Journal articles on the topic 'Shi yan xiao xue'

Abstract Background: Morpho-physiological alternations of platelets provided a rationale to harness RNA sequencing of tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) for preoperative diagnosis of cancer. Timely, accurate, and non-invasive detection of ovarian cancer in women with adnexal masses presents a significant clinical challenge. Patients and Methods: This intercontinental, hospital-based, diagnostic study included 761 treatment-naïve inpatients with histologically confirmed adnexal masses and 167 healthy controls from nine medical centers (China, n=3; Netherlands, n=5; Poland, n=1) between September 2016 and May 2019. The main outcomes were the performance of TEPs and their combination with CA125 in two Chinese (VC1 and VC2) and the European (VC3) validation cohorts collectively and independently. Exploratory outcome was the value of TEPs in public pan-cancer platelet transcriptome datasets. Results: The AUCs for TEPs in the combined validation cohort, VC1, VC2, and VC3 were 0.918 (95% CI 0.889-0.948), 0.923 (0.855-0.990), 0.918 (0.872-0.963), and 0.887 (0.813-0.960), respectively. Combination of TEPs and CA125 demonstrated an AUC of 0.922 (0.889-0.955) in the combined validation cohort; 0.955 (0.912-0.997) in VC1; 0.939 (0.901-0.977) in VC2; 0.917 (0.824-1.000) in VC3. For subgroup analysis, TEPs exhibited an AUC of 0.858, 0.859, and 0.920 to detect early-stage, borderline, non-epithelial diseases and 0.899 to discriminate ovarian cancer from endometriosis. Analysis of public datasets suggested that TEPs had potential to detect multiple malignancies (Table 1). Conclusions: TEPs had robustness, compatibility, and universality for preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer since it withstood validations in populations of different ethnicities, heterogeneous histological subtypes, early-stage ovarian cancer as well as other malignancies. However, these observations warrant prospective validations in a larger population before clinical utilities. Table 1. Performance for TEPs in public pan-cancer datasets. Disease n Healthy Control AUC, area under the curve (95% CI) Women NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) 126 77 0.758 (0.691-0.825) Breast cancer 38 77 0.817 (0.726-0.909) Colorectal cancer 18 77 0.973 (0.945-1.000) Pancreatic cancer 16 77 0.993 (0.981-1.000) Glioblastoma 10 77 0.923 (0.831-1.000) Men NSCLC 119 82 0.746 (0.677-0.815) Colorectal cancer 25 82 0.933 (0.884-0.982) Pancreatic cancer 22 82 0.993 (0.984-1.000) Glioblastoma 19 82 0.981 (0.959-1.000) All NSCLC 245 159 0.774 (0.728-0.820) Colorectal cancer 40 159 0.978 (0.961-0.996) Breast cancer 38 159 0.821 (0.736-0.906) Pancreatic cancer 35 159 0.987 (0.974-0.999) Glioblastoma 35 159 0.931 (0.890-0.972) Hepatobiliary carcinomas 14 159 0.991 (0.978-1.000) Citation Format: Yue Gao, Chun-Jie Liu, Hua-Yi Li, Xiao-Ming Xiong, Sjors G.j.g. In ‘t Veld, Gui-Ling Li, Jia-Hao Liu, Guang-Yao Cai, Gui-Yan Xie, Shao-Qing Zeng, Yuan Wu, Jian-Hua Chi, Qiong Zhang, Xiao-Fei Jiao, Lin-Li Shi, Wan-Rong Lu, Wei-Guo Lv, Xing-Sheng Yang, Jurgen M.j. Piek, Cornelis D de Kroon, C.a.r. Lok, Anna Supernat, Sylwia Łapińska-Szumczyk, Anna Łojkowska, Anna J. Żaczek, Jacek Jassem, Bakhos A. Tannous, Nik Sol, Edward Post, Myron G. Best, Bei-Hua Kong, Xing Xie, Ding Ma, Thomas Wurdinger, An-Yuan Guo, Qing-Lei Gao. Platelet RNA signature enables early and accurate detection of ovarian cancer: An intercontinental, biomarker identification study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr LB168.

