvestrison of wind protection efficiency is greater than the height of forest belt. the average wind protection efficiency of No. 2 A2 was 57.64%, which was similar to that of No. 2 B3, indicating that the height of the forest belt increased, and the influence of density on the protection effect of the forest belt decreased.Therefore, the wind protection ability of multi-species and highly hierarchical mixed forests was higher than that of single shelterbelt.
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Cai, Xuelu, Mark Henderson, Ligang Wang, Yuanhang Su, and Binhui Liu. "Shelterbelt Structure and Crop Protection from Increased Typhoon Activity in Northeast China." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100995.
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Global warming has led to increases in the frequency and intensity of typhoons. In recent years, super typhoons have had a greater impact on agriculture in the black soil farmland of Northeast China, posing serious threats to crop growth. Planting trees as windbreaks and to reduce erosion is common in this region, but their protective effects against crop damage from typhoons is still unknown. This paper studied the protective effect of different shelterbelt structures on crops that encountered a super typhoon. The results show that the distance between shelterbelt rows and shelterbelt porosity have significant influences on the starting lodging distance of crops behind the shelterbelt. Increasing the shelterbelt distance between shelterbelt rows or reducing shelterbelt porosity can enhance their protective effects on crops. Among the main crops, rice has the strongest lodging resistance, followed by soybeans, with maize being the least resistant. The protective effect of mixed tree and shrub shelterbelts is better than that of single tree species shelterbelts. Dead or missing trees reduce the shelterbelt protective effect. These results provide strategies for reducing the impact of more intense and frequent super typhoons.
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Wang, Hao, and E. S. Takle. "Model-Simulated Influences of Shelterbelt Shape on Wind-Sheltering Efficiency." Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.695.
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Abstract The authors report results of a numerical model used to simulate wind and turbulence fields for porous, living shelterbelts with seven different cross-sectional shapes. The simulations are consistent with results of Woodruff and Zingg whose wind-tunnel study demonstrated that all shelterbelts with very different shapes have nearly identical reduction of wind and turbulence. The simulations also showed that the pressure-loss (resistance) coefficient for smooth-shaped or streamlined shelterbelts is significantly smaller than that for rectangle-shaped or triangle-shaped shelterbelts with a windward vertical side. However, the shelter effects are not proportional to the pressure-loss coefficient (drag). Analysis of the momentum budget demonstrated that in the near lee and in the far lee, both vertical advection and pressure gradient have opposite roles in the recovery of wind speed. This behavior, combined with differences in permeability, is the likely cause of reduced sensitivity of shelter effects to shelterbelt shape.
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Chendev, Yury G., Anthony R. Lupo, Edgar A. Terekhin, Maria A. Smirnova, Aleksandr N. Gennadiev, Anastasia G. Narozhnyaya, Maria G. Lebedeva, and Valery G. Belevantsev. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Forest Vegetation and Their Impacts on Soil Properties in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Central Russian Upland: A Remote Sensing, GIS Analysis, and Field Studies Approach." Forests 14, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102079.
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This article showcases the outcomes of a comprehensive spatiotemporal dynamic analysis conducted in forest vegetation areas within the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland (eastern Europe), spanning the period from 1970 to 2020. This study utilized high-resolution data from the Corona satellite system from the year 1970 as well as satellite imagery from the ArcGIS World Imagery database. Soil properties and their changes were assessed based on the analysis of soil bulk density (930 samples), soil organic carbon features, pH, available phosphorus, and the composition of salt extracts (1362 samples). We collected and analyzed 3920 soil samples in the field to study the impact of shelterbelts on soil moisture over a period of two years. For six selected key sites with a total area of 1722 km2, it was found that over a 50-year period, the area covered by forest vegetation increased from 14% to 24%. This expansion was primarily due to the planting and growth of young shelterbelts in the 1970s–1980s as well as widening anti-erosion shelterbelts on slopes and gullies. The average linear growth rate of forest vegetation boundaries was found to be 23.5 m (4.7 m per decade) for the entire study area. The expansion was highest on west-facing slopes, which was attributed to the higher moisture content from windward atmospheric precipitation events. However, alongside the increase in forest cover, degradation was also observed, particularly in old-age shelterbelts, which was attributed to increased fragmentation and mortality. A gradual increase in the extent of shelterbelt degradation was observed from the northwest to the southeast within the forest-steppe region, corresponding to areas with a drier climate. Additionally, the impact of shelterbelts on soil properties and soil cover was analyzed using four key sites and using fields and laboratory research methods. We detected a lateral uptake of substances from plowed soils into the soils of shelterbelts and vertical uptake from deep layers. The two-year observations (2020 and 2021) of soil moisture during the growing season (May–September) in two climatically contrasting forest-steppe areas revealed a more intensive accumulation of soil moisture in fields west of shelterbelts compared to those to the east of them, particularly within the 10 m zone near the shelterbelts. This can be attributed to arable fields on the windward side receiving more moisture compared to the leeward side. The formation of striped microstructures in the soil cover that occurred under the shelterbelts and on adjacent arable lands was influenced by various factors such as microclimatic conditions, vegetation types, ecological conditions for soil fauna, and human-induced soil processing and transformation along the shelterbelt boundaries. Shelterbelts and their adjacent areas in agro-landscapes are considered to be self-developing natural–anthropogenic geosystems with their own organizational structure. Therefore, their study is recommended as an integral part of modern geographical zoning.
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Kowalchuk, T. E., and E. de Jong. "Shelterbelts and their effect on crop yield." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-077.
