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Woods, Nancy Fugate. "Women's Health: Complexities and Differences. Sheryl Burt Ruzek , Virginia L. Olesen , Adele E. ClarkeThe Psychology of Women's Health: Progress and Challenges in Research and Application. Annette L. Stanton , Sheryl J. Gallant." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 25, no. 2 (January 2000): 590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495464.
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Synnott, Kevin A. "A Reader’s Guide to the Short Stones of Willa Cather by Sheryl L. Meyering." Western American Literature 30, no. 1 (1995): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.1995.0024.
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Eisen, Arnold. "Beyond the Classics? Essays in Religious Studies and Liberal Education. Frank E. Reynolds , Sheryl L. Burkhalter." Journal of Religion 72, no. 4 (October 1992): 615–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/489018.
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Corman, Caroline A. "Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880–1940. By Sheryl L. Smith (New York, Oxford University Press, 2000) 273 pp. $35.00." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33, no. 1 (July 2002): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950260029345.
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Hatfield, Jeff S. "Conservation Biology with RAMAS[Trademark] EcoLab. Susanne M. Shultz , Amy E. Dunham , Karen V. Root , Sheryl L. Soucy , Steven D. Carroll , Lev R. Ginzburg." Quarterly Review of Biology 75, no. 4 (December 2000): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/393704.
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Wright, Lisa. "Gerlach Neil, Hamilton Sheryl N., Sullivan Rebecca and Walton Priscilla L. Becoming Biosubjects: Bodies. Systems. Technologies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. 224 pp." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 28, no. 01 (April 2013): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2013.12.
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NAIDOO, KAMMILA. "‘Wicked’ Women and the Reconfiguration of Gender in Africa edited by DOROTHY L. HODGSON and SHERYL A. MCCURDY Oxford: James Currey and Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2001. Pp. 325. US$29.00 (pbk.)." Journal of Modern African Studies 41, no. 2 (May 20, 2003): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x03254276.
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CHANT, SYLVIA. "Jennifer Abbassi and Sheryl L. Lutjens, Rereading Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Political Economy of Gender (Lanham, MD, and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, Inc., 2002), pp. xi+393, £20.95, pb." Journal of Latin American Studies 36, no. 1 (February 2004): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x03347686.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 77, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2003): 295–366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002526.
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-Edward L. Cox, Judith A. Carney, Black rice: The African origin of rice cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. xiv + 240 pp.-David Barry Gaspar, Brian Dyde, A history of Antigua: The unsuspected Isle. Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000. xi + 320 pp.-Carolyn E. Fick, Stewart R. King, Blue coat or powdered wig: Free people of color in pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001. xxvi + 328 pp.-César J. Ayala, Birgit Sonesson, Puerto Rico's commerce, 1765-1865: From regional to worldwide market relations. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 200. xiii + 338 pp.-Nadine Lefaucheur, Bernard Moitt, Women and slavery in the French Antilles, 1635-1848. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. xviii + 217 pp.-Edward L. Cox, Roderick A. McDonald, Between slavery and freedom: Special magistrate John Anderson's journal of St. Vincent during the apprenticeship. Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2001. xviii + 309 pp.-Jaap Jacobs, Benjamin Schmidt, Innocence abroad: The Dutch imagination and the new world, 1570-1670. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xxviii + 450 pp.-Wim Klooster, Johanna C. Prins ,The Low countries and the New World(s): Travel, Discovery, Early Relations. Lanham NY: University Press of America, 2000. 226 pp., Bettina Brandt, Timothy Stevens (eds)-Wouter Gortzak, Gert Oostindie ,Knellende koninkrijksbanden: Het Nederlandse dekolonisatiebeleid in de Caraïben, 1940-2000. Volume 1, 1940-1954; Volume 2, 1954-1975; Volume 3, 1975-2000. 668 pp. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2001., Inge Klinkers (eds)-Richard Price, Ellen-Rose Kambel, Resource conflicts, gender and indigenous rights in Suriname: Local, national and global perspectives. Leiden, The Netherlands: self-published, 2002, iii + 266.-Peter Redfield, Richard Price ,Les Marrons. Châteauneuf-le-Rouge: Vents d'ailleurs, 2003. 127 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Mary Chamberlain, Glenford D. Howe ,The empowering impulse: The nationalist tradition of Barbados. Kingston: Canoe Press, 2001. xiii + 354 pp., Don D. Marshall (eds)-Jean Stubbs, Alejandro de la Fuente, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. xiv + 449 pp.-Sheryl L. Lutjens, Susan Kaufman Purcell ,Cuba: The contours of Change. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. ix + 155 pp., David J. Rothkopf (eds)-Jean-Germain Gros, Robert Fatton Jr., Haiti's predatory republic: The unending transition to democracy. Boulder CO: Lynn Rienner, 2002. xvi + 237 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Beverly Bell, Walking on fire: Haitian Women's Stories of Survival and Resistance. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xx + 253 pp.-Gérard Collomb, Peter Hulme, Remnants of conquest: The island Caribs and their visitors, 1877-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 371 pp.-Chris Bongie, Jeannie Suk, Postcolonial paradoxes in French Caribbean Writing: Césaire, Glissant, Condé. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 216 pp.-Marie-Hélène Laforest, Caroline Rody, The Daughter's return: African-American and Caribbean Women's fictions of history. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. x + 267 pp.-Marie-Hélène Laforest, Isabel Hoving, In praise of new travelers: Reading Caribbean migrant women's writing. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ix + 374 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Franck Degoul, Le commerce diabolique: Une exploration de l'imaginaire du pacte maléfique en Martinique. Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge, 2000. 207 pp.-Catherine Benoît, Margarite Fernández Olmos ,Healing cultures: Art and religion as curative practices in the Caribbean and its diaspora. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xxi + 236 pp., Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Charley Gerard, Music from Cuba: Mongo Santamaría, Chocolate Armenteros and Cuban musicians in the United States. Westport CT: Praeger, 2001. xi + 155 pp.-Ivelaw L. Griffith, Anthony Payne ,Charting Caribbean Development. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xi + 284 pp., Paul Sutton (eds)-Ransford W. Palmer, Irma T. Alonso, Caribbean economies in the twenty-first century. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. 232 pp.-Glenn R. Smucker, Jennie Marcelle Smith, When the hands are many: Community organization and social change in rural Haiti. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xii + 229 pp.-Kevin Birth, Nancy Foner, Islands in the city: West Indian migration to New York. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. viii + 304 pp.-Joy Mahabir, Viranjini Munasinghe, Callaloo or tossed salad? East Indians and the cultural politics of identity in Trinidad. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. xv + 315 pp.-Stéphane Goyette, Robert Chaudenson, Creolization of language and culture. Revised in collaboration with Salikoko S. Mufwene. London: Routledge, 2001. xxi + 340 pp.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 73, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1999): 121–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002590.
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-Charles V. Carnegie, W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the age of sail. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. xiv + 310 pp.-Stanley L. Engerman, Wim Klooster, Illicit Riches: Dutch trade in the Caribbean, 1648-1795. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1998. xiv + 283 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Emma Aurora Dávila Cox, Este inmenso comercio: Las relaciones mercantiles entre Puerto Rico y Gran Bretaña 1844-1898. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1996. xxi + 364 pp.-Félix V. Matos Rodríguez, Arturo Morales Carrión, Puerto Rico y la lucha por la hegomonía en el Caribe: Colonialismo y contrabando, siglos XVI-XVIII. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico y Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, 1995. ix + 244 pp.-Herbert S. Klein, Patrick Manning, Slave trades, 1500-1800: Globalization of forced labour. Hampshire, U.K.: Variorum, 1996. xxxiv + 361 pp.-Jay R. Mandle, Kari Levitt ,The critical tradition of Caribbean political economy: The legacy of George Beckford. Kingston: Ian Randle, 1996. xxvi + 288., Michael Witter (eds)-Kevin Birth, Belal Ahmed ,The political economy of food and agriculture in the Caribbean. Kingston: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1996. xxi + 276 pp., Sultana Afroz (eds)-Sarah J. Mahler, Alejandro Portes ,The urban Caribbean: Transition to the new global economy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997. xvii + 260 pp., Carlos Dore-Cabral, Patricia Landolt (eds)-O. Nigel Bolland, Ray Kiely, The politics of labour and development in Trinidad. Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago: The Press University of the West Indies, 1996. iii + 218 pp.-Lynn M. Morgan, Aviva Chomsky, West Indian workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870-1940. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. xiii + 302 pp.-Eileen J. Findlay, Maria del Carmen Baerga, Genero y trabajo: La industria de la aguja en Puerto Rico y el Caribe hispánico. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1993. xxvi + 321 pp.-Andrés Serbin, Jorge Rodríguez Beruff ,Security problems and policies in the post-cold war Caribbean. London: :Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's, 1996. 249 pp., Humberto García Muñiz (eds)-Alex Dupuy, Irwin P. Stotzky, Silencing the guns in Haiti: The promise of deliberative democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. xvi + 294 pp.-Carrol F. Coates, Myriam J.A. Chancy, Framing silence: Revolutionary novels by Haitian women. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997. ix + 200 pp.-Havidán Rodríguez, Walter Díaz, Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz ,Island paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1990's. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1996. xi + 198 pp., Carlos E. Santiago (eds)-Ramona Hernández, Alan Cambeira, Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. xi + 272 pp.-Ramona Hernández, Emilio Betances ,The Dominican Republic today: Realities and perspectives. New York: Bildner Center for Western Hemisphere studies, CUNY, 1996. 205 pp., Hobart A. Spalding, Jr. (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Eberhard Bolay, The Dominican Republic: A country between rain forest and desert. Wekersheim, FRG: Margraf Verlag, 1997. 456 pp.-Virginia R. Dominguez, Patricia R. Pessar, A visa for a dream: Dominicans in the United States. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. xvi + 98 pp.-Diane Austin-Broos, Nicole Rodriguez Toulis, Believing identity: Pentecostalism and the mediation of Jamaican ethnicity and gender in England. Oxford NY: Berg, 1997. xv + 304 p.-Mary Chamberlain, Trevor A. Carmichael, Barbados: Thirty years of independence. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers, 1996. xxxv + 294 pp.-Paul van Gelder, Gert Oostindie, Het paradijs overzee: De 'Nederlandse' Caraïben en Nederland. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1997. 385 pp.-Roger D. Abrahams, Richard D.E. Burton, Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. x + 297 pp.-Roger D. Abrahams, Joseph Roach, Cities of the dead: Circum-Atlantic performance. New York NY: Columbia University Press, 1996. xiii + 328 pp.-George Mentore, Peter A. Roberts, From oral to literate culture: Colonial experience in the English West Indies. Kingston, Jamaica: The Press University of the West Indies, 1997. xii + 301 pp.-Emily A. Vogt, Howard Johnson ,The white minority in the Caribbean. Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener, 1998. xvi + 179 pp., Karl Watson (eds)-Virginia Heyer Young, Sheryl L. Lutjens, The state, bureaucracy, and the Cuban schools: Power and participation. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1996. xiii + 239 pp.