Abstract Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is often an elusive diagnosis in adults. HLH can be primary or secondary, with treatment of secondary HLH based on the cause. It is important to identify malignancy if present to help best optimize outcomes long term. HLH is characterized clinically by highly activated, ineffective immune response with cytopenia. HLH patients often present with subtle and generalized symptoms such as fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and lymphadenopathy. In secondary HLH, several factors serve as triggers. These are divided into infectious, malignant, rheumatologic, and during immunosuppression. Infection and malignancy are the most common causes. One study reported 28 patients with secondary HLH, 13/28 (46%) had infectious cause (11 positive EBV serology and two patients had leishmaniasis); lymphoma was identified in 11/28 (39%) and autoimmune disease in 3 (10%)1. Another study included 56 patients with secondary HLH, 43 (76%) patients had malignancy, and 23 (41%) patients had infectious etiology. Underlying immune deficiency was present in 38 (67.8%) patients2. Although primary HLH is well documented in the literature, secondary or acquired HLH is only reported in the form of cases, small retrospective studies and single institutional case series reports. Secondary HLH is highly underreported due to its rarity and nonspecific presentation. Here we present a case of secondary HLH from T-cell lymphoma; discuss clinical features and importance of initial accurate diagnosis in optimizing outcomes. A 41 y/o gentleman with past medical history of Crohn’s disease for 5 years, presented to the emergency room for fevers of approximately 2-week duration. His therapy for Crohn’s disease included, steroids, azathioprine and two doses of adalimumab. He had pancytopenia and bone marrow biopsy demonstrated hemophagocytosis. The HLH diagnosis was further supported by elevated ferritin and elevated soluble IL-2 receptor. Cytogenetics of bone marrow sample demonstrated complex karyotype. The infectious work up demonstrated Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) by PCR. Genetic testing was unremarkable. Patient was managed based on 2004-HLH protocol with dose reduction for pancytopenia. He was maintained on oral cyclosporine and stopped after 6 months when he started having fevers and pancytopenia again. Repeat bone marrow biopsy demonstrated no reactivation of HLH but noted lymphocytosis, consistent with peripheral T cell lymphoma. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated the same complex clone but now with evolution. He received CHOP chemotherapy and etoposide was added after his cerebrospinal fluid was positive for lymphoma. PET-CT showed extensive changes in the bone marrow, spleen and T1 vertebral body. Patient responded poorly and care was drawn on d28 after CHOP. Secondary HLH is an uncommon disease usually triggered by an infection, hematologic malignancy or it may occur in the setting of a rheumatologic disease. Lymphoma is common in secondary HLH and peripheral T cell lymphoma is more commonly resistant at relapse. Clonal abnormalities may help to earlier identify individuals with an underlying malignancy. Patients may benefit from thorough evaluation at presentation for underlying hematologic malignancy as management differs completely. Studies such as PET scan should be considered to search for underlying occult malignancy and cytogenetic studies need to be performed on marrow samples. In our case, repeat cytogentic studies revealed the same clone that was diagnosed at presentation. Initial appropriate therapy for Peripheral T cell lymphoma may have improved this outcome. 1. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2010 Apr;18(2):463-5. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Oct;36(10):1695-702. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Recently, sulfonamides have been shown to be promising electrolyte components due to their high chemical and electrochemical stability in lithium batteries [1, 2]. The electrolyte stability becomes critical when applying high voltage and/or utilizing Ni-rich layered oxides in high energy density lithium-ion batteries. Another approach to successful Ni-rich cathode performance is to develop a stable and effective cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). Given the success of sultones and sulfates in this regard [3, 4], it is hypothesized that nitrogen analogs, like sulfonamides, could be tailored to provide a similar benefit. Indeed, Yim et al. [5, 6] have shown that N,N,N’,N’-tetraethylsulfamide (TES) forms a CEI on NMC811 that imparts high voltage cycling stability and less cathode corrosion. Our earlier studies of TES with Ni-rich NCA also formed a favorable CEI and these results are the topic of this presentation. Herein, we examine the performance of 0 - 4 wt.