Journal articles on the topic 'Shi zheng gong cheng'

A total of 50 (43 known and seven new) species in the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) were surveyed and (re)described from China: P. bicornuta (Chen & Toda, 1997); P. bipartita (Toda & Peng, 1992); P. biprotrusa (Chen & Toda, 1998); P. cardua (Okada, 1977); P. chi (Toda & Sidorenko, 1996); P. conifera (Okada, 1977); P. eparmata (Okada, 1977); P. eugamma (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. excrescentiosa (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. fangae (Máca, 1993); P. flexuosa (Zhang & Gan, 1986); P. foliata (Chen & Toda, 1997); P. gamma (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. gigas (Okada, 1977); P. glabtabula Chen & Gao, 2005; P. hainanensis (Chen & Toda, 1998); P. hongae (Máca, 1993); P. huazhii Cheng & Chen, 2008; P. iota (Toda & Sidorenko, 1996); P. jadete Zhu, Cao & Chen, 2018; P. kappa (Máca, 1977); P. lambda (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. latifoliacea Chen & Watabe, 2008; P. magna (Okada, 1960); P. okadai (Máca, 1977); P. omega (Okada, 1977); P. orientalis (Hendel, 1914); P. pangi Chen & Wen, 2005; P. paramagna (Okada, 1971); P. perforcipata (Máca & Lin, 1993); P. pi (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. protrusa (Zhang & Shi, 1997); P. pseudopi (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. pseudotau (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. psi (Zhang & Gan, 1986); P. rhagolobos Chen & Gao, 2008; P. saeta (Zhang & Gan, 1986); P. setitabula Chen & Gao, 2005; P. subradiata (Okada, 1977); P. tau (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. uncinata Chen & Gao, 2005; P. unipetala Chen & Wen, 2005; P. allomega Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. archikappa Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. dianzangensis Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. imbacilia Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. liukuni Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. tibeta Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; and P. xianfui Gong & Chen, sp. nov. In addition, seven new synonyms were recognized: P. acongruens (Zhang & Shi, 1997), syn. nov.; P. antillaria (Chen & Toda, 1997), syn. nov.; P. kukuanensis Máca, 2003, syn. nov.; P. linae (Máca & Chen, 1993), syn. nov.; P. shillongensis (Singh & Gupta, 1979), syn. nov.; P. takadai (Okada, 1977), syn. nov.; and P. watanabei (Máca & Lin, 1993), syn. nov. A key to all Asian species (except for the eparmata species complex) of this subgenus was provided. All currently available DNA barcode (partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene) sequences of this subgenus (217 sequences of 54 species) are employed in a molecular analysis using different species delimitation methods. The results indicate that approximately 68.5% (37 of 54 spp.) of Phortica (s. str.) species could be clearly distinguished from closely related morphospecies or cryptic species.

The Chrysacris Zheng, 1983 is a median genus in Acrididae, which contains 18 species [Tu & Cheng, 1964; Zheng, 1983; Lian & Zheng, 1987; Li & Chen, 1988; Zheng, 1988; Liu, 1990; Ren et al, 1991; Liang & Jia, 1992; Zheng et al, 1992; Ren et al, 1993; Zhang & Zheng, 1993; Zheng, 1993; Zheng & Shi, 1993; Niu, 1994; Ren et al, 1994; Zheng et al, 1995; Yin et al, 1996; Ren 2001; Ren et al, 2002; Yin et al, 2003; Zheng et al, 2011; Dong et al, 2015; Eades, et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2017], mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Guizhou provinces of China. A new species of the genus Chrysacris is described from Inner Mongolia, China in this paper. Type specimens are deposited in the Natural Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.

AbstractThis article investigates the formation of the Shatan scholarly group and the contribution of its leader, Zheng Zhen. Zheng benefitted from a vigorous trans-regional cultural network of returned local scholars such as Li Xun and Mo Yuchou and prominent scholar-officials from outside such as Cheng Enze and He Changling. Zheng Zhen remained true to the approaches and research topics of evidential research, i.e., historical philology and exegesis of pre-Qin classics, bibliography, and an inquiry into ancient institutions and technology, in an era when the general intellectual trend turned toward statecraft studies and the politicized Modern Text School, promoted by scholars like Gong Zizhen and Kang Youwei. The contribution of the Shatan group, Zheng Zhen in particular, embodies the rise of evidential research, a passion for facts, as well as concerns about society. More importantly, it prompts us to rethink Guizhou as an active agent in the late Qing Chinese cultural landscape.