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Shelterbelts planted to control wind erosion indirectly affect the adjacent crop. Yield data were collected during 3 yr from 15 fields cropped mainly to spring wheat seeded on fallow, to quantify the competition and sheltering effects of the shelterbelts (about 6 m high and 200 m apart) and to relate these to microclimate and plant-available soil N, P and water. In 1989 and 1990, when moisture conditions during the growing season were dry and close to average, respectively, competition by the trees and their approximately 5-m-wide grass edge reduced crop yield about 10 m into the field. Yields were slightly above the field mean about 10–20 m from the field edge. The competition effect was smaller and the zone of improved crop growth was absent in 1991 when water was abundant. Plant-available N and P were close to the field means at the edge of the cultivated fields and were highest about 10 m into the fields. Competition for water is believed to be the main reason for the reduced yields at the edge of the fields as most farmers seed-placed fertilizer P, and response to added fertilizer N appeared independent of distance from the shelterbelt. Competition for water occurs during the growing period of the crop, but also includes water taken up by the shelterbelt when the field is in fallow. The improved crop growth 10–20 m from the field edge appears related to the reduction in potential evaporation as distance to the shelterbelt decreases. Key words: Shelterbelts, crop, competition, shelter, evaporation, wind
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Szigeti, Nóra, Imre Berki, Andrea Vityi, and Leonid Rasran. "Shelterbelts Planted on Cultivated Fields Are Not Solutions for the Recovery of Former Forest-Related Herbaceous Vegetation." Land 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090930.
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Establishing shelterbelts for field protection is one of the rediscovered agroforestry practices in Europe and Hungary. Several studies have focused on the effects of these plantations on agricultural production. Prior scholarship reveals that shelterbelts enhance the diversity of bird and insect communities but generally fail to consider herbaceous cover. Our study aimed to describe the herbaceous vegetation in shelterbelts of different origins, tree species composition, and land management. We investigated surveys in four agricultural landscapes of North West Hungary, where the intensity of the landscape transformation is different. The diversity and species composition of the herbaceous vegetation were analyzed, including plant sociology and forest affinity. Our results highlight the importance of landscape history in herbaceous flora. Shelterbelts planted on cultivated without an immediate connection to former woody vegetation soil are not appropriate for the appearance of forest-related herbaceous species, regardless of tree species composition or the extent of the shelterbelt. On the contrary, the remnants of former woody vegetation are refuges for those herbaceous species that are very slow at colonizing new plantations. These findings expose that protecting existing woody areas is an essential task of agricultural land management.
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Liu, Yage, Huidong Li, Fenghui Yuan, Lidu Shen, Minchao Wu, Wenliang Li, Anzhi Wang, Jiabing Wu, and Dexin Guan. "Estimating the impact of shelterbelt structure on corn yield at a large scale using Google Earth and Sentinel 2 data." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac58ab.
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Abstract A shelterbelt is an important measure to protect farmland and increase crop yield. However, how a shelterbelt structure affects crop yield is still unclear due to the difficulties accessing sufficient data from traditional field observations. To address this problem, we developed an innovative framework to estimate the shelterbelt structure and crop yield profile at a regional scale based on Google Earth and Sentinel-2 data. Using this method, we quantified the impact of the shelterbelt structure on the corn yield at 302 shelterbelts in the Northeast Plain of China. Generally, the corn yield increased (by 2.41% on average) within a distance of 1.2–15 times the tree height from the shelterbelt. Such an effect was particularly prominent within a distance of two to five times the tree height, where the corn yield was significantly increased by up to 4.63%. The structure of the shelterbelt has a significant effect on the magnitude of increase in yield of the surrounding corn. The increment of corn yields with high-, medium-high-, medium- and low-width-gap grade shelterbelt were 2.01%, 2.21%, 1.99%, and 0.91%, respectively. The medium-high grade shelterbelt achieved the largest yield increase effect. The location of the farmland relative to the shelterbelt also affected the yield, with a yield increase of 2.39% on the leeward side and 1.89% on the windward side, but it did not change the relationship between the yield increase effect and the shelterbelt structure. Our findings highlight the optimal shelterbelt structure for increasing corn yield, providing practical guidance on the design and management of farmland shelterbelts for maximizing yield.
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Wu, Yan, Wenjie Wang, Qiong Wang, Zhaoliang Zhong, Huimei Wang, and Yanbo Yang. "Farmland Shelterbelt Changes in Soil Properties: Soil Depth-Location Dependency and General Pattern in Songnen Plain, Northeastern China." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030584.
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As one of the world’s largest ecological rehabilitation programs, the three-north (Northern China, Northeastern China, and Northwestern China) shelterbelts program in China were not well evaluated on its effects on multiple soil properties. This paper aims to quantify this. Seven hundred twenty soils from paired plots of farmlands and neighbor shelterbelts were sampled from six regions of Songnen Plain in northeastern China. Multivariate analysis of variance and regression analysis were used to detect the impacts of shelterbelt plantations. For the overall 1 m soil profiles, shelterbelt plantations had a 4.3% and 7.4% decreases in soil bulk density and soil moisture (p = 0.000), a 4.8% increase in soil porosity (p = 0.003). It also evidently recovered soil fertility with a 40% increase in total P, a 4.4% increase in total K, and a 15.1% increase in available K (p < 0.05). However, without overall changes were in SOC and N (p > 0.05). Compared with farmland, shelterbelt plantations produced a 7.8% SOC increase in 20–40 cm soil and much more minor changes in surface soil (0–20 cm). Compared with the younger plantation, mature shelterbelts tended to sequestrate more SOC in soils (from a 0.11% decrease to a 3.31% increase) and recover total K from a 2.24% decline to a 16.5% increase. Correlation analysis manifested that there is a significant relationship between SOC sequestration and the changes in bulk density, porosity, soil moisture, pH, EC, total N, total P, and alkaline hydrolyzed N. In contrast, the strongest relationship was observed between total N and SOC (r > 0.50, p < 0.001). The increase in total N was accompanied by 1.01–1.67-fold higher SOC sequestration in deep soils >20 cm in poplar forests. Our results highlight that the over-40-year shelterbelts afforestation on farmland in northeastern China could strongly affect soil physics, soil water, and nutrient of P and K. The effects on SOC sequestration were dependent on soil depths, growth stages, and regions. Our data support the precise soil evaluation of agroforestry projects in the black soil region in the high-latitude northern hemisphere.