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Verhoeven, J. D., H. H. Baker, D. T. Peterson, H. F. Clark, and W. M. Yater. "Damascus steel, part III: The Wadsworth-Sherby mechanism." Materials Characterization 24, no. 3 (April 1990): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(90)90052-l.
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JEATER, DIANA. "‘WICKEDNESS’ AND GENDER IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY ‘Wicked’ Women and the Reconfiguration of Gender in Africa. Edited by DOROTHY L. HODGSON and SHERYL A. MCCURDY. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann; Oxford: James Currey; Cape Town: David Philip, 2001. Pp. xvi+325. $69.50; £40 (ISBN 0-85255-695-0); $29; £16.95, paperback (ISBN 0-85255-645-4)." Journal of African History 44, no. 1 (March 2003): 145–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703478481.
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Mutvei, Harry, and Larisa Doguzhaeva. "Shell ultrastructure and ontogenetic growth in Nautilus pompilius L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 246, no. 1-2 (July 17, 1997): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/246/1997/33.
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Simpkins, Daniel L., and Dorothy J. Allard. "Isolation and Identification of Spanish Moss Fiber from a Sample of Stallings and Orange Series Ceramics." American Antiquity 51, no. 1 (January 1986): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280397.
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A sample of Stallings and Orange series ceramics from riverine and coastal sites in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida was analyzed for fiber content. A portion of each sherd was macerated in acids to release fibrous tempering agents. The fibers, as well as other potentially identifiable materials, were then isolated from the maceration and examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A comparison with published anatomical descriptions and fresh plant material revealed that the Stallings series sherds contained fibers and scales of Tillandsia usneoides L. (Spanish moss). Fiber-tempered sherds of the Orange series from the Bluffton midden in Florida also contained Spanish moss, although it cannot be demonstrated at present that Spanish moss was the primary tempering agent of Orange series ceramics.
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Wignall, Paul B. "Observations on the Evolution and Classification of Dysaerobic Communities." Paleontological Society Special Publications 5 (1990): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200005451.
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The term dysaerobic was first coined by Rhoads and Morse (1971) to define conditions in which oxygen levels ranged between 1.0 and 0.1 mL of oxygen/litre of water. Such low oxygen tensions were thought to exclude all but soft-bodied invertebrates with the absence of shelly fossils being one of the diagnostic features of the dysaerobic zone. Subsequent observations of recent dysaerobic environments has revealed that shelly invertebrates can survive in oxygen values as low as 0.3 mL/L (e.g. Savrda, Bottjer and Gorsline, 1984). Consequently the dysaerobic zone is now used in the more qualitative sense to denote conditions in which oxygen levels are sufficiently low to cause a notable change in the fauna (Kammer and others, 1986; Wignall and Myers, 1988). Faunal abundance and diversity is reduced under low oxygen conditions compared to more normally oxygenated (aerobic) biofacies.
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Valentini, N., S. T. Moraglio, L. Rolle, L. Tavella, and R. Botta. "Nut and kernel growth and shell hardening in eighteen hazelnut cultivars (Corylus avellana L.)." Horticultural Science 42, No. 3 (June 2, 2016): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/327/2014-hortsci.
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ELSHAHAWY, S. A., S. A. NOMIER, F. S. MOHSEN, M. M. GAD, and R. A. KELANI. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS OF THE NEW MANGO CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER EGYPT CONDITIONS." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 864–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.17.
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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is Egypt's third major fruit crop. The latest study aimed to evaluate 11 foreign mango cultivars Kent, Palmar, Yasmina Rose, Shelly, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Glenn, Sensation, Kensington Pride, Heidi, and Joa, in two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019, under Egyptian environmental conditions. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and three replications to analyze the mango cultivars for floral aspects, fruit yield, its components, and fruit quality characteristics. Results indicated that cultivars Sensation and Yasmina Rose produced the highest fruit yield per tree. Cultivars Osten, Yasmina Rose, and Kent gained the maximum fruit weight. The study noted the uppermost value of fruit retention (%) for cultivars Palmar, Osten, and Joa. As for the initial fruit set, the highest value appeared in cultivars Heidi and Yasmina Rose, while cultivars Heidi and Kensington Pride revealed the highest value of fruit pulp firmness at the early stage of ripening in July. The Shelly cultivar recorded the highest percentage of pulp per fruit, while the lowest fruit fibers and total acidity percentage came from the Glenn cultivar. The fruits of Nam Doc Mai cultivar contained the highest total soluble solids and total sugar percentages, whereas fruits of the Heidi cultivar contained the highest value of vitamin C. Cultivars noted with the alternate bearing habit consisted of Kensington Pride, Palmer, and Shelly, while all other cultivars exhibited regular bearing. Mango cultivars Glenn, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Kensington Pride, Shelly, Joa, Yasmina Rose, Sensation, Kent, Palmer, and Heidi (first mentioned, most recommended in descending order) received high recommendations for successful cultivation under the Egyptian environmental conditions based on relatively better fruit setting and quality.
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Kopaka, Katerina. "New evidence on the pottery from the early excavations at the palace of Knossos." Annual of the British School at Athens 88 (November 1993): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015884.
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The aim of this paper is to present some new evidence on the pottery discovered during the very first exploration of the Palace of Knossos, conducted in 1878–9 by Minos A. Kalokairinos. It deals with a series of drawings executed by John L. Myres on his visit to the excavator's collection in 1893. The drawings are kept in the Ashmolean Museum archives and depict a total of twenty-one sherds (ten of which were already known from previous publications) and one whole vase.
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Bicknell, Russell D. C., Justin A. Ledogar, Stephen Wroe, Benjamin C. Gutzler, Winsor H. Watson, and John R. Paterson. "Computational biomechanical analyses demonstrate similar shell-crushing abilities in modern and ancient arthropods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1889 (October 24, 2018): 20181935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1935.
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The biology of the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus , is well documented—including its dietary habits, particularly the ability to crush shell with gnathobasic walking appendages—but virtually nothing is known about the feeding biomechanics of this iconic arthropod. Limulus polyphemus is also considered the archetypal functional analogue of various extinct groups with serial gnathobasic appendages, including eurypterids, trilobites and other early arthropods, especially Sidneyia inexpectans from the mid-Cambrian (508 Myr) Burgess Shale of Canada. Exceptionally preserved specimens of S. inexpectans show evidence suggestive of durophagous (shell-crushing) tendencies—including thick gnathobasic spine cuticle and shelly gut contents—but the masticatory capabilities of this fossil species have yet to be compared with modern durophagous arthropods. Here, we use advanced computational techniques, specifically a unique application of 3D finite-element analysis (FEA), to model the feeding mechanics of L. polyphemus and S. inexpectans : the first such analyses of a modern horseshoe crab and a fossil arthropod. Results show that mechanical performance of the feeding appendages in both arthropods is remarkably similar, suggesting that S. inexpectans had similar shell-crushing capabilities to L. polyphemus . This biomechanical solution to processing shelly food therefore has a history extending over 500 Myr, arising soon after the first shell-bearing animals. Arrival of durophagous predators during the early phase of animal evolution undoubtedly fuelled the Cambrian ‘arms race’ that involved a rapid increase in diversity, disparity and abundance of biomineralized prey species.