Abstract Background: KRASG12C mutation acts as an oncogenic driver and occurs in ~15% of NSCLC. D-1553 is a novel and potent small molecule inhibitor of KRASG12C. Here we present the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and preliminary efficacy of D-1553 in KRASG12C mutated NSCLC. Methods: Key inclusion criteria: KRASG12C identified by molecular testing, and after progression of standard therapy. Oral daily (QD) doses of 600, 800 and 1200 mg, and twice daily (BID) doses of 400 and 600 mg were assessed in dose escalation part; 600 mg BID was assessed in dose expansion part. Endpoints included safety, PK parameters, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS) and duration of response (DOR), evaluated by RECIST 1.1. Efficacy results included 6 NSCLC pts from dose escalation part of another Phase I study of D-1553 [NCT04585035] with similar inclusion/exclusion criteria as this study. Results: As of Dec 27, 2021, 16 pts with NSCLC (15 [93.8%] male, median age 61 [range: 30-74]) were enrolled in dose escalation part and 8 pts were evaluated in dose expansion part. D-1553 was well absorbed, with a median time to reach tmax in 1-4 hours. The Cmax and AUC of each dose group tested (400 mg and 600 mg, BID) increased linearly as the dose increased. However, the changes of Cmax and AUC in 600, 800 and 1200 mg (QD) group were not dose-dependent. No DLTs had been reported in dose escalation part. 15 pts (93.8%) had treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), most of which were grade 1-2. The most frequently reported TRAEs (frequency ≥ 15%) were elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and conjugated bilirubin, rash, anemia, asthenia, decreased appetite, hyperuricemia, and increased γ-glutamyltransferase. Among the 28 pts (including 14 pts from dose escalation, 8 pts from dose expansion, and 6 pts with NSCLC from another D-1553 study) evaluable for tumor response, 12 pts had partial response (PR), and 14 had stable disease (SD). ORR and DCR were 42.9% (12/28) and 92.9% (26/28), respectively. Among the 11 pts in 600 mg BID group, 6 pts had PR, and 3 had SD. ORR and DCR were 54.5% (6/11,) and 81.8% (9/11), respectively. Most of the patients with PR or SD were continuing on study at the time of the data cut-off. Conclusion: D-1553 is well tolerated with no DLTs at studied doses. Early results demonstrate significant anti-tumor activity of single-agent D-1553 in pts with KRASG12C mutated NSCLC. This study is ongoing. More results will be presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Hong Jian, Zhenbo Song, Yiping Zhang, Kunyan Li, Nong Yang, Melissa Moore, Pingli Wang, Yanqiu Zhao, Yi Gong, Craig Underhill, Sang-We Kim, Cheng-Ta Yang, Ziyong Xiang, Zhe Shi, Ling Zhang, Yaolin Wang, Shun Lu. Phase I study of D-1553 to assess safety and efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring KRASG12C mutation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT505.

The article aims to analyze various illustrations of court case stories about Song dynasty judge Bao Zheng (包拯, also named as Bao-gong 包公, Bao Longtu 包龍圖, 999–1062), found in Qing woodblock editions of the novel and popular woodblock prints nianhua, in order to determine how tales about the famous incorruptible judge have been transformed in the visual culture of late imperial times. The authors discovered several woodblock editions of novels about Judge Bao-gong, or Bao Dragon-Design (Bao Longtu), in the St. Petersburg State University library including one illustrated edition and several non-illustrated ones. The State Hermitage and other Russian collections hold an impressive number of popular prints depicting scenes from the traditional drama based on Judge Bao stories, while only several of them refer directly to literary pieces, being mostly scenes from the plays. The protagonists are shown wearing theatrical make-up matching their theatrical character, Judge Bao is recognized by a black-colored face symbolizing his astuteness and uncorrupted nature. The article attempts to find connections between Shi Yukun’s 石玉昆 novel “The Three Heroes and Five Gallants” (Sanxiawuyi 三俠五義, 1879), the traditional drama plays and nianhua prints featuring Judge Bao, which proliferated in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. This research claims to define sources of various types of illustrations and clarify connections between book illustration, popular prints and drama.

Artikel review ini memberikan informasi tentang aplikasi polianilina (PANI) dan kompositnya sebagai sensor gas berbahaya khususnya amonia (NH3). Kajian yang dibahas pada artikel ini meliputi sifat gas NH3, material komposit, kinerja sensor, serta limit deteksi. Tinjauan sensor gas amonia berbasis polimer konduktif polianilina secara menyeluruh diambil dari referensi sepuluh tahun terakhir. Sebagai contoh, komposit polianilina dengan turunan karbon seperti reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) dan Carbon Nanotube menunjukkan limit deteksi hingga 46 ppb dengan waktu pemulihan hanya 75 detik. Selain itu, komposit PANI dengan logam seperti Ag, Sr dan sebagainya, menunjukkan limit deteksi yang lebih besar yaitu 1 ppm, namun terdapat keunggulan dimana waktu pemulihan hanya 4 deti. Oleh sebab itu, polimer konduktif polianilina menjadi material yang sangat menjanjikan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gas NH3. Terakhir, mekanisme penginderaan gas amonia terhadap material PANI juga dibahas pada tulisan ini. 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Abstract Chemotherapy has significantly improved the survival of cancer patients. However, the vast variation in treatment responses remains a major issue in the clinic. It is imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying treatment failure in specific populations of patients. Genetic diversity has been recognized to mainly account for the differences in drug responses among patients. Yet, it is not feasible to map the responsible genetic variants within millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome in clinical settings with a limited number of subjects and insufficient genomic information. Genetically diverse mice are an ideal tool to overcome the limitations in clinical studies and model drug responses in hosts that require genetic susceptibility and resistance factors. Recent studies have also implicated a critical role for host cells (i.e., the tissue microenvironment) in building a protective “niche” for tumor cells enabling their escape from chemotherapeutic treatments. Notably, the host regenerative response upon chemotherapy “injury,” which is regarded as an intrinsic host mechanism to repair damaged tissues, may be exploited by tumor cells for their local recurrence or distant metastases. In this study, using a lung injury model, we determined how drug-induced lung stromal wound healing responses differed among eight inbred mouse strains (BALB/cJ, NSG, C57BL/6J, CH3/HeJ, CBA/J, SJL/J, A/J, and NOD/ShiLtJ). Upon either cisplatin or doxorubicin stimulation, the wound healing-associated genes Il-6, Spp1, Cxcl1, and Ccl2 were all found upregulated in lung stromal cells but showed a great variation across different strains. Furthermore, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on the lung stromal cells and immune cells isolated from three selected mouse strains (BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, and NOD/ShiLtJ) without and with doxorubicin treatment in vivo. The transcriptomic analyses revealed strain-specific and non-specific therapy-elicited gene signatures in different types of lung tissue cells. Collectively, our results signify an association between genetic backgrounds and drug-induced host responses in mice. The next steps of the study aim to understand how genetic diversity would functionally impact drug-induced lung tissue regeneration, lung inflammation, and post-therapy tumor relapse or metastasis in the lung. Citation Format: Carlos M. Leon, Zheng Gong, Qing Li, Jiayuan Shi, Wulin Zuo, Muneer G. Hasham, Lenny Shultz, Sheng Li, Guangwen Ren. Mouse strain variations in drug-induced lung stromal responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1863.

