Journal articles: 'Shielded metal arc welding'

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KOMURA, Masaharu. "Shielded Metal Arc Welding^|^bull;Submerged Arc Welding." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 79, no. 2 (2010): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.79.158.

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Dar, Yunis Ahmad, Charanjeet Singh, and Younis Farooq. "Effects of External Magnetic Field on Welding Arc of Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/60.

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HIRATA, Yoshinori. "Gas shielded Metal Arc Welding." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 77, no. 4 (2008): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.77.296.

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Pocica, Anna. "Gas-Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa 2019, no. 4 (2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2019.4/5.

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Guo, Lin, Tian Hui Zhang, Ren Ping Xu, and Hui He. "Properties Effect of 16MnR Steel Weld Joint by Different Welding Methods." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2639.

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Welding experiments were made with δ=14mm, 16MnR steel by three welding methods, manual electric arc welding, automatic submerged arc welding and semi-auto solid-core CO2 shielded arc welding, and weld joint test with samples from every welding specimen. The properties of welding joint were analyzed by three welding methods and in every position of welding, concluded that brittlement problems in heat affected zone arise from the CO2 shielded arc welding, it is because of the heat damage of alloy elements of weld joint metal while using CO2 shielded arc welding, but the strength of the weld joint is high because of its high fusion ratio. So for improving the mechanical properties of weld joints.it had better accelerate the cooling rate of weld bead and decrease the heat input of welding.

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Goel, Vivek, T. Warren Liao, and Kwan S. Lee. "A shielded metal arc welding expert system." Computers in Industry 21, no. 2 (February 1993): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3615(93)90130-s.

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Gourzoulidis, G. A., C. A. Bouroussis, A. Achtipis, M. Kazasidis, D. Pantelis, A. Markoulis, I. Konstantakopoulos, and F. V. Topalis. "Photobiological hazards in shielded metal arc welding." Physica Medica 106 (February 2023): 102520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.102520.

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Singh, Amandeep, and Neel Kanth Grover. "Weld Properties of Low Carbon Steel Using Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.486.

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Welding is basic part of the most modern assembly and manufacturing operations. Shielded metal Arc Welding process has hard facing and fabrication job application due to low cost electrode, increasing alloy transfer efficiency and low dilution with substrate without losing production capacity. SMAW electrode is coated with metal mixture called flux, which on decompose produce gases to restrict weld contamination, generating deoxidizers to disinfect the weld. The choice of electrode for SMAW lies on a number of factors, like weld material, welding direction and the preferred weld properties. The present paper investigate the microstructure and hardness properties of the Low carbon steel pipe welded using shielded metal arc welding with different electrode combinations.

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Mohan, Sreejith, S. P. Sivapirakasham, P. Bineesh, and K. K. Satpathy. "Strategies for Controlling Welding Fumes at the Source - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2539.

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Exposure to welding fumes and its related hazards has always been a matter of serious concern. The mass and composition of fumes from welding depends on several factors. A detailed knowledge of these factors is necessary for understanding the mechanism of fume formation and developing suitable control strategies. This paper gives a literature overview on the various factors affecting welding fumes and strategies for controlling it. The paper focus on types of welding process like Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) or Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), Gas and Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). The research in the area of controlling fumes at the source has grown rapidly recently. Still, effective methods have hardly been explored. Improving arc stability by addition of materials with low ionization potential to the welding electrode lead to promising new research directions.

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Mukhopadhyay, G. L. "Health Appraisal of Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Indian Welding Journal 30, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v30i1.182712.

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Meyendorf, N. "Metal gas reactions in gas-shielded arc welding." Welding International 2, no. 7 (January 1988): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118809447544.

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Cornish, Neville, Rahim Kurji, Anthony Roccisano, and Reza Ghomashchi. "Techno-economic Feasibility of Modified Pulse Arc Deposition on Thick Section of Quenched and Tempered Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926901012.

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Quenched and Tempered (Q&T) steels welded structures that have numerous applications, particularly in the defence industry. However these steels are particularly prone to Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking (HACC) and require a highly-skilled welder to fabricate defect-free structures. This is due to the selection of the manual metal arc welding process of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The introduction of Modified Pulsed arc mode of depositions; a variation to Pulsed Arc deposition, has advanced deposition rates and can be employed by welders with a greater variation in skill. In this body of work, full strength butt welds are fabricated on 20mm, sections of Q&T AS/NZS 3597 Grade 700 steel under a high level of restraint using Modified Pulse Gas Metal Welding (GMAW-P) and conventional Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). The study investigates the economic feasibly of the two modes of deposition and the propensity for cracking when welded under high restraint. The study concluded that modified GMAW-P achieved reduction of 63% in the ‘Arc-On' time and an 88% reduction in the total normalised fabrication time. However, due to the increased propensity to lack of fusion type defects, strict controls must be employed in optimising the welding procedure to mediate for such defects if GMAW-P is to provide a techno-economically beneficial alternative to conventional SMAW when welding Q&T steels.

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Baklanov, Sergey V., Anton S. Gordynets, A. S. Kiselev, and Mikhail S. Slobodyan. "New Developments to Reduce Arc Blow during SMAW of Pipelines." Materials Science Forum 938 (October 2018): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.938.96.