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Burke, Morgen, Bradley Rundquist, and Haochi Zheng. "Detection of Shelterbelt Density Change Using Historic APFO and NAIP Aerial Imagery." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030218.
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Grand Forks County, North Dakota, boasts the highest concentration of shelterbelts in the World. As trees age and reach their lifespan limits, renovations should have taken place with new trees being planted. However, in recent years, the rate of tree removal is thought to exceed the rate of replanting, which can result in a net loss of shelterbelts. Through manual digitization and geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA), we mapped shelterbelt densities in the Grand Forks County using historical and contemporary aerial photography, and estimated actual changes in density over 54 years. Our results showed a doubling in shelterbelt densities from 1962 to 2014, with an increase of 6402 m2/km2 over the 52 years (or 123 m2/km2/year). From 2014 to 2016, we measured 1,040,178 m2 of shelterbelt areas removed from the county, creating a density loss of −157 m2/km2/year. The total change over two years was relatively small compared with that seen over the previous 52 years. However, the fact that the rate of shelterbelt planting has slowed, and more removal is occurring, should be of concern for an increased risk of wind erosion, similar to that experienced in Midwestern U.S. during the 1930s. The reduction of shelterbelt density is likely related to changes in farming practices and a decline in the Conservation Reserve Program, resulting from the increased returns of growing other row crops. To encourage shelterbelt planting as a conservation practice, additional guidelines and financial support should be considered to balance the tradeoff between soil erosion and agricultural intensification.
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Lavrsen Kure, Jakob, Jakob Krabben, Simon Vilms Pedersen, Marco Carozzi, and Sven Sommer. "An Assessment of Low-Cost Techniques to Measure Ammonia Emission from Multi-Plots: A Case Study with Urea Fertilization." Agronomy 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110245.
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Ammonia (NH3) emission from agriculture is an environmental threat and a loss of nitrogen for crop production. Mineral fertilizers and manure are significant sources of NH3; therefore, abatement technologies have been introduced to mitigate these emissions. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that low-cost measuring techniques are suitable to assess NH3 emissions in smaller plots, appropriate to test different managements. Two experiments were established to quantify NH3 emissions from urea application in a multi-plot design with radii of 5 (R5) and 20 m (R20). Field was bare soil partially surrounded by shelterbelts. Measurement techniques included passive flux samplers (Leuning), and passive concentration samplers (ALPHA) coupled to WindTrax dispersion model. NH3 emission from R5 was consistent with the emission from R20 when the surface-to-atmosphere exchange was not affected by shelterbelts, and wind speed near surface was greater than 1 m s−1. Both measurement methods gave unreliable NH3 quantification in combination with wind speed lower than 1 m s−1 and low emission strength. Cumulative emission over 60 h was 2% of the supplied N from the plots not affected by the shelterbelt, and 1% from the plots affected by shelterbelts, indicating that these structures can significantly reduce NH3 emissions.
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Zhang, Kaidi, and Jianlan Su. "Carbon Storage of Shelterbelts in Yunnan Province and Countermeasures for Increasing Carbon Sinks." E3S Web of Conferences 423 (2023): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342302003.
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Based on the data of seven national forest inventory and the fourth second-class forest inventory in Yunnan Province, the biomass expansion factor method was used to calculate the carbon storage dynamics of shelterbelts in Yunnan Province. The results show that: 1) the carbon storage of shelterbelts in Yunnan Province increased from 8868.03×104 tons in 1988 to 37635.01×104 tons in 2018, with an average annual growth of 821.91×104 tons. The contribution rate of shelterbelts carbon storage to the total forest carbon storage in Yunnan Province increased from 17.59% to 41.63%, and the total average carbon density of shelterbelts showed an upward trend in fluctuation. 2) the contribution rate of carbon storage of middle-aged forest (20.20%-27.44%) was the largest, the mature forest and overmature forest was the second and third, and the contribution rate of carbon storage of young forest was the lowest. The total average carbon density of shelterbelts increased with the age classes. 3) The natural shelterbelts had been the main contributor to the carbon storage in Yunnan, and its contribution rate (between 95.80% and 99.53%) decreases gradually, while the carbon density of natural shelterbelts increases with the increase of age. Compared with natural shelterbelts, the carbon storage and density of artificial shelterbelts were at a lower level, and the total average carbon density of artificial shelterbelts is on the rise. The carbon density of artificial shelterbelts of different ages is mature forest > near mature forest > over mature forest > middle aged forest > young forest. 4) Diqing Prefecture was the main contributor of carbon storage of shelterbelts in Yunnan Province (the contribution rate is 17.65%), and the carbon storage of shelterbelts in northwest Yunnan accounts for 44.19% of the total carbon storage of shelterbelts in Yunnan Province. Yunnan province should pay attention to the maturity of middle-aged and young shelterbelts, strengthen the management of artificial shelterbelts to enhance the carbon storage capacity of Yunnan shelterbelts.
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Shum, I. "The Nitrogen content and environmental capacity of soil organic substance in agroecosystems of Forest Steppe." Agroecological journal, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2015.271486.