Lithium metal batteries are drawing attention as a next generation of lithium-ion batteries due to their advantage of high theoretical capacity. However, the widespread application and commercialization of this potential battery technology is not achieved yet due to the poor cyclability and safety issues. Despite the recent progress1-2 and development of numerous strategies for the long and durable cyclability1-4, the analysis of lithium metal evolution still depends on the experimental approach in macroscale or molecular simulation in nanoscale5. In order to understand and optimize the system-level response of these lithium metal batteries, an accurate and robust modeling and simulation framework with a coupled macro and nanoscale approach is essential. In the previous reports, we have discussed simple 1D model to study stripping and plating of the lithium metal electrode and obtaining the characteristic inverse signatures in the cell voltage6, and appropriate boundary conditions ensuring mass conservation in a 2D model7. In this work, a 2D separator domain with initial surface morphology at the lithium metal electrode is considered for diffusion and migration of the lithium-ions in the domain along with reaction kinetics at the surface. The model is based on the mass and charge conservation in the system that captures the morphological evolution at the lithium metal electrode along the charge/discharge of the battery during cycling. This model is solved with in-house schemes based on spatial, temporal discretization schemes and coordinate transformation. The results show that the local current distribution at the electrode surface affects the rate and shape of the growth of the lithium metal at the negative electrode. The study has been performed for a wide range of geometric, kinetic and transport parameters. The proposed in-house model efficiently reaches a converged results compared with other numerical schemes both in speed and accuracy, and easily adaptive to optimizing tools towards cell design. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the US Department of Energy (DoE) through the Advanced Battery Materials Research Program (Battery500 Consortium). References K. N. Wood, E. Kazyak, A. F. Chadwick, K. H. Chen, J. G. Zhang, K. Thornton, and N. P. Dasgupta, ACS Cent. Sci., 2, 790-801 (2016). A. Pei, G. Zheng, F. Shi, Y. Li, and Y. Cui., Nano Lett., 17(2), 1132-1139 (2017). J. Liu, Z. Bao, Y. Cui, E. Dufek, J. B. Goodenough, P. Khalifah, Q. Li, B. Liaw, P. Liu, A. Manthiram, Y. S. Meng, V. R. Subramanian, M. F. Toney, V. V. Viswanathan, M. S. Whittingham, J. Xiao, W. Xu, J. Yang, X. Yang, and J. Zhang, Nat. Nanotechnol., 14 180-186 (2019). Y. Chen, Z. Yu, P. Rudnicki, H. Gong, Z. Huang, S. Kim, J. Lai, X. Kong, J. Qin, Y. Cui and Z. Bao, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 143(44), 18703-18713 (2021) S. Angarita-Gomez and P. B. Balbuena, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 22, 21369-21382, (2020) M. Uppaluri, A. Subramaniam, L. Mishra, V. Viswanathan, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 160547 (2020). L. Mishra, A. Subramaniam, T. Jang, K. Shah, M. Uppaluri, S. A. Roberts and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168, 092502 (2021).