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Huang, Q. "First Report of Xylella fastidiosa Associated with Leaf Scorch in Black Oak in Washington, D.C." Plant Disease 88, no. 2 (February 2004): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.224c.
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Bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa has been reported in 17 species of oak including bur, pin, red, scarlet, shingle, and white oaks (3). In September 2002, a leaf scorch symptom characterized by marginal necrosis of leaves bordered by a darker brown band was observed in a mature black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) at the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. The leaf petiole of the black oak was processed in general extraction buffer (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) contained in a FastDNA lysing matrix tube using the FastPrep FP120 instrument (Qbiogene, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) (1). The leaf petiole extract reacted with an antiserum specific for X. fastidiosa (Agadia, Inc.) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A slow-growing bacterium was cultured from leaf petioles of the affected black oak tree by soaking the surface-sterilized, finely cut leaf petioles in sterile water for 30 min, followed by spreading the bacterial suspension on periwinkle wilt plates (1). When the cultured bacterium was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for X. fastidiosa (2), a 472-bp PCR product was detected. The PCR product was confirmed to be the predicted X. fastidiosa product by sequencing and sequence comparison with the reported genomic sequence of X. fastidiosa. ELISA and bacterial isolation from leaf petioles of a nearby symptomless white oak (Q. alba L.) tree were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. fastidiosa associated with leaf scorch in black oak in the United States, expanding the host range of the bacterium in economically important landscape tree species. References: (1) Q. Huang and J. L. Sherald. Curr. Microbiol. 48:73, 2004. (2) M. R. Pooler and J. S. Hartung. Curr. Microbiol. 31:377, 1995. (3) J. L. Sherald. Xylella fastidiosa, A bacterial pathogen of landscape trees. Page 191 in: Shade Tree Wilt Diseases, C. L. Ash, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, 2001.
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CETINKAYA, Hatice, Burcu SECKIN DINLER, and Eda TASCI. "Investigation of Comparative Regulation on Antioxidant Enzyme System under Copper Treatment and Drought Stress in Maize (Zea mays L.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 42, no. 2 (December 2, 2014): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4229632.
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The present study was conducted to present the responses of drought-sensitive ‘Shemal’ and drought-tolerant ‘71MAY69’ maize cultivars under drought condition (20% Polyethylene glycol, -0.40 MPa) and three different copper concentrations (0.5 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM CuSO4.5H2O) for 5 days to determine the enzymatic responses of copper treatment in maize leaves.Copper treatments alone did not change stomatal conductance, relative water content, malondialdehyde, proline, hydrogen peroxide content and abscisic acid level according to control groups. Combined treatment (drought and copper) alleviated the damage of PEG- induced drought stress in maize leaves. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutatione reductase (GR) activity increased and glutathione -S transferase (GST) activity decreased, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity didnot change under drought stress in the tolerant cultivar. SOD, CAT and APX were decreased and GST activities were increased while GR did not change in ‘Shemal’. Also SOD, APX and CAT activity increased by copper treatment alone in both cultivars. Otherwise combined treatment increased SOD, APX and CAT activity at all concentrations, but GR and GST activity increased only by (PEG+1.5 mM) treatment when compared with PEG treatment alone in sensitive ones. As a result, exogenous copper alleviated drought stress, while it induced an oxidative damage by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities differently from drought tolerance. Copper tolerance in maize is not a common response of its defense mechanism because of different response to copper and drought in the same cultivar.
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STEPANOV, Sergey V., Olga S. SOLKINA, Pavel P. AVDEENKOV, Andrey V. BELYAKOV, and Aleksandr S. STEPANOV. "MECHANICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN THE FISH PROCESSING INDUSTRY." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.01.8.
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Currently, the Strategy for the development of the fi shery sector of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 has been approved. To implement this strategy, the construction of new and reconstruction of existing enterprises is planned. Wastewater from fi sh processing contains a large amount of scales, remnants of entrails (liver, intestines, ovaries), proteins and lipids. Therefore, when developing a treatment technology, it is necessary to pay increased att ention to mechanical and physicochemical pre-treatment of effl uents. This article summarizes the experience of foreign and domestic research on mechanical and physical-chemical wastewater treatment. Also presented are the results of studies on wastewater treatment of two fi sh processing enterprises. The use of Al2(SO4)3 at a dose of 50 mg/l for Al2O3 gave the best results in a laboratory experiment.
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Vaza, Jagruti S., and Satish A. Bhalerao. "Removal of Hexavalent chromium by using citric acid modified Tamarind pod shell powder Tamarindus indica L." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-1 (December 31, 2018): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18933.
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Carbone-Lopez, Kristin. "Paula K. Lundberg-Love and Shelly L. Marmion, “Intimate” Violence Against Women: When Spouses, Partners, or Lovers Attack." Gender Issues 26, no. 1 (March 2009): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-009-9072-1.
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Fuller, Dorian Q., Aleese Barron, Louis Champion, Christian Dupuy, Dominique Commelin, Michel Raimbault, and Tim Denham. "Transition From Wild to Domesticated Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) Revealed in Ceramic Temper at Three Middle Holocene Sites in Northern Mali." African Archaeological Review 38, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10437-021-09428-8.
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AbstractImprints of domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) spikelets, observed as temper in ceramics dating to the third millennium BC, provide the earliest evidence for the cultivation and domestication process of this crop in northern Mali. Additional sherds from the same region dating to the fifth and fourth millennium BC were examined and found to have pearl millet chaff with wild morphologies. In addition to studying sherds by stereomicroscopy and subjecting surface casts to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we also deployed X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) on eleven sherds. This significantly augmented the total dataset of archaeological pearl millet chaff remains from which to document the use of the wild pearl millet as ceramic temper and the evolution of its morphology over time. Grain sizes were also estimated from spikelets preserved in the ceramics. Altogether, we are now able to chart the evolution of domesticated pearl millet in western Africa using three characteristics: the evolution of nonshattering stalked involucres; the appearance of multiple spikelet involucres, usually paired spikelets; and the increase in grain size. By the fourth millennium BC, average grain breadth had increased by 28%, although spikelet features otherwise resemble the wild type. In the third millennium BC, the average width of seeds is 38% greater than that of wild seeds, while other qualitative features of domestication are indicated by the presence of paired spikelets and the appearance of nondehiscent, stalked involucres. Nonshattering spikelets had probably become fixed by around 2000 BC, while increases in average grain size continued into the second millennium BC. These data now provide a robust sequence for the morphological evolution of domesticated pearl millet, the first indigenous crop domesticated in western Africa.
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Раджабов, Бохир Мукаммилович. "PECULIARITIES OF LOIK SHERALI’S LITERARY CRITIQUE." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 4(109) (January 26, 2021): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2020.109.4.013.
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В статье предпринимается попытка определения направлений и особенностей литературной критики таджикского поэта Лоика Шерали, который начиная со второй половины 60-х годов ХХ века до конца своей творческой деятельности, кроме поэтических произведений, написал около 150 критических и публицистических работ - статей, рецензий, интервью, выступлений, вступительных слов, предисловий, писем, послесловий и т.п., подтверждающих его значительное место в литературно-критической публицистике и литературной критике. Благодаря своей деятельности в качестве публициста, критика, историка и социолога Л. Шерали завоевал особое место не только в поэзии, но и в литературоведении, лингвистике, публицистике и литературной критике. Основными методами исследования послужили историко-сравнительный анализ материалов и описательный метод. Материал исследования составили сборники научно-публицистических статей Л. Шерали, публицистические произведения и литературно-критические статьи его современников.Размышляя над проблемами художественной литературы и литературной критики, Лоик Шерали акцентирует внимание на роли поэта и назначении поэзии, особенно с учетом социально-политических условий. В статьях Л. Шерали значительное место занимает критика творчества начинающих поэтов. В своих рассуждениях он настаивает на необходимости искусного владения языком, эрудированности, знания творчества классиков и правил сочинения стихов, законов аруза, метрики, логики, средств художественного выражения и т.п. В его критических произведениях прослеживаются социальные мотивы, отражаются проблемы национальных традиций и родного языка, имеют место проявление патриотизма и обращение к исторической теме, а также осмысляются вопросы литературных взаимосвязей и перевода. The author of the article makes an attempt to determine the streamlines and peculiarities of literary criticism of the Tajik poet Loik Sherali, who had written (besides poetic works) about 150 critical and publicistic literary works (articles, reviews, interviews, speeches, welcoming remarks, prefaces, letters, epilogues, etc.) since the late 60s of the 20th century to the end of his career, thus, confirming his significant place in literary critical journalism and literary criticism, in general. Owing to his activity as a publicist, critic, historian and sociologist, Sherali holds a special place not only in poetry, but in literary criticism, linguistics, journalism and literary criticism.The main research method is a comparative-historical analysis of materials as well as a descriptive one. The research material was compiled by the collections of L. Sherali's scientific-journalistic articles, his contemporaries’ publicistic works and literary critical articles. Reflecting on the problems beset with belles-lettres literature and literary criticism, Loik Sherali pays his particular attention to the poet’s role and his poetry target taking into consideration socio-political conditions. Criticism of the works of novice poets occupies a significant place in L. Sherali’s articles. Sherali insists on the need for erudition, knowledge of the classics and the rules for composing poetry, the laws of aruz, metrics, logic, means of artistic expression, language, etc. in his reasoning. The influence of social motives and the problems of national traditions and the native language, manifestation of patriotism, an appeal to a historical theme are reflected in his critical literary works. The issues in regard to literary interrelations and translation are taken into account as well.