% TES in our commercially available, high power INR18650-P28A. These cells contain a composite SiO/graphite anode in addition to a Ni-rich cathode. As shown in Fig 1, TES significantly decreased the impedance of the cathode interface after conditioning compared to the control electrolyte. Thereafter, cells containing up to 2%TES show improved capacity retention during long-term high-rate cycling (+1C/-80W). Part of this success was due to a suppression of resistance growth during cycling by TES. Fast charge cycling (+3C/-2C), however, was moderately impaired with increased TES. Considering the largely reduced impedance of the cathode, fast-charge performance may have suffered due to anode rate limitations. These results will be discussed as well as gas generation, storage performance, and additional rate and cycling tests. [1] Shuting Feng, Mingjun Huang, Jessica R. Lamb, Wenxu Zhang, Ryoichi Tatara, Yirui Zhang, Yun Guang Zhu, Collin F. Perkinson, Jeremiah A. Johnson, Yang Shao-Horn. Chem, 5, 2630-2641 (2019) [2] Weijiang Xue, Mingjun Huang, Yutao Li, Yun Guang Zhu, Rui Gao, Xianghui Xiao, Wenxu Zhang, Sipei Li, Guiyin Xu, Yang Yu, Peng Li, Jeffrey Lopez, Daiwei Yu, Yanhao Dong, Weiwei Fan, Zhe Shi, Rui Xiong, Cheng-Jun Sun, Inhui Hwang, Wah-Keat Lee, Yang Shao-Horn, Jeremiah A. Johnson, Ju Li. Nature Energy, 6, 495-505 (2021) [3] Koji Abe, Manuel Colera, Kei Shimamoto, Masahide Kondo, Kazuhiro Miyoshi. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 161 (6) A863-A870 (2014) [4] Jian Xia, N. N. Sinha, L. P. Chen, J. R. Dahn. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 161 (3) A264-A274 (2014) [5] Kwangeun Jung, Taeeun Yim. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 834,155155 (2020) [6] Ji Won Kim, Kwangeun Jung, Taeeun Yim. Journal of Mater. Sci & Tech. 86, 70-76 (2021) Figure 1

Abstract Background: OVERSTEP is a multicenter, randomized clinical trial of capecitabine (CAP) versus endocrine therapy (HT) as maintenance therapy after 1st-line CAP-based combination chemotherapy in HR+/HER2- ABC/MBC. At 2020 SABCS conference, we have reported the primary endpoint (progression-free survival, PFS) of the OVERSTEP (NCT02597868) trial. With a median follow-up of 24.3 months,Median PFS (mPFS) of HT cohort was significantly longer than that of CAP group (17.5 months vs. 12.2 months, HR=0.625, 95%CI: 0.429-0.909, P=0.013). In this annual meeting, we will report the update of mPFS and the secondary endpoint (overall survival, OS). Methods: HR+ and HER2- metastatic breast cancer were enrolled in this study. All patients were histologically confirmed and received at least 4 cycles of CAP-based combination regimen as 1st-line salvage chemotherapy. The patients who achieved CR, PR or durable SD by RECIST criteria entered into the maintenance therapy setting (MT), and randomly (1:1 ratio) assigned to either CAP single or HT group. Randomization was done centrally with stratification by endocrine sensitive or resistance and visceral or non-visceral metastasis. The primary endpoint was mPFS, and the secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS), safety, et al. The superiority test was performed in all patients who received at least one dose maintenance therapy. The last follow-up ended in June 30, 2021. The medium follow-up duration was 41.4 months and the OS event was mature. Results: A total of 181 eligible patients were enrolled in this study from Jun 5, 2013 to Jan 14, 2019. After combined chemotherapy, 75.14% (n=136) cases entered into the maintenance therapy setting, and 24.86% case were disease progressed (PD) during combined chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 41.4 months (IQR 21.57-79.23), the update mPFS in HT group remained superior to CAP cohort (17.7 months vs. 12.2 months, P=0.011). In addition, the median maintenance duration of HT group was significantly longer than that of CAP group (13.8 months vs. 7.4 months, P= 0.008). For endocrine sensitive patients, mPFS was greatly prolonged in HT group compared to CAP cohort (29.3 months vs. 14.8 months, HR=0.515, 95%CI: 0.269-0.988, P=0.042). Besides, in non-visceral metastasis patients, median PFS of HT group was 25.3 months which was longer than CAP subgroup 17.0 months (HR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.300-0.972, P=0.037). However, in endocrine resistance patients, there was no significant difference between HT and CAP group (13.6 months vs. 12.0 months, HR=0.791, 95%CI: 0.499-1.253, P=0.314). There was no difference observed between HT and CAP group in visceral involved cases (14.3 months vs. 11.0 months, HR= 0.668, 95%CI: 0.410-1.089, P=0.101). The median OS was 51.7 months (95%CI: 36.614-66.786) in HT cohort and 39.8 months (95%CI:14.083-65.517) in CAP group, respectively (HR=0.882, 95%CI: 0.550-1.414, P=0.600). Conclusions: For HR+ and HER2- MBC, after 1st-line salvage combined chemotherapy, HT maintenance therapy demonstrated sustained better survival benefits than CAP, especially for hormone sensitive or non-visceral involved patients. The primary endpoint of this study was successfully reached and the median OS was prolonged by 11.9-months. Citation Format: Xiao-Jia Wang, Jian Huang, Xi-ying Shao, Li Cai, Yong-mei Yin, Li-li Zhang, Peng Shen, Yan-xia Shi. Hormone therapy (HT) brings more survival benefits than capecitabine (CAP) as maintenance therapy following the 1st-line chemotherapy in HR+/HER2-ABC/MBC: Update primary endpoint of OVERSTEP(ZJCHBC001) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-17-04.