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In some cases, magnetic blow does not allow using direct current for shielded metal arc welding. This is especially true for repair work on pipelines after magnetic flaw detection. Alternating current is useful to control magnetic arc blow during welding. The most promising results give technologies using alternating current with a rectangular waveform. However, the advantages of this method have not been used until now. The main goal of this study is to determine the influence of the parameters of the arc on its stability and the metal transfer mode during shielded metal arc welding under perturbing action of the magnetic field. The proposed methodology of experimental research allowed identifying the cause of arc extinction using direct current electrode positive. This is due to displacement of molten droplets of metal by the magnetic field from of the uneven melted electrode coating and its subsequent separation. This problem was solved using alternating current with the square waveform pulse mode at a frequency of 500 Hz. The amplitude-time parameters of the current pulses provide stabilization of the arc and volume of the molten electrode metal.

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Mazzaferro, J. A. E., and I. G. Machado. "Study of arc stability in underwater shielded metal arc welding at shallow depths." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 3 (December 1, 2008): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1067.

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The main objective of this work was to study the effects of changes in hydrostatic pressure and electrode coating composition on the shielding metal arc behaviour during underwater wet welding. Thus, wet welding operations were performed by an automatic device using a hyperbaric chamber to simulate depths of 5.0, 12.5, and 20.0 m. A covered electrode already developed in W & RTL was used as reference and compared with others with different amounts of CaCO3, TiO2, and aluminium added to their coatings. Hence, effects of welding condition and electrode coating on weld metal were evaluated through visual inspection of the weld beads, measurement of porosity level, and the results related to welding current and voltage signals. The welding arc signals were analysed through indexes calculated from instantaneous values of current and voltage, and fast Fourier transforms frequency spectrum. The mixtures containing CaCO3 additions exhibit fewer defects, while those containing aluminium additions have presented a great amount of pores and other discontinuities in the weld metal. As expected, all consumables showed a higher deposition rate, as welds were performed at greater depths (pressures), confirming the effect of arc constriction and the consequent increase in current density. Moreover, a region of transition in the metal transfer mode was identified around a depth of 12.5 m, probably from short-circuit to globular. Also, a clear tendency of increase in arc stability for those welds performed at greater depths could be noticed, as well as better weld metal quality. On the other hand, those consumables with CaCO3 added to the coating exhibited the best arc stability for welds performed at shallow depths.

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Klett, J., and T. Hassel. "Influence of Stick Electrode Coating’s Moisture Content on the Diffusible Hydrogen in Underwater Wet Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Advances in Materials Science 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2020-0020.

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Abstract In shielded metal arc welding, the major factors influencing hydrogen uptake into the weld metal are (i) the hydrogen content of the base metal, (ii) hydrogen input by the welding consumable, and (iii) the hydrogen introduced by the atmosphere surrounding the arc process. In this study, the relative contribution of these factors is investigated and compared to each other for the case of underwater wet shielded metal arc welding. To assess the influence of the stick electrode’s moisture (capillary introduced water during handling operations) on the diffusible hydrogen in wet welded samples, wet and dry electrodes were welded at four different water depths. The moisture was absorbed through the sharpened electrode tip only, to ensure close to service conditions. The results show that the moist stick electrode coatings lead to 22.6% higher average diffusible hydrogen content in the weld metal (0.5 m water depth an average). However, the effect disappears with increasing water depths (no difference in 60 m water depth).

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Sui, Li Jun, Zhi Wu Xu, and Li Wang. "Numerical Simulation of GMAW Process Based on Level Set Method." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.65.

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A model based on level set function is proposed to predict gas shielded arc welding. The model describes not only the free surface tracking of molten drop and metal transfer in gas metal arc welding, but it simulates the phase change on substrate during heat transfer，which is based on porous media theory. The result of simulation shows that this model can describe the drop diameters, transfer frequency and the shape of solidification precisely.

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Wiyono, Slamet, Sunardi Sunardi, and Widodo Widodo. "Shielded Metal Arc Welding Cladding pada Shaft Wringer Roll." Teknika: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.36055/tjst.v12i2.6601.

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Zhu, Liang. "HYDROGEN ABSORPTION DURING WATER VAPOR SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 38, no. 08 (2002): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2002.08.143.

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Alkahla, Ibrahim, and Salman Pervaiz. "Sustainability assessment of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 244 (September 2017): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/244/1/012001.

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Hayyal, Hussain, and Nadhim M. Faleh. "EFFECT OF WELDING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON TENSILE OF LOW CARBON STEEL 283 G.C." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 26, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.1.8.

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In this study, three welding methods are used. The purpose to investigation the effects of SMAW, SAW, and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on the tensile stress of low carbon steel conforming to ASTM 283 c. 8mm thick plates are used as base material for butt welded joints. The tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated and the results were compared by experts using the Taguchi method to design three levels of each parameter (current, voltage and displacement speed). From this research, it is found that compared to metal shielded arc welding and submerged arc welding, the pulling effect of the gas shielded welding joint of the tungsten electrode is the best. This is mainly due to the presence of The results of using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to estimate important parameters show that welding current and speed of the weld have a significant effect on tensile stress .the experimental results are in agreement with predicted results, and the maximum error is 3%..

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Wisnu Wardana, Rahmad, Eakkachai Warinsiriruk, and Sutep Joy-A-Ka. "Selection of Welding Process for Repairing Shredder Hammer by Integrated Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and P-robust Technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 269 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926904002.

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The Selection of the welding process is one of the most significant decision-making problems, and it involves a wide range of information following the type of product. Hence, the automation of knowledge through a knowledge-based system will significantly enhance the decision-making process and simplify for identifying the most appropriate welding processes. The aims of this paper for explicates a knowledge-based system developed for recognising the most suitable welding processes for repairing shredder hammer by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and p-robust technique. The proposed approach is used for ranking six welding processes which are commonly used, namely shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), oxyacetylene gas welding (OAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). In order to determine the best welding process among competitive welding processes for repairing of shredder hammer, ten parameters are used, namely the availability of consumable, welding process type (manual and automatic), flexibility of welding position, weld-ability on base metal, initial preparation required, welding procedures, post-weld cleaning, capital cost, operating factor, and deposition rate. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of regret value (p) is investigated in three cases proposed.