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Agata, Borowik, and Wyszkowska Jadwiga. "Response of Avena sativa L. and the soil microbiota to the contamination of soil with Shell diesel oil." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 3 (March 21, 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/765/2017-pse.
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This study analysed the changes in the development of Avena sativa L. cultivated on soil contaminated with diesel oil (DO; 0, 7, 14 and 21 mL/kg of soil dry matter), and in the microbiological, biochemical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of the soil. In addition to basic fertilisation fulfilling the nutritional needs of the oat plant, finely ground barley straw and finely ground charcoal was also applied. The study revealed a highly toxic effect of DO on the growth and development of Avena sativa L. The uptake of macro- and micronutrients by the tested plant decreased significantly. The active bacteria were identified based on the analysis of 16S rRNA coding sequences. In objects contaminated with DO, a more rapid development of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces and fungi was observed, as well as higher activity of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase. In the soils contaminated with DO, more C<sub>org</sub> and available and exchangeable potassium were found than in the non-contaminated soils. DO did not have such a significant effect on the contents of other elements in the soil. The use of charcoal and straw stimulated both the development of microorganisms and the activity of soil enzymes, yet it did not mitigate the adverse effect of DO on the growth or development of the oat plant.
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Abbasi, S. A., and S. M. Tauseef. "Use of the terrestrial weed Alternanthera ficoidea in treating greywater in soil-less SHEFROL® bioreactors." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 8 (February 28, 2018): 2005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.093.
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Abstract The ornamental plant Alternanthera ficoidea (also named A. tenella), which is common and widespread throughout the tropics and is being increasingly regarded as an invasive, problematic weed, has been explored as a bioagent in greywater treatment. In the recently developed SHEFROL® bioreactor, it was seen to treat greywater of varying strengths (250–1,300 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, COD) quickly and substantially to the extent of 75–77%. Biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, and heavy metals copper, nickel, manganese, and zinc were also removed to the extents of 83.5, 94.9, 33.1, 27.0, 44.8, 27.5, 38.2, and 43.2%, respectively. As all this was achieved in a single pot, single step, and in a simple reactor operation, at hydraulic retention times of a mere 6 h, it shows the process to be several times more efficient as well as potentially less expensive than the conventional treatment systems which utilize macrophytes in tanks or constructed wetlands.
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Ragsdale, Nancy. "Interview with James L. Sherald, Former Chief of Natural Resources and Science for the National Capital Region, National Park Service." Outlooks on Pest Management 21, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/21oct05.
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Allen, Susan E. "Second Impressions: Expanding the Range of Cereals from Early Neolithic Franchthi Cave, Greece." Ethnobiology Letters 9, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1065.
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The southern Greek archaeological site of Franchthi Cave, with occupation dating from the Upper Paleolithic, remains the only site in southern Greece that both spans the shift from foraging to farming and has produced systematically recovered plant remains associated with this important transition in human prehistory. Previously reported archaeobotanical remains from the site derive exclusively from the cave interior, as none were recovered from outside the cave on the Franchthi Cave Paralia. This article reports the first evidence for plant use in the settlement area outside the cave, as provided by five seed impressions in Early Neolithic ceramic sherds from the Paralia. Significantly, this new data expands the range of crops represented at the site during the Early Neolithic to include einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.), pushing back its appearance at Franchthi by several centuries.
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He, Weihong, Kexin Zhang, Zhong-Qiang Chen, Jiaxin Yan, Tinglu Yang, Yang Zhang, Songzhu Gu, and Shunbao Wu. "A new genusLiaousof early Anisian Stage (Middle Triassic) brachiopods from southwestern China: systematics, reassessment of classification of the Spiriferinioidea, community paleoecology, and paleoenvironmental implications." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 6 (November 2015): 966–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.6.
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AbstractThis paper describes a new genusLiaous, withL. shaiwensisHe and Chen n. gen. n. sp. as the type species, from the Xinyuan Formation of Anisian age in Ziyun, southern Guizhou, China. The phylogenetic tree revealed by the parsimony analysis shows thatLiaousis closely allied to bothMentzeliaQuenstedt, 1871 andParamentzeliaXu, 1978 of the subfamily Mentzeliinae. A new classification scheme for the Spiriferinoidea is also proposed based on a phylogenetic tree of the superfamily indicated by parsimony analysis. The Spiriferinoidea includes three families and nine subfamilies. Three new subfamilies—Madoinae He and Chen, new subfam., Qinghaispiriferininae He and Chen, new subfam., and Triadispirinae He and Chen, new subfam. are proposed.Liaous shaiwensisHe and Chen n. gen. n. sp. is found in thePosidonia wengensis-Liaous shaiwensis(P-L) paleocommunity, which is dominated by r-strategists (i.e., organisms defined by a fauna with a high dominance and small body sizes) and has a low diversity and high dominance. The P-L paleocommunity therefore has little similarity to its coeval communities from the Anisian Stage of South China and instead it appears more similar to the Lower Triassic shelly faunas in community structures. This paleocommunity is interpreted to have inhabited a relatively deep, low-energy, dysaerobic offshore basin/slope setting with the influence of episodic storms.
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Donoho, Rosemarie. "Book Review: Couple Power Therapy: Building Commitment, Cooperation, Communication, and Community in Relationships (1st ed.) (2006). Peter L. Sheras and Phyllis R. Koch-Sheras, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 255 pages, US$49.95. Reviewed by Rosemarie Donoho." Family Journal 15, no. 3 (July 2007): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480707301120.
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Nosartika, Isniya, Nadia Hardini, and Tyas Prihatiningsih. "IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF COCONUT SHELL LIQUID SMOKE AGAINST Candida albicans AND Lactobacillus acidophilus ATTRIBUTING TO ENDODONTIC TREATMENT FAILURE." DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DIPONEGORO) 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v10i1.29958.
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L. acidophilus bacteria and C. albicans fungi are the most common microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients suffering from post-treatment of root canal endodontic infections. Chlorophenol Camphor menthol (ChM) is one of the antimicrobials used for root canal sterilizer but it still has many flaws. Coconut shell liquid smoke (CS-LS) is a natural product that has an antimicrobial activity and non-toxic chemical compounds for humans. This study aims at determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of L. acidophilus bacteria and C. Albicans fungi and comparing the antimicrobial activity between CS-LC with commercial root canal sterilization. The MIC and MBC of CS-LS were measured using 10 different concentrations ranging from 10-100%. MIC was determined by the broth dilution method. All concentration was cultured on each agar media to determine its MBC. The data were analyzed using the comparative test of Kruskall-Wallis with post-hoc Mann-Whitney. MIC and MBC of C. albicans were 10% of CSLS. Meanwhile, L. acidophilus has the MIC with a 50% concentration of CSLS and MBC with a 60% concentration of CS-LS. No significant difference in CS-LS and ChKM was found. Thus, CS-LS has a potential for endodontic treatment failure. Further research should be conducted to know other potential uses of CS-LS in dentistry.
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Zuo, Xinxin, Houyuan Lu, Leping Jiang, Jianping Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Xiujia Huan, Keyang He, Can Wang, and Naiqin Wu. "Dating rice remains through phytolith carbon-14 study reveals domestication at the beginning of the Holocene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 25 (May 30, 2017): 6486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704304114.
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Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene.
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Siletic, Tihana, and Melita Peharda. "Population study of the fan shell Pinna nobilis L. in Malo and Veliko Jezero of the Mljet National Park (Adriatic Sea)." Scientia Marina 67, no. 1 (March 30, 2003): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2003.67n191.
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Huang, Q., R. H. Brlansky, L. Barnes, W. Li, and J. S. Hartung. "First Report of Oleander Leaf Scorch Caused by Xylella fastidiosa in Texas." Plant Disease 88, no. 9 (September 2004): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.9.1049a.