The growing demand for higher energy density batteries is increasing due to needs of electric vehicle (EV) [1]. Until now, it cannot exceed the one-time charging distance of an internal combustion engine vehicle, due to energy limit of batteries. Li metal anode (LMA) is one of the attractive anode candidates because of the lowest electrochemical redox electrode potential (-3.04 V vs. SHE) and the extremely high theoretical gravimetric capacity (3,860 mAh g-1) compared to graphite anode (372 mAh g-1) [2]. However, uneven Li deposition causes dendritic growth leading to low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and safety hazards which is impeding the practical use of LMAs [3]. Recently, to suppress such dendritic growth, various solutions such as introduction of solid-state electrolyte (SSE) [4], artificial solid electrolyte interphase (ASEI) [5], 3D current collector (CC) [6], and lithiophilic materials [7] have been proposed. Among the several approaches, introducing lithiophilic material on a CC is one of the facile and effective strategies to increase the lithiophilicity, and hence to induce the planar growth of Li. Also, assuming that electroplating is largely divided into two steps: nucleation and growth, lithiophilic material can change the intrinsic nucleation behavior by preferentially forming a different phases such as Li alloys [8]. Since the Li nucleation process significantly influences the final growth of Li, different cycling behaviors of LMAs would be expected depending on lithiophilic material [9]. As for the methods to adopt the lithiophilic materials, the electrodeposition is very attractive, since it can easily control the surface morphology, which might affect the Li deposition morphology and the related behavior. In this regard, we chose the tin (Sn) as a lithiophilic material, which can be deposited on Cu CC by electroplating, and moreover have a fast Li ion diffusion coefficient [10]. Specifically, in this work, we study the effect of surface morphology of lithiophilic Sn deposited on copper CC by testing Li deposition/stripping behavior for a LMAs. For different morphology, a direct current electrodeposition (DC) and pulsed electrodeposition (PED) were used. Fig.1 is FE-SEM images of Cu@Sn with DC growth and PED growth. Fig.1 (a) shows Sn particles are growing without filling the pores. However, Fig.1 (c) shows Sn particles are growing with filling the pores. At Fig.1 (b) and (d), the morphology difference is conspicuous between DC and PED growth. Fig.1 (b) presents island growth in which nuclei grow on existing nuclei because there is only Ton without relaxation time. While, Fig.1 (d) shows that after rearrangement of deposited atom at Toff, new nucleation sites are created by continuously applying pulses, thereby obtaining the coalescence growth. At Fig.2, Cu@Sn (PED) shows the longer cycle life than bare Cu and Cu@Sn (DC) because Cu@Sn (PED) has an uniformly distributed nano Sn morphology, which provides more sites for Li nucleation to prevent dendritic growth. References [1] PARAJULY, Keshav; TERNALD, Daniel; KUEHR, Ruediger. The Future of Electric Vehicles and Material Resources: A Foresight Brief. 2020. [2] XU, Wu, et al. Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014, 7.2: 513-537. [3] CHENG, Xin-Bing, et al. Toward safe lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries: a review. Chemical reviews, 2017, 117.15: 10403-10473. [4] YU, Seungho, et al. Elastic properties of the solid electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO). Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28.1: 197-206. [5] LI, Nian‐Wu, et al. An artificial solid electrolyte interphase layer for stable lithium metal anodes. Advanced materials, 2016, 28.9: 1853-1858. [6] YUN, Qinbai, et al. Chemical dealloying derived 3D porous current collector for Li metal anodes. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28.32: 6932-6939. [7] YAN, Kai, et al. Selective deposition and stable encapsulation of lithium through heterogeneous seeded growth. Nature Energy, 2016, 1.3: 1-8. [8] PEI, Allen, et al. Nanoscale nucleation and growth of electrodeposited lithium metal. Nano letters, 2017, 17.2: 1132-1139. [9] CHEN, Xiao-Ru, et al. Role of Lithiophilic Metal Sites in Lithium Metal Anodes. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35.15: 12746-12752. [10] SHI, Jianjian; WANG, Zhiguo; FU, Yong Qing. Density functional theory study of diffusion of lithium in Li–Sn alloys. Journal of materials science, 2016, 51.6: 3271-3276. [11] IBL, N.; SCHADEGG, K. Surface roughness effects in the electrodeposition of copper in the limiting current range. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1967, 114.1: 54. Figure 1

Objectives: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at a higher risk of extra-articular manifestations, especially hearing loss (HL). Although Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) are proven safe and effective treatments for inflammatory conditions, the effect of CHM use on HL in RA patients is unknown. This cohort study aims to determine the relationship between CHM use and the subsequent risk of HL among RA patients.Methods: From health insurance claims data in Taiwan, a total of 6,905 persons aged 20–80 years with newly-diagnosed RA in 2000–2009 were identified. Of these, we recruited 2,765 CHM users and randomly selected 2,765 non-CHM users who matched with the users by the propensity score. Both cohorts were followed up until the end of 2012 to estimate the incidence of HL. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for HL.Results: The incidence of HL was lower in the CHM users than in the comparison cohort (8.06 vs. 10.54 per 1,000 person-years) (adjusted HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63–0.94). Those who received CHM for more than 2 years had the greatest benefit against the onset of HL, with over 50% risk reduction. Prescriptions of Hai Piao Xiao, Yan Hu Suo, San-Qi, Huang Qin, Dang Shen, Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, Shu-Jing-Huo-Xue-Tang, and Dang-Gui-Nian-Tong-Tang were found to be associated with a reduced risk of HL.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that adding CHM to conventional therapy may reduce the subsequent risk of HL in RA patients. Prospective randomized trials are recommended to further clarify whether the association revealed in this study supports such a causal relationship.