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Muhammad, Alief. "PENGARUH VARIASI ARUS PENGELASAN SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK BAJA ST-37." ROTOR 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/rotor.v14i2.29471.

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In metal manufacturing, welding and casting became an important focus in its development. Going to industrial era 5.0, efficiency in welding and casting is very important. Welding is one of the simplest methods of joining metals to form the desired machining structure. Shielded Metal Arc Welding has several variables that can affect the welding results. Current strength has an important influence on the quality of the weld. So research on the effect of current strength on the results of welded joints on its mechanical strength is needed. In this study, the mechanical strength tested is the tensile strength and the current susceptibility used is the commonly used 80 to 140 Ampere using ST-37 Steel. The highest maximum loading value occurs in the sample with a current of 80A. However, the highest fracture and yield loads occurred in the sample with a current of 140A. All types of the highest tension occur in the sample with a current using a current of 140A which has the potential to be able to withstand high tensile strength.

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Chhibber, Rahul, Yogesh Kumar Singla, and Bijan Kumar Dutta. "Optimization of Process Parameters for Friction Welding of Bimetallic Welds." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.440.

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Bimetallic welds made between ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steels are conventionally fabricated using arc welding procedures such as Tungsten Inert Gas, Metal Inert Gas, Shielded Metal Arc Welding and Submerged Arc Welding. However friction welding provides a new and unique solid state approach for joining many similar and dissimilar materials, which may not be possible to join by other welding techniques available without adding any external filler metal. This approach is mostly used in joining of dissimilar materials. The reason for increased utility being the absence of any external filler material which may otherwise add to the heterogeneity of the weld structure. In this paper, the fabrication and effect of friction welding parameters on mechanical-micro structural changes of bimetallic weld joints has been discussed. An attempt has also been made to relate the effect of friction welding parameters on the peak temperature values taken near faying surface and micro hardness changes measured in various zones of weld.

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Mir Sadat, Ali, and Rao Ch. Srinivasa. "An Experimental Investigation into Different Distortion Control Techniques in Welded T-Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.114.

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Welding is a reliable and effective metal fabrication process which is widely used in industries. Localized heating during welding, followed by rapid cooling generates residual stress and distortion in the weld and base metal. In the last few decades various research efforts have been directed towards the control of welding process parameters aiming at reducing the residual stress and distortion. In the present paper the distortion in fillet welds and the affect of the distortion control techniques on the welded joint are studied. The welding is done with different process parameetrs and under different surrounding conditions. Due to this the distortion level in the T Joint was measured and observed. The study is necessarily aimed at developing the prediction and controlling techniques for distortion in welded T-joints. Key Words: Distortion, preheating, peening, leg length, Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), Manual metal-arc welding (MMAW)

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Klett, Jan, Thomas Wolf, Hans Jürgen Maier, and Thomas Hassel. "The Applicability of the Standard DIN EN ISO 3690 for the Analysis of Diffusible Hydrogen Content in Underwater Wet Welding." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 3750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173750.

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The European standard ISO 3690 regulates the measurement of diffusible hydrogen in arc-welded metal. It was designed for different welding methods performed in dry atmosphere (20% humidity). Some details of the standard are not applicable for wet underwater welding. The objective of this study was to extend the applicability of DIN EN ISO 3690:2018-12 to underwater wet-shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Four different aspects regulated within the standard were accounted for: (1) sample dimensions and number of samples taken simultaneously; (2) time limitations defined by the standard regarding the welding and the cleaning process; (3) time, temperature, and method defined for analysis of the diffusible hydrogen content; (4) normalization of the hydrogen concentration measured. Underwater wet welding was performed using an automated, arc voltage-controlled welding machine. The results are discussed in light of standard DIN EN ISO 3690, and recommendations are provided for the analysis of diffusible hydrogen content upon underwater wet welding.

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Arora, Hitesh, Rupinder Singh, and Gurinder Singh Brar. "Thermal and structural modelling of arc welding processes: A literature review." Measurement and Control 52, no. 7-8 (June 19, 2019): 955–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019857747.

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This paper presents a state-of-the-art critical review of the thermal and structural modelling of the arc welding process. During the welding process, high temperature in the welding zone leads to generation of unwanted residual stresses and results in weld distortion. Measurement of the temperature distribution was a key issue and challenge in the past decade. Thermomechanical analysis is among the best-known techniques to simulate and investigate the temperature distribution, welding distortion and residual stresses in the weld zone. The main emphasis of this review is the thermal and structural modelling of welding processes and the measurement of welding residual stresses using different techniques. The study also provides information about the various types of heat sources and models used to predict the weld bead characteristics and thermomechanical analysis for different welding processes such as tungsten inert gas welding, metal inert gas welding and shielded metal arc welding.

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Molleda, F., J. Mora, J. R. Molleda, E. Mora, and y. B. G. Mellor. "The importance of spatter formed in shielded metal arc welding." Materials Characterization 58, no. 10 (October 2007): 936–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2006.09.011.

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Sivapirakasam, S. P., Sreejith Mohan, M. C. Santhosh Kumar, and M. Surianarayanan. "Modeling of Fume Formation from Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 48, no. 2 (January 4, 2017): 1268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0904-6.

