Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sherman tank

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Sherman tank'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Sherman tank"

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Khatanzeyskiy, Aleksandr V. "Lend-Lease Armoured Vehicles in Operation Bagration (June 23 – August 29, 1944)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v242.

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This article dwells on the role of armoured vehicles obtained under the Lend-Lease agreement in the Byelorussian offensive operation (Bagration) in the summer of 1944. The author examines the use of foreign armoured vehicles in combat operations as part of tank, mechanized, and cavalry units of the Red Army and evaluates their quantity and quality. The Lend-Lease armoured vehicles participated in combat operations on all four fronts involved in Operation Bagration. Primarily, these were British Valentine Mk III and American M4A2 Sherman tanks. However, a significant contribution was also made by the SU-57 and M10 self-propelled artillery, as well as by the M3A1 Scout Car. In addition, the troops continued to use a certain number of M3 Medium and M3 Light tanks left over from the previous periods of the war. In 1944, they were no longer supplied. Foreign vehicles showed a good performance both in terms of reliability and combat qualities, in particular manoeuvrability, armour protection and firepower. Importantly, it was in the units advancing in the main direction that the number of Lend-Lease tanks was the largest (in the 1st Mechanized (100 %) and 3rd Guards Mechanized (91 %), in the 3rd Guards Cavalry (82.5 %) and in the 8th Guards Tank (59 %) Corps). In smaller numbers, foreign tanks were also available in the line units of all fronts involved in the operation (1st, 2nd and 3rd Byelorussian and 1st Baltic Fronts). In total, foreign tanks accounted for about 1/3 of the entire Soviet tank fleet in the Byelorussian offensive operation.
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Witcher, Robert. "New Book Chronicle." Antiquity 90, no. 354 (November 21, 2016): 1718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2016.191.

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For this issue of New Book Chronicle, we don lifejackets and head out on, and under, the high seas to review recent volumes on aspects of maritime and underwater archaeology. Along the way are tales of pirates and the odd Sherman tank, but we set sail withSite formation processes of submerged shipwrecks, edited byMatthew Keith. The Introduction, by Oxley and Keith, outlines the development of site formation theory in maritime archaeology, and flags the foundational work of Keith Muckelroy, as summarised through his flow diagram of the sequence of cultural and environmental processes at work between a wrecking event and archaeological investigation. This model features strongly not only in the following chapters, but in every one of the volumes considered below.
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Veit, Helen. "Un-Modernist Cuisine." Gastronomica 19, no. 3 (2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2019.19.3.41.

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Two activists in the efforts to preserve and revive Native American foodways, Sean Sherman and Elizabeth Woody, talk to Helen Veit about what “saving food” means to them. Sherman and Woody shared thoughts and stories at the 2018 Smithsonian Food History weekend, and we continue the discussion here. These conversations are about preserving foodways, but they are also about losing food, resources, and knowledge in ways that feel, and perhaps are, irrevocable.
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Saeed, Adil, Zulfiqar A. Khan, and Eliza L. Montgomery. "Corrosion Damage Analysis and Material Characterization of Sherman and Centaur—The Historic Military Tanks." Materials Performance and Characterization 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 20120016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mpc20120016.

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Spillman, Lyn. "When Do Collective Memories Last?: Founding Moments in the United States and Australia." Social Science History 22, no. 4 (1998): 445–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017910.

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In 1876, there was a huge commemoration of the centennial of American independence. The year was marked in many ways, by many groups, in many parts of the country. The central event, though, was a grand International Exhibition in Philadelphia, four years in the making. Planners first met in 1872 in Independence Hall and spoke at length about the sacredness of the venue: “It is altogether fit and wise that we should take our first step and utter our first words in this hall. There sat John Hancock, presiding over that immortal body. There came Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and Livingston presenting the sacred declaration. There lies the broken and silent bell, which at the word proclaimed liberty throughout the land to all the inhabitants thereof” (USCC 1873: 24-25). The theme was taken up by many others in many different ways. Images of the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, Washington, and Franklin were scattered throughout centennial ceremonies, buildings, poems, histories, and other documents. The revolution was used as a touchstone in talk about the exhibition and as a rich source of national symbolism.
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Zeimke, Earl F., D. F. Loza, and James F. Gebhardt. "Commanding the Red Army's Sherman Tanks: The World War II Memoirs of Hero of the Soviet Union Dmitriy Loza." Journal of Military History 61, no. 3 (July 1997): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954067.