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Nitrogen content is considered to be a sensible indicator of soil quality. The main objectives of this study were: i) to investigate the impacts of oak shelterbelts on nitrogen distribution in soil; ii) to evaluate the profile changes of general and special environmental protection capacity of soil. The sample plots were set up on the alfisols in East European forest steppe: in the middle of the shelterbelts and also 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 H from them. The soil samples were taken down to 50-cm depth with 10-cm step. We found that the highest nitrogen content – up to 0.45% was accumulated in the subsurface soil layer 0 – 10 cm. The content of this element significantly decreased with distance from shelterbelts – down to 0.23% at 20H. There was also a significant reduction of N content with depth in all the variants of the experiment – down to 0.05% at a depth of 40–50 cm. Changes in general and special environmental protection capacity of soil organic matter were analysed. The highest values of these both parameters were found under the shelterbelt and significantly decreased with distance from it. We also found that special environmental protection capacity was not an informative indicator in our studies. A possible explanation for these results may be the lack of adequate experiments on the soils with high content of total nitrogen. We suppose that the discussed parameter should be used only if lack of nitrogen is soil is observed. The obtained experimental data proves that not only total nitrogen content, but also the quality of soil organic, its general and special environmental protection capacity depends on the distance to shelterbelt. That is to be taken into account while planning the optimal dozes of fertilizers and ameliorants.
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Narozhnyaya, Anastasiya, and Yurii Chendev. "The study of the modern ecological state of shelterbelts using GIS and remote sensing data." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 2 (2020): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-2-26-54-65.
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Digitization of maps of land-use (scale 1 : 10 000) 1955–1956, 1980–1981s years of surveying, visual interpretation of satellite images of the modern period of high resolution (2017), as well as extrapolation of these data, allowed us to establish that on the territory of the Belgorod oblast the length of shelterbelts from the 1950s to 2017 increased 2 times — from 14 600 km to 29 600 km. At the same time, in comparison with the 1950s, in the 1980s, the length of anti-erosion shelterbelts increased more than 3 times and the length of protective shelterbelts decreased by 9 %. On average, on the territory of the Belgorod region, about 0.96 km per 1000 km of shelterbelts before 1955, annually retires from circulation. The rate of loss of shelterbelts in the period 1950–1980s — 0.23 km/year×1000 km. About 0.13 km/year×1000 km of shelterbelts loses the integrity of the stand and shelterbelts become fragmented. The reasons for the reduction of shelterbelts is their aging, lack of systematic care, destruction with an increase in the area of settlements. Visual interpretation of space images allowed identifying the disturbed sites of shelterbelts in which the rarefaction (fragmentation) of forest stand is marked. 693 800 ha of arable land of the region belongs to slopes over 2°. On them in the 1950–1980s the 10 300 km of protective shelterbelts were created, out of which about 50 % deviate from the horizontal direction by more than 30°, which leads to soil erosion and the formation of scours, and then — gullies. Only 8.7 % of the contour shelterbelts on arable land from the total length of protective shelterbelts were determined. According to additional calculations, for 35 % of protective shelterbelts located relative to the horizontal lines correctly, the potential amount of soil flushing exceeds the permissible values by an average of 41 %, i.e. it is necessary to create additional shelterbelts higher up the slope on arable land. The inverse relationship between the length of disturbed and abandoned shelterbelts and the values of the hydrothermal coefficient (НTC) (r = -0.44) is revealed: in more arid climatic conditions of the Belgorod oblast the viability of shelterbelts decreases. On southern slopes above 4° reduction of length of shelterbelts at change of НTC occurs faster, than on slopes of other aspect.
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Mușat, Marian, Roxana Ciceoi, Costel Dolocan, Georgian Argatu, and Ion Cioroianu. "Increasing the Productive Potential of Agroecosystems Affected by Climate Change Using Shelterbelts, in Southeastern Part Romania." Romanian Agricultural Research 38 (2021): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3853.
Full textAbstract:
The climate change that we are facing today has negative consequences on our ecosystems, especially by increasing the number and intensity of extreme weather events, as heavy rains, hail, drought, and other such weather phenomena. One of the most effective measures to fight against drought is the establishment of shelterbelts to protect agricultural land. These have proved to be necessary especially in plain areas prone to drought, wind erosion, desertification, etc. At national level, 7.5 million hectares should be protected by shelterbelts, of which on 3.4 million hectares measures should be undertaken immediately. In 2014 the Romanian Academy decided to provide a model for landowners and farmers, by establishing a network of shelterbelts exceeding 120 km, covering an area of over 178 ha. In the period 2017-2020, shelterbelts were established in four different areas, of which we analyze here only two, namely Perișoru, on a typical chernozem and Grădiștea, on a calcaric fluvisol, in the meadow area, both locations in Călăraşi County. The planting schemes were identical, respectively 2 x 1 m, resulting in 5000 seedlings/ha. Two distinct compositions were used, a simple one of Ulmus pumila and Gleditsia triacanthos and a more complex one of Quercus pedunculiflora, Prunus cerasifera, Fraxinus ornus, Acer tataricum, Pyrus pyraster and Prunus mahaleb. The technology used for planting and maintenance is considered a premiere in Romania, due to high mechanization works, that lead to high quality, low impact and low-cost works. The growth characteristics were compared, for both sites and compositions, providing information that can be further exploited inside the organic or sustainable production systems by farmers. By using a method developed within 28PCCDI UEFISCDI financed project, aiming at evaluating the influence of new agro-bio technologies on the agroecosystem at soil level, further insights on shelterbelt benefits are expected in the future.
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Lyte, Benedict, Jolin Warren, Jan Haenraets, and David Mitchell. "Garden Shelterbelts." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 6 (October 31, 2008): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2008.42.
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Shelterbelts in gardens, as their name implies, provide crucial protection from strong winds for the less well-adapted species growing behind them. Several of the historic gardens on the west coast of Scotland rely on them in order to cultivate the range of plants that they do. Many of these windbreak plantings were established over 150 years ago and the plants in them are ageing. The National Trust for Scotland held a seminar to discuss this problem and the experiences of a number of gardens, and the lessons learnt are described. New computer-based technology developed by the Forestry Commission is also discussed.