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Hendronursito, Yusup, Kusno Isnugroho, David Candra Birawidha, and Muhammad Amin. "Analysis Of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) On High Manganese Steel Hammer-mill Crusher." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v16i2.15329.

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Hammer-mill crusher is the main component of crushing machine, used to crush the material into smaller size. In this study the crusher was produced by casting in an induction furnace, which composition consisted of 1.64% C, 8.77% Mn, 2.56% Cr, and 3.75% Cu. Unfortunately, the production process frequently yielded undesirable defects such as blowhole, gas porosity and smooth - walled cavities, and the welding process was required to repair such defects. This study aimed to determine the welding parameters for hammer-mill crusher welding with Shielded Metal Arc welding (SMAW) process that covered the effect of welding current of 90A, 120A, 150A, welding speed of 0.8 mm/s, 1 mm/s, 1.7 mm/s and filler metal of AWS A5.5 (E7016) and AWS A5.13 (E7-UM-300K). The qualification standard for welding refered to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualification. The testing refered to ASME IX QW - 140 (purpose of the testing and inspection of welds) for tention test (QW-141.1) and visual examination (QW-144), ASME IX QW – 190 (other tests and examination) for Radiographic examination (QW – 191). The hardness test was performed to determine whether the hardness of weld pool is the same or close to the value of the hammer-mill crusher hardness. This parameter was important considering the function of hammer-mill as hard material crusher. The results showed that the optimum welding condition are: welding speed of 1 mm/ s, welding current 120A and filler metal AWS A5.13 (E7-UM-300K). The best results of mechanical properties include hardness 254 HV, elasticity modulus 277.261 MPa, and tensile strength283.605 Mpa.

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Hameed, M. Shahul, S. P. Sivapirakasham, K. R. Balasubramanian, and R. Nagalakshmi. "Investigations on Fume Formation Rate in Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process Using Different Electrodes." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4672.

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Welding is one of the major processes used in the manufacturing industry. The base materials, welding consumable materials and physical and chemical phenomena, which are connected with high temperature and UV radiation, are emission source of welding fumes. The particulate solid dust and various gases are included in welding fumes. This paper addresses the experimental investigation made to study the process parameters on formation and composition of fumes during shielded Metal Arc welding (SMAW) of stainless steel. The process variables include electrode diameter and welding current. It was observed that, the welding current and electrode diameter have a positive effect on the fume formation that is, increase in welding current and electrode diameter caused an increase in the concentration. All the metallic constituents attached to it also exhibited the same behavior.

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Golyakevich, Andrey A., Leonid N. Orlov, and Sergey Yu Maksimov. "Mechanized Welding with Metal Cored Wire." Advanced Materials Research 1157 (February 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1157.113.

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Currently, there is a steady upward trend in the consumption of flux-cored wires in the global market of welding consumables. One of the rapidly developing technologies for the manufacture of metal structures is shielded gas arc welding with flux-cored wire with a metal core. According to the technology of use, metal cored wires do not differ from solid wires, and even surpass them in some technological characteristics. Taking into account global trends in the development of mechanized welding and the lack of domestic analogues, LLC TM.VELTEK has developed and mastered the manufacturing of high-performance metal cored wire TMB5-MK for welding in mixtures of 82% Ar + 18% CO2, 90% Ar + 10% CO2. The research aimed to study the features of the process of welding with metal cored wire compared to welding with solid wire. It has been established that metal cored wire provides high stability of arc burning in a wide range of welding modes. When welding at the same conditions in the optimal range, the index of stability of arc burning when using solid wire Sv-08G2S is 3 times lower. At the same time, the TMV5-MK wire provides a reduction in spatter losses, an increase in welding productivity and high mechanical properties of the weld metal. It is shown that the stability of the welding process is significantly affected by the electrodynamic properties of the power source and this factor must be taken into account when evaluating the welding and technological properties of welding wires and developing recommendations for their use.

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V. Balaguru, V. Balasubramanian, and P. Shivkumar. "Tensile properties of shielded metal arc welded ultrahigh hard armour steel joints." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 071–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2020.1.2.0029.

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The present generation Armoured Tracked Vehicles (ATVs) are constructed using Rolled homogenized armour (RHA) grade steels closely confirming with AISI 4340 specifications. However, in future Armoured Tracked Vehicles (ATVs), the overall weight of ATVs has to be reduced enormously and hence, the designers have prescribed to employ Ultra High Hard Armour (UHA) steels for the construction. Welding is considered to be one of the important fabrication methods in ATVs construction. However, welding of UHA steels is highly challenging due to higher hardness and higher carbon content. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is among the most widely employed welding process in the construction of ATVs since it is more versatile and cost-effective. Armour grade steels are welded conventionally using Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) consumables to eliminate the serious problems of hydrogen induced cracking. Hence, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the influence of ASS welding consumables on tensile properties and hardness of UHA steel joints made by SMAW process. UHA steel plates having 15 mm thickness were welded by SMAW process using five different ASS consumables (having different Creq/Nieq ratio). Tensile properties (unnotched and notched) of the welded joints were evaluated. From this investigation, it was observed that the joint welded using ASS consumable (having higher Creq/Nieq ratio) exhibited superior tensile properties as result of the evolution of ferrite phase with vermicular and globular morphology in the austenite matrix at weld metal region.

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Niknamian, Sorush. "Investigation of Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Dissimilar Welded Joint between 304 Stainless Steel and Pure Copper." Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal 1, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birex.v1i3.382.