Introdução: A COVID-19 tornou-se uma emergência de saúde pública no ano de 2020, sendo caracterizada como pandemia no mês de março. Os idosos compõem o grupo de risco dessa doença. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 sobre os idosos. Material e Método: A busca pelos artigos foi realizada através da plataforma Pubmed, com a inclusão de 17 estudos. Resultados: Os resultados ressaltaram a prevalência da doença entre a população idosa, e evidenciaram que esse grupo apresenta sintomas atípicos e com duração ligeiramente mais longa desde o início da sintomatologia até a sua admissão, tornando-se mais difícil a identificação da infecção de forma precoce. As manifestações clínicas mais relatadas foram: febre, tosse, produção de escarro, diarreia, fadiga, pneumonia e lesão cardíaca aguda. Também se observa que comorbidades, como hipertensão e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, levam a uma disfunção cardíaca e pulmonar devido a mudanças fisiológicas e anatômicas dos pulmões, agravando o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Os exames de imagem se mostraram grandes aliados ao diagnóstico das alterações pulmonares decorrentes da infecção, além da realização do exame RT-PCR. Conclusão: Os idosos compõem o grupo de risco da COVID-19, sendo indivíduos com comorbidades os mais susceptíveis à agravamentos clínicos. Há necessidades em seguir as recomendações da OMS por não haver um tratamento específico destinado a essa patologia. Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Idoso; Diagnóstico Clínico. Referências World Health Organization [homepage internet]. Pandemia de doença por coronavirus (COVID-19) [acesso em 19 nov 2020]. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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Object segmentation is an important task which is widely employed in many computer vision applications such as object detection, tracking, recognition, and retrieval. It can be seen as a two-phase process: object detection and segmentation. Object segmentation becomes more challenging in case there is no prior knowledge about the object in the scene. In such conditions, visual attention analysis via saliency mapping may offer a mean to predict the object location by using visual contrast, local or global, to identify regions that draw strong attention in the image. However, in such situations as clutter background, highly varied object surface, or shadow, regular and salient object segmentation approaches based on a single image feature such as color or brightness have shown to be insufficient for the task. This work proposes a new salient object segmentation method which uses a depth map obtained from the input image for enhancing the accuracy of saliency mapping. 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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 本文考訂楊伯峻《春秋左傳注》（以下簡稱《左傳注》），以《左傳》成公二年爲範圍，討論“無能爲役”“詰朝”、“朝食”、“大户”四則。經詞例分析，“無能爲役”之“役”當爲名詞，應從《左傳》襄公十七年《春秋左傳集解》（以下簡稱《集解》）釋爲“役事”，較《左傳注》解作“僕役”適洽。《左傳》四見“詰朝”，《集解》於三處釋“平旦”、一處釋“明朝”，《左傳注》解作明日早晨。本文讀“詰”爲“佶”而訓爲“正”，先秦典籍“正”字常有“平”義；至於“朝”與“旦”皆有“早”義，故“詰朝”即“平旦”。《左傳注》謂“朝食”爲早上進食，《史記》則將“朝食”寫爲“會食”。然就《左傳》載齊頃公“余姑翦滅此而朝食”語，顯是自認可在早上結束戰争，故“朝食”仍應解爲在早上進食。《集解》釋“大户”爲“閲民户口”而《左傳注》解作“清理户口”，“大户”之“大”應讀爲“汏”。《説文》謂“汏”字本義爲“淅㶕”，即後世所謂淘洗，沙汏、淘汏皆自“汏”字本義引申。從另一角度言，“淅㶕”亦有清理、計算義；且《左傳》“閲”字亦有“計算”義，故《集解》釋“大户”爲“閲民户口”即計算户籍，乃讀“大”爲“汏”。 This article examines four phrases in Yang Bojun’s Commentary on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals (hereafter Yang’s Commentary), namely “wu neng wei yi” 無能爲役, “jie chao” 詰朝, “zhao shi” 朝食, and “da hu” 大户, which are found in the second year of Duke Cheng of Lu (589 B.C.) in the Zuozhuan. According to the analysis of a register of example phrases, the word “yi” in the phrase “wu neng wei yi” should be regarded as a noun, which refers to “service matter” as seen in Duke Xiang 17 in Collective Exegeses on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals (hereafter, Collective Exegeses). This reading makes more sense than Yang’s Commentary, in which the word is glossed as “servant.” The phrase “jie chao” occurs four times in Zuozhuan. In Collective Exegeses it is glossed as “dawn” three times and as “the next morning” once. In Yang’s Commentary, however, all four occurrences are glossed as “the next morning.” The present article reads “jie” 詰 as “ji” 佶 and glosses it as “zheng” 正 (“the horizon”). In pre-Qin texts, the character “zheng” often carries the meaning of “the horizon.” The characters “chao” and “dan” both mean “dawn.” Therefore, the phrase “jie chao” refers to “dawn.” In Collective Exegeses, the phrase “zhao shi” is glossed as “eating a meal in the morning.” In the Shiji, “zhao shi” is written as “hui shi” 會食; however, the Zuozhuan records a sentence said by Duke Qing of Qi, “Yu gu jian mie ci er zhao shi” 余姑翦滅此而朝食, which clearly refers to a statement to himself that the battle could be over in the morning. Therefore, “zhao shi’ should still be understood as “eating a meal in the morning.” The Collective Exegeses glosses the phrase “da hu” as to “check on” (“yue” 閲) household occupants, while Yang’s Commentary glosses it as “canceling one’s residence registration.” Therefore, “da” should be read as “tai” 汏. According to the Shuowen, the original meaning of “tai” is “to wash in a pan or basket” (“xi jian” 淅㶕); referring to weeding out something/someone in today’s parlance. Moreover, several other phrases such as “sha tai” 沙汰 and “tao tai” 淘汰 were derived from the same original meaning. From another angle, the phrase “xi jian” also carries the meanings of “checking” or “calculating.” In the Zuozhuan, the word “yue” also means “calculating”; therefore, the phrase “da hu” means “checking on (“yue”) the household occupants or, in other words, to calculate household registries. The word “da” should be read as “tai”.