Journal articles: 'Shenzong'

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Rudenko, Nikolai. "“Evaluating the Four Books” (四書評)." Ming Qing Yanjiu 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 21–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340002.

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The article is devoted to the problem of authorship of Evaluating the Four Books (Sishu ping 四書評), presenting a review of academic discussion that took place in Chinese historiography in 20th century and providing some new ideas as the continuation of this discussion in order to solve the problem. Evaluating the Four Books is often considered to be the work of Li Zhi (李贄, 1527–1602), who is famous for his original ideas and critical attitude toward neo-confucianism in the interpretation of Zhu Xi and the Cheng brothers. Li Zhi died in jail, where he was put in accordance to the order of emperor Shenzong (Era name Wanli 1572–1620), and his death attracted a lot of attention by late Ming educated people. Against the background of Li Zhi’s increased popularity, a lot of book sellers signed books with his name for commercial purposes, while in fact these books were not written by Li Zhi. We suppose that Evaluating the Four Books belongs to such type of works and give some argument for the point that it is a fabrication made by Ye Zhou (葉晝, ?–1625), a late Ming scholar who is also generally considered to be the true author of commentaries to classical Chinese novels e.g. “Water Margin”, “Romance of Three Kingdoms” and “Journey to the West”, also signed with the name of Li Zhi.

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Liu, Cheng, Qinghan Bu, Shutao Lin, and Faxiong Li. "BIM-based Collaborative Management and Intelligent Manufacturing in the Shenzhong Link Project." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913601038.

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Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology has become a central topic in infrastructure construction industry recently in China. This paper describes the applications of BIM technology, including 3D digital design, intelligent manufacturing, smart site and BIM-based collaborative management platform, in a mega infrastructure project, the Shenzhong Link. Through BIM technology, Shenzhong Link strives to achieve the goal of “improving quality, increasing efficiency, reducing costs and achieve traceability”

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Ge (葛兆光), Zhaoguang. "Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin." Journal of Chinese Humanities 5, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-12340077.

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Abstract This article is not concerned with the history of aesthetics but, rather, is an exercise in intellectual history. “Illustrations of Tributary States” [Zhigong tu 職貢圖] as a type of art reveals a Chinese tradition of artistic representations of foreign emissaries paying tribute at the imperial court. This tradition is usually seen as going back to the “Illustrations of Tributary States,” painted by Emperor Yuan in the Liang dynasty 梁元帝 [r. 552-554] in the first half of the sixth century. This series of paintings not only had a lasting influence on aesthetic history but also gave rise to a highly distinctive intellectual tradition in the development of Chinese thought: images of foreign emissaries were used to convey the Celestial Empire’s sense of pride and self-confidence, with representations of strange customs from foreign countries serving as a foil for the image of China as a radiant universal empire at the center of the world. The tradition of “Illustrations of Tributary States” was still very much alive during the time of the Song dynasty [960-1279], when China had to compete with equally powerful neighboring states, the empire’s territory had been significantly diminished, and the Chinese population had become ethnically more homogeneous. In this article, the “Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions” [Wanfang zhigong tu 萬方職貢圖] attributed to Li Gonglin 李公麟 [ca. 1049-1106] and created during the period between the Xining 熙寧 [1068-1077] and Yuanfeng 元豐 [1078-1085] reigns of the Shenzong emperor 神宗 [r. 1067-1085] of the Song dynasty, is used as a case study for investigating the actual tributary relations between the Northern Song [960-1127] state and its neighboring countries. In doing so, I demonstrate that while certain parts of the “Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions” are historically accurate, a considerable portion of the content is the combined product of historical remembrance and the imagination of empire. In the international environment of the Song empire, China was captivated by the dream of being a universal empire envied by its “barbarian” neighbors. Particularly worth emphasizing is the fact that the artistic tradition of painting “Illustrations of Tributary States” as well as the accompanying idea of China as a universal empire continued well into the Qing [1644-1911] period, reflecting the historical longevity and lasting influence of the traditional conception of the relationship between China and the world.

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Yin, Xiao Cui. "Estimation of SV Model with Leverage Effect Based on MCMC Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.605.

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This paper is to study the estimation of stochastic volatility model with leverage effect using Bayesian approach and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation technique. The data used is China's Shenzheng stock index. Estimations of model parameters are achieved by using MCMC technique in Openbugs Software, results show that there is leverage effect in Shenzheng stock series, convergence diagnostics suggest that parameters of the model are convergent.