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López-Méndez, Ada. "Straight talk on spondylitis. Edited by Robert L. Swezey MD, Spondylitis Association of America, Sherman Oaks, 58 pages (soft cover)." Arthritis Care & Research 7, no. 1 (March 1994): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.1790070112.

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Lopez, Donald S. "“Lamaism” and the Disappearance of Tibet." Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 1 (January 1996): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500020107.

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At an exhibition in 1992 at the National Gallery in Washington, D.C., “Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration,” one room among the four devoted to Ming China was called “Lamaist Art.” In the coffee-table book produced for the exhibition, with reproductions and descriptions of over 1,100 of the works displayed, however, not one painting, sculpture, or artifact was described as being of Tibetan origin. In commenting upon one of the Ming paintings, the well-known Asian art historian, Sherman E. Lee, wrote, “The individual [Tang and Song] motifs, however, were woven into a thicket of obsessive design produced for a non-Chinese audience. Here the aesthetic wealth of China was placed at the service of the complicated theology of Tibet.” This complicated theology is named by Lee with the term “Lamaism,” an abstract noun that does not occur in the Tibetan language but which has a long history in the West, a history inextricable from the ideology of exploration and discovery that the National Gallery cautiously sought to celebrate. Lee echoes the nineteenth-century portrayal of Lamaism as something monstrous, a composite of unnatural lineage, devoid of the spirit of original Buddhism (as constructed by European Orientialists). Lamaism was a deformity unique to Tibet, its parentage denied by India (in the voice of British Indologists) and by China (in the voice of the Qing empire), an aberration so unique in fact that it would eventually float free from its Tibetan abode, an abode that would vanish.
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Salih, Kocher Omer, Aram Mohammed, Jamal Mahamood Faraj, Anwar Mohammed Raouf, and Nawroz Abdul-Razzak Tahir. "Rooting behavior of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) hardwood cuttings in relation to genotype and irrigation frequency." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 118, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-13837.

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The study was conducted to determine the best irrigation frequency for rooting hardwood cuttings of some pomegranate genotypes that are cultivated in Halabja province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The hardwood cuttings were collected from 11 genotypes, which were 'Salakhani Trsh' (G1), 'Salakhani Mekhosh' (G2), 'Amriki' (G3), 'Twekl Sury Trsh' (G4), 'Twekl Astury Naw Spy' (G5), 'Hanara Sherina' (G6), 'Kawa Hanary Sherin' (G7), 'Kawa Hanary Trsh' (G8), 'Malesay Twekl Asture' (G9), 'Malesay Twekl Tank' (G10), and 'Sura Hanary Trsh' (G11). The genotypes were subjected to irrigation applications by 1-day, 2-day, 7-day, or 10-day frequencies. Among pomegranates, G11, G6, and G7 produced 95, 90, and 83% rooting percentages, which were significantly higher than the rest of other genotypes. The lowest rooting percentages (28, 36, 38, and 40%) were found in G1, G5, G3, and G10, respectively. The effect of irrigation frequencies on the genotypes confirmed that a 7-day frequency was the best irrigation frequency to achieve the maximum rooting percentages (93, 86, 80, 73, 53, and 40%) in G6, G9, G2, G4, G3, and G1, respectively. In contrast, the minimum rooting percentage (20%) was recorded in G3 with a 1-day frequency and in G1 with 10-day frequency. In this study, it was found that the cuttings of G11, G6, and G7 had the best ability to form roots, and irrigation with a 7-day frequency was the best for the cuttings of all the 11 pomegranate genotypes investigated.
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O'Donnell, Molly C. "Mirrors, Masks, and Masculinity: The Homosocial Legacy from Dickens to Machen." Victoriographies 6, no. 3 (November 2016): 256–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2016.0241.