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 學界常以“荆公新學”指稱王安石一派學術，此名稱並不見於北宋文獻，實爲清代全祖望首創。王安石同時代人僅稱王氏學爲“新學”，這一名稱源於王氏領銜修纂的《三經新義》。熙寧八年《新義》全部頒佈後，程頤、司馬光、蘇軾等人皆曾用“新學”專指王氏學術，而以元豐二年程頤使用爲最早。“新學”一詞多爲王氏反對者所用，王安石本人及其門生後學皆不以此稱呼自己一派學術，因爲“新學”一詞在當時隱含貶義，反對者借以暗示它惟務新奇，與佛、老等異端糾纏不清，不屬於正宗的儒家傳統。因此，隱匿在“新—舊”這一判分背後的，其實是新潮與傳統、異端與正統的對壘，是北宋新黨與舊黨的角力。“Jing Gong New Scholarship” is generally used to name Wang An-shi's scholarship, but it doesn't appear in books in Northern Song Dynasty. The one who first time used it is Quan Zu-wang in the Qing Dynasty. In Wang's era, people just called his Scholarship as "New Scholarship", which came from the book San Jing Xin Yi. Cheng Yi, Sima Guang and Su Shi had called Wang’s scholarship as“New Scholarship", and Cheng earliest used it in 1079. This name wasn't used by Wang and his students but by his dissenters because of its crytic derogatory sense. The dissenters used it to hint that the "New Scholarship" just pursued novelty and badgered with the deviationism such as Buddhism and Taoism. So it isn't part of traditional Confucianism. We find the opposition between the Newness and the oldness, the deviationism and the legitimacy, and the contest of the new group and the old group.

In this study, six compounds isolated from the n-hexane fraction of Canna edulis Ker Gawl rhizomes for the first time include 24-methylenecycloartane-3β-ol, sitoindoside I, citrulloside, 16β-hydro-19-al-ent-kauran-17-oic acid, daucosterol, and β-sitosterol. Spectroscopic methods as MS and NMR were used to elucidate their structures. Keywords: Canna edulis Ker Gawl, β-sitosterol, daucosterol, sitoindoside I, citrulloside, 24-methylenecycloartane-3β-ol, 16β-hydro-19-al-ent-kauran-17-oic acid. References [1] T. H. Vu, Q. U. Le, Edible Canna (Canna edulis Ker), a Potential Crop for Vietnam Food Industry, Int. J. Bot, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2019, pp. 58-59.[2] A. S. A. Snafi, Bioactive Components and Pharmacological Effects of Canna indica - an Overview, Int. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., Vol. 5, No. 2, 2015, pp. 71-75.[3] N. Tanakar, The Utilization of Edible Canna Plants in Southeastern Asia and Southern China, Econ. Bot, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2004, pp. 112-114.[4] J. Zhang, W. Z. Wu, Q. Mi, Q, Phenolic Compounds from Canna edulis Ker Residue and Their Antioxidant Activity, LWT - Food Sci. Technol., Vol. 44, No. 10, 2011, pp. 2091-2096.[5] J. Zhang, W. Z. Wu, Soluble Dietary Fiber from Canna edulis Ker By-product and Its Physicochemical Properties, Carbohydr. Polym., No. 92, No. 1, 2013, pp. 289-296.[6] F. Xie, S. Gong, W. Zhan, J. Wu, Z. Wang, Potential of Lignin from Canna edulis Ker Residue in the Inhibition of α-d-glucosidase: Kinetics and Interaction Mechanism Merging with Docking Simulation, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., Vol. 95,No. 2017, pp. 592-602.[7] T. M. H. Nguyen, H. L. Le, T. T. Ha, B. H. Bui,N. T. Le, V. H. Nguyen, T. V. A. Nguyen, Inhibitory Effect on Human Platelet Aggregation and Coagulation and Antioxidant Activity of Canna edulis Ker Gawl Rhizhomes and Its Secondary Metabolites, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 263, 2020, pp.113-136.[8] J. D. P. Teresa, J. G. Urones, J. S. Marcos,P. Basabe, M. J. S. Cuarado, R. F. Moro, Triterpenes from Euphorbia broteri, Phytochem, Vol. 26, 1987, pp. 1767-1776. [9] A. T. Nguyen, H. Malonne, P. Duez, R. V. Fastre, M. Vanhaelen, J. Fontaine, Cytotoxic Constituents from Plumbago zeylanica, Fitoterapia, Vol. 75,No. 5, 2004, pp. 500-504.[10] F. J. Momeni, S. F. Kimbu, B. L. Sondengam,M. T. H. Khan, M. I. Choundhary, A. U. Rahman, Potent Inhibitors of Tyrosinase Activity from Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae), Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia, Vol, 52, 2010, pp. 328-334.[11] Y. C. Wu, Y. C. Hung, F. R. Chang, M. Cosentino, H. K. Wang, K. H. Lee, Identification of ent-16β,17-dihydroxykauran-19-oic Acid as an Anti-HIV Principle and Isolation of the New Diterpenoids Annosquamosins A and B from Annona squamosa. J. Nat. Prod., Vol. 59, No. 6, 1996, pp. 635-637.[12] F. R. Chang, P. Y. Yang, J. Y. Lin, K. H. Lee,Y. C. Wu, Bioactive Kaurane Diterpenoids from Annona glabra, J Nat Prod, Vol. 61, No. 4, 1998, pp. 437-439.[13] F. M., Moghaddam, M. Farimani, M. Amin, Chemical Constituents of Dichloromethane Extract of Cultivated Satureja khuzistanica. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., Vol. 4, No. 1, 2007, pp. 95-98.[14] Z. Sheng, Z. Dai, S. Pan, H. Wang, Y. Hu, W. Ma, Isolation and Characterization of an α-glucosidase Inhibitor from Musa spp. (Baxijiao) Flowers, Molecules, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2014, pp. 10563-10573.[15] E. Gupta, β-sitosterol: Predominant Phytosterol of Therapeutic Potential, Innova Food Tech, Vol. 32, 2020, pp. 465-477.[16] J. Zeng, X. Liu, X. Li, Y. Zheng, B. Liu, Y. Xiao, Daucosterol Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Wnt/ β-catenin Signaling,Molecules, Vol. 22, No. 2017, pp. 862.[17] K. H. Kuo, Y. T. Yeh, S. Y. Pan, S. C. Hsieh, Identification and Structural Elucidation of Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Chinese Olive (Canarium Album L.) Fruit Extracts. Foods, Vol. 8, No. 10, 2019, pp. 441.