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Bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa has been reported on oleander in California (3) and Florida (4). In June 2002, leaf scorch symptoms including chlorotic mottling of leaves, necrosis on leaf tips or whole leaves, defoliation, and shortened internodes were observed in oleander plants at various locations in Texas, including Galveston, Harlingen, Austin, San Antonio, and El Campo. The symptomatic varieties Calypso, Commandant Barthelemy, Lane Taylor Sealy, Little Red, Mrs. George Roeding, Mrs. Runge, Scarlet Beauty, and Petite Salmon, as well as symptomless varieties, Turner's Shari D and Sugarland from Moody Gardens in Galveston, Texas were sampled. All samples were tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bacterial isolation according to the methods of Huang and Sherald (2). All symptomatic varieties reacted positively in ELISA, and colonies characteristic of X. fastidiosa were isolated from all eight symptomatic varieties 10 to 15 days after incubation at 28°C. The colonies were confirmed to be X. fastidiosa using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (2). ELISA tests and bacterial isolations from the symptomless Shari D and Sugarland varieties were negative. Membrane entrapment immunofluorescence (MEIF) (1) using the antibody CREC 26 to X. fastidiosa was also done on three of the symptomatic varieties and one asymptomatic variety obtained from Moody Gardens, and fluorescing bacteria were found only in the three symptomatic varieties. Symptomatic samples of Petite Salmon, one pink variety and one red variety obtained from a residential area west of Galveston, and a red oleander in Harlingen, TX, also tested positive with MEIF. Other ELISA-positive samples were obtained from symptomatic oleanders from Austin, San Antonio, and El Campo, TX. The X. fastidiosa bacteria isolated from the variety Lane Taylor Sealy were used to inoculate three red oleander plants by making an 8-cm-long vertical cut into the stem and then in 15 locations injecting approximately 15 μl of a X. fastidiosa suspension (108–9 cells per ml). The cut area was wrapped with Parafilm after inoculation, and the plants were kept at 29°C in a greenhouse. Three healthy red oleanders were inoculated with periwinkle wilt liquid medium for controls. Approximately 3 months after inoculation, chlorotic mottling along the edges of leaves was observed in the oleanders inoculated with X. fastidiosa, and the bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic leaves as described above. No symptoms were observed on the control plants, and bacterial isolation from the control plants was also negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show the causal role of X. fastidiosa in oleander leaf scorch and the presence of the disease in different locations in Texas, extending the geographic range of this important bacterial disease. References: (1) R. H. Brlansky et al. Plant Dis. 74:863, 1990. (2) Q. Huang and J. L. Sherald. Curr. Microbiol. 48:73, 2004. (3) A. H. Purcell et al. Phytopathology 89:53, 1999. (4) R. L. Wichman and D. L. Hopkins. Plant Dis. 84:198, 2000.
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Tabassum-Abbasi, Pratiksha Patnaik, Ranjan Rahi, and Shahid Abbas Abbasi. "A Circular Biorefinery-Integrating Wastewater Treatment with the Generation of an Energy Precursor and an Organic Fertilizer." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095714.
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A circular (close-loop) biorefinery, which integrates wastewater treatment with the generation of an energy precursor and organic fertilizer, tested at the level of a pilot plant treating 54,000 L per day (LPD) of sewage, is described. In the biorefinery’s first stage, sewage was treated in a novel SHEFROL® (sheet-flow-root-level) bioreactor at a very rapid rate, indicated by a hydraulic retention time of a mere 6 h, to a level that met the prevailing national standards for the discharge of treated sewage. The main bioagent of the reactor—water hyacinth—was then processed for the generation of energy precursors. For this, volatile fatty acids (VFA) were extracted in a simple batch reactor operating at ambient temperature and pressure. The ‘spent’ weeds were then converted into organic fertilizer, also at ambient temperature and pressure, by the high-rate vermicomposting process earlier reported by the authors. In this manner, wastewater treatment, energy production, and the generation of a fertilizer were achieved rapidly and efficiently, creating a circular close-loop system that required very little energy and materials and generated almost zero net waste.
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Olafadehan, Olaosebikan Abidoye. "Binary Adsorption of Phenol and 2-Chlorophenol on Chitosan Derived from Pink Shrimp Shell." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000292.
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The binary adsorption of phenol and 2-chlorophenol in a synthetic industrial wastewater was investigated using extracted optimized chitosan from pink shrimp shell wastes as adsorbent. The effects of operational parameters on the binary adsorption system were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data for the binary system were analyzed using extended Langmuir, extended Sips, extended Redlich-Peterson and Fritz-Schlüender adsorption isotherms. The Fritz-Schlüender isotherm fitted the adsorption data excellently wherein the maximum adsorption capacities for phenol and 2-chlorophenol were obtained as 6.7431 and 14.7493 mg/g respectively for the optimized chitosan at pH=4, adsorbent dose of 1 g, initial concentration of phenol and 2-chlorophenol = 25-250 mg/L, contact time of 120 min, agitation speed of 150 rpm, particle size of 250 microns and temperature of (28 ± 2)°C. The kinetic modelling of the phenol-2-chlorophenol adsorption system showed that pseudo second-order kinetic model gave the best fit amongst the investigated kinetic models. The simultaneous adsorption of phenol and 2-chlorophenol on the prepared adsorbent was chemisorption and film-diffusion controlled. The thermodynamic parameters of the binary adsorption system indicated that the simultaneous adsorption of phenol and 2-chlorophenol on the extracted optimized chitosan was relatively favourable, non-spontaneous, endogenic and exothermic with changes in Gibb’s free energy, G ∆ , positive, entropy, S ∆ , approximately zero (though negative), and enthalpy, H∆, negative.
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Gafni, Itamar, Avinash Chandra Rai, Eyal Halon, Tali Zviran, Isaac Sisai, Alon Samach, and Vered Irihimovitch. "Expression Profiling of Four Mango FT/TFL1-Encoding Genes under Different Fruit Load Conditions, and Their Involvement in Flowering Regulation." Plants 11, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11182409.
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Plant flowering is antagonistically modulated by similar FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) proteins. In mango (Mangifera indica L.), flowering is induced by cold temperatures, unless the tree is juvenile or the adult tree had a high fruit load (HFL) in the summer. Here, we studied the effects of juvenility and fruit load on the expression of four MiFT/TFL1 genes cloned from the mango ‘Shelly’ cultivar. Ectopic expression of MiFT1 in Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering, whereas over-expression of MiFT2 and the two cloned MiTFL1 genes repressed flowering. Moreover, juvenility was positively correlated with higher transcript levels of MiFT2 and both MiTFL1s. In trees with a low fruit load, leaf MiFT1 expression increased in winter, whereas HFL delayed its upregulation. MiFT2 expression was upregulated in both leaves and buds under both fruit load conditions. Downregulation of both MITFL1s in buds was associated with a decrease in regional temperatures under both conditions; nevertheless, HFL delayed the decrease in their accumulation. Our results suggest that cold temperature has opposite effects on the expression of MiFT1 and the MiTFL1s, thereby inducing flowering, whereas HFL represses flowering by both suppressing MiFT1 upregulation and delaying MiTFL1s downregulation. The apparent flowering-inhibitory functions of MiFT2 are discussed.
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Wray, Jon. "Blackwell's 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures: Canine and Feline - Edited by Shelly L. Vaden, Joyce S. Knoll, Francis W. K. Smith Jr, Larry P. Tilley." Journal of Small Animal Practice 52, no. 1 (December 22, 2010): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00980.x.
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Manyako, Mykola, Dorota Kowalska, Bohdana Belan, and Roman Gladyshevskii. "Single crystal investigation of the YbAl2 compound." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 85, no. 9 (October 16, 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/0041-6045.85.9.2019.25-30.
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A sample of nominal composition Yb33,3Al66,7 was synthesized from high-purity elements (Yb ≥ 98.9 wt.% and Al ≥ 99.999 wt.%) by arc-melting under a purified argon atmosphere, using Ti as a getter and a tungsten electrode. To achieve high efficiency of the interaction between the components, the sample was melted twice. The ingot was annealed at 500°C in an evacuated quartz ampoule for 720 h and subsequently quenched in cold water. The weight loss during the preparation of the sample was less than 1 % of the total mass, which was 2 g. The chemical composition of the selected crystals was checked with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FEINovaNanoSEM 230) equipped with an EDS analyzer.
Laue and rotation diffraction patterns of selected single crystals showed cubic symmetry. Integrated intensities measured with graphite-monochromatized Мо Kα radiation (l = 0.71073 Å) on an Xcalibur Atlas CCD diffractometer confirmed the cubic lattice. The structure type MgCu2 was assigned and the structure was refined using the program SHELXL (full-matrix least-squares refinement on F2)] with anisotropic displacement parameters for all of the atoms: Pearson symbol cF24, space group Fd-3m, a = 7.7011(4) Å, V = 456.73(7) Å3, Z = 8, R = 0.0261, Rw = 0.0726 for 42 reflections.
It is well-known that the trivalent state is usual one for the rare earth metals. The dependence of the mean atomic volume of the RAl2 binary showed of the so-called “valence” fluctuation state for Eu and Yb.
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Mukhida, K. "67. Loving your child to death: Considerations of the care of chronically-ill children and euthanasia in Emil Sher's Mourning Dove and implications for medical educations." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2828.
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How do parents cope when their child is ill or dying, when he or she experiences constant pain or suffering? What do parents think of the contributions that medical professionals make to the care of their chronically or terminally ill child? Is it possible for a parent to love a child so much that the child is wished dead? The purpose of this paper is to explore those questions and aspects of the care of chronically or terminally ill children using Mourning Dove’s portrayal of one family’s attempt to care for their ill daughter. A play written by Canadian playwright Emil Sher, Mourning Dove is based on the case of Saskatchewan wheat farmer Robert Latimer who killed his 12 year old daughter Tracy who suffered with cerebral palsy and lived in tremendous pain. Rather than focusing on the medical or legal aspects of the care of a chronically ill child, the play offers a glimpse into how a family copes with the care of such a child and the effects the child’s illness has on a family. Reading and examination of non-medical literature, such as Mourning Dove, therefore serve as a useful means for medical professionals to better understand how illness affects and is responded to by patients and their families. This understanding is a prerequisite for them to be able to provide complete care of children with chronic or terminal illnesses and their families.