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All the narrators and characters in J. Sheridan Le Fanu's In a Glass Darkly are unreliable impostors. As the title suggests, this is also the case with Arthur Machen's The Three Impostors, which similarly presents a virtual matryoshka of unreliability through a series of impostors. Both texts effect this systematic insistence on social constructedness by using and undermining the specific context of the male homosocial world. What served as the cure-all in the world of Pickwick – the homosocial bond – has here been exported, exposed, and proven flawed. The gothic is out in the open now, and the feared ghost resides without and within the group. The inability of anyone to interpret its signs, communicate its meaning, and rely on one's friends to talk one through it is the horror that cannot be overcome. Part of a larger project on the nineteenth-century ‘tales novel’ that treats the more heterogeneric and less heteronormative Victorian novel, this article examines how In a Glass Darkly and The Three Impostors blur the clear-cut gender division articulated in prior masculine presentations like The Pickwick Papers and feminine reinterpretations such as Cranford. These later texts challenge binaries of sex, speech, genre, and mode in enacting the previously articulated masculine and feminine simultaneously.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sherman tank"

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Lundberg, Molly. "Error Identification in Tourniquet Use : Error analysis of tourniquet use in trained and untrained populations." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171588.

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The number of prehospital deaths caused by large bleedings could be decreased if civilian people would act in time to help the injured patient. One way to help is to stop the bleeding with a tourniquet application. However, the tourniquet needs to be placed correctly in order to stop the bleeding. Therefore laypersons need to be educated in bleeding control to increase the rate of successful tourniquet application. This study used human error identification techniques such as Hierarchical Task Analysis and Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach to identify possible errors of four commonly used tourniquet models: the CAT-7, Delfi-EMT, SAM-X and SWAT-T. The results show that many predicted errors are time-oriented and critical. Video analysis of tourniquet application was performed to map occurred use errors from the videos with the predicted ones. The goal was to identify problems that could be solved by training or redesigns of the tourniquets. The results show that the most common errors for all participants during tourniquet application were of six error types. The errors were to not check time or write down time of application, to take too much time to place the tourniquet around the limb, to place the tourniquet upside down, to place the tourniquet band over the securing mechanism instead of between and lastly to not secure the tourniquet correctly before transporting the patient. The untrained laypersons made more errors than the trained laypersons and professional emergency personnel group. The trained laypersons also made fewer errors in a calm setting than in a stressed setting, comparing to the professional group who did the same error types in both settings. The results indicate that untrained laypersons not only make more errors but also more critical errors than trained laypersons and professional emergency personnel. Future research should empirically test other tourniquet models than the CAT in the goal of finding use errors to be reduced. Overall the results are in line with previous studies that show the need for education of bleeding control techniques in the civilian population.
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Girard, Romain. "Portrait des "professionals" en tant que narrateurs dans la fiction courte victorienne et édouardienne : les discours de pouvoir des médecins, des hommes d’église et des hommes de loi dans les nouvelles de Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, Wilkie Collins et Arthur Conan Doyle." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30044/document.