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TANG, LIANG, WANG XU, and MEI-HUA XIA. "A study on the genus Stenus Latreille from Shenzhen City of Guangdong, South China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)." Zootaxa 4615, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4615.2.8.

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The species of the genus Stenus Latreille from Shenzheng city, Guangdong, South China, are studied. A new species is described under the name: Stenus wutongshanus sp. n. Five species, Stenus tenuipes Sharp, 1874, Stenus abdominalis abdominalis Fauvel, 1895 Stenus bivulneratus Motschulsky, 1857, Stenus stigmatias Puthz, 2008 and Stenus spurius L. Benick, 1929, are newly recorded to Guangdong. Diagnostic characters of the new species are illustrated and a key to species of Shenzheng city is provided.

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Liu, Jian, and Fengyong Xia. "ShenZhong Passage (Island-Tunnel) Project – Refined Exploration Technology and Management." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 741 (March 24, 2020): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/741/1/012049.

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Yang, Xiaoshan. "Ritual Propriety and Political Intrigue in the Xuande Gate Incident." T'oung Pao 98, no. 1-3 (2012): 145–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853212x629910.

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AbstractThe 1073 incident at the Xuande Gate, involving Wang Anshi's alleged breach of imperial protocol, was a turning point both in his career and in emperor Shenzong's policies. By filling in the gaps and reconciling the discrepancies in various accounts of the incident, this essay demonstrates that, whereas on the surface the controversy centered on the ritual question of whether Wang should have dismounted before entering the gate, what was really at play was the particular political dynamics of the time. Direct instigation came from the ranks of senior eunuchs, among whom there was considerable aversion to Wang. Such aversion reflected the attitude of the conservative members of the imperial family. The incident also marked the beginning of Shenzong's shifting away from his exclusive reliance on Wang in formulating and implementing reform policies.

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Yibin, Wu. "The development of vocational education in Shenzen Sez." International Journal of Educational Development 8, no. 3 (January 1988): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-0593(88)90045-4.

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Liu, Yang, Sebastian Funk, and Stefan Flasche. "The contribution of pre-symptomatic infection to the transmission dynamics of COVID-2019." Wellcome Open Research 5 (April 1, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15788.1.

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Background: Pre-symptomatic transmission can be a key determinant of the effectiveness of containment and mitigation strategies for infectious diseases, particularly if interventions rely on syndromic case finding. For COVID-19, infections in the absence of apparent symptoms have been reported frequently alongside circumstantial evidence for asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic transmission. We estimated the potential contribution of pre-symptomatic cases to COVID-19 transmission. Methods: Using the probability for symptom onset on a given day inferred from the incubation period, we attributed the serial interval reported from Shenzen, China, into likely pre-symptomatic and symptomatic transmission. We used the serial interval derived for cases isolated more than 6 days after symptom onset as the no active case finding scenario and the unrestricted serial interval as the active case finding scenario. We reported the estimate assuming no correlation between the incubation period and the serial interval alongside a range indicating alternative assumptions of positive and negative correlation. Results: We estimated that 23% (range accounting for correlation: 12 – 28%) of transmissions in Shenzen may have originated from pre-symptomatic infections. Through accelerated case isolation following symptom onset, this percentage increased to 46% (21 – 46%), implying that about 35% of secondary infections among symptomatic cases have been prevented. These results were robust to using reported incubation periods and serial intervals from other settings. Conclusions: Pre-symptomatic transmission may be essential to consider for containment and mitigation strategies for COVID-19.

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Duan, Yan-Jun, Ni-Na Yin, Qing-Hua Gao, Ying Wan, Wei-Ping Ma, Chang-Wen Zhang, and Wen-Liang Lv. "Shenzhang granules inhibit cell proliferation and reduce α-SMA expression in hepatic stellate cells." World Chinese Journal of Digestology 22, no. 10 (2014): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v22.i10.1396.

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Lee, Geun-Myung. "Wang An-shi’s Retirement from Politics and Political Disturbances during Northern Song Shenzong’s Rule." JEONBUK SAHAK ; The Jeonbuk Historical Journal 51 (October 31, 2017): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28975/jha.2017.10.51.253.