Nuutila L, Salanterä S. Children with long-term illness: parents’ experiences of care. J Pediatr Nurs 2006; 21(2):153-160.
Sharman M, Meert KL, Sarnaik AP. What influences parents’ decisions to limit or withdraw life support? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6(5):513-518.
Steele R. Strategies used by families to navigate uncharted territory when a child is dying. J Palliat Care 2005; 21(2):103-110.
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Lee, Hyemin, Caiyue Li, Ji Hoon Jung, Yiwei Zhang, Jieqiong Wang, Chang Liu, Allyson M. Segall, Roger L. Sheffmaker, Shelya X. Zeng, and Hua Lu. "Abstract 856: Coiled-coil domain containing 3 suppresses breast cancer growth by protecting p53 from proteasome-mediated degradation." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-856.
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Abstract Coiled-coil domain containing 3 (CCDC3) was previously shown to regulate liver lipid metabolism as a secretory protein. Our recent studies revealed an intracellular role of CCDC3 as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer (BrC). Bioinformatics datasets analysis showed that CCDC3 is under-expressed in BrCs, while its higher levels are correlated with higher overall survival and lower relapse of cancer patients. CCDC3 is positively correlated with p53 and its target genes. Ectopic CCDC3 markedly suppressed proliferation, colony formation, and xenograft tumor growth by augmenting p53 activity in BrC cells. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous CCDC3 using CRISPR led to reduction of p53 level and activity, consequently promoting the proliferation of BrC cells. Mechanistically, CCDC3 bound to the C-termini of p53 and MDM2, consequently stabilizing p53 in the nucleus and impairing MDM2 recruitment of p53 to the 26S proteosome without inhibiting p53 ubiquitination. Also, knockdown of CCDC3 caused the resistance of BrC cells to 5-FU to some degrees by alleviating p53 response to this drug. p53 induced CCDC3 expression by binding to its promoter specifically in BrC cells. Our results unveil a unique mechanism underlying CCDC3 activation of p53 in a positive feedback fashion to suppress BrC growth and suggest that CCDC3 deficiency could be a factor for drug resistance of BrCs. Citation Format: Hyemin Lee, Caiyue Li, Ji Hoon Jung, Yiwei Zhang, Jieqiong Wang, Chang Liu, Allyson M. Segall, Roger L. Sheffmaker, Shelya X. Zeng, Hua Lu. Coiled-coil domain containing 3 suppresses breast cancer growth by protecting p53 from proteasome-mediated degradation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 856.
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Grechushkina, N. A., A. V. Chuvashov, and V. B. Golub. "Syntaxonomy of psammophytic communities of the Black and Azov Sea coasts (Krasnodar Territory)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 43 (2022): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2022.43.23.
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The psammophytic communities on sandy accumulative coasts of the Black and Azov Seas were studied in the Krasnodar Territory (Russia) in 2004, 2006 and 2009, when 1610 relevés were made. Of these, 203 relevés were previously classified and published. In this paper based on 23 relevés two new associations and two new subassociations of the class Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946 and one rankless transitional community (Fig. 1) are described according to Braun-Blanquet approach. The abundance of plants estimated in the field as a percentage of the projective cover was converted to scale points: 5 — > 50 %, 4 — 26–50 %, 3 — 16–25 %, 2 — 6–15 %, 1 — 1–5 %, + — < 1 %. Clustering of the relevés (phytocenon isolation) was carried out by flexible beta linkage (β = –0.25) based on the Sørensen coefficient in PC-ORD 5.0, available through the JUICE 7.1 software package (Tichý, Jason, 2006). As a result four phytocenons were established. Their species composition was compared with the species lists of the lower 676 coastal syntaxa of the Azov-Black Sea region, taken from literature and stored in authors’ syntaxon database (GIVD ID EU-RU-005) based on the TURBOVEG program (Hennekens, Schaminée, 2001). An initial assessment of the similarity of littoral syntaxa and phytocenons was performed using several methods available in the JUICE 7.1 software package. In all cases bryophytes and lichens as well as vascular plant species with frequency less than 20 % in any community were excluded from the analysis. All these excluded species are present in Tables 1 and 2. To classify the established phytocenons, their species composition was compared with similar protologues of the lower syntaxa (Table 1). The vascular plant taxa names are by Tutin et al., (2001). In naming the taxa below, a broad understanding of species (s. l.), their aggregation (agg.), or the combination of several species (with “+”) are used: Artemisia campestris+A. tschernieviana, Cakile maritima s. l. (C. maritima, C. maritima subsp. euxina), Centaurea arenaria s. l.(C. arenaria, C. arenaria subsp. odessana), Leymus racemosus s. l. (L. racemosus, L. racemosus subsp. sabulosus); S. kali aggr. (Salsola kali, S. kali subsp. ruthenica or S. kali subsp. tragus) based on P. Uotila (2011) and S. L. Mosyakin (2017); Xanthium strumarium s. l. (X. strumarium, X. strumarium subsp. italicum, X. strumarium subsp. strumarium × subsp. italicum). Few bryophyte and lichen taxa are given with their authors. The names of the new syntaxa are formed according to the ICPN rules (Theurillat et al., 2021). The terrain in the study area is flat. The natural banks are represented by abrasion and accumulative types. The latter is often in the form of sandy or sandy-shelly spits. There are low-lying near-mouth and delta accumulative banks at the mouths of large rivers. Widespread are solonchaks both not vegetated or with halophytic communities. The climate is temperate with continental features. The month mean temperatures and sums of precipitation amounts for the ten-year period (2001–2010) are reflected in the climate diagrams (Fig. 2). The closest in species composition to the established phytocenons were the lower syntaxa (among the protologues) described in Russia, Romania and Ukraine (Table 1), attributed by their authors to the alliance Elymion gigantei Morariu 1957 (class Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946). However, the identified species differences did not allow us to assign the phytocenons (Table 1) to these syntaxonomical units. All phytocenons are classified as new syntaxa (Table 2). The geographical location of the lower syntaxa presented in Table 1 see on Fig. 3. Ass. Eryngio maritimi–Leymetum sabulosi ass. nov: Table 2, rel. 1–13, Fig. 4; holotypus: Table 2, rel. 6, Krasnodar Territory, Anapa sandbar opposite the settlement Blagoveshchenskaya (coast of the Black Sea), fixed dunes in the distance from the sea, 25.08.2004. Diagnostic taxa (d. t.): Artemisia campestris+A. tschernieviana, Eryngium maritimum, Leymus racemosus s. l. The association includes psammophytic herb–dwarf-semishrub communities on fixed and mobile sandy substrates. Subass. Eryngio maritimi–Leymetum sabulositypicum subass. nov.: Table 2, rel. 1–7; holotypus: Table 2, rel. 6, Fig. 5. The diagnostic attributes of the typical subassociation communities are the same as of the association. Plant communities of the subassociation inhabit both mobile and weakly fixed sandy sediments of the accumulative coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. Subass. Eryngio maritimi–Leymetum sabulosi crambetosum maritimae subass. nov.: Table 2, rel. 8–13, Fig. 6; holotypus: Table 2, rel. 10, Krasnodar Territory, 4 km ENE from the settlement Golubitskaya, coast of the Temryuk Bay (Azov Sea), low dune (1.5–2 m high), 04.09.2004, D. t. of the subassociation: Crambe maritima, Lactuca tatarica. Communities occur on fixed sands on accumulative banks. Community Conium maculatum–Centaurea arenaria: Table 2, rel. 14–18. D. t.: Astragalus onobrychis, Centaurea arenaria s. l., Conium maculatum, Galium humifusum, Torilis arvensis. The communities of this rankless transitional unit occur on flat or depressed terrain areas on the Temryuk Bay coast. Ass. Cakilo euxinae–Glycyrrhizetum glabrae ass. nov.: Table 2, rel. 19–23, Fig. 7; holotypus: Table 2, rel. 19, Krasnodar Territory, Bugazsk Spit, opposite Veselovka village, the coast between the Black Sea and Bugaz Liman, slope of sandy sediment (north-east exposure, 1–2° slope) toward the estuary, 19.08.2004. D. t.: Cakile maritima s. l., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Carex ligerica, Salsola kali aggr. Communities are distributed on the southern part of the Taman Peninsula. They are found on tops of the avandunes, as well as away from them on the elevated parts of the marine spits.
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Koliński, Rafal. "Sir Max Mallowan's excavations at Tell Arbid in 1936." Iraq 69 (2007): 73–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900001078.