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Les membres de la classe des professions, qu'ils soient narrateurs ou personnages, occupent une place à la fois centrale et équivoque dans le texte victorien, dans sa construction, sa composition. En effet, si cette place prépondérante paraît indiquer une prise de pouvoir de ces derniers, elle s'accompagne fréquemment d'une mise en question, voire d'une mise en danger de leur statut au sein du récit. Cette position paradoxale semble être le résultat du lien quasi-systématique (mais souvent sous-jacent) entre l'apparition d'un narrateur ou d'un personnage issu des professions et la déstabilisation des notions de signification et de vérité dans l'ensemble du texte. Nous étudierons les modalités et les outils de cette déstabilisation, mais aussi ses conséquences sur le corps du texte. Pour ce faire, nous nous concentrerons sur le support de la nouvelle véhiculée par les périodiques pour son caractère propice à l'expérimentation et sa grande diffusion auprès du lectorat victorien. Par ailleurs, nous avons centré notre corpus de textes sur Conan Doyle, Wilkie Collins et Le Fanu car ces derniers ont participé activement à la diffusion dans la littérature des idées propres aux classes moyennes et ont abondamment illustré les mutations sociales de cette classe durant la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle. Cela s’est fait à travers leurs nouvelles notamment, qui apparaissent comme le lieu privilégié de l’expression des interrogations concernant l'instabilité de certains discours structurants de la société : loi, religion et médecine. Ainsi, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, fils d’un homme d’église et féru de théologie, Arthur Conan Doyle, lui-même médecin de formation et William Wilkie Collins, homme de lettres portant un grand intérêt à la chose scientifique (comme le suggère son long roman didactique Heart and Science paru en 1883) ont tous trois contribué à la définition des relations particulières entre les membres des professions et le reste de la société victorienne. De plus, leur participation active à la publication des périodiques les plus lus de leur époque atteste de leur contribution importante à la définition de la pensée victorienne
Members of the middle class, particularly clergymen, doctors, and lawyers occupy a central place in Victorian literature, both as narrators and characters. However, it seems that this prominent place fosters questioning as much as empowerment. This paradoxical position seems to stem from the recurrent appearance of members of the professions in texts within which the principles of truth and meaning are undermined. Therefore, we will show how members of the professions, both as narrators and characters, put forward discursive strategies which allow them to manipulate the notion of truth and to destabilize meaning. In order to do so, we will study predominantly short stories, as this genre was favoured by Victorian writers as the locus of narrative and literary experimentation. Besides, this genre was widely read by Victorian audiences and can be seen as a privileged media for authors to express their doubts and commentaries on contemporary society. We have chosen to study the works of three authors in particular, who played a vital role in the bringing of the middle classes on the forefront of Victorian literary representation. Indeed, we will focus on Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, the son of a clergyman and a man fascinated by the arcana of theology, Arthur Conan Doyle, a doctor himself, before he became a writer and William Wilkie Collins, who had a passion for science and the transformations its growing influence imposed on Victorian society. What is more, these three writers' active role in the establishment of the most popular Victorian periodicals attests to their vast contribution to the development of Victorian values
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Griffin, Melissa Corinne. "Applying Human Factors and the Resident Assessment Instrument - Home Care: An Examination of Failure Modes, Causes, Effects and Recommendations in the Home Care Environment." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/25606.

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Several analytical techniques including use case diagrams, process flow diagrams (PFDs), hierarchical task analysis (HTA), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), systematic human error reduction and prediction approach (SHERPA), hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), heuristics, the Safe Living Guide and the Resident Assessment Instrument – Home Care (RAI-HC) are applied to data obtained from two pilot home visits to determine whether common failure modes, causes, effects and recommendations are yielded by the techniques. The time required to apply each analytical technique to processes uncovered from the pilot data was measured and outputs of the techniques were reviewed for commonality. Of the tools considered, SHERPA was found to return the most failure modes, effects and recommendations, while FMEA was the only human factors tool to yield causes. Additionally, FMEA and SHERPA provided a means of ranking potential failure modes based on severity and probability.
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Books on the topic "Sherman tank"

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Forty, George. M-4 Sherman. Poole: Blandford, 1987.

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Higuchi, Hélio. M4 Sherman no Brasil. São Paulo: C & R Editorial, 2008.

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David, Doyle, ed. WWII U.S. Sherman tank in action. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2011.

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Wechsler, James K. Building and detailing realistic Sherman tanks. Waukesha, Wis: Kalmbach Books, 2010.

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Gander, Terry. Medium tank M4 (76mm & 105mm): Sherman & Firefly. Hersham: Ian Allan, 2003.

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United States Department of War. Medium tank M4A3. [Andover, NJ (P.O. Box 1190, Andover 07821): Reproduced and distributed by Portrayal Press, 2007.

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United States Department of War. Medium tank M4A3. Andover, NJ (P.O. Box 1190, Andover 07821): Reproduced and distributed by Portrayal Press, 2007.

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Zaloga, Steve. The M4 Sherman at war: The European theatre, 1942-1945. Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong: Concord, 1994.

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Giuliani, Raymond. Sherman in the Pacific War, 1943-45. Paris: Histoire & Collections, 2015.

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Loza, D. F. Commanding the Red Army's Sherman tanks: The World War II memoirs of Hero of the Soviet Union, Dmitriy Loza. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sherman tank"

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Hanks, Matthew. "Landing at Saipan: The Three M4 Sherman Tanks That Never Reached the Beach." In Underwater Archaeology of a Pacific Battlefield, 73–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16679-7_7.

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"Appendix C: The M4 Sherman Tank." In Tank Tactics, 335–36. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781685852085-021.

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Molnar, Nicholas D. "General George S. Patton and the War-Winning Sherman Tank Myth." In The United States and the Second World War, 129–45. Fordham University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823231201.003.0006.