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Win, Khin Yadanar, Noppadol Maneerat, Kazuhiko Hamamoto, and Syna Sreng. "Hybrid Learning of Hand-Crafted and Deep-Activated Features Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Optimized Support Vector Machine for Tuberculosis Screening." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 5749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175749.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious killer, especially for people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Early diagnosis of TB is crucial for disease treatment and control. Radiology is a fundamental diagnostic tool used to screen or triage TB. Automated chest x-rays analysis can facilitate and expedite TB screening with fast and accurate reports of radiological findings and can rapidly screen large populations and alleviate a shortage of skilled experts in remote areas. We describe a hybrid feature-learning algorithm for automatic screening of TB in chest x-rays: it first segmented the lung regions using the DeepLabv3+ model. Then, six sets of hand-crafted features from statistical textures, local binary pattern, GIST, histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), pyramid histogram of oriented gradients and bags of visual words (BoVW), and nine sets of deep-activated features from AlexNet, GoogLeNet, InceptionV3, XceptionNet, ResNet-50, SqueezeNet, ShuffleNet, MobileNet, and DenseNet, were extracted. The dominant features of each feature set were selected using particle swarm optimization, and then separately input to an optimized support vector machine classifier to label ‘normal’ and ‘TB’ x-rays. GIST, HOG, BoVW from hand-crafted features, and MobileNet and DenseNet from deep-activated features performed better than the others. Finally, we combined these five best-performing feature sets to build a hybrid-learning algorithm. Using the Montgomery County (MC) and Shenzen datasets, we found that the hybrid features of GIST, HOG, BoVW, MobileNet and DenseNet, performed best, achieving an accuracy of 92.5% for the MC dataset and 95.5% for the Shenzen dataset.

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Enda Brophy. "Review: From Silicon Valley to Shenzen: global production and work in the IT Industry." Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 8, no. 1 (2014): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/workorgalaboglob.8.1.0104.

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Sahlol, Ahmed T., Mohamed Abd Elaziz, Amani Tariq Jamal, Robertas Damaševičius, and Osama Farouk Hassan. "A Novel Method for Detection of Tuberculosis in Chest Radiographs Using Artificial Ecosystem-Based Optimisation of Deep Neural Network Features." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071146.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is is an infectious disease that generally attacks the lungs and causes death for millions of people annually. Chest radiography and deep-learning-based image segmentation techniques can be utilized for TB diagnostics. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has shown advantages in medical image recognition applications as powerful models to extract informative features from images. Here, we present a novel hybrid method for efficient classification of chest X-ray images. First, the features are extracted from chest X-ray images using MobileNet, a CNN model, which was previously trained on the ImageNet dataset. Then, to determine which of these features are the most relevant, we apply the Artificial Ecosystem-based Optimization (AEO) algorithm as a feature selector. The proposed method is applied to two public benchmark datasets (Shenzhen and Dataset 2) and allows them to achieve high performance and reduced computational time. It selected successfully only the best 25 and 19 (for Shenzhen and Dataset 2, respectively) features out of about 50,000 features extracted with MobileNet, while improving the classification accuracy (90.2% for Shenzen dataset and 94.1% for Dataset 2). The proposed approach outperforms other deep learning methods, while the results are the best compared to other recently published works on both datasets.

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Ding, Daniel, Dail Fields, and Syed Akhtar. "An empirical study of human resource management policies and practices in foreign-invested enterprises in China: the case of Shenzen Special Economic Zone." International Journal of Human Resource Management 8, no. 5 (January 1997): 595–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095851997341405.

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Fayard, Alain, and Franck Bousquet. "Pragmatic Approach to Finance Infrastructure: Analysis of French Experience with Highway Concessions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1649, no. 1 (January 1998): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1649-02.

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Governments around the world are showing increasing interest in concessions or build-operate-transfer mechanisms in the highway sector. One or two decades ago, economic theory held that private funding was the most promising method for financing infrastructure development. Unfortunately, a significant number of privately financed projects are showing signs of difficulties (e.g., the Franco-British Channel Tunnel, the Dulles Greenway in Virginia, the second stage Bangkok Expressway in Thailand, the Guanzhour-Shenzen Highway in China, the delayed Birmingham Northern Relief Road in the United Kingdom, and the M1 and M3 Highways in Hungary). Emphasis has always been put on the financial aspect, leaving out the organizational one. A new basis for infrastructure finance is presented, analyzing the mistakes and successes of French experience in highway concession for more than 40 years. This experience is of interest since France has experimented with both toll and nontoll financing as well as with publicly and privately owned toll roads in building its system of highways. The main steps of the construction of the French highway network through concessions are traced and the lessons learned from this experience indicated, focusing on key elements, the advantages and drawbacks of a concession system, and the exact nature of the state’s role in concessioning. This information can serve as potential recommendations for other countries opting for concession systems.