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Nowadays, welding of dissimilar metals has become significant. In this process, a number of parameters including but not limited to type of electrode, amount of current, preheating temperature, and welding rate, that are essential to be taken into account. For welding of dissimilar metals, various methods are exploited including shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The stimulus for studying welding of 304L stainless steel to pure copper originates from difficulties in joining copper parts of water-circulating molds to their steel part. In this study, the welding is performed on plates of steel and copper using SMAW, GTAW and combined SMAW+GTAW welding methods with EL-CuMn2, ENiCrMo-6 and ER70S-4 electrodes. In order to investigate the microstructure and corrosion resistance behavior of welds, the samples were characterized using microstructural study and polarization test. It was observed that among all four welding methods, only combined SMAW+GTAW welding process resulted in successful joint between 304L stainless steel and copper. Both obtained joints possess suitable microstructure and corrosion resistance.

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Thang, Nguyen Duc, Trinh Van The, and Nguyen Van Duc. "WPS Design of Dissimilar Metal Welds between Austenitic Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel for Building Thermal Power Plants." Advanced Materials Research 1157 (February 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1157.1.

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Dissimilar metal welding (DMW) is frequently used to join stainless steels to other metals in Thermal Power Plants (TPP) and industries. DMW process has been shown to have great advantages for many years. This approach is most often used where a transition in mechanical properties and/or performance in service are required. The objective of this research is to review the basic principles of fusion welding of dissimilar metals.In experiments, the two seamless pipes with 18 mm thick, one modified SS 304L austenitic stainless steel was welded to another modified carbon steel A 106B by means of shielded metal arc (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc (GTAW) welding processes using ER309L and E 309L-16 type of filler metal. Before welding, essential variables were analysed so that creating preliminary welding procedure specifications (pWPS). After welding, weldment was tested by NDT such as visual, penetrant and radiography. Microstructural examinations were carried out including macro and micrographs, grain size analysis, and hardness measurements. Transverse tensile, and face/ root bend testing were carried out. Finally, WPS was established conformance to standards of TPP structure toward to building Nuclear Power Plant in Vietnam.

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Sukmana, Irza, Egi Andika, Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah, and Tarkono. "The effect of pre-heating distance of shielded metal arc welding on the mechanical properties of AISI 1045 steel." JTTM : Jurnal Terapan Teknik Mesin 3, no. 2 (October 15, 2022): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37373/jttm.v3i2.312.

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Welding is a method of joining metals by utilizing local heat to form a metallurgical bond between the metals. The most common welding is electric welding, including the Shielded Metal Arch Welding (SMAW). This type of welding uses a filler wire or electrode. To reduce weld cracks and cooling rates in the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) area, it is necessary to carry out a pre-heating process. Pre-heating is the application of heat to the material to be welded using oxyacetylene welding or a gas torch. This study aims to determine the appropriate pre-heating distance for the welding process of AISI 1045 steel, classified as a type of medium carbon steel widely used in shafts, gears, and piston connecting rods in motor vehicles. The parameters used in this study were the pre-heating distances of 1.5cm, 3cm, and 4.5cm that were preheated at a temperature of 150°C, using LB-52U type electrodes with a diameter of 2mm.

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Triwanapong, Surat, and Kittipong Kimapong. "Effect of Welding Consumables on Dissimilar AISI304/AISI1015 Steels Butt Joint Properties." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.344.

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The butt joint of dissimilar AISI304/AISI1015 steels was produced by a Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) with 3 types of the covered electrodes and the welding current of 80-120 A. The investigation of joint properties for the impact strength, the hardness, and the microstructure, was performed. The SMAW butt joint that was welded by the E312 covered electrode and 100A welding current showed the highest impact strength of 112 J. The chromium was the important reinforced element affected to increase in the hardness and the impact strength of the joint by forming and dispersing the chromium carbide in the weld metals. Interface structure of the carbon steel/the weld metal clearly showed a small combined area of the metals in opposition to the interface structure of the stainless steel/ the weld metal which had a large combined area of the metals.

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Setiawan, Moh Dedy Indra, Yanuar Rohmat Aji Pradana, and Suprayitno Suprayitno. "Robust Parameter Design of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) for Optimum Tensile Strength." Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um016v5i12021p073.

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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), an arc welding process, is widely used in applications. In practice, SMAW is widely applied to the welding process on hollow square pipe. Performance expected from this welding is the tensile strength of weld joint. The tensile strength is influenced by parameters process which have possibility for an optimization process to become ‘robust’. Robust is a design which less sensitive to the effect of uncertain quantities or noise factors. Taguchi method is the most efficient optimization method which accommodates the noise factors effect and requires less experiment. This study is focusing on optimizing the welding process on hollow square pipe. Parameters process such as welding current (I), electrode angle (θ), root gap (d) and electrode type (E) are adopted as parameters design. Taguchi method are chosen as a strategy and L9 fractional orthogonal array are chosen as the design experiment, which only 9 experiment samples needed from 81 experiments that should have been carried out for full factorial design. The objectivity is to maximize the tensile strength of weld joint. Three replications of L9 fractional orthogonal array Taguchi had been performed to generate the tensile strength and estimates the fluctuation of the output caused by noise factors. This study found that the welding current of 100A (I), electrode angle (θ) of 90°, root gap (d) of 2 mm, and electrode type (E) of E7018 produce the optimum results. Tensile strength improved from this robust parameter design is about 98.39 MPa based on initial parameter design.

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Mon, Ioan Catalin, Mircea Horia Tierean, and Adel Nofal. "Research on GTAW/SMAW Weldability of ADI/DI Using Electrodes ENi-Cl and ENiFe-Cl-A." Advanced Materials Research 1128 (October 2015): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.242.