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 本文敘述近五十年（1955—2007）香港學者研究《詩經》一書的成果。全文依林慶彰主編《經學研究論著目録（1912—1987）》之類目，分《詩經》總論、《詩經》基本問題、國風研究、雅頌研究、語言文字研究、分類研究、《詩經》反映的文化風貌、《詩經》學史研究、比較研究、國外研究等節敘述。基本問題和《詩經》學史又分數小節敘述。結論以爲香港的《詩經》研究，早期以何敬群、潘重規、李雲光等人的成果較豐碩；當代學者則以李家樹的研究成果最受矚目。年輕一輩則以李雄溪、陳致、盧鳴東的研究成果較爲凸出。香港的官方語言是英語，學者的英文水平比中國大陸和臺灣的學者高出許多，應利用此一優勢，多關心歐美的《詩經》研究成果。 This paper presents the results of the study of Shi jing by Hong Kong scholars over the past 50 years (1955-2007). This paper follows the categorization in Jing Xue Yan Jiu Lun Zhu Mu Lu (1912-1987) 經學研究論著目録 (Bibliography of materials for the study of Chinese classics), which includes general studies, primary issues, study of the Airs, study of the Elegantiae and Eulogies, linguistic and paleographical studies, categories, cultural features reflected in the Odes, history of the study of Shi Jing, comparative studies, study of the Odes outside Hong Kong. The parts of primary issues and the history of the study of Shi Jing are further divided into a number of subsections. The conclusion reached is that Ho Chien-tsung, Pan Chung-kwei and Lee Yun-kuang were leading scholars of the study of Shi Jing in Hong Kong in the old limes, with Lee Kar Shui contributing the most in the field. Lee Hung Kai, Chen Zhi and Lo Ming Tung are the most impressive among the younger generation of Hong Kong scholars. The official language in Hong Kong is English, so compared to scholars from the Mainland and Taiwan, the Hong Kong scholars have a better command of English, and therefore should use this advantage to be more involved in the contribution of the Western sinology to the study of Shi Jing.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 鍾嶸論任昉詩風特點有四：一曰拓體淵雅，二曰善銓事理，三曰競須新事，四曰詞不貴奇。拓體淵雅，即文體和正，聲調雅致。善銓事理，即依事行文，文理相合。任昉將這兩種“筆法”用於寫詩，對南朝詩歌的“筆化”、“文化”起到了推動作用。此外，任昉還將肇於建安，興於晉宋，經傅咸、應璩、顏延之、謝靈運、謝莊、劉駿等人發揚的指事之法引入齊梁詩壇，成任昉詩派。任昉作詩喜引新事，不拘外家内家、正史别史，都拓體淵雅，近於儒家，與追求直致與奇格的道家詩風有别。Zhong Rong (fl. 502-519) summed up four main aspects in his discussion of the characteristics of Ren Fang’s (460-508) poetry: 1) erudition and refinement, 2) clear expression, 3) an effort to use new allusions, and 4) no pursuit for the grotesque. “Erudition and refinement” referred to the elegant style and harmonious sound of Ren’s poetry, while “clear expression” meant Ren’s ability to give a realistic representation of the object. These two aspects were important features of prose writing, yet Ren applied these techniques to poetry composition. As a result, he made a significant contribution to Southern dynasties poetry by initiating a change in style from shi (verse) to bi (essay) and wen (prose). He also founded a Ren Fang “school” by introducing the technique of using allusions in the Qi-Liang poetic arena. The practice of using allusions in poetic works began in the Jian’an era (196-220), and thrived during the Jin and Song dynasties (265-479) in the hands of Fu Xian (239-294), Ying Qu (190-252), Yan Yanzhi (384-456), Xie Lingyun (385-433), Xie Zhuang (421-466), and Liu Jun (430-464). Ren Fang was fond of many different kinds of new allusions to sources by various scholars and historians. His poetic style was profound and refined. It was close to Confucianism but different from Daoism, which pursued straightforwardness and the grotesque.

In post-socialist China, gender norms are marked by rising divorce rates (Kleinman et al.), shifting attitudes towards sex (Farrer; Yan), and a growing commercialisation of sex (Zheng). These phenomena have been understood as indicative of market reforms unhinging past gender norms. In the socialist period, the radical politics of the time moulded women as gender neutral even as state policies emphasised their feminine roles in maintaining marital harmony and stability (Evans). These ideas around domesticity bear strong resemblance to pre-socialist understandings of womanhood and family that anchored Chinese society before the Communists took power in 1949. In this pre-socialist understanding, women were categorised into a hierarchy that defined their rights as wives, mothers, concubines, and servants (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). Women who transgressed these categories were regarded as potentially dangerous and powerful enough to break up families and shake the foundations of Chinese society (Ahern). This paper explores the extent to which understandings of Chinese femininity have been reconfigured in the context of China’s post-1979 development, particularly after the 2000s.The popular television dramas Chinese Style Divorce (2004, Divorce), Dwelling Narrowness (2009, Dwelling), and Divorce Lawyers (2014, Lawyers) are set against this socio-cultural backdrop. The production of these shows is regulated by the China State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), who has the power to grant or deny production and distribution permits. Post-production, the dramas are sold to state-owned television stations for distribution (Yu 36). Haiqing Yu summarises succinctly the state of Chinese media: “Chinese state manipulation and interference in the media market has seen the party-state media marketized but not weakened, media control decentralized but not reduced, and the media industry commercialized but not privatized” (42). Shot in one of the biggest cities in Shandong, Qingdao, Divorce focuses on Doctor Song Jianping and his schoolteacher wife Lin Xiaofeng and the conflicts between Song and Lin, who quits her job to become a stay-at-home mom after her husband secures a high-paying job in a foreign-invested hospital. Lin becomes paranoid and volatile, convinced that their divorced neighbour Xiao Li is having an affair with Song. Refusing to explain the situation, Song is willing to give her a divorce but fights over guardianship of their son. In the end, it is unconfirmed whether they reconcile or divorce. Divorce was recognised as TV Drama of the Year in 2004 and the two leads also won awards for their acting. Reruns of the show continue to air. According to Hui Faye Xiao, “It is reported that many college students viewed this TV show as a textbook on married life in urban settings” (118). Dwelling examines the issue of skyrocketing housing prices and the fates of the Guo sisters, Haizao and Haiping, who moved from rural China to the competitive economically advanced metropolis. Haiping