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Jamieson, L. E., S. Dobson, J. Cave, and P. S. Stevens. "A survey of armoured scale insects on kiwifruit shelter." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3932.
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Scale infested kiwifruit continues to be a problem despite regular monitoring and spraying Shelterbelt trees may be a source of scale insect infestations in kiwifruit vines A survey of armoured scale insects in 12 common species of shelterbelt trees used in kiwifruit orchards was carried out Bark samples were removed and the density of scale insects and species composition was determined Japanese cedar as a shelterbelt species is unlikely to be a significant host for scale insects whereas Balsam poplar willow and leyland cypress were more likely to host high populations Shelterbelts in Northland Auckland and Gisborne generally had higher levels of scale insects than the same species in the Bay of Plenty and Nelson Greedy or latania scale (Hemiberlesia spp) was found more frequently than oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii)
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Zhang, Lu, Zhi Yao Su, and Xiang Lin Wang. "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Temperature and Humidity in Taxodium distichum Shelterbelts of Jiangmen, South China." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1150.
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Temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and humidity in shelterbelts of Taxodium distichum were investigated using routine observation and gradient observation methods in sampling plots placed in Taxodium distichum shelterbelts, sugarcane, and open (blank) fields, respectively. The results showed that: 1) Taxodium distichum shelterbelts mitigated air temperature in July. Air temperature of Taxodium distichum shelterbelts was 0.7 °C and 1.7 °C lower than that of sugarcane field and blank field in July, respectively, while less change of air temperature in January was recorded. Air temperature at 20 cm from the ground in the Taxodium distichum shelterbelts was the highest in April, October and January, but the lowest in July; 2) Relative humidity in the Taxodium distichum shelterbelts was higher than in blank field through the four seasons, but lower than in sugarcane field in July, October and January. Relative humidity in sugarcane field and Taxodium distichum shelterbelts was higher near the ground, and relative humidity in sugarcane field increased significantly; 3) One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD indicated that both air temperature and relative humidity were significantly different with a seasonal pattern among shelterbelts of Taxodium distichum, sugarcane field and open field (P＜0.001).
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Zazdravnykh, E., Yu Chendev, and M. Smirnova. "The influence of agroforestry on Chernozems: a case study of the Central Russian Upland." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1043, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1043/1/012013.
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Abstract Agroforestry is an essential tool for improving soil fertility and sustainable land use. We aimed to reveal the role of the old-growth shelterbelt in changing the basic Chernozem properties under the shelterbelt and at 10, 30, and 60 m distance from its edges (the south of the Central Russian Upland, Belgorod region). Our database includes organic carbon content, storage, and group composition, total nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium and calcium, the soil - water extract composition, and pH from different soil layers up to 3m. We detected the increase in humus horizon thickness, soil organic carbon content and storage, total nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium, acidification, and lowering the effervescence line in shelterbelt soil in comparison to arable ones. Agroforestry leads to the soil transformation - the shelterbelt soils differ from arable at subtype taxonomic level, and the influence of shelterbelts on adjacent arable soils can be traced up to 60 meters distant.
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Deng, Rongxin, Zhengran Xu, Ying Li, Xing Zhang, Chunjing Li, and Lu Zhang. "Farmland Shelterbelt Age Mapping Using Landsat Time Series Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061457.
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The age of a shelterbelt is not only an important parameter for determining the function of a shelterbelt, it is also strongly related to the biomass and carbon flux of shelterbelt ecosystems. Therefore, timely and accurate identifications of shelterbelt ages are key for shelterbelt monitoring and management. This study developed a method for estimating shelterbelt age (i.e., years after planting) from a time series of remote sensing images. Firstly, the shelterbelts were divided into three states based on a single remote sensing image of each. Then, a three-stage growth process was established by analysis. Finally, the shelterbelt ages were determined based on time series remote sensing images over a two-year monitoring period in the study area. The actual shelterbelt ages based on field measurements were used to analyze the accuracy of the results. The total number of samples was 243. The results showed that the age identification accuracy was 68.7%. The main factors affecting the identification accuracy were missing images, cloud cover, and the length of the monitoring period. Despite some uncertainties, the proposed method may be used to obtain critical data for shelterbelt management and conducting quick surveys of current shelterbelt conditions over a large area.
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Szczepański, Marek, Lech W. Szajdak, and Teresa Meysner. "Impact of Shelterbelt and Peatland Barriers on Agricultural Landscape Groundwater: Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds Removal Efficiency." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11101972.
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In the context of declining water quality, the threat of nonpoint source pollution (NSP) to aquatic habitats and species is a well-recognized phenomenon. The recognition of NSP continues to grow as legal regulatory practices as well as public and scientific awareness of this source of pollution increase. Agricultural runoff from farms and fields often contains various contaminants such as pesticides, fertilizers, pathogens, sediments, salts, trace metals, and substances that contribute to changes in biological oxygen demand. Farmers and growers releasing agricultural runoff are increasingly required to implement water-quality regulations and management practices to reduce NSP. Constructed or restored shelterbelts and natural peatlands can be two of the many best management practices farmers can use to address this problem. We compared the barrier efficiency of the agricultural landscape elements, i.e., a shelterbelt of various plant compositions and a peatland, to control the spread of NSP in groundwater between ecosystems. In agricultural areas with high water tables, biogeochemical barriers in the form of shelterbelts and peatlands can remove or retain many groundwater pollutants from agricultural runoff with careful planning and management.
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Primakov, Nikolay V. "Динамика запасов углерода при формировании лесов на постагрогенных землях." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-1-60-68.