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The present research is dedicated to weldability of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) and Ductile Iron (DI) using Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) methods. The welds were done using the arc welding process with Nickel base filler materials: ENi-Cl and ENiFe-Cl-A. Each weldment was examined visually, with X-rays and mechanical tests. After the mechanical tests, tensile test and impact properties of the welded joint are lower than mechanical properties of the ADI base material using ENiFe-Cl-A filler metal and GTAW process. This type of filler metal ENiFe-Cl-A can be applied successfully only for repair by welding of ADI parts. Using ENi-Cl filler metal with GTAW process applied to DI, the mechanical tests, tensile test and hardness of the welded joint are greater than mechanical properties of the DI base material. This procedure can be applied for welding. In case on DI welded using SMAW with ENi-Cl electrodes, the hardness of the welded joint is lower than the hardness of base material. This procedure can be applied only for repair by welding.

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Pratiwi, Diah Kusuma, Amir Arifin, and Reza Andre Suhada. "WELDING ANALYSIS OF GRAY CAST IRON ASTM A48 CLASS 40 USING SMAW." Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science 2, no. 3 (September 8, 2021): 043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51630/ijes.v2i3.26.

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The mechanical and physical characteristics of gray cast iron are intricately bound to its application as an essential material in manufacturing various goods. SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) is the most simple and widely used electric arc welding method. In this work, ASTM A48 gray cast iron Class 40 was joining using the SMAW method with the welding position used was 1G or underhand position. The joining used is the Butt Joint using an open Singel V seam with a current of 120A. The joining of Welding was characterized through dye penetrant and hardness tests. Rockwell hardness tests on base metal and heat affected zone reveal that the heat affected zone has the highest hardness value of 56.5 HRC, while the base metal has the lowest hardness value (41 HRC). Graphite, pearlite, and pearlite were all visible in the microstructure study.

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Wisnujati, Andika, and Juni Andryansyah. "Analysis Of Mechanical Properties SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) Welding Joints Of Portable Electric Hydraulic Jack Frame." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 7, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v7i2.2134.

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Welding is a very important part of the development and growth of the industry because it has a role in engineering, reparation, and construction. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) or the conventional arc welding process is particularly dominant in structural joints, pressure vessels and in maintenance and repair work. In welding, different metals are joined economically and at a much faster rate as compared with other fabrication processes like riveting and casting. The purpose of this research is to find out the cooling media cooler against SMAW smelter tensile strength by using the E6013 electrode. This study uses low carbon steel material that has levels Fe = 98,3%; C = 0,30%, Si = 0,23%. The material is given 75A welding current with cooling variation on the connection result using oil, water, and room temperature. The highest tensile stress value obtained in the oil cooling treatment was 844,76 N/mm2, the highest strain value was obtained on the raw materials of 16%, the highest elasticity value was obtained in the oil cooling treatment of 703.96 N/mm2. According to the research results can be concluded that the variations of cooling media greatly affect the strength of the welding connection.

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Abdurahman, Sukarman, Apang Djafar Shieddieque, Safril, Dibyo Setiawan, and Nana Rahdiana. "EVALUASI KEKUATAN UJI TARIK PADA PROSES PENGELASAN BUSUR LISTRIK BEDA MATERIAL SPHC DAN S30-C." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 1, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v1i2.1395.

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Paper ini membahas tentang pengaruh pengauh parameter pengelasan busur listrik (shielded metal arc welding-SMAW) terhadap kekuatan pengujian tensile strength. Proses pengelasan shielded metal arc welding merupakan salah satu teknik penyambungan logam yang banyak digunakan. Pada proses pengelasan, beerapa variable yang harus diperhatikan adalah penggunaan kuat arus pengelasan, voltase/tegangan dan diameter filler yang digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekperimental dengan menggunakan material baja carbon rendah SPHC dengan ketebalan 3.0 mm yang digabungkan dengan matrial S30-C. Peneitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin las dengan input power 4.6 kVA. Hasil pengujian mengkonfirmasi bahwa nilai tensile strength tertinggi dicapai pada penyetingan parameter pengelasan kuat arus 135 A, tegangan/ voltase 8 volt dan diameter filler 3.2 mm didapatkan nilai tensile strength tertinggi yaitu 481.74 N/mm2. Sedangkan untuk nilai tensile strength terendah dicapai pada penyetingan pengelasan kuat arus 110 A, tegangan/ voltase 9 volt dan diameter filler 3.2 mm dengan nilai 232.21 N/mm2.

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Mehrifar, Younes, Sara Karimi Zeverdegani, and Masoud Rismanchian. "Chemical pollutants in the respiratory zone of welders: Determination of concentrations and hazard analysis." Work 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203272.

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BACKGROUND: Welding pollutants have potentially dangerous effects on the health of welders. Analysis of exposure risks is an appropriate method for industrial hygiene occupational exposure. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the concentrations of exposure and risk evaluation of welders to fumes and gases in three common types of welding including Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out at a steel company. Samples were taken from manganese, chromium and nickel fumes with NIOSH 7300 method and for NO, NO2, CO and O3 gases using direct reading instruments. SQRCA method was used to assess the level of exposure risk. RESULTS: Our study showed that the highest and lowest concentrations of exposure to gases were observed in MIG and GTAW welding, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest concentrations of exposure to metals were observed in SMAW and GTAW processes, respectively. Mean exposure to M, Cr and Ni metals was 2.302, 3.195, and 1.241 mg/m3, respectively. Also, mean exposure to CO, NO, NO2 and O3 was 43.05, 27.88, 4.30, and 0.41 ppm, respectively. Results of risk analysis showed that O3, NO2 and Cr had high and very high risk levels in all welding processes. CONCLUSIONS: MIG and SMAW welders have a high occupational exposure to metal and toxic gases in welding. Preventive measures such as assessment of workplace air, installation of the ventilation systems, and providing appropriate respiratory protection devices for welders should be taken.

