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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sherman Act 1

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Academic literature on the topic 'Sherman Act 1'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sherman Act 1"

1

Henry, Brian R. "Section 1 of the Sherman Act." Competitive Intelligence Review 4, no. 1 (1993): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cir.3880040113.

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Gilmore, Debra A. "The Antitrust Implications of Boycotts by Health Care Professionals: Professional Standards, Professional Ethics and The First Amendment." American Journal of Law & Medicine 14, no. 2-3 (1988): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800006262.

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One rapidly evolving area of the law is the application of antitrust law to health care professionals. After the United States Supreme Court decided in 1975 that the “learned professions” were subject to the constraints imposed by the Sherman Antitrust Act, a significant number of antitrust actions have been filed against health care professionals and their professional organizations under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. These suits have found anticompetitive behavior in a variety of forms, ranging from tying arrangements and price-fixing agreements to certain forms of exclusive contracts and group boycotts.

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Baker, Jonathan B. "Two Sherman Act Section 1 Dilemmas: Parallel Pricing, the Oligopoly Problem, and Contemporary Economic Theory." Antitrust Bulletin 38, no. 1 (March 1993): 143–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9303800105.

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Depperschmidt, Thomas O. "The ARCO decision: Inroads into the per se rule under Section 1 of the Sherman Act." Journal of Economics and Finance 16, no. 3 (September 1992): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920315.

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Gray, John A. "SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT AND CONTROL OVER NFL FRANCHISE LOCATIONS: THE PROBLEM OF OPPORTUNISTIC BEHAVIOR." American Business Law Journal 25, no. 1 (March 1987): 123–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.1987.tb00999.x.

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Lanzillotti, Robert F. "Collusion/Competition." Antitrust Bulletin 62, no. 3 (August 16, 2017): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x17719765.

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Ever since the U.S. Supreme Court opinion in Matsushita, various U.S. district courts have issued a series of rulings that appear to constitute a new learning on the economics of collusive behavior and to elevate the economic evidentiary bar for successful proof of price-fixing and bid-rigging. The rulings use game theory constructs expressed as pure, interdependent behavior that theoretically can result in supracompetitive prices in the absence of any agreement. The most recent explanation of this learning is contained in the 2016 titanium dioxide (TiO2) opinion Valspar v. E. I. DuPont, which raises the bar for proving a Sherman Act Sec. 1 violation. This and earlier rulings appear counterintuitive when their reasoning is tested against the context of Judge Richard Posner’s opinion on the value of circumstantial evidence in High Fructose Corn Syrup and In re Text Messaging. This article identifies market structure and behavioral features typically found in cartel arrangements, and tests the efficacy of what is perceived as a new learning on collusion/competition with empirical data from twelve alleged price-fixing conspiracies successfully litigated over the past two decades.

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Carstensen, Peter C. "The Political Economy of the Sherman Act: The First One Hundred Years. Edited byE. Thomas Sullivan · New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. viii + 328 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $35.00. ISBN 0-19-506642-1." Business History Review 66, no. 3 (1992): 584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116986.

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Bucci, Gabriella, Michael Begg, Kevin Pillifant, and Steven B. Singleton. "Primary ACL Repair vs Reconstruction: Investigating the Current Conventional Wisdom." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 6_suppl3 (June 1, 2018): 2325967118S0004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00049.