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Singh, Gurmeet, and Neeraj Malik. "STUDY OF DIMENSIONS OF FLOW STATE OF BADMINTON PLAYERS." JIPES - JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT 3, no. 1 (August 25, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jipes.031.02.

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AbstractThis Study was conducted to know the present Flow State of the Indian Universities Badminton team which was going to participate in 26th Summer Universiade at Shenzen, China. And to know the relation between the flow and its dimensions based on the Flow State Scale -2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2004). For this study both the boys and girls teams were selected which consists of six members each. It was a survey designed study and Flow State Scale-2 (Jackson & Eklund, 2004) was used to gather data to calculate overall Flow and its dimensions. The information was gathered during the training camp before the team left for China. In both the teams the present flow state was at a significant level 4.23 (Girls) & 4.17 (Boys) and Overall flow and other dimensions yielded a significant positive correlation, for girls team flow yielded a significant positive correlation Merging (r = .76), Concentration (r = .85), Time (r = .89), Autotelic (r = .77). For boys team flow yielded a significant positive correlation Merging (r = 89), Goals (r = .74), Control (r = .82). So it can be concluded that both the teams are in a better Flow State when they left for the championship and above said dimensions are highly correlated with overall flow state of the players in both boys and girls.Keywords: Flow, Badminton players, Badminton

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Yoo, Jungmin, and Inseong Lee. "A Comparative Study of One-piece Dress Design based on Regional Characteristics of Street Fashion In China - Focused on Beijing, Shenzen in 2012 S/S -." Journal of the Korean Society of Costume 64, no. 6 (September 30, 2014): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/jksc.2014.64.6.161.

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Qin, Tao, Guanning Wei, Haiping Zhao, Yong Li, Hengxing Ba, and Chunyi Li. "Reclassification of velvet antler portions following transcriptomic analysis." Animal Production Science 60, no. 10 (2020): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19482.

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Context Commercially, velvet antlers along the longitudinal axis are divided into four portions, namely, wax-like (WL), blood-colour (BC), honeycomb-like (HL) and bone (B) slices from the top to the base. However, there is no evidence at a molecular level showing the accuracy of this classification. Aims The aim of the present study was to take transcriptional approach to assess the accuracy of the traditional classification for these four portions of velvet antler, and to link the expressed mRNAs of each portion with possible functions by using bioinformatics analysis. Methods Three sticks of three-branched velvet antlers of sika deer were harvested from three anaesthetised 4-year-old sika deer. On the basis of the traditional methods used commercially, the velvet antler sticks were divided into the four portions of WL, BC, HL and B. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq × Ten at BGI (Shenzheng, China). Key results In total, 5647 genes were obtained from the four portions. Spearman correlation analysis grouped these four portions into three clusters (WL, BC, HL+B). C-means analysis further confirmed a similar trend, indicating the accuracy of the new classification based on transcriptome analysis. Further functional analysis showed that highly expressed genes in WL, BC and HL+B were mainly related to cell cycle, cartilage development, and bone development respectively. Conclusions Four-portion classification based on traditional methods should be replaced by three-portion classification based on the mRNA expression levels. Implications We believe that this new classification can contribute to velvet antler industry, providing more accuracy in the use of velvet antlers as pharmaceuticals.

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Fransiscus, Hanky, Cyntiarani Karyoko Karyoko, and Bagus Made Arthaya. "PENENTUAN PARAMETER EMBOSSING KULIT SINTETIS PVC DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HIGH FREQUENCY WELDING SHENZEN HIPOWER." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jitiuntar.v5i2.1787.