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Noor, C. W. Mohd, Manuhutu Ferry, and W. B. Wan Nik. "A Study of Software Approach for Predicting Weld Bead Geometry in Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.386.

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The prediction of the optimal weld bead width is an important aspect in shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process as it is related to the strength of the weld. This paper focuses on investigation of the development of the simple and accurate model for prediction of weld bead geometry. The experiment used welding current, arc length, welding speed, welding gap and electrode diameter as input parameters. While output parameters are bead width, depth of penetration and weld reinforcement. A number of 33 mild steel plate specimens had undergone the SMAW welding process. The experimental data was used to develop mathematical models using SPSS software. The actual and predicted values of the weld bead geometry are compared. The proposed models shows positive correlation to the real process.

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Muntaha, Muntaha. "Need Analysis of Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding in 3G Position at the Fabrication Laboratory/ Analisis Kebutuhan Elektroda pada Pengelasan Model Shielded Metal Arc Welding Posisi 3G di Laboratorium Fabrikasi." Edulab : Majalah Ilmiah Laboratorium Pendidikan 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/edulab.2021.62.01.

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The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) practicum in the 3G position is a mandatory practicum course for students of the Mechanical Engineering Education Department. This welding capability requires a thick strip of plate material and a lot of electrodes so that large funds are needed. The purpose of this research is to analyze the need for effectively wrapped electrode consumables that are needed by students in completing the SMAW welding assignment in a 3G position and how long it can be done with 3G welding competence. This study uses descriptive analysis techniques, both quantitatively and qualitatively, with the population studied being students of Mechanical Engineering Education, Yogyakarta State University. Samples were taken by students who practice SMAW welding fabrication courses. The results of the study of the need for electrodes on the welding capability of SMA W 3 G position for the manufacture of fillers require 4 pieces of American Welding Society (AWS) E701 6 electrodes with a diameter of 2,6 mm and for making covers requires AWS E7018 electrodes with a diameter of 3,2 mm in the amount of 5 pieces. Graduates from high schools need a longer time of 136 minutes compared to SMKs which only require 75. Abstrak Praktikum pengelasan Shielded Metal Arc Welding Welding (SMAW) pada posisi 3G merupakan mata kuliah praktikum wajib bagi mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Mesin. Pengelasan ini memerlukan bahan plat strip yang tebal dan elektroda yang banyak sehingga membutuhkan dana yang besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa kebutuhan elektroda terbungkus yang efektif dibutuhkan mahasiswa dalam tugas pengelasan SMAW pada posisi 3G dan berapa lama bisa di kerjakan dengan kompetensi pengelasan 3G. penelitian ini mempergunakan Teknik analisis deskriptif, baik secara kuantatif maupun dengan populasi yang diteliti mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknik Mesin Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Sampel yang diambil mahasiswa yang praktek mata kuliah Fabrikasi pengelasan SMAW. Hasil penelitian kebutuhan elektroda terhadap kemampuan pengelasan SMAW posisi 3G untuk pembuatan filler membutuhkan elektroda American Welding Society (AWS) E7016 diameter 2,6 mm sebanyak 4 buah dan untuk membuat cover membutuhkan elektroda AWS 7018 diameter 3,2 mm sebanyak 5 buah. Lulusan dari SMA memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama sebesar 136 menit di bandingkan dari SMK yang hanya membutuhkan waktu 75 menit.

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Fitri, Muhamad, Poempida Hidayatullah, Kusnanto Mukti Wibowo, and Agung Setyo Darmawan. "The Effect of Smaw Welding Currents on Mechanical Properties and Micro Structures of Low Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 1029 (May 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1029.15.

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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is one of the most widely used types of electric arc welding. The mechanical properties of the welded joints produced are influenced by various factors. This study aims to determine the effect of the magnitude of the welding current on the mechanical properties and physical properties of the SMAW weld joints. The base metal material used in this study was SA 516 Gr. 70 with 3 strong variations of welding current, i.e.: 50A, 60A and 70A. The electrode used for root is E7016 while for filler and cap is E7018 which is 2.6 mm in diameter with climbing (vertical) welding position. From the results of the charpy impact test and the Vickers hardness test, the best is obtained in specimens with welding current strength of 70A. While the results of the microstructure analysis showed that the grain size of specimens with welding current of 50A and 60A was finer than the specimens with a 70A welding current.

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Arifin, Amir, Gunawan ., Andika Akbar Pratama, and Alim Mardhi. "Taguchi Approach of Dissimilar Welds for AISI 4340 Steel and 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v19i3.19810.

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Dissimilar metals welding using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) has been widely used in various industries such as automotive, maritime, transportation, and offshore structures. In this work, the Taguchi approach was applied for improving the tensile strength of dissimilar welding between AISI 4340 steel and 304 Austenitic stainless steel. The effects of four welding factors: electrode type, welding current, joint type, and welding speed on the tensile strength were studied. The various factors were assigned to an L9 orthogonal array, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to determine a significant contributing factor. It was found that electrode type and current welding factors significantly affect tensile strength. The optimum condition parameters for tensile strength were achieved with an electrode type (E309), welding current (110 A), joint type (II), and welding speed (2 cm/min).