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Modern shelterbelts of Krasnodar Krai do not fully protect arable land and often have different sanitary state. Under these conditions, the preservation of forest shelterbelts and their protective functions in the system of agroforestry and other complex continues to be relevant. The research was carried out in the main and auxiliary forest shelterbelts within the boundaries of the Ust-Labinsk district of Krasnodar Krai. The purpose of the research was to determine the ecological state of the forest shelterbelts by identifying their integrity and implementation of forestry and land reclamation assessment. In order to obtain more complete information on their state, a remote assessment of the tree canopy integrity of the shelterbelts was carried out. It follows from the remote assessment analysis that about 42.5 % of the area surveyed in the key plots of plantations has an average degree of integrity of tree canopy, high – 22.3 %, low and very low – 35.2 %. Lower indicators of the tree canopy integrity are observed in the auxiliary forest shelterbelts. The percentage participation of each group of forest shelterbelts allowed us to rank the ranges of integrity corresponding to a certain forestry and land reclamation assessment (units). The range of the tree canopy integrity from 0 to 25 % corresponds to grade 1, from 25 to 50 % – 2, from 50 to 70 % – 3, from 70 to 100 % – 4. Based on this, the shelterbelts were devided into 4 groups: norm, risk, crisis and disaster. The results of determining the ecological state of the forest shelterbelts by ground and remote methods in the Ust-Labinsk district of Krasnodar Krai showed that a significant part of the surveyed plantations has a dense structure and requires silvicultural care. The group of the forest shelterbelts “disaster” needs reconstruction. This will significantly improve the environmental condition and reclamation efficiency, as well as increase the service life of the systems of forest sheltebelts.
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Dufková, Jana. "Determination of wind erosion next to shelterbelts." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 5 (2007): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755050065.
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The influence of shelterbelts on the erodibility of soil by wind was studied at three chosen shelterbelts of Southern Moravia, Czech Republic – near the shelterbelts in the cadastral areas of Dolní Dunajovice, Micmanice and Suchá Loz. Ambulatory measurements of wind velocity as so as soil sampling for soil humidity analyses, non-erodible and clay particles analyses were done during the year of 2006. Subsequently, real erodibility of soil by wind was determined at these three areas. Results of the measurements and calculations verify positive effect of shelterbelts consisted in wind velocity decreasing (at about 78% in average), soil humidity increasing (at about 102% in average) and soil resistance increasing (at about 70% in average) at the leeward side of the shelterbelts.
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Hetman, P. A. "Ecological and coenotic characteristics of the Dokuchaev windbreaks and shelterbelts of Kirovohrad Region." Ukrainian Botanical Journal 80, no. 1 (April 12, 2023): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj80.01.084.
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Based on the methods of transverse transects and phytoindication, results of the analysis of ecological and cenotic status of the Dokuchaev shelterbelts and their extremities are provided. A combination of various ecological conditions characterizing formation of vegetation cover in the protective shelterbelts is demonstrated. The current state of plant communities of the forest strips is described. A regionally rare plant species in Kirovohrad Region, Convallaria majalis, is reported. It was established that the investigated shelterbelts were formed under forest-meadow and forest-steppe conditions. The analysis of coenotic features of all studied shelterbelts has proved that they have similar species composition and communities structure. The Dokuchaev windbreaks and shelterbelts need further monitoring of changes in their plantation structure, distribution and introduction of new plant species, as well as ecological and sanitary conditions.
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Missall, S., M. Welp, N. Thevs, A. Abliz, and Ü. Halik. "Establishment and maintenance of regulating ecosystem services in a dryland area of central Asia, illustrated using the Kökyar Protection Forest, Aksu, NW China, as an example." Earth System Dynamics 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-359-2015.
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Abstract. The city of Aksu, situated at the northern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert in northwest China, is exposed to severe periodic dust and sand storms. In 1986, local authorities decided to establish a peri-urban shelterbelt plantation, the so-called Kökyar Protection Forest, with the aim of reducing dust and sand storm impacts on Aksu City by the regulating ecosystem services provided by the plantation. It was realised as a patchwork of poplar shelterbelts and orchards. The total area of the plantation reached 3800 ha in 2005. The Kökyar Protection Forest is used as a case study to answer the following question: under which institutional frameworks and to which financial conditions can peri-urban shelterbelts be established and maintained? The endeavour of planting the shelterbelt was made possible by the annual mass mobilisation of Aksu citizens, based on the Chinese regulation of the "National Compulsory Afforestation Campaigns". Establishment costs amounted to ca. CNY 60 000 ha−1 (ca. USD 10 000 ha−1). Permanent maintenance of the plantation is facilitated by leasing orchard plots to private fruit farmers. From the perspective of the local economy, annual farming net benefits generated by Kökyar fruit farmers more than compensate for annual government grants for maintenance, resulting in an average overall monetary net benefit of at least CNY 10 500 ha−1 (ca. USD 1600 ha−1) in the long term. For a more complete understanding of Kökyar Protection Forest, future research should be directed towards quantifying the effect of its regulating ecosystem services and on investigating the negative downstream consequences of its water consumption.
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Zhao, Yuhao, Ning Huang, Jialiang Sun, Kejie Zhan, Xuanmin Li, Bin Han, and Jie Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of the Plant Shelterbelt Configuration Based on Porous Media Model." Atmosphere 15, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15050602.
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Low-coverage line-belt-pattern protective forests offer significant advantages in terms of wind and sand control measures. It is important to study the windbreak effectiveness of sand-fixing forests with different spacing for the construction and optimization of plant shelterbelt configurations. The effect of plant spacing on the flow field around a row of trees was investigated using the k-ε turbulence model coupled with the porous media model. In order to accurately simplify the complex and stochastic plant constitutive features, we simplify the plant canopy to a circular platform geometry, which introduces a porous media model, and the plant trunk is simulated as a solid cylinder. The simulation results show that windbreaks only affect wind profiles up to 1.25-times the height of the tree; on the leeward side of the canopy, large-spaced shelterbelts provide greater protection in the near-wake zone, while small-spaced shelterbelts are more effective at reducing velocity in the re-equilibration zone. The flow field recovery properties of the trunk and canopy indicate that the canopy wake zone is longer. In this study, we also quantitatively analyze the relationship between average wind protection effectiveness as a function of plant spacing and streamwise distance from the leeward side of the canopy, and the given parameterized scheme shows a power exponential relationship between wind protection effectiveness and plant spacing and a logarithmic relationship with streamwise distance. This scheme can provide a predictive assessment of the effects during the implementation of the plant shelterbelt.