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BACKGROUND: “Why try to convert other collagen substitutes into ligament if the original can be preserved?” said Sherman1. Nowadays, reconstruction became the gold standard treatment for ACL injuries. Despite current treatment, secondary knee osteoarthritis has been described in more than 70% of the injured patients after 10 years follow up.2 Recent studies have reported that tears involving the proximal ACL have an intrinsic healing response. This response has been compared to the one observed in MCL injuries.3, 4. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to initiate a scientific analysis of our experience in patients diagnosed with an acute, proximal ACL tear treated with a primary repair arthroscopic technique. We suggest the creation of a symposium that reconsiders the ACL repair as a tool for treatment, on a selected subset of patients. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the data of 12 consecutive patients diagnosed clinically and radiologically (MRI) with proximal ACL tears in our clinic. The inclusion criteria were: proximal ACL tear (type 1 tear in Sherman´s classification), good remaining ACL quality tissue and less than 3 months from injury. The mean age at time of surgery was 33 years (16 to 55). Patients included in this study are athletes either at an amateur or professional level. The technique consists of an anatomical reinsertion of native ACL by reinforcing the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the ACL with a series of high strength locking Bunnell-type sutures, moving up the ligament from distal to proximal with an arthroscopic suture passer. The normal ACL insertional footprint within the notch is then debrided to provide a bleeding surface for healing. Finally, the torn ligament is opposed to the native footprint using 1-2 absorbable anchors that recreate the anatomic bundle insertional sites of the native ACL. RESULTS: Associated injuries were found in 7 of the 12 patients, these included 4 knees with lateral and 1 with medial meniscal tear which were repaired in the same procedure. Also, one knee had a medial bucket handle tear, partial meniscectomy was performed, and one knee with a combined ACL/MCL injury in which the MCL was simultaneously repaired. In our ongoing series, were excluded patients that had sustained complex knee injuries with multi-ligament damage (except ACL/MCL injuries), those with ACL re-ruptures, and previous knee surgery with cartilage repair procedures. Validated functional outcomes scores were collected after a mean follow up of 20 months (14-26). For the IKDC subjective score 11 of 12 patients rated their knees as normal or nearly normal. Lachman and Pivot Shift was negative in all patients. Lysholm score postoperatively averaged 93.5 ± 7; preoperatively 48 ± 7. Tegner preinjury 7.5 ± 1.2 postinjury: 7 ± 1.4. The KT-1000 knee arthrometer, objectively measured < 3 mm of anterior tibial motion relative to the femur in the injured knee compared to the non-injured knee at all levels of force, including manual max tests, in all patients included in the study. No complications or further surgeries are reported up to date. CONCLUSION: The keys to success include: Proper patient selection, early intervention, all arthroscopic technique, appropriate suture control of the torn ACL fibers, and stable opposition to a bleeding bone surface at the native attachment site within the femoral notch. Long-term data is pending. However, basic science and early clinical studies are promising. REFERENCES Mark F. Sherman, MD, Lawernce Lieber, MD, Joel R. Bonamo, MD, Luga Podesta, MD, Ira Reiter, RPT., The long-term followup of primary anterior cruciate ligament repair, 1991, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 19, No 3. Martha M. Murray, MD. Current Status and Potential for Primary ACL Repair. 2009. Clin Ssports Med. Duy Tan Nguyen, Tamara H. Ramwadhdoebe, Cor P. van der Hart, Leendert Blankervoort, Paul Peter Tak, Cornelis Niek van Dijk., Intrinsic Healing Response of the Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An Histological Study of Reattached ACL Remnants, 2014, Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Martha M. Murray, MD, Braden C. Fleming, Ph.D., Use of a Bioactive Scaffold to Stimulate ACL Healing Also Minimizes Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis after Surgery, 2014, American Journal of Sports Medicine. Primary ACL Repair vs Reconstruction: Investigating the Current Conventional Wisdom

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Kang, Hyunseok, Alan Loh Ho, Jameel Muzaffar, Daniel W. Bowles, Sung-Bae Kim, Myung-Ju Ahn, Glenn J. Hanna, et al. "A phase II open-label, multicenter, study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rivoceranib in subjects with recurrent or metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): TPS6597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps6597.

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TPS6597 Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare salivary gland malignancy, also found in other secretory gland sites (tracheobronchial tree, esophagus, breast, lungs, prostate, uterine cervix and vulva). Initial disease is typically treated with surgical resection and radiation, but recurrent or metastatic disease remain to be a significant challenge. There is no standard systemic therapy option for advanced ACC, although recent studies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown moderate objective response and disease stabilization rates. Rivoceranib (also known as apatinib) is a potent selective inhibitor of VEGFR-2 and has been evaluated in a single arm phase II study of 59 recurrent or metastatic ACC patients in China and has demonstrated an (ORR) of 47.1% and disease control rate of 98.1. Methods: This is a phase II, open-label, multicenter[HGJ3], single arm clinical trial of oral rivoceranib (700 mg daily) in patients with recurrent or metastatic ACC of any anatomic site, not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy to confirm activity of rivoceranib. Subjects must have at least one evaluable lesion by RECIST v1.1 and have evidence of disease progression within the 6 months prior to study entry. Fifty-five subjects will be enrolled at 7 US sites and 4 South Korean sites. The primary endpoint is ORR assessed by investigators with a target ORR of 25% to detect a difference of 15% from the historical ORR of 10% at 1-year (this achieves 80% power with a 5% significance level). Secondary endpoints include overall survival, disease control rate, progression free survival at 6, 12 and 24 months and time to progression. Exploratory objectives include correlation between ORR and the presence of MYB/MYB-L1 fusion, pharmacokinetics evaluation, and patient-reported quality of life assessments by FACT-G. This study is open and enrolling at the time of submission. References: 1. Tchekmedyian V, Sherman EJ, Dunn L, et al. Phase II Study of Lenvatinib in Patients With Progressive, Recurrent or Metastatic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2019;37:1529-37. 2. Zhu G, Zhang L, Li R, Dou S, Yang W, Zhang C. Phase II trial of apatinib in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: Updated analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2018;36:6026. Clinical trial information: NCT04119453 .