Full textAbstract:
In 1935 M. E. L. Mallowan was rightly considered to be one of the outstanding British archaeologists of his generation. Having served his apprenticeship under Sir Leonard Woolley at Ur and supervised the prehistoric sounding at Nineveh under R. Campbell Thompson, he had then directed a successful excavation of his own at Arpachiyah (McCall 2001: 41–4), followed by the immediate publication of the final report (Mallowan/Cruikshank 1935).As a result of a change in the Iraq Antiquities Law, the division of antiquities found during excavations ceased. Mallowan, like many other archaeologists whose fieldwork had been sponsored by museums, was obliged to abandon Iraq and look for new opportunities of research in neighbouring eastern Syria, which was virtually terra incognita at this time (Oates/Oates 2001: 121). No doubt, Mallowan's interest in this area has been stimulated by the discoveries of Max von Oppenheim at Tell Halaf, where pottery has been found similar to that excavated by Mallowan at Arpachiyah. Furthermore, in 1934 Poidebard's aerial survey was published, and it included photographs of numerous archaeological sites along the Khabur and its tributaries (Mallowan 1947: 1). In the fall of 1934 Mallowan, accompanied by his wife, Agatha Christie, and an architect, Mr R. H. Macartney, arrived in Syria to inspect a number of sites located along the Khabur and Jaghjagh rivers, as well as in the Khabur plain. After a winter spent in Egypt, Mallowan returned to the Khabur area in the Spring of 1935, not only to continue his survey, but first to excavate Tell Chagar Bazar. Sherds of the same so-called Halaf pottery had been found at the base of the mound, pointing to the possibility of obtaining at this site a long stratigraphical sequence, which would, in turn, serve as a chronological framework for research on other sites (Mallowan 1936: 7–11, Fig. 2). The season's work, however, was not limited to Tell Chagar Bazar. Small teams were detached from the main force for a few days to make trial soundings on some other principal sites, such as Tell Ailun and Tell Mozan (Oates/Oates 2001: 129).
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Sinclair, W. A., A. M. Townsend, and J. L. Sherald. "Elm Yellows Phytoplasma Lethal to Dutch Elm Disease-Resistant Ulmus americana Cultivars." Plant Disease 85, no. 5 (May 2001): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.560b.
Full textAbstract:
Ulmus americana (American elm) clonal cultivars Independence, New Harmony, and Valley Forge, together with the triploid putative hybrid cultivar Jefferson, were tested for reaction to the elm yellows (EY) phytoplasma. These cultivars all possess resistance to the fungal pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (1,4) but had not been screened for EY resistance or tolerance. Procedures and conditions of the test were similar to those used previously for assessing EY tolerance of Eurasian elm cultivars (3). In brief, 9 to 15 saplings of each cultivar and of U. americana raised from seed (susceptible controls), growing in a field plot at Ithaca, NY, were challenged by grafting their mainstems with bark patches from U. americana naturally affected by EY. Six to nine additional trees of each clone and of the seedling group were left untreated as controls. Inoculations were performed in July 1999, and trees were evaluated for symptoms in early September 2000. Multiple individuals in every inoculated group developed the syndrome typical of EY in U. americana: epinasty, foliar yellowing, yellow discoloration and necrosis of root and stem phloem, odor of methyl salicylate from moist discolored phloem on first exposure to air, defoliation or sudden permanent wilting, and death (2). The numbers of trees with these symptoms, of those inoculated, were: 9 of 9 Independence, 7 of 11 New Harmony, 10 of 14 Valley Forge, 3 of 13 Jefferson, and 12 of 15 trees grown from seed. Untreated controls remained asymptomatic, except for one tree of Valley Forge and two trees grown from seed that became infected naturally and had symptoms like those in the grafted trees. Based on these results, the elm cultivars named above are typical of U. americana in susceptibility to, and intolerance of, EY phytoplasmal infection. Effective EY resistance or tolerance in this species, although once thought to occur in rare individuals (2), remains undocumented. References: (1) J. L. Sherald et al. Can. J. For. Res. 24:647, 1994. (2) W. A. Sinclair. 2000. Page 121 in: The Elms. C. P. Dunn, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA. (3) W. A. Sinclair et al. Plant Dis. 84:1266–1270, 2000. (4) A. M. Townsend. 2000. Page 271 in: The Elms. C. P. Dunn, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
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Ebbestad, Jan Ove R., and Christopher A. Stott. "Failed predation in Late Ordovician gastropods (Mollusca) from Manitoulin Island, Ontario, CanadaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic. This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 2 (February 2008): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-052.
Full textAbstract:
Shell repairs resulting from presumed failed predation are documented in gastropods from the Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian; Richmondian) mid-to-upper Kagawong Submember of the Georgian Bay Formation on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. The bryozoan–mollusc biota and associated sediments generally suggest nearshore, shallow (<10 m), low energy (lagoonal), and perhaps mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Two sample sets from this unit have been studied for shell repair. One of the more commonly applied estimates of shell repair frequencies involves division of the number of individuals with at least one scar by the total number of individuals in the sample (the Individuals with scars method). Using this calculation, 207 specimens of Lophospira trilineata Ulrich and Scofield yielded a shell repair frequency of 4.8%; in 28 specimens of Trochonemella sp. the shell repair frequency was 35.7%. Repairs in Trochonemella occur primarily in the larger size class, suggesting that a size refuge was achieved by this species. Low repair frequencies in L. trilineata suggest predation with a higher success rate or fewer encounters. This study demonstrates that the paradigm of a standardized low level of shell repair in Ordovician and Silurian gastropods is oversimplistic and a range of frequency rates can be expected.
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Mustafayeva, Sahila Baghir. "The Experimental-Phonetic Analyses of the Discourse Intonation in the English and Azerbaijan Languages." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 4 (June 7, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n4p184.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the experimental-phonetic analyses of the discourse intonation in the English and Azerbaijan languages. Having researched the article, it becomes clear that discourse intonation (DI) is an approach to the teaching and analysis of everyday speech. The characteristics of intonation components in the formation of discourse have been touched upon in the article. The intonation is mentioned to be one of the main means in the formation of the discourse.
It is a known fact that speech styles can be characterized by their lexical, syntactic and phonetic features. The attention is drawn to the distinguishing points of the speech of the people having various professions such as the speech styles of a teacher and a driver should be different not only from the lexical point of view but also from the phonetic point of view.
During the conversation, one can come across some nuances of the speaker’s intellectual level, life experience and social status. It is also important to remember that the subject of the conversation is meant to be an important factor too. The object of the conversation ensures the stylistic formation of the idea.
The importance of the experiment has been taken into a special consideration in the article as well. The opinion of academician L. V. Sherba that stresses the importance of the experiment has been analyzed by the author.
The factors that are needed to be followed by while carrying out the language facts have been fulfilled in the article.
The author tries to prove that DI is concerned with the speakers’ moment-by-moment context-referenced choices. It recognizes four systems of speaker’s choice: prominence, tone, melodicy, and termination.
The discourse samples having been chosen for the experiment are fulfilled by using various sentence types. Besides, the inside structure of the sentences and their lexical contents are also taken into account in the article.
Some discourse samples have been chosen in the comparable languages to be experimented in order to distinguish the intonation nature of the discourse. The experiment has been carried out by using the program “Praat”. It is noteworthy to mention that the program “Praat” is known to be a computer operation used to analyze speech sounds.
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Møbjerg, Tinna, Peter Mose Jensen, and Peter Hambro Mikkelsen. "Enkehøj – En boplads med klokkebægerkeramik og korn." Kuml 56, no. 56 (October 31, 2007): 9–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v56i56.24676.