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Molnar, Nicholas D. "5. General George S. Patton and the War-Winning Sherman Tank My." In The United States and the Second World War, 129–49. Fordham University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780823293292-007.

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Behrstock, R. A. "Assault on the French Canal Bridge." In When Birds Are Near, 88–94. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750915.003.0011.

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This chapter details the author's experience during a birding tour in Panama, when their group was mistakenly attacked by heavily armed U.S. soldiers. On December 31, 1999, forty-five years of jungle warfare training ended when the Panama Canal and the U.S. military bases in the Canal Zone, including popular birding sites such as Ft. Sherman, Ft. Clayton, and Albrook Air Force Base, were transferred to the Panamanian government. Until then, birding tours in the Canal Zone often encountered U.S. forces on jungle maneuvers. Walking through the woods along Achiote or Black Tank Road, the author's group encountered soldiers crouched in the undergrowth. Occasionally, the solder would ask if they had seen “the aggressor.” Communicating with outsiders, birders in this case, seemed to be part of their strategy.
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Holden Reid, Brian. "The Transition to Peacetime Soldiering, 1865–1869." In The Scourge of War, 411–37. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195392739.003.0016.

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This chapter highlights William T. Sherman’s return to Washington. The arrival of “the Vandal Sherman,” as he described himself, plus his troops loud in threats that his Washington critics would have them “to reckon with,” had led to significant developments even before his return. There had also been some wild talk, probably exaggerated in the re-telling, of overthrowing the government. Edwin M. Stanton, perhaps sensing a matter he could exploit to his disadvantage, ordered both Ulysses S. Grant and Sherman to testify before the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War on the issues surrounding the ill-fated Memorandum of Understanding reached between Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston. In retrospect, the Committee’s failure to embarrass Sherman serves to underline the complete failure of Congress at this date to make any mark on Reconstruction policy. The ensuing great battle over this issue in 1866–67 would emerge as the defining, momentous political contest of these years, and Sherman would be dragged unwittingly into its margins.
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Holden Reid, Brian. "First Contact, March–May 1864." In The Scourge of War, 247–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195392739.003.0011.

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This chapter details how the year 1864 allowed William T. Sherman to operate for the first time not as a subordinate commander but as director of a series of armies in the field. His contribution to overall Union strategy would be significant and thus he began to exercise command at the level military analysts currently refer to as the operational level of war. Such a level links tactics and methods of fighting with strategy, in the overall scheme. It defines the manner in which armies organize in discrete campaigns and seek to fulfill the object of strategy by winning victories. Sherman’s performance overall needs to be considered by taking all aspects into account. As he began to work at the higher levels of the military art, he began to change the way in which people think and talk about war, and he propounded an individual philosophy of war. The higher he progressed, the more Sherman could not avoid confronting the harsh realities of political life, for his campaigns increasingly had an impact not just on American political discourse but indeed in 1864 on the outcome of the presidential election. Sherman expressed clear-cut political views and expounded them perhaps too forcefully. This complex mix worked as a catalyst in developing his ideas about war and his ability to put them into practice.
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Holden Reid, Brian. "Divisional Commander, January–July 1862." In The Scourge of War, 120–43. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195392739.003.0007.

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This chapter recounts how, in February of 1862, after a surfeit of disappointment and humiliation, William T. Sherman received the revivifying news that he would command a division. He threw himself into the task of bringing order, cohesion, and discipline to his division. His staff played an important role in his success, as it oversaw the commander’s orders, although some time would elapse before a cohesive team emerged. The chapter then describes the great Battle of Shiloh, which erupted on April 6. Sherman’s conduct at Shiloh earned much praise. He might appear quirky, even eccentric, nervous, and highly-strung in daily affairs, but under fire he became cool, calculating, forthright, and decisive. Indeed, Sherman’s determination to hold back the tide of the Confederate onslaught, tactical insight, overall appreciation of the battle, willingness to assume responsibility, and empathy with the problems of other divisional commanders made an enormous contribution to the Union success at Shiloh.
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McPherson, Alan. "Stand Up with Me." In Ghosts of Sheridan Circle, 61–72. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653501.003.0006.