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Komrokji, Rami S., Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Lionel Ades, Abderrahmane Laadem, Bond Vo, Thomas Prebet, Aspasia Stamatoullas, et al. "An Open-Label, Phase 2, Dose-Finding Study of Sotatercept (ACE-011) in Patients with Low or Intermediate-1 (Int-1)-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) or Non-Proliferative Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) and Anemia Requiring Transfusion." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3251.3251.

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Abstract Introduction: Anemia, a hallmark of MDS, is challenging to treat, particularly after failure of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Sotatercept (ACE-011) is a novel and first-in-class activin type IIA receptor fusion protein that acts on late-stage erythropoiesis to increase mature erythrocyte release into the circulation (Carrancio et al. Br J Haematol 2014;165:870-82). Treatment with sotatercept stimulated erythropoiesis and significantly increased hemoglobin (Hb) levels in healthy volunteers (Sherman et al. J Clin Pharmacol 2013;53:1121-30), supporting its clinical development for the treatment of anemia in patients (pts) with lower-risk MDS. Methods: The primary objective of this phase 2, open-label, dose-finding study is to determine a safe, tolerable, and effective dose of sotatercept resulting in erythroid hematological improvement (HI-E; modified IWG 2006 criteria) in pts with anemia and IPSS-defined Low or Int-1-risk MDS or non-proliferative CMML (white blood cells < 13,000/µL). Secondary objectives include rate of RBC-transfusion independence (RBC-TI) ≥ 8 weeks. Eligible pts had anemia (≥ 2 RBC units transfusion requirement in the 12 weeks prior to enrollment for Hb ≤ 9.0 g/dL) with no response, loss of response, or low chance of response to ESAs (serum erythropoietin [EPO] > 500 mIU/mL). Pts received subcutaneous sotatercept at dose levels of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01736683. Results: As of May 22, 2014, a total of 54 MDS pts were enrolled: 7, 6, 21, and 20 in the sotatercept 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Median age was 71 years (range 56–86) and median time from diagnosis was 4 years (range 0–31); most pts were male (70%). Pts received a median of 6 RBC units (range 0–18) in the 8 weeks prior to treatment start. Forty-five pts (83%) received ≥ 4 RBC units in the 8 weeks prior to treatment start (high transfusion burden; HTB), and 9 pts (17%) received < 4 units in the 8 weeks prior to treatment start (low transfusion burden; LTB). Nineteen pts (35%) had IPSS Low and 34 pts (63%) had IPSS Int-1-risk MDS; IPSS risk data were missing for 1 pt. Fifty-one pts (94%) had prior treatment with ESAs, 30 (56%) with hypomethylating agents, 26 (48%) with lenalidomide, and 26 (48%) with other MDS treatments; 15 pts (28%) had serum EPO > 500 mIU/mL. Of the 53 pts evaluable for efficacy, HI-E was observed in 21 pts (40%) overall: 0, 4 (67%), 8 (40%), and 9 pts (45%) in the sotatercept 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Nineteen of 44 HTB pts responded with a ≥ 4 RBC units/8 weeks transfusion burden reduction; duration of transfusion response appeared to be dose-dependent. Five HTB pts achieved RBC-TI ≥ 8 weeks, with RBC-TI duration ranging from 59–345+ days. Eight of 9 LTB pts showed Hb increases, not influenced by transfusion, ranging from 1.3–3.8 g/dL. Of these, 2 pts had a Hb increase ≥ 1.5 g/dL sustained for ≥ 8 weeks. Pts with Hb > 11.0 g/dL were subject to dose delay per protocol, which may have impacted Hb increase sustainability. RBC-TI ≥ 8 weeks was achieved in 6 LTB pts. Increases in platelet and neutrophil levels were seen in pts with baseline thrombocytopenia and pts with baseline neutropenia, respectively. Sotatercept was generally well tolerated. Twenty pts (37%) reported ≥ 1 suspected treatment-related adverse event (AE); fatigue (11%), headache (9.3%), decreased appetite (7.4%), and nausea (7.4%) were the most common. Of 35 pts (65%) who discontinued treatment, 28 discontinued due to lack of therapeutic effect and 4 due to AEs. Of those AEs leading to discontinuation, 3 were suspected to be treatment-related: 1 pt with grade 2 hemolytic anemia, 1 pt with grade 3 hypertension, and 1 pt with grade 2 muscular weakness in the sotatercept 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Other reasons for discontinuation were withdrawal of consent (n = 2; 4%) and pt decision (n = 1; 2%). Conclusions: Sotatercept was well tolerated in lower-risk MDS pts at the dose levels tested, with promising evidence of clinical activity in this largely HTB cohort of ESA-refractory, anemic, lower-risk MDS pts. Further exploration of higher sotatercept dose levels and longer-term treatment is planned. PF and AFL contributed equally to this abstract as senior co-authors. Disclosures Komrokji: Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding. Off Label Use: Sotatercept (ACE-011) is an investigational agent that is being assessed for efficacy and safety in myelodysplastic syndromes.. Garcia-Manero:Celgene Corporation: Research Funding. Ades:Novartis: Research Funding; Celgene Corporation: Research Funding. Laadem:Celgene Corporation: Employment, Equity Ownership. Vo:Celgene Corporation: Employment. Prebet:Celgene Corporation: Honoraria. Boyd:US Oncology: Research Funding. Sekeres:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen Corporation: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Boehringer-Ingelheim Corporation: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Beyne-Rauzy:Novartis: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. Zou:Celgene: Employment. Attie:Acceleron Pharma: Employment. Sherman:Acceleron Pharma: Employment, Equity Ownership. Fenaux:Novartis: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. List:Celgene: Consultancy.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sherman Act 1"