IntroductionIn this article, I set out to accomplish two tasks. The first is to map coffee and cafés in Mainland China in different historical periods. The second is to focus on coffee and cafés in the socio-cultural milieu of contemporary China in order to understand the symbolic value of the emerging coffee/café-scape. Cafés, rather than coffee, are at the centre of this current trend in contemporary Chinese cities. With instant coffee dominating as a drink, the Chinese have developed a cultural and social demand for cafés, but have not yet developed coffee palates. Historical Coffee Map In 1901, coffee was served in a restaurant in the city of Tianjin. This restaurant, named Kiessling, was run by a German chef, a former solider who came to China with the eight-nation alliance. At that time, coffee was reserved mostly for foreign politicians and military officials as well as wealthy businessmen—very few ordinary Chinese drank it. (For more history of Kiessling, including pictures and videos, see Kiessling). Another group of coffee consumers were from the cultural elites—the young revolutionary intellectuals and writers with overseas experience. It was almost a fashion among the literary elite to spend time in cafés. However, this was negatively judged as “Western” and “bourgeois.” For example, in 1932, Lu Xun, one of the most important twentieth century Chinese writers, commented on the café fashion during 1920s (133-36), and listed the reasons why he would not visit one. He did not drink coffee because it was “foreigners’ food”, and he was too busy writing for the kind of leisure enjoyed in cafés. Moreover, he did not, he wrote, have the nerve to go to a café, and particularly not the Revolutionary Café that was popular among cultural celebrities at that time. He claimed that the “paradise” of the café was for genius, and for handsome revolutionary writers (who he described as having red lips and white teeth, whereas his teeth were yellow). His final complaint was that even if he went to the Revolutionary Café, he would hesitate going in (Lu Xun 133-36). From Lu Xun’s list, we can recognise his nationalism and resistance to what were identified as Western foods and lifestyles. It is easy to also feel his dissatisfaction with those dilettante revolutionary intellectuals who spent time in cafés, talking and enjoying Western food, rather than working. In contrast to Lu Xun’s resistance to coffee and café culture, another well-known writer, Zhang Ailing, frequented cafés when she lived in Shanghai from the 1920s to 1950s. She wrote about the smell of cakes and bread sold in Kiessling’s branch store located right next to her parents’ house (Yuyue). Born into a wealthy family, exposed to Western culture and food at a very young age, Zhang Ailing liked to spend her social and writing time in cafés, ordering her favourite cakes, hot chocolate, and coffee. When she left Shanghai and immigrated to the USA, coffee was an important part of her writing life: the smell and taste reminding her of old friends and Shanghai (Chunzi). However, during Zhang’s time, it was still a privileged and elite practice to patronise a café when these were located in foreign settlements with foreign chefs, and served mainly foreigners, wealthy businessmen, and cultural celebrities. After 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China, until the late 1970s, there were no coffee shops in Mainland China. It was only when Deng Xiaoping suggested neo-liberalism as a so-called “reform-and-open-up” economic policy that foreign commerce and products were again seen in China. In 1988, ten years after the implementation of Deng Xiaoping’s policy, the Nestlé coffee company made the first inroads into the mainland market, featuring homegrown coffee beans in Yunnan province (China Beverage News; Dong; ITC). Nestlé’s bottled instant coffee found its way into the Chinese market, avoiding a direct challenge to the tea culture. Nestlé packaged its coffee to resemble health food products and marketed it as a holiday gift suitable for friends and relatives. As a symbol of modernity and “the West”, coffee-as-gift meshed with the traditional Chinese cultural custom that values gift giving. It also satisfied a collective desire for foreign products (and contact with foreign cultures) during the economic reform era. Even today, with its competitively low price, instant coffee dominates coffee consumption at home, in the workplace, and on Chinese airlines. While Nestlé aimed their product at native Chinese consumers, the multinational companies who later entered China’s coffee market, such as Sara Lee, mainly targeted international hotels such as IHG, Marriott, and Hyatt. The multinationals also favoured coffee shops like Kommune in Shanghai that offered more sophisticated kinds of coffee to foreign consumers and China’s upper class (Byers). If Nestlé introduced coffee to ordinary Chinese families, it was Starbucks who introduced the coffee-based “third space” to urban life in contemporary China on a signficant scale. Differing from the cafés before 1949, Starbucks stores are accessible to ordinary Chinese citizens. The first in Mainland China opened in Beijing’s China World Trade Center in January 1999, targeting mainly white-collar workers and foreigners. Starbucks coffee shops provide a space for informal business meetings, chatting with friends, and relaxing and, with its 500th store opened in 2011, dominate the field in China. Starbucks are located mainly in the central business districts and airports, and the company plans to have 1,500 sites by 2015 (Starbucks). Despite this massive presence, Starbucks constitutes only part of the café-scape in contemporary Chinese cities. There are two other kinds of cafés. One type is usually located in universities or residential areas and is frequented mainly by students or locals working in cultural professions. A representative of this kind is Sculpting in Time Café. In November 1997, two