is obsessed with buying an apartment while her younger sister becomes the mistress of a corrupt official, Song Siming. Both sisters receive favours from Song, which leads to Haiping’s success in purchasing a home. However, Haizao is less fortunate. She has a miscarriage and her uterus removed while Song dies in a car accident. Online responses from the audience praise Dwelling for its penetrating and realistic insights into the complex web of familial relationships navigated by Chinese people living in a China under transformation (Xiao, “Woju”). Dwelling was taken off the air when a SARFT official criticised the drama for violating state-endorsed “cultural standards” in its explicit discussions of sex and negative portrayals of government officials (Hung, “State” 156). However, the show continued to be streamed online and it has been viewed and downloaded more than 100 million times (Yu 34). In Lawyers, Luo Li and Chi Haidong are two competing divorce lawyers in Beijing who finally tie the knot. Chi was a happily married man before catching his wife with her lover. Newly divorced, he moves into the same apartment building as Luo and the drama focuses on a series of cases they handle, most of which involve extramarital affairs. Lawyers has been viewed more than 1.6 billion times online (v.qq.com) and received the China Huading award for “favourite television drama” in 2015. Although these dramas contain some conventional elements of domestic melodramas, such as extramarital affairs and domestic disputes, they differ from traditional Chinese television dramas because they do not focus on the common trope of fraught mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationships.Centred on the politics of family ethics, these hugely popular dramas present the transformation in gender norms as a struggle between post-socialist and pre-socialist understandings of femininity. On the one hand, these dramas celebrate the emergence of a post-socialist femininity that is independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated, epitomising this new understanding of womanhood in the figures of single women and mistresses. On the other hand, the dramas portray these post-socialist women in perpetual conflict with wives and mothers who propound a pre-socialist form of femininity that is sexually conservative and defined by familial relationships, and is economically less viable in the market economy. Focusing on depictions of femininity in these dramas, this paper offers a comparative analysis into the extent to which gender norms have been reconfigured in post-socialist China. It approaches these television dramas as a pedagogical device (Brady) and pays particular attention to the ways through which different categories of women interrogated their rights as single women, mistresses, wives, and mothers. In doing so, it illuminates the politics through which a liberal post-socialist femininity unleashed by market transformation is controlled in order to protect the integrity of the family and maintain social order. Post-Socialist Femininity Unleashed: Single Women and Mistresses A woman’s identity is inextricably linked to her marital status in Chinese society. In pre-socialist China, women relied on men as providers and were expected to focus on contributing to her husband’s family (Ebrey and Watson; Wolf and Witke). This pre-socialist positioning of women within the private realm of the family, though reinterpreted, continued to resonate in the socialist period when women were expected to fulfil marital obligations as wives and participate in the public domain as revolutionaries (Evans). While the pressure to marry has not disappeared in post-socialist China, as the derogatory term “leftover women” (single women over the age of 27) indicates, there are now more choices for single women living in metropolitan cities who are highly educated and financially independent. They can choose to remain single, get married, or become mistresses. Single women can be regarded as a threat to wives because the only thing holding them back from becoming mistresses is their morals. The 28-year-old “leftover woman” Luo Li (Lawyers) is presented as morally superior to single women who choose to become mistresses (Luo Meiyuan and Shi Jiang) and therefore deserving of a happy ending because she breaks up with her boss as soon as she discovers he is married. Luo Li quits to set up a law firm with her friend Tang Meiyu. Both women are beautiful, articulate, intelligent, and sexually liberated, symbolising unleashed post-socialist femininity. Part of the comic relief in Lawyers is the subplot of Luo’s mother trying to introduce her to “eligible” bachelors such as the “PhD man” (Episodes 20–21). Luo is unwilling to lower her standards to escape the stigma of being a “leftover woman” and she is rewarded for adhering to her ideals in the end when she convinces the marriage-phobic Chi Haidong to marry her after she rejects a marriage proposal from her newly divorced ex-lover. While Luo Li refuses to remain a mistress, many women do not subscribe to her worldview. Mistresses have existed throughout Chinese history in the form of concubines and courtesans. A wealthy and powerful man was expected to have concubines, who were usually from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Ebrey and Watson; Liu). Mistresses, now referred to as xiaosan, have become a heated topic in post-socialist China where they are regarded as having the power to destroy families by transgressing moral boundaries. Some argue that the phenomenon is a result of the market-driven economy where women who desire a financially stable life use their sexuality to seek rich married men who lust for younger mistresses as symbols of power. Ruth Y.Y. Hung characterises the xiaosan phenomenon as a “horrendous sex trade [that is] a marker of neoliberal market economies in the new PRC” (“Imagination” 100). A comparison of the three dramas reveals a transformation in the depiction of mistresses over the last decade. While Xiao Li (Divorce) is never “confirmed” as Song Jianping’s mistress, she flirts with him and crosses the boundaries of a professional relationship, posing a threat to the stability of Song’s family life. Although Haizao (Dwelling) is university-educated and has a stable, if low-paying job, she chooses to break up with her earnest caring fiancé