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Langguth, Juliane [Verfasser]. "Pay-for-Delay-Vereinbarungen im transatlantischen Vergleich : Die kartellrechtliche Beurteilung von Patent-Vergleichsvereinbarungen in der Pharmabranche anhand von Art. 101 AEUV und Sec. 1 Sherman Act / Juliane Langguth." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160310289/34.

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Wei, Shih-yu, and 魏式瑜. "Intraenterprise Conspiracy-Focus on Artcle 1 of Sherman Act." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79764914165408283139.

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Menz, Michael B. "The intra-enterprise conspiracy doctrine as applied to affiliated corporations under section 1 of the Sherman Act." 2002. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/menz%5Fmichael%5Fb%5F200208%5Fllm.

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Books on the topic "Sherman Act 1"

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Kovacic, William E. The antitrust government contracts handbook: A project of the Sherman Act, Section 1 Committee. [Chicago, Ill.?]: Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association, 1994.

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Kovacic, William E. The antitrust government contracts handbook: A project of the Sherman Act Section 1 Committee. [Chicago]: Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association, 1990.

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Potrafke, Christian. Kartellrechtswidrigkeit konzerninterner Vereinbarungen und darauf beruhender Verhaltensweisen: Nach [Paragraphen] 1 Sherman Act, Art. 85 EWGV und [Paragraphen] 25, 1 GWB. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1991.

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Roszkowski, Mark E. The sad legacy of GTE Sylvania and its 'rule of reason': The dealer termination cases and the demise of 1 of the Sherman Act. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1989.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. To amend the Sherman Act regarding retail competition: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session on S. 865 ... June 1, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sherman Act 1"

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Gertner, Robert H., and Andrew M. Rosenfield. "Agreement under the Sherman Act." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 35–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_9.

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McBride, Glynn. "The Aftermath of the Sherman Act on the Road to Agriculture’s Magna Carta." In Agricultural Cooperatives, 67–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6882-3_5.

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Troesken, Werner. "Did the Trusts Want a Federal Antitrust Law? An Event Study of State Antitrust Enforcement and Passage of the Sherman Act." In Public Choice Interpretations of American Economic History, 77–104. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4573-6_5.

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Townsend, James B. "Introduction." In Extraterritorial Antitrust: The Sherman Antitrust Act and U.S. Business Abroad, 1–12. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429051135-1.