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Industri kreatif memiliki kontribusi yang besar bagi perekonomian Indonesia, membuka lapangan kerja baru, serta memperkuat citra dan identitas bangsa. Salah satu bagian dari industri kreatif adalah pengrajin kulit. Produk yang dihasilkan oleh pengrajin cukup bervariasi, seperti dompet, sepatu, tas, dll. Material kulit yang digunakan berupa kulit asli atau kulit sintetis. Salah satu proses dalam menghasilkan produk-produk tersebut adalah embossing untuk membentuk pola hias atau merk. Embossing dapat dilakukan dengan dengan high frequency welding. High frequency welding merupakan penyatuan material dengan menggunakan energi elektromagnetik frekuensi tinggi untuk menghasilkan panas pada material polar sehingga meleleh dan menghasilkan bentuk seperti yang diinginkan setelah proses pendinginan. Laboratorium Proses Produksi Program Studi Teknik Industri memiliki mesin high frequency welding yang dapat digunakan sebagai materi praktikum serta membantu pengrajin kulit kota Bandung, khususnya pengrajin kulit Cibaduyut untuk menghasilkan emboss yang baik. Embossing kulit sintetis dan kulit asli memerlukan parameter proses yang berbeda, hal ini disebabkan sifat fisik setiap jenis kulit. Oleh karena itu diteliti parameter yang tepat untuk menghasilkan emboss kulit sintetis. Penelitian ini menggunakan kulit sintetis yang terbuat dari PVC (Polivinil Klorida). Cetakan yang digunakan merupakan cetakan sederhana berbentuk 2 lingkaran, yaitu lingkaran dalam dan lingkaran luar. Parameter yang diteliti terdiri dari 2 parameter, yaitu suhu dan waktu pengelasan. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan 3 level suhu, yaitu 140°C, 160°C, dan 170°C sedangkan waktu pengelasan dilakukan dengan 3 level yaitu 3 detik, 7 detik, dan 10 detik. Response dari eksperimen ini adalah jari-jari dalam dan jari-jari luar emboss. Hasil proses embossing dipindai dengan menggunakan 3D Scanner dan kemudian dilakukan pengukuran dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak reverse engineering. Pengaruh dari kedua faktor dan interaksinya diketahui dengan menggunakan ANOVA. Pairwise comparison dilakukan dengan menggunakan Tukey’s method. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah suhu mempengaruhi response. Berdasarkan percobaan yang dilakukan hasil embossing dengan suhu sebesar 170oC lebih baik daripada 140oC atau 160oC. Kata kunci: high frequency welding, design of experiment, kulit sintetis, pvc

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Datu, Jesus Alfonso D., and Jiahong Zhang. "Validating the Chinese Version of Triarchic Model of Grit Scale in Technical–Vocational College Students." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, November 30, 2020, 073428292097481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282920974813.

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The Triarchic Model of Grit Scale (TMGS), a measure that assesses individuals’ dispositions to show perseverance, passion (or consistency of interests) , and adaptability for long-term goals, had acceptable psychometric properties in Filipino student samples. However, there is scant evidence on the validity of this scale in other societies. This research explored the psychometric validity of the Chinese version of TMGS in selected technical–vocational college students in Shenzen, China. Results demonstrated that the scores from the three-factor model of grit were valid and reliable. In addition, whereas perseverance and adaptability were linked to increased life satisfaction and positive emotions, consistency was not related to such criterion variables. Further, perseverance and adaptability were associated with lower negative emotions, while consistency was linked to increased levels of undesirable emotions.

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Carta, Mariarosa, Irene Marinello, Anna Cappelletti, Alessandra Rodolfi, Erica Cerrito, Camilla Bernasconi, Marlene Gottardo, et al. "Comparison of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 S1 Receptor-Binding Domain Antibody Immunoassays in Health Care Workers Before and After the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine." American Journal of Clinical Pathology, August 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab107.

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Abstract Objectives The Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection is now available. This vaccine induces antibody production against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein S1 (S1-RBD). This study evaluated the performance of new immunoassays to measure this type of antibody. Methods Blood samples were collected at t0 (prime dose), after 21 days (t1, booster dose), and then after another 15 days (t2) from 70 health care professionals who had tested negative for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and underwent vaccination with BNT162b2. Results Antibodies against S1-RBD were measured using 4 commercial assays. At t0, t1, and t2, the median antibody concentrations (interquartile range) were, respectively, 0.2 (0.1-0.4), 49.5 (19.1-95.7), and 888.0 (603.6-1,345.8) U/mL by Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) (Shenzen New Industries Biomedical Engineering, Snibe Diagnostics); 0.0 (0.0-0.0), 7.9 (4.2-15.6), and 112.3 (76.4-205.6) U/mL by Atellica IM SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay (Siemens Healthineers); 0.0 (0.0-0.0), 59.9 (18.3-122.0), and 2,646.0 (1,351.2-4,124.0) U/mL by Elecsys Anti–SARS-CoV-2 S assay (Roche Diagnostics); and 1.8 (1.8-1.8), 184 (94-294), and 1,841.0 (1,080.0-2,900.0) AU/mL by LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay (DiaSorin). The differences between medians at t0, t1, and t2 were all statistically significant (P < .001). Conclusions Antibodies against nucleocapsid proteins (N) were also measured using Maglumi 2019-nCoV IgG assay, which showed all negative results. All the considered anti-RBD methods detected response to the vaccine, while the method directed against anti-N failed to show response.