years before the opening of the first Starbucks in Beijing, two newlywed college graduates opened the first small Sculpting in Time Café near Beijing University’s East Gate. This has been expanded into a chain, and boasts 18 branches on the Mainland. (For more about its history, see Sculpting in Time Café). Interestingly, both Starbucks and Sculpting in Time Café acquired their names from literature, Starbucks from Moby Dick, and Sculpting in Time from the Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky’s film diary of the same name. For Chinese students of literature and the arts, drinking coffee is less about acquiring more energy to accomplish their work, and more about entering a sensual world, where the aroma of coffee mixes with the sounds from the coffee machine and music, as well as the lighting of the space. More importantly, cafés with this ambience become, in themselves, cultural sites associated with literature, films, and music. Owners of this kind of café are often lovers of foreign literatures, films, and cultures, and their cafés host various cultural events, including forums, book clubs, movie screenings, and music clubs. Generally speaking, coffee served in this kind of café is simpler than in the kind discussed below. This third type of café includes those located in tourist and entertainment sites such as art districts, bar areas, and historical sites, and which are frequented by foreign and native tourists, artists and other cultural workers. If Starbucks cultivates a fast-paced business/professional atmosphere, and Sculpting in Time Cafés an artsy and literary atmosphere, this third kind of café is more like an upscale “bar” with trained baristas serving complicated coffees and emphasising their flavour. These coffee shops are more expensive than the other kinds, with an average price three times that of Starbucks. Currently, cafés of this type are found only in “first-tier” cities and usually located in art districts and tourist areas—such as Beijing’s 798 Art District and Nanluo Guxiang, Shanghai’s Tai Kang Road (a.k.a. “the art street”), and Hangzhou’s Westlake area. While Nestlé and Starbucks use coffee beans grown in Yunnan provinces, these “art cafés” are more inclined to use imported coffee beans from suppliers like Sara Lee. Coffee and Cafés in Contemporary China After just ten years, there are hundreds of cafés in Chinese cities. Why has there been such a demand for coffee or, more accurately, cafés, in such a short period of time? The first reason is the lack of “third space” environments in Mainland China. Before cafés appeared in the late 1990s, stores like KFC (which opened its first store in 1987) and McDonald’s (with its first store opened in 1990) filled this role for urban residents, providing locations where customers could experience Western food, meet friends, work, or read. In fact, KFC and McDonald’s were once very popular with college students looking for a place to study. Both stores had relatively clean food environments and good lighting. They also had air conditioning in the summer and heating in the winter, which are not provided in most Chinese university dormitories. However, since neither chain was set up to be a café and customers occupying seats for long periods while ordering minimal amounts of food or drink affected profits, staff members began to indirectly ask customers to leave after dining. At the same time, as more people were able to afford to eat at KFC and McDonald’s, their fast foods were also becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. As a consequence, both types of chain restaurant were becoming noisy and crowded and, thus, no longer ideal for reading, studying, or meeting with friends. Although tea has been a traditional drink in Chinese culture, traditional teahouses were expensive places more suitable for business meetings or for the cultural or intellectual elite. Since almost every family owns a tea set and can readily purchase tea, friends and family would usually make and consume tea at home. In recent years, however, new kinds of teahouses have emerged, similar in style to cafés, targeting the younger generation with more affordable prices and a wider range of choices, so the lack of a “third space” does not fully explain the café boom. Another factor affecting the popularity of cafés has been the development and uptake of Internet technology, including the increasing use of laptops and wireless Internet in recent years. The Internet has been available in China since the late 1990s, while computers and then laptops entered ordinary Chinese homes in the early twenty-first century. The IT industry has created not only a new field of research and production, but has also fostered new professions and demands. Particularly, in recent years in Mainland China, a new socially acceptable profession—freelancing in such areas as graphic design, photography, writing, film, music, and the fashion industry—has emerged. Most freelancers’ work is computer- and Internet-based. Cafés provide suitable working space, with wireless service, and the bonus of coffee that is, first of all, somatically stimulating. In addition, the emergence of the creative and cultural industries (which are supported by the Chinese government) has created work for these freelancers and, arguably, an increasing demand for café-based third spaces where such people can meet, talk and work. Furthermore, the flourishing of cafés in first-tier cities is part of the “aesthetic economy” (Lloyd 24) that caters to the making and selling of lifestyle experience. Alongside foreign restaurants, bars, galleries, and design firms, cafés contribute to city branding, and link a city to the global urban network. Cafés, like restaurants, galleries and bars, provide a space for the flow of global commodities, as well as for the human flow of tourists, travelling artists, freelancers, and cultural specialists. Finally, cafés provide a type of service that contributes