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Kaplow, Louis. "Statutory Provisions and Higher Court Interpretations." In Competition Policy and Price Fixing. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158624.003.0004.

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This chapter examines competition law's doctrine on horizontal agreements. It begins by addressing the U.S. statute, Sherman Act Section 1. The chapter then turns to the leading Supreme Court precedents on Section 1. These are the primary source of U.S. antitrust law in general and specifically in delineating what constitutes a horizontal agreement. Here, there is more conflict than meets the eye. Finally, the corresponding provision in the European Union, Article 101, is examined. Because the underlying questions and the relevant economic theory of oligopolistic coordination are the same, it is natural to expect similar challenges to arise, and they do.

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Cento, Veljanovski. "Part III The Legal Framework, 7 The Cartel Infringement." In Cartel Damages. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198855163.003.0007.

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This chapter sets out the legal basis for a private action for competition damages. Agreement and concerted practices infringe Article 101(1) TFEU and section 2 of the UK Competition Act 1998. Section 1 of the Sherman Act 1890 has the same effect. Those who infringe Article 101 are jointly and severally liable for the losses they cause by the actions of the cartel. Under the Damages Directive, some whistle-blowers and small-to-medium-enterprises (SMEs) who are members of a cartel have limited liability only for the losses they individually cause. Claimants can sue using three types of actions: stand-alone, follow-on, and hybrid actions. A stand-alone action requires the claimant to establish an infringement by ‘object’ or ‘effect’ under Article 101(1) TFEU. That is, the claimant acts as the prosecutor of the cartel to establish the infringement. However, most claims for cartel damages have been follow-on actions. They build and rely on a competition authority’s infringed decision. Anyone harmed by a cartel has standing to sue provided they can prove their loss.

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"Chapter 1. Trade Associations, State Building, and the Sherman Act: Th e U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 1912–25." In Capital Gains, 25–42. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9780812293562-004.

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Laver, Harry S., and Jeffrey J. Matthews. "Introduction." In The Art of Command. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813174723.003.0001.

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Few people would challenge the assertion by presidential biographer James MacGregor Burns that “leadership is one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth.”¹ Yet, in the four decades since the publication of Burns’s seminal work Leadership, our understanding of the leadership process has improved tremendously. Among the most important developments is the widespread recognition that successful leaders, operating at any level of responsibility, are not simply endowed at birth with great leadership ability. As General William Tecumseh Sherman once observed, “I have read of men born as generals peculiarly endowed by nature but have never seen one.”...

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Sas, Corina. "Sense of Presence." In Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction, 511–17. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-562-7.ch076.

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Sense of presence is one of the most interesting phenomena that enriches users’ experiences of interacting with any type of system. It allows users to be there (Schloerb & Sheridan, 1995) and to perceive the virtual world as another world in which they really exist. The interest in presence phenomenon is not novel (Gerrig, 1993), but it has grown lately due to the advent of virtual reality (VR) technology. The specific characteristics of virtual environments (VEs) transform them into suitable experimental testbeds for studies in various research areas. This also resuscitated the interest in presence, and much work has focused on the development of a theoretical body of knowledge and on a whole set of experimental studies aimed at understanding, explaining, measuring, or predicting presence. All of these efforts have been made to increase the understanding of how presence can be manipulated within the VEs, particularly within the application areas where presence potential has been acknowledged. Probably one of the most important reasons motivating presence research is the relationship it holds with task performance. This debatable relationship together with the more obvious one between presence and user satisfaction suggest that presence may play an important role in the perceived system usability. Since presence may act as a catalyst for the learning potential of VEs, it can be harnessed for the training and transfer of skills (Mantovani & Castelnuovo, 1998; Schank, 1997). The potential of presence to increase the pervasive power of the delivered content motivates research on presence impact on e-marketing and advertising (Grigorovici, 2003). Another promising application area for presence research is within the realm of cognitive therapy of phobias (Strickland et al., 1997). The highly subjective nature of presence continues to challenge researchers to find appropriate methodologies and instruments for measuring it. This is reflected in the ongoing theoretical work of conceptualizing a sense of presence. The difficulties related to investigating presence led to a large set of definitions and measuring tools. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of presence. The first section offers some conceptual delimitations related to presence construct. The second section describes its main determinants along two dimensions (i.e., technological factors and human factors). The third section addresses the challenges of measuring presence, offering also an overview of the main methods, tools, and instruments developed for assessing it. The fourth section presents the complex relationship between presence and task performance.

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