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Wong, Kaufui V., Andrew Paddon, and Alfredo Jimenez. "Review of World Urban Heat Islands: Many Linked to Increased Mortality." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 135, no. 2 (March 21, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4023176.

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Medical and health researchers have shown that fatalities during heat waves are most commonly due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, primarily from heat's negative effect on the cardiovascular system. In an attempt to control one's internal temperature, the body’s natural instinct is to circulate large quantities of blood to the skin. However, to perform this protective measure against overheating actually harms the body by inducing extra strain on the heart. This excess strain has the potential to trigger a cardiac event in those with chronic health problems, such as the elderly, Cui et al. Frumkin showed that the relationship of mortality and temperature creates a J-shaped function, showing a steeper slope at higher temperatures. Records show that more casualties have resulted from heat waves than hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes together. This statistic’s significance is that extreme heat events (EHEs) are becoming more frequent, as shown by Stone et al. Their analysis shows a growth trend of EHEs by 0.20 days/year in U.S. cities between 1956 and 2005, with a 95% confidence interval and uncertainty of ±0.6. This means that there were 10 more days of extreme heat conditions in 2005 than in 1956. Studies held from 1989 to 2000 in 50 U.S. cities recorded a rise of 5.7% in mortality during heat waves. The research of Schifano et al. revealed that Rome’s elderly population endures a higher mortality rate during heat waves, at 8% excess for the 65–74 age group and 15% for above 74. Even more staggering is findings of Dousset et al. on French cities during the 2003 heat wave. Small towns saw an average excess mortality rate of 40%, while Paris witnessed an increase of 141%. During this period, a 0.5 °C increase above the average minimum nighttime temperature doubled the risk of death in the elderly. Heat-related illnesses and mortality rates have slightly decreased since 1980, regardless of the increase in temperatures. Statistics from the U.S. Census state that the U.S. population without air conditioning saw a drop of 32% from 1978 to 2005, resting at 15%. Despite the increase in air conditioning use, a study done by Kalkstein through 2007 proved that the shielding effects of air conditioning reached their terminal effect in the mid-1990s. Kan et al. hypothesize in their study of Shanghai that the significant difference in fatalities from the 1998 and 2003 heat waves was due to the increase in use of air conditioning. Protective factors have mitigated the danger of heat on those vulnerable to it, however projecting forward the heat increment related to sprawl may exceed physiologic adaptation thresholds. It has been studied and reported that urban heat islands (UHI) exist in the following world cities and their countries and/or states: Tel-Aviv, Israel, Newark, NJ, Madrid, Spain, London, UK, Athens, Greece, Taipei, Taiwan, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Osaka, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Beijing, China, Pyongyang, North Korea, Bangkok, Thailand, Manila, Philippines, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Seoul, South Korea, Muscat, Oman, Singapore, Houston, USA, Shanghai, China, Wroclaw, Poland, Mexico City, Mexico, Arkansas, Atlanta, USA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Kenya, Brisbane, Australia, Moscow, Russia, Los Angeles, USA, Washington, DC, USA, San Diego, USA, New York, USA, Chicago, USA, Budapest, Hungary, Miami, USA, Istanbul, Turkey, Mumbai, India, Shenzen, China, Thessaloniki, Greece, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Akure, Nigeria, Bucharest, Romania, Birmingham, UK, Bangladesh, and Delhi, India. The strongest being Shanghai, Bangkok, Beijing, Tel-Aviv, and Tokyo with UHI intensities (UHII) of 3.5–7.0, 3.0–8.0, 5.5–10, 10, and 12 °C, respectively. Of the above world cities, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Delhi, Bangladesh, London, Kyoto, Osaka, and Berlin have been linked to increased mortality rates due to the heightened temperatures of nonheat wave periods. Chan et al. studied excess mortalities in cities such as Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Delhi, which currently observe mortality increases ranging from 4.1% to 5.8% per 1 °C over a temperature threshold of approximately 29 °C. Goggins et al. found similar data for the urban area of Bangladesh, which showed an increase of 7.5% in mortality for every 1 °C the mean temperature was above a similar threshold. In the same study, while observing microregions of Montreal portraying heat island characteristics, mortality was found to be 28% higher in heat island zones on days with a mean temperature of 26 °C opposed to 20 °C compared to a 13% increase in colder areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shenzong'

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