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Cheng, Pengfei, Jie Li, Hongli Zhang, and Guanghua Cheng. "Sustainable Management Behavior of Farmland Shelterbelt of Farmers in Ecologically Fragile Areas: Empirical Evidence from Xinjiang, China." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032011.
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The farmland shelterbelt is an important artificial ecological project for improving farmland microclimates, ensuring agricultural production, and promoting sustainable development in China’s ecologically fragile areas. Due to the quasi-public attribute, farmland shelterbelts were mainly constructed and managed by the government in the past. In recent years, the reform of the separation of three rights in collective forestland and the mechanism of “private supply of public goods” have prompted farmers to participate in the modern forest management system. However, there is a lack of consistency between farmers’ management intentions and actual contract operation and management behaviors, resulting in weakened management and protection in many places, which seriously restricts the construction efficiency of farmland shelterbelts. Therefore, based on the survey data and planning behavior theory (TPB) of 1106 farmers in 16 major agricultural production areas (counties) in Xinjiang, this study aims to explore the key factors affecting farmers ‘forestry management and production decision making and to verify the transformation mechanism of farmers’ behavior through path analysis. The results show that the management decisions of farmers in ecologically fragile areas follow the path form of “cognitive → intention → behavior”, in which the multi-dimensional cognition of farmers has a significant impact on farmers’ behavioral intention, while the effect on behavioral response is relatively small, which currently depends on the promotion of ecological compensation and government behavior. Finally, this study puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for continuously stimulating the farmers’ forest operation behavior and provides policy reference for promoting the sustainable development of farmland shelterbelts in ecologically fragile areas put forward countermeasures and suggestions for continuously stimulating farmers’ forestry behavior.
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Davidson, M. M., B. G. Howlett, R. C. Butler, N. M. Taylor, and M. K. Walker. "The influence of shelterbelts in arable farmland on beneficial and pest invertebrates." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5814.
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Shelterbelts of Pinus radiata and Cupressus macrocarpa are common landscape features on arable farmland in New Zealand This study aimed to determine whether such shelterbelts could influence the relative abundance and diversity of beneficial and pest invertebrates commonly found in arable crops Window intercept yellow sticky and pitfall traps were placed next to shelterbelts or post and wire fences and also 50 m from these borders into adjacent crops on two arable farms in Canterbury and one in Wairarapa over 12 weeks in summer 2012 and autumn 2013 The abundance of given species/taxa varied considerably depending on farm location season and field border type However the mean number of beneficial insect species/taxa per trap did not vary markedly between field border types or adjacent crops while traps at shelterbelts or their adjacent crops caught more of some pest species/taxa than traps beside fences The pine/macrocarpa shelterbelts did not markedly increase relative abundance or diversity of beneficial insects
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Ruppert, Daniel, Martin Welp, Michael Spies, and Niels Thevs. "Farmers’ Perceptions of Tree Shelterbelts on Agricultural Land in Rural Kyrgyzstan." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031093.
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The reestablishment of agroforestry systems in Central Asia, combining crop production with protective tree shelterbelts, provides significant potential to improve farming systems. This includes increasing crop yields, additional income from timber, as well as reducing soil degradation and wind erosion. Thus, adopting shelterbelts as a form of pro-environmental behavior provides a number of socio-economic benefits, although some trade-offs need to be considered as well. This paper investigates factors that shape the perception of—and attitude towards—the establishment of tree shelterbelts by farmers in two case study regions in Kyrgyzstan. Applying a conceptual framework distinguishing between extrinsic and intrinsic factors, research methods included semi-structured interviews with farmers and local policy makers. The results show spatial differences in the perception of shelterbelts, both on the regional and on the village scale. In general, shelterbelts were negatively perceived by more than half of the farmers. The main concern raised by farmers was the shading of crops by shelterbelts, resulting in a decrease of yield. In addition, small field sizes and potential conflicts with neighbors were key concerns. Furthermore, rules set by local self-government bodies were inconsistent with the legislative framework, posing significant restrictions to the adoption of sustainable land use practices.
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Wang, Cheng Long, Jing Liu, Xu Sun, Xin Zhang, Yong Liang Zhang, and Xi Jun Yao. "Simulating Efficiency of Resistance to Wind Erosion in Area of Complex Erosion by Wind and Water." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1807.
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Used the method of transplanting in studying area, simulated different arrangement of plant spacing and observed the wind speed by using HTSW-18 multiple-sensor automatic anemoscope. The results showed that two kinds of plants of different plant spacing can effectively reduce wind speed, the ration of reducing wind velocity of shelterbelts were biggest at the observation point of 1H behind the shelterbelt. The ration of reducing wind velocity and roughness of shelterbelt of Salix psammophila was better than that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. under the same plant spacing. The increasing of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. was seventeen times higher than that of control at the observation point of 1H. The roughness of Salix psammophila at the observation point of 1H was twenty-five times higher than control, and that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. was seventeen times higher than control.
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Onyewotu, L. O. Z., C. J. Stigter, E. O. Oladipo, and J. J. Owonubi. "Yields of millet between shelterbelts in semi-arid northern Nigeria, with a traditional and a scientific method of determining sowing date, and at two levels of organic manuring." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 46, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v46i1.496.