Full textAbstract:
EnkehøjA settlement with Bell Beaker pottery and charred grainThree settlements from Late Neolithic times have been excavated within Herning Museum’s area of archaeological responsibility since 2004 Enkehøj, Sjællandsvej og Gilmosevej (fig. 1). At Enkehøj, several pits containing carbonised grain were found, as well as the remains of at least two two-aisled houses, one of which had a sunken floor (figs. 2 and 6). In addition to this, a thin culture layer was documented in the northeastern part of the excavation area which contained flint tools, including a fragment of a pressure-flaked dagger that had been re-used as a burin (fig. 3). Pit 37 contained about 200 ml of grain as well as several un-ornamented potsherds and a Bell Beaker-like vessel (fig. 4). Pit 288 did not have any carbonised grain but contained potsherds which date the pit to the Single Grave culture’s Bottom Grave period (fig. 5). Pits 304 and 327 probably formed parts of the construction of house 240 (fig. 6). Both the pits and the house contained carbonised grain. Furthermore, a polished flint axe with an outwardly flared edge was recovered, together with a large curved beaker and a small miniature pottery vessel (fig. 7). The sherds belonging to the large beaker were found scattered through the fill of both pit 304 and pit 327. The floor layer of house 240 contained very few potsherds, a fragment of a quernstone and a perforated axe (fig. 8). Below the sunken floor there was also a small pit containing processed grain. Pit 708 was located in the northern part of the investigated area. It contained almost 3.5 l of processed grain, sherds from several ornamented pottery vessels and a small, straight-walled beaker filled with grain (figs. 9-10).On the basis of the Bell Beaker-like vessel, the pits and the houses were dated to the early part of the Late Neolithic, 2400-2200 BC. The radiocarbon dates for carbonized barley grains are, however, more than 200 years later (table 1). This may be due to a delay in the Bell Beaker culture’s influence in the Central Jutish area relative to Northern Jutland with its rich flint deposits.The Late Neolithic grain from Enkehøj is the first large find in the Herning area of crop remains from the end of the Neolithic. The grain samples, comprising in total more than 16 l of processed grain, were collected from pits and postholes from the roof-bearing posts of two Late Neolithic longhouses. One of them, house 240, had a central depression, while the other, house 480, did not. In addition to the samples from the two houses, samples were also taken from three outdoor pits (pits 25, 37 and 708) on the site (fig. 11).Naked barley dominates in most of the samples but a quantity of emmer was also identified (fig. 12.2). Spelt was present in such small amounts that cultivation of this type cannot be established with certainty. Spelt was, however, cultivated in the area. This is apparent from the find from Gilmosevej where large amounts of carbonised acorns were found in addition to a quantity of naked barley and spelt (fig. 16). This distribution of crop types from Enkehøj is in good agreement with the general picture of Danish agriculture extending from the Late Neolithic into the Bronze Age (see table 2).The occurrence of large quantities of carbonised plant remains at Enkehøj gives a broader impression of Late Neolithic agriculture than that normally available from archaeological finds. Archaeobotanical analysis of carbonised plant remains can reveal how arable fields were cultivated in practice. This can be done by comparing the relative abundance of grain, chaff and weed seeds. Differences in the frequency can be linked to differences in the treatment of the crops, both before, during and after harvest. However, it must be emphasised that a prehistoric arable field cannot be compared with either historical or modern fields which had/have much more uniform conditions (fig. 13).Weeds appear only sporadically among the Enkehøj grain; the absence of weeds, together with the deficiency in the amount of chaff, straw etc., shows that the grain had been processed, i.e. threshed and cleaned. But the presence of seeds of various different species of knotgrass does reveal the height at which the Enkehøj cereals were harvested (fig. 14).The numbers of glume bases and grains of emmer are fairly similar. In contrast, there are virtually no barley rachis segments relative to the number of barley grains. This shows that emmer had been stored in the form of spikelets while the barley was stored as naked processed grains (fig. 15). This corresponds to earlier Danish investigations from this period, indicating that the glumes which, in the case of emmer, sit relatively firmly around the grains, were not removed from the grain until the latter was taken indoors, immediately before cooking. As the process of removing the glumes may have a negative effect on the grain’s subsequent germination capacity, and as the glumes also protect the grain against vermin and humidity, there are several good reasons for storing emmer in this particular way.With regard to doubts about finds of stored grain from outdoor pits there are several examples of grain being stored in two-aisled longhouses from the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age, both in houses with and without a sunken floor, as seen in the two houses at Enkehøj. Indications of storage are apparent at several places in houses, particularly in the eastern parts and in sunken areas. There is an example of grain storage in wooden containers below floor level from Petersborg West near Østbirk. A possible reason for the sunken areas in the two-aisled houses may have been to increase the free height below the roof and, thereby, the available storage capacity in certain areas within the houses. By constructing a floor above the sunken area it would have been possible to store crops both at and below floor level. However, the floors in the sunken areas were workplaces, indicating that there were ceilings here or storage on lofts under the roof in this part. A recently-excavated house site at Dalsgaard II has indented posts in the sunken part of the house – these may have supported a loft construction (fig. 17). Different types of crops were probably stored in different places. For example, seed corn may have been stored at or below floor level, as the constant smoke under the roof would have had a destructive effect on the subsequent germination capacities of the grain.Changes in crops during the Late Neolithic and adjacent periods are shown in table 2. A clear difference can be seen between the crop composition in the Late Neolithic and in the Early Bronze Age. Samples from the letter are characterised by naked barley, emmer and, in part, spelt, compared to the Single Grave period when naked barley clearly dominates relative to all other cereal/crop types. There are also features of the tools from the Single Grave period indicating the great importance of barley in this particular period. For example, Helle Juel Jensen has distinguished two types of blade sickle in period V of the Late Funnel Beaker culture and in the Single Grave period on the basis of different wear traces. One type of blade sickle normally has wear traces indicating the cutting the cereals low on the straw. The other type, in contrast, normally functioned as a tool to severe the ears from the straw (fig. 18).The transition to the cultivation of a larger number of cereal types may have been prompted by several factors. It has, for example, been suggested that there was a move towards the cultivation of more fertile areas in the Late Neolithic. As naked barley is a less demanding crop than wheat it is also possible that the increased cultivation of wheat characterises the beginning of systematic manuring. The earliest evidence of manuring in Denmark is from the Late Bronze Age at Bjerge in Thy, in an area where naked barley and emmer were cultivated, as was also the case at Enkehøj. Future investigations will hopefully reveal whether improvement of the soil in this way was a usual part of agriculture as early as the Late Neolithic.Tinna MøbjergHerning MuseumPeter Mose JensenPeter Hambro MikkelsenMoesgård Museum
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Schaenman, Joanna, Marcy L. Vana, Chanu Rhee, Jonathan Wong, Shelly Navato, Laura J. Johnston, Ruby M. Wong, Dora Y. Ho, and Janice (Wes) Brown. "Functional Control of CMV Reactivation Is Profoundly Influenced by CMV Serostatus after Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Following a TLI-ATG Preparative Regimen." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2238.2238.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Functional control of CMV reactivation is profoundly influenced by CMV serostatus after nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation following a TLI-ATG preparative regimen Joanna M. Schaenman1,2, Marcy L. Vana2, Chanu Rhee2, Jonathan Wong1, Shelly Navato2, Laura Johnston2, Ruby M. Wong2, Dora Y. Ho1, and Janice M. Brown1,2 Divisions of Infectious Diseases1 and Blood and Marrow Transplantation2, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5623, USA. A substantial body of data supports the importance of recapitulation of effective immune function for control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, many questions remain regarding immune reconstitution of functional viral control after nonmyeloablative (NMA) HCT, especially with preparative regimens containing total lymphoid irradiation and antithymocyte globulin (TLI-ATG). We analyzed 197 patients who underwent NMA HCT at Stanford University Hospital between 2001 and 2007; 126 patients had either donor or recipient seropositivity for CMV. TLI was administered 11 days prior to transplant, and ATG on D-11 to -7. Nine patients were eliminated from analysis for either participation in a CMV prophylaxis trial or for insufficient data. HCT recipients were screened weekly for CMV reactivation using the Amplicor CMV test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics) on peripheral blood for the first 100 days after HCT. Any positive result led to preemptive treatment with intravenous ganciclovir or valganciclovir. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS Enterprise Guide. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to sex, age, race, underlying hematologic disease, or donor type. 35% had acute leukemia as their underlying diagnosis, 18% chronic leukemia, 32% lymphoma, and 15% myelodysplastic syndrome. 63 patients received HCT from siblings including one partially matched related donor (53%), 6 patients received haplo-identical transplants (5%), and 48 patients had unrelated donors (41%). Data regarding reactivation by serogroup Serogroup No. patients Patients with CMV reactivation (%) Median days to first reactivation No. patients with multiple reactivations (%)* Average no. reactivations per patient Max. no. reactivations * Patients included if there was less than one month of missing data: D+/R− 15 patients, D+/R+ 55 patients, D−/R+ 35 patients evaluated. D+/R− 15 2 (13.3) 56 0 (0) 0.1 1 D+/R+ 57 27 (47.4) 17 5 (9.1) 0.6 3 D−/R+ 45 29 (64.4) 12 5 (14.3) 0.9 5 Analysis by logistic regression with correction for age, diagnosis, donor type, and steroid use was statistically significant (p=0.005) for the comparison of all three serogroups. Other covariates reaching statistical significance were diagnosis (increased reactivation with acute leukemia and lymphoma) and donor type (OR 2.7 for unrelated versus related donors (95% confidence interval 1.2–6.1, p=.016). There was no difference in the degree of chimerism in whole blood on day 28 with a mean of 80% for the D+/R+ and 79% for the D−/R+ patients (t test, pooled p-value 0.90). The incidence and severity of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) (Grade > II) were not statistically different between groups, with 0 D+/R− patients, 2 D+/R+ patients, and 4 D−/R+ patients with acute GVHD. Sustained CMV viral load was significantly greater in the D−/R+ group based on analysis by a mixed effect model with correction for the covariates listed above (p=.0006 for serogoup*time). None of the other covariates analyzed had a statistically significant effect in this model. CMV serostatus of both donor and recipient had a significant effect on CMV reactivation over the first 100 days after NMA HCT following a TLI-ATG preparative regimen. The relative paucity of reactivation and the longer time to first reactivation in the D+/R− group is predicted by previously published observations. Donor CMV serology did not influence the timing of CMV reactivation in the D+/R+ compared with the D−/R+ group, however, donor seropositivity did play an important role in the reconstitution of effective antiviral immune function as manifested by an increased burden of detectable CMV in the D−/R+ as compared with the D+/R+ group. These observations have led us to an ongoing exploration of the kinetics of the antiviral immune response in an animal model in an attempt to refine our understanding of the interaction between the magnitude and timing of CMV exposure and the reconstitution of functional immunologic control after HCT.