to be the mistress of the middle-aged Song Siming who offers her material benefits in the form of “loans” she knows she will never be able to repay, a fancy apartment to live in, and other “gifts” such as dining at expensive restaurants and shopping at big malls. While the fresh-faced Haizao exhibits a physical transformation after becoming Song’s mistress, demonstrated through her newly permed hair coupled with an expensive red coat, mistresses in Lawyers do not change in this way. Dong Dahai’s mistress, the voluptuous Luo Meiyuan is already a successful career woman who flaunts her perfect makeup, long wavy hair, and body-hugging dresses (Episodes 12–26). She exudes sexual confidence but her relationship is not predicated on receiving financial favours in return for sexual ones. She tells Dong’s wife that the only “third person” in a relationship is the “unloved” one (Episode 15). Another mistress who challenges old ideas of the power dynamic of the rich man and financially reliant young woman is the divorced Shi Jiang, Tang Meiyu’s former classmate, who becomes the mistress of Tang’s husband (Cao Qiankun) without any moral qualms, even though she knows that her friend is pregnant with his child. A powerful businesswoman, Shi is the owner of a high-end bar that Cao frequents after losing his job. Unable to tell his wife the truth, he spends most days wandering around and is unable to resist Shi’s advances because she claims to have loved him since their university days and that she understands him. In this relationship, Shi has taken on the role traditionally assigned to men: she is the affluent powerful one who is able to manipulate the downtrodden unemployed man by “lending” him money in his time of need, offering him a job at her bar (Episode 17), and eventually finding him a new job through her connections (Episodes 23–24). When Cao leaves home after Tang finds out about the affair, Shi provides him with a place to stay (Episode 34). Because the viewers are positioned to root for Tang due to her role as the female lead’s best friend, Shi is immediately set up as one of the villains, although she is portrayed in a more sympathetic light after she reveals to Cao that she was forced to give up her son to her ex-husband in America (who cheated on her) in order to finalise her divorce (Episode 29).The portrayal of different mistresses in Lawyers signals a transformation in the representation of gender compared to Divorce and Dwelling, because the women are less naïve than Haizao, financially well-off because of their business acumen, and much more outspoken and determined to fight for what they want. On the surface these women are depicted as more liberated and free from gender hierarchies and sexual oppression. Hung describes xiaosan as “an active if constrained agent . . . whose new mode of life has become revealingly defensible and publicly acceptable in socioeconomic terms that reflect the moral changes that follow economic reforms” (“State” 166). However, the closure of these storylines suggest that although more complex reasons for becoming a mistress have been explored in the new drama, mistresses are still regarded as a threat to social stability and therefore punished, challenging Hung’s argument about the “acceptability” of mistresses in post-socialist China. Post-Socialist Femininity Restrained: Wives and MothersCountering these liberal forms of post-socialist femininity are portrayals of righteous wives and exemplary mothers. These depictions articulate a moral positioning grounded in pre-socialist and socialist understandings of a woman’s place in Chinese society. These portrayals of moral women check the transgressive powers of single women and mistresses with the potential to break families up. More importantly, they remind the audience of desired gender norms that retain the integrity of the family and anchor a society undergoing rapid transformation.The three dramas portray wives who are stridently righteous in their confrontations with women they perceive as a threat to their families. These women find moral justification for the violence they inflict on transgressors from cultural understandings of their rights as wives. Lin Xiaofeng (Divorce) repeatedly challenges Xiao Li to explain the “logic” underlying her actions when she discovers that Xiao accompanied Song Jianping to a wedding (Episode 14). The “logic” Lin refers to is a cultural understanding that it is her right as wife to accompany Song to public events and not Xiao’s. By transgressing this moral boundary, Xiao accords Lin the moral authority to cast doubt on her abilities as a doctor in a public confrontation. It also provides moral justification for Lin to slap Xiao when she suggests that Lin is an embarrassment to her husband, an argument that underscores Lin’s failure and challenges her moral authority as wife. Jiang Miaomiao (Dwelling) draws on similar cultural understandings when she appears at the apartment Haizao shares with Song Siming (Episode 33). Jiang positions herself in the traditional role of a wife as a household manager (Ebrey) whose responsibilities include paying Song’s mistresses. She puts Haizao into a subordinate position by arguing that since Haizao is less than a mistress and slightly better than a prostitute, she is not worth the money Song has given her. When Haizao refuses to return the money a tussle ensues, causing Haizao to have a miscarriage. Likewise, Miao Jinxiu (Lawyers) draws on similar cultural understandings of a wife’s position when she laments popular arguments that depict mistresses such as Luo Meiyuan as usurping the superior position of wives like herself who are less attractive and able to navigate the market economy. Miao describes these arguments as “inverting black into white” (Episode 19). She publicly humiliates Luo by throwing paint on her at a charity event (Episode 17) and covers Luo’s car with posters labelling Luo a “slut,” “prostitute,” and “shameless” (Episode 18). Miao succeeds in “winning” her husband back. The public violence Miao inflicts on Luo and her success in protecting her marriage are struggles to reinforce the boundaries defining the categories of wife and mistress as these limits become increasingly challenged in China. In contrast to the violent strategies that Lin, Jiang, and Miao adopt, Tang Meiyu resists Shi Jiang’s destructive powers by reminding her