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Eucalyptus camaldulensis shelterbelts positively influenced yields of millet (Pennisetum glaucum) planted close to the belts. Only smaller distances between shelterbelts than used in semiarid Nigeria, certainly
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Shi, Xiao Liang, Ying Li, and Rong Xin Deng. "Object-Oriented Information Extraction of Farmland Shelterbelts from Remote Sensing Image." Key Engineering Materials 500 (January 2012): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.500.500.
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It has become an important means of shelterbelts surveying using high resolution remote sensing image to access the distribution of farmland shelterbelts. However, traditional classifications of remote sensing image based on spectrum characteristics of single pixel, and didn’t consider the factors including relativity and structure characteristics of the neighboring pixels, which will lead to lower accuracy of feature extraction for high resolution remote sensing image. On the basis of object-oriented classification method and the module of ENVI Feature Extraction, the paper extracted the shelterbelts distribution through image segmentation and rules establishment for the Spot5 high resolution remote sensing image in the Midwest of Jilin Province, and the extraction accuracy is 91.3%.The result shows that the method can accurately extract farmland shelterbelts from high resolution remote sensing image.
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Danielson, S. D., J. R. Brandle, L. Hodges, and P. Srinivas. "Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Abundance in Soybean Fields Protected and Unprotected by Shelterbelts." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.4.385.
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The bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major insect pest of soybean in Nebraska and throughout much of the Midwest. This insect overwinters in the adult stage in litter in wooded areas such as shelterbelts. Historically, crop producers have been unsure of the merits of shelterbelts, especially if nearby crops are more likely to be infested by insect pests as a result. In this study, bean leaf beetle adults were sampled during the season by visually counting the number of beetles found on soybean plants early in the season and by sweep net sampling once plants were at the V4 stage (approximately 0.33 m tall). Sampling was done in 1997 and 1998 at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center in Saunders Co. in east-central Nebraska. Beetle counts were compared between shelterbelt-protected and -unprotected fields. In general, bean leaf beetles were more numerous in 1997 than in 1998, with abundance peaks occurring in late-July and early-September in both years. There were significant differences in bean leaf beetle counts from protected and unprotected fields on only three of the 11 and four of the 13 sampling dates in 1997 and 1998, respectively. On the sampling dates when significant differences were found, two of three in 1997 and three of four in 1998 had higher bean leaf beetle abundance in the protected soybean fields. The results of this study indicate a tendency for more bean leaf beetles in shelterbelt-protected soybean fields when differences are found, but beetle numbers were not significantly different between protected and unprotected fields on the majority of sample dates in the two years of this study. This study also reconfirms the presence of two generations of the bean leaf beetle in Nebraska.
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Han, Qingchi, Kai Sun, Haichao Wang, Zhiyong Pei, Hongwei Chen, Jianjun Yang, and Xiaotian Sun. "Water Balance Characteristics of the Salix Shelterbelt in the Kubuqi Desert." Forests 15, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15020278.
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Water shortages are the main factor restricting the survival and construction of shelterbelts in sandy areas. Comprehensive analysis of the water balance characteristics of forest stands is crucial for scientifically understanding and regulating the water supply of shelterbelts in sandy areas and formulating appropriate vegetation cultivation and restoration strategies. We simultaneously monitored outer-forest precipitation, canopy interception, stemflow, throughfall, forest transpiration, understory evapotranspiration, and soil moisture content changes in the Salix forest in the Kubuqi Desert during the main growing season (June–October) of 2022. The results showed that the total evapotranspiration of the forest was 185.62 mm, and the components and their proportions of precipitation during the same period were as follows: forest floor evapotranspiration, 94.43 mm (35.88%); stand transpiration, 68.34 mm (25.97%); and canopy interception, 22.85 mm (8.68%). Based on the water balance of the 0–60 cm soil layer and by integrating the changes in soil water storage and the influence of external water transport, the net runoff of the forestland was calculated to be approximately 77.58 mm; that is, the water balance requirements for growth were met. In the future, appropriate irrigation and supplementation can be carried out in June and July to ensure healthier growth in the shelterbelt, and plant photosynthesis and internal physiology can be further studied for cultivation in other desert areas.
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Lukic, Sara, and Stevan Dozic. "Poplar efficiency in shelterbelts at some localities in Vojvodina." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 93 (2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0693121l.
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The effect of poplar shelterbelts on the change of wind velocity has been studied. The measurements were performed by standard method at several points in front of the belt, behind and within the belt. Based on the study values, it can be concluded that poplar is efficient in reducing wind velocity, as the species for shelterbelts which are established for wind breaking. Their effect is significant at the distances up to 100 m behind the belt, which is significant when networks of shelterbelts are established to control wind erosion in the large deforested lowland areas which are mainly used for agricultural production. .
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Liu, Xu Ning, Ai Jun Zang, Yuan Li, Shuo Mei Wu, and Wei Shi. "Research on Yield and Quality Prediction Model of Poplar Based on Modern Information Technologies." Advanced Engineering Forum 6-7 (September 2012): 1156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.6-7.1156.
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The poplar is important part of shelterbelt trees, so the farmland shelterbelts based on poplar play an important part in the plain, in recent years the research on structure and efficiency mode of farmland shelterbelt are more, while the prediction models of the yield and quality of the polar are much less. The growth model is main material base of poplar growth, the development of information technology provides new methods for the quantitative study of poplar growth model and evaluation. The information technology is used to extract growth character parameters of poplar, and the neural networks is used to establish the relational model of the character parameters and wood materials and wood production of poplar, these models are used to monitor and analyze growth situation and materials of poplar and potential utilization value, so can correctly assess the reasonable use of the poplar, meanwhile provide the basis for the oriented cultivation of poplar management, which have important theory value and practical significance.
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Judd, M., and J. McAneney. "SHELTERBELTS AND KIWIFRUIT PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 297 (April 1992): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.297.33.
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