to friendly owner/waiter-customer relations. During the planned-economy era, most stores and hotels in China were State-owned, staff salaries were not related to individual performance, and indifferent (and even unfriendly) service was common. During the economic reform era, privately owned stores and shops began to replace State-owned ones. At the same time, a large number of people from the countryside flowed into the cities seeking opportunities. Most had little if any professional training and so could only find work in factories or in the service industry. However, most café employees are urban, with better educational backgrounds, and many were already familiar with coffee culture. In addition, café owners, particularly those of places like Sculpting in Time Cafe, often invest in creating a positive, community atmosphere, learning about their customers and sharing personal experiences with their regular clients. This leads to my next point—the generation of the 1980s’ need for a social community. Cafés’ Symbolic Value—Community A demand for a sense of community among the generation of the 1980s is a unique socio-cultural phenomenon in China, which paradoxically co-exists with their desire for individualism. Mao Zedong started the “One Child Policy” in 1979 to slow the rapid population growth in China, and the generations born under this policy are often called “the lonely generations,” with both parents working full-time. At the same time, they are “the generation of me,” labelled as spoiled, self-centred, and obsessed with consumption (de Kloet; Liu; Rofel; Wang). The individuals of this generation, now aged in their 20s and 30s, constitute the primary consumers of coffee in China. Whereas individualism is an important value to them, a sense of community is also desirable in order to compensate for their lack of siblings. Furthermore, the 1980s’ generation has also benefitted from the university expansion policy implemented in 1999. Since then, China has witnessed a surge of university students and graduates who not only received scientific and other course-based knowledge, but also had a better chance to be exposed to foreign cultures through their books, music, and movies. With this interesting tension between individualism and collectivism, the atmosphere provided by cafés has fostered a series of curious temporary communities built on cultural and culinary taste. Interestingly, it has become an aspiration of many young college students and graduates to open a community-space style café in a city. One of the best examples is the new Henduoren’s (Many People’s) Café. This was a project initiated by Wen Erniu, a recent college graduate who wanted to open a café in Beijing but did not have sufficient funds to do so. She posted a message on the Internet, asking people to invest a minimum of US$316 to open a café with her. With 78 investors, the café opened in September 2011 in Beijing (see pictures of Henduoren’s Café). In an interview with the China Daily, Wen Erniu stated that, “To open a cafe was a dream of mine, but I could not afford it […] We thought opening a cafe might be many people’s dream […] and we could get together via the Internet to make it come true” (quoted in Liu 2011). Conclusion: Café Culture and (Instant) Coffee in China There is a Chinese saying that, if you hate someone—just persuade him or her to open a coffee shop. Since cafés provide spaces where one can spend a relatively long time for little financial outlay, owners have to increase prices to cover their expenses. This can result in fewer customers. In retaliation, cafés—particularly those with cultural and literary ambience—host cultural events to attract people, and/or they offer food and wine along with coffee. The high prices, however, remain. In fact, the average price of coffee in China is often higher than in Europe and North America. For example, a medium Starbucks’ caffè latte in China averaged around US$4.40 in 2010, according to the price list of a Starbucks outlet in Shanghai—and the prices has recently increased again (Xinhua 2012). This partially explains why instant coffee is still so popular in China. A bag of instant Nestlé coffee cost only some US$0.25 in a Beijing supermarket in 2010, and requires only hot water, which is accessible free almost everywhere in China, in any restaurant, office building, or household. As an habitual, addictive treat, however, coffee has not yet become a customary, let alone necessary, drink for most Chinese. Moreover, while many, especially those of the older generations, could discern the quality and varieties of tea, very few can judge the quality of the coffee served in cafés. As a result, few Mainland Chinese coffee consumers have a purely somatic demand for coffee—craving its smell or taste—and the highly sweetened and creamed instant coffee offered by companies like Nestlé or Maxwell has largely shaped the current Chinese palate for coffee. Ben Highmore has proposed that “food spaces (shops, restaurants and so on) can be seen, for some social agents, as a potential space where new ‘not-me’ worlds are encountered” (396) He continues to expand that “how these potential spaces are negotiated—the various affective registers of experience (joy, aggression, fear)—reflect the multicultural shapes of a culture (its racism, its openness, its acceptance of difference)” (396). Cafés in contemporary China provide spaces where one encounters and constructs new “not-me” worlds, and more importantly, new “with-me” worlds. While café-going communicates an appreciation and desire for new lifestyles and new selves, it can be hoped that in the near future, coffee will also be appreciated for its smell, taste, and other benefits. Of course, it is also necessary that future Chinese coffee consumers also recognise the rich and complex cultural, political, and social issues behind the coffee economy in the era of globalisation. 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