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This chapter takes another couple as its subject, Michael Moffitt and Ronni Karpen Moffitt, who will both be in Orlando Letelier’s car when it is bombed. Through their biography, the chapter explains the coming-of-age of a new generation of young activists focused on human rights. In the mid-1970s, the Moffitts fall in love, marry, and begin to work with Letelier under the aegis of a Washington think tank, the Institute for Policy Studies.
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Lin, Shu-Chiang. "A Bayesian Based Machine Learning Application to Task Analysis." In Machine Learning, 234–42. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-818-7.ch208.

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Many task analysis techniques and methods have been developed over the past decades, but identifying and decomposing a user’s task into small task components remains a difficult, impractically time-consuming, and expensive process that involves extensive manual effort (Sheridan, 1997; Liu, 1997; Gramopadhye and Thaker, 1999; Annett and Stanton, 2000; Bridger, 2003; Stammers and Shephard, 2005; Hollnagel, 2006; Luczak et al., 2006; Morgeson et al., 2006). A practical need exists for developing automated task analysis techniques to help practitioners perform task analysis efficiently and effectively (Lin, 2007). This chapter summarizes a Bayesian methodology for task analysis tool to help identify and predict the agents’ subtasks from the call center’s naturalistic decision making’s environment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sherman tank"

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Copeland, Robert. "An Analysis and Classification Process towards the Qualification of Autonomous Systems in Army Aviation." In Vertical Flight Society 75th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0075-2019-14727.

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Beyond the original philosophical reasoning by Immanuel Kant (1778), autonomy has a foundation in experimental psychology and computer science (Sheridan and Verplanck, 1978). Technological research has expanded rapidly as computer technology advanced and became more readily available. As a result, there are several ways to define autonomy across various domains such as the automotive industry and robotics today. This paper adapts the available body of knowledge to develop an analytical airworthiness framework for classifying autonomous functions for use in Army Aviation systems. The framework described comprises four stages, and starts with a clear analysis and allocation of the task(s) to be performed, thereby allowing classification of the type of automation involved. The level of automation can then be evaluated, leading to determination of a means by which the consequences of failure can be identified and used as part of a safety case that forms the basis for airworthiness determinations.
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Ruscio, Daniele, Adrien Metge, Marvin Schopp, Daniel Dreyer, and Benedikt Petermeier. "The General Automation Level Allocation (GALA) Framework, or: Why Do We Need Another Level of Automation Framework?" In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005372.

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In the realm of sociotechnical systems, Level of Automation (LoA) frameworks are commonly used to determine adequate types of automation support for tasks in which human operators are involved. This paper introduces the General Automation Level Allocation (GALA) framework in response to recognized limitations in existing LoA frameworks. While these frameworks have contributed significantly to the formalization of human-automation interaction for the systems they were designed for, they often struggle when dealing with new sociotechnical systems. Some of the main limitations recognized for existing LoA frameworks include: (1) Lack of versatility in terms of missing levels for some “automated functions”, since they are designed with specific systems in mind; (2) Limited precision in the definition of the categories for assigning LoA to specific functions and complex technologies; (3) Limited support in the identification of outcomes of human-automation Interaction at different LoA (e.g. in terms of emerging behaviors or in terms of safety-related implications); (4) Limitations regarding characterization human cognitive processing in off-nominal or complex conditions; (5) Not fully addressing the dynamic allocation of tasks and responsibilities based on changing conditions and real-time priorities. Because of these limitations, some researchers are not satisfied with existing LoA taxonomies and believe that there is even no need to think deeper about LoA taxonomies as basis for or input to design of complex sociotechnical systems.To address the stated issues, GALA offers a two-dimensional approach aiming at being compatible with other previous LoA frameworks and applicable to the design of future systems. It is designed to analyze and classify the appropriate levels of automation for different information processing stages (e.g. information acquisition, information analysis, decision making, action implementation) involved in a task based upon the results of a hierarchical task analysis. GALA is compatible to established state-of-the art methods (Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens, 2000; Save, Feuerberg & Avia, 2012; Kaber, 2018) applied to study specific aspects of human-system collaboration in more depth, such as the coactive design method (Johnson et al., 2014). Finally, plans for GALA validation will be presented aiming to ensure that it provides sufficient applicability to various sociotechnical systems of diverse domains, each with its unique requirements and challenges. Further, an outlook on an alternative more compact version of the framework is provided which addresses the specific needs of dynamic task allocation in real-life situation.
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