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Ekwe, D. U., and O. E. Isaac. "Survey of Welding Voltage from Welding Current and Arc Length in SMAW Process." IIARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 8, no. 3 (August 11, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijebm.v8.no3.2022.pg9.16.

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The relationship between welding voltage, welding current and arc length was investigated in this study. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process was used to weld API 5L X65 line pipes at welding current of 80 – 200A and arc length of 1.5 – 3.5mm. First and second order polynomial equation and Amson models were also used to study the welding voltage as a function of current and arc length. The results revealed that increase in current and arc length lead to corresponding increase in voltage. The welding voltage increased from 19.48 – 23.82V at constant arc length of 1.5mm and from 22.25 – 26.77V at 3.5mm arc length, as current increased from 80 – 200A. Voltage increase was more influenced by increase in arc length than increase in current. Welding currents between 140A and 180A and arc length between 2mm and 3mm are recommended for optimum quality welded joints. The analysis of the model performance showed that there was high correlation between the predicted and the measured welding voltage values (R2 up to 99%). However, the predictions from the second-order polynomial model slightly edged the Amson and the first-order polynomial models. Therefore, using either of these models could be helpful in making a decision on the range of welding input parameters that can be used to optimise welding quality and productivity in the SMAW process

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Hirata, Yoshinori, K. Tsujimura, B. Y. B. Yudodibroto, M. J. M. Hermans, and I. M. Richardson. "Modeling of Molten Drop Oscillation in Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3973.

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In Gas shielded Metal Arc Welding process, the molten drop at the electrode wire tip is detached and transferred into the weld pool by various driving forces, which have been discussed mainly focusing on gravity force, electro-magnetic force, surface tension force and plasma drag force. In this paper the oscillation phenomena of metal drop and their numerical model are described. The numerical model developed is an axial symmetrical 2D model which enables to calculate and visualize time-change of the drop shape and the flow in the drop using VOF-CSF method. The validity of the model is verified through the comparison between calculations and experiments using waterdrop. It is shown that the natural frequency of the pendant drop decreases with increase of the drop size. And the numerical simulation predicts that it is possible to detach the molten drop from the electrode wire by exciting the forced oscillation around the natural frequency with pulsed current.

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PESSOA, EZEQUIEL CAIRES PEREIRA, and STEPHEN LIU. "The State of the Art of Underwater Wet Welding Practice: Part 1." Welding Journal 100, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2021.100.011.

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Developments in underwater wet welding (UWW) over the past four decades are reviewed, with an emphasis on the research that has been conducted in the last ten years. Shielded metal arc welding with rutile-based coated electrodes was established as the most applied process in the practice of wet welding of structural steels in shallow water. The advancements achieved in previous decades had already led to control of the chemical com-position and microstructure of weld metals. Research and development in consumables formulation have led to control of the amount of hydrogen content and the level of weld porosity in the weld metal. The main focus of research and development in the last decade was on weldability of naval and offshore structural steels and acceptance of welding procedures for Class A weld classification according to American Welding Society D3.6, Under-water Welding Code. Applications of strictly controlled welding techniques, including new postweld heat treatment procedures, allowed for the welding of steels with carbon equivalent values greater than 0.40. Classification societies are meticulously scrutinizing wet welding procedures and wet weld properties in structural steels at depths smaller than 30 m prior to qualifying them as Class A capable. Alternate wet welding processes that have been tested in previous decades — such as friction stir welding, dry local habitat, and gas metal arc welding —have not achieved great success as originally claimed. Al-most all of the new UWW process developments in the last decade have focused on the flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process. Part 1 of this paper covers developments in microstructural optimization and weld metal porosity control for UWW. Part 2 discusses the hydrogen pickup mechanism, weld cooling rate control, design, and qualification of consumables. It ends with a description of the advancements in FCAW applications for UWW.

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PESSOA, EZEQUIEL CAIRES PEREIRA, and STEPHEN LIU. "The State of the Art of Underwater Wet Welding Practice: Part 2." Welding Journal 100, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2021.100.014.

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Developments in underwater wet welding (UWW) over the past four decades are reviewed, with an emphasis on the re-search that has been conducted in the last ten years. Shielded metal arc welding with rutile-based coated electrodes was established as the most applied process in the practice of wet welding of structural steels in shallow water. The advancements achieved in previous decades had already led to control of the chemical composition and microstructure of weld metals. Research and development in consumables formulation have led to control of the amount of hydrogen content and the level of weld porosity in the weld metal. The main focus of research and development in the last decade was on weldability of naval and offshore structural steels and acceptance of welding procedures for Class A weld classification according to American Welding Society D3.6, Underwater Welding Code. Applications of strictly controlled welding techniques, including new postweld heat treatment procedures, allowed for the welding of steels with carbon equivalent values greater than 0.40. Classification societies are meticulously scrutinizing wet welding procedures and wet weld properties in structural steels at depths smaller than 30 m prior to qualifying them as Class A capable. Alternate wet welding processes that have been tested in previous decades — such as friction stir welding, dry local habitat, and gas metal arc welding — have not achieved great success as originally claimed. Almost all of the new UWW process developments in the last decade have focused on the flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process. Part 1 of this paper covered developments in microstructural optimization and weld metal porosity control for UWW. Part 2 discusses the hydrogen pickup mechanism, weld cooling rate control, design, and qualification of consumables. It ends with a description of the advancements in FCAW applications for UWW.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shielded metal arc welding'

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