errant husband of the emotional warmth of their family. She asks him, “Do you still remember telling me what the nicest sound is at home?” For Cao, the best sounds are Tang’s laughter, their baby’s cries, the sound of the washing machine, and the flushing of their leaky toilet (Episode 43). The couple reconciles and even wins a lottery that cements their “happy ending.” By highlighting the warmth of their family, Tang reminds Cao of her rightful place as wife, restrains Shi from breaking up the couple, and protects the integrity of the family. It is by drawing on deeply entrenched cultural understandings of the rights of wives that these women find the moral authority to challenge, restrain, and control the transgressive powers of mistresses and single women. The dramas’ portrayals of mothers further reinforce the sense that there is a need to restrain liberal forms of post-socialist femininity embodied by errant daughters who transgress the moral boundaries of the family. Lin Xiaofeng’s mother (Divorce) assumes the role of the forgiving wife and mother. She not only forgives Lin’s father for having an affair but raises Lin, her husband’s love child, as her own (Episode 23). On her deathbed, she articulates the values underlying her acceptance of this transgression, namely that one needs to be “a little kinder, more tolerant, and a little muddleheaded” when dealing with matters of the family. Her forgiveness bears fruit in the form of the warm companionship and support she enjoys with Lin’s father. This sends a strong pedagogical message to the audience that it is possible for a marriage to remain intact if one is willing to forgive. In contrast, Haizao’s mother (Dwelling) adopts the role of the disciplinary mother. She attempts to beat Haizao with a coat hanger when she finds out that her daughter is pregnant with Song Siming’s child (Episode 31). She describes Haizao’s decision as “the wrong path” and is emphatic that abortion is the only way to right this wrong. She argues that abortion will allow her daughter to start life anew in a relationship she describes as “open and aboveboard,” which will culminate in marriage. When Haizao rejects her mother’s disciplining, her lover dies in a car accident and she has a miscarriage. She loses her ability to speak for two months after these double tragedies and pays the ultimate price, losing her reproductive abilities. Luo Li’s mother (Lawyers), Li Chunhua, extends this pedagogical approach by adopting the role of public counsellor as a talk show host. Li describes Luo’s profession as “wicked” because it focuses on separating the family (Episode 9). Instead, she promotes reconciliation as an alternative. She counsels couples to remain together by propounding traditional family values, such as the need for daughters-in-law to consider the filial obligations of sons when managing their relationship with their mothers-in-law (Episode 25). Her rising ratings and the effectiveness of her strategy in bringing estranged couples like Miao Jinxiu and Dong Dahai back together (Episode 26) challenges the transgressive powers of mistresses by preventing the separation of families. More importantly, as with Haizao’s and Lin’s mothers, the moral force of Li’s position and the alternatives to divorce that she suggests draw on pre-socialist and socialist understandings of family values that underscore the sanctity of marriage to the audience. By reminding errant daughters of deeply embedded cultural standards of what it means to be a woman in Chinese society, these mothers are moral exemplars who restrain the potentiality of daughters becoming mistresses. ConclusionMarket reforms have led to a transformation in understandings of womanhood in post-socialist China. Depictions of mistresses and single women as independent, economically successful, and sexually liberated underscores the emergence of liberal forms of post-socialist femininity. Although adept at navigating the new market economy, these types of post-socialist women threaten the integrity of the family and need to be controlled. Moral arguments articulated by wives and mothers restrain the potentially destructive powers of post-socialist womanhood by drawing on deeply embedded understandings of the rights of women shaped in pre-socialist China. It is by disciplining liberal forms of post-socialist femininity such that they fit back into deeply embedded gender hierarchies that social order is restored. 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Object segmentation is an important task which is widely employed in many computer vision applications such as object detection, tracking, recognition, and retrieval. It can be seen as a two-phase process: object detection and segmentation. Object segmentation becomes more challenging in case there is no prior knowledge about the object in the scene. In such conditions, visual attention analysis via saliency mapping may offer a mean to predict the object location by using visual contrast, local or global, to identify regions that draw strong attention in the image. However, in such situations as clutter background, highly varied object surface, or shadow, regular and salient object segmentation approaches based on a single image feature such as color or brightness have shown to be insufficient for the task. This work proposes a new salient object segmentation method which uses a depth map obtained from the input image for enhancing the accuracy of saliency mapping. 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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019, Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[2] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, 2021 (accessed on: August 27, 2021).[3] H. Wang, P. Yang, K. Liu, F. Guo, Y. Zhang et al., SARS Coronavirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Novel Clathrin- and Caveolae-Independent Endocytic Pathway, Cell Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15.[4] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K. Y. Yuen., Coronaviruses-Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Options, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 15, 2016, pp. 327-347, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37.[5] A. Prasansuklab, A. Theerasri, P. Rangsinth, C. Sillapachaiyaporn, S. Chuchawankul, T. 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