Journal articles: 'Ship electronic navigation'

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Szelangiewicz, Tadeusz, Katarzyna Żelazny, Andrzej Antosik, and Maciej Szelangiewicz. "Application of Measurement Sensors and Navigation Devices in Experimental Research of the Computer System for the Control of an Unmanned Ship Model." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041312.

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Unmanned autonomous transport vessels (MASS) are the future of maritime transport. The most important task in the design and construction of unmanned ships is to develop algorithms and a computer program for autonomous control. In order for such a computer program to properly control the ship (realizing various functions), the ship must be equipped with a computer system as well as measurement sensors and navigation devices, from which the recorded parameters are processed and used for autonomous control of the ship. Within the framework of conducted research on autonomous ships, an experimental model of an unmanned ship was built. This model was equipped with a propulsion system not commonly used on transport vessels (two azimuth stern thrusters and two bow tunnel thrusters), but providing excellent propulsion and steering characteristics. A complete computer system with the necessary measuring sensors and navigation devices has also been installed in the model of the ship, which enables it to perform all functions during autonomous control. The objective of the current research was to design and build a prototype computer system with the necessary measurement sensors and navigation devices with which to autonomously control the unmanned ship model. The designed computer system is expected to be optimal for planned tasks during control software tests. Tests carried out on open waters confirmed the correctness of the operation of the computer system and the entire measurement and navigation equipment of the built model of the unmanned transport vessel.

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Zhang, Wang, Liu, and Chen. "Decision-Making for the Autonomous Navigation of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships Based on Scene Division and Deep Reinforcement Learning." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 4055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19184055.

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This research focuses on the adaptive navigation of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) in an uncertain environment. To achieve intelligent obstacle avoidance of MASSs in a port, an autonomous navigation decision-making model based on hierarchical deep reinforcement learning is proposed. The model is mainly composed of two layers: the scene division layer and an autonomous navigation decision-making layer. The scene division layer mainly quantifies the sub-scenarios according to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG). This research divides the navigational situation of a ship into entities and attributes based on the ontology model and Protégé language. In the decision-making layer, we designed a deep Q-learning algorithm utilizing the environmental model, ship motion space, reward function, and search strategy to learn the environmental state in a quantized sub-scenario to train the navigation strategy. Finally, two sets of verification experiments of the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and improved DRL algorithms were designed with Rizhao port as a study case. Moreover, the experimental data were analyzed in terms of the convergence trend, iterative path, and collision avoidance effect. The results indicate that the improved DRL algorithm could effectively improve the navigation safety and collision avoidance.

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Wang, Peng, and Ding Bu. "The Optimization Design for Ship Lock Structure." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 7257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5703.

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Ship lock is one of the main methods for navigation. It usually guarantees ships go through the lock safely. Therefore, the proper design of ship lock is extraordinarily significant. This paper will set one ship lock project as an example, and discuss the ship lock structure by Abaqus finite element analysis. And then, it will discuss the key factors which affect ship lock’s safety and stability. Finally, optimization design for ship lock structure will be provided.

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Liu, Xiao Hua, Mei Han, Xiao Hui Lin, and Neng Pu Yang. "Quantitative Safety Assessment Based on Risk in Level-Crossing between Railway and Highway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.854.

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In this paper, a portable integrated ship monitoring command system is designed to meet the needs of automatic maritime security working, remote monitoring and commanding ship, while adapting the harsh working environment. The propose ship monitoring command system has merits of ease of installation, highly-integrated features, easy-to-use, and so on. Application of Beidou Navigation Satellite System's high precision positioning and SMS(Short Messaging Service) communication technology in integrated ship monitoring command system can well solve the problem of ship navigation and positioning, remote monitoring and commanding. In our system, ECDIS( Electronic Chart Display and Information System) is chosen as the display platform, HF(High frequency), VHF(Very high frequency) and Beidou is chosen as the communicational measure, Beidou and GPS is chosen as the positioning measure. With the help of the above measures, the static and dynamic data of ship, real-time voice and text are transported to realize the function of ship positioning, ship navigation, remote monitoring and commanding.

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Lazarowska, Agnieszka. "Safe Ship Control Method with the Use of Ant Colony Optimization." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.234.

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Nowadays Integrated Bridge Systems are applied on board a ship to increase safety of navigation. These systems consist of many electronic devices such as radar, ECDIS and autopilot, which aid the deck officer in the process of conducting navigation. Despite that, ship accidents caused by human error still occur. The paper presents new method of safe ship control in collision situations. Ant Colony Optimization is applied to determine safe ship trajectory. Developed algorithm is applicable for situations in restricted waters, where most of collision situations occur. International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) are taken into consideration in the process of solution construction. The task of collision avoidance at sea is defined as dynamic optimization problem with the use of static and dynamic constraints. Static constraints are represented by lands, canals, shallows, fairways, while other ships constitute dynamic constraints. Described method was implemented in MATLAB programming language. Performed simulation tests results of encounter situations with one target ship as well as with many target vessels are presented. Received solutions confirm successful application of this method to the problem of ships collisions avoidance. Developed algorithm deals also with more complex situations. This new algorithm is planned to be implemented in anti-collision decision support system on board a ship, what would contribute to enhance safety of maritime transport.

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Šarolić, Antonio, and Borivoj Modlic. "Radiation Hazard Aspect of Shipboard Radiocommunication Equipment." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 3, no. 2 (June 21, 2007): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v3i2.261.

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The paper analyzes the electromagnetic (EM) radiofrequency (RF) radiation hazards onboard a ship arising from shipboard radiocommunication and navigation equipment. EM field effect on personnel and equipment can be harmful if field levels exceed the threshold values. These fields need to be controlled for proper protection. Ships are equipped with lots of EM RF radiation sources with different frequencies and output power levels. Typical shipboard EM RF radiation sources include: terrestrial radiocommunication transmitters, navigational radars and satellite ship earth stations (SES). Examples of these sources are analyzed in the paper. EM field estimation using simple worst-case calculation is given for a typical HF transmitter, X-band navigational radar and the Inmarsat SES A, B, C, F and M. The estimation problems are discussed. The calculation results are compared with international civil and military standards. The results show that potential hazards exist and that a reasonable amount of caution is needed.

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Gao, Miao, and Guo-You Shi. "Ship Spatiotemporal Key Feature Point Online Extraction Based on AIS Multi-Sensor Data Using an Improved Sliding Window Algorithm." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 16, 2019): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122706.

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Large volumes of automatic identification system (AIS) data provide new ideas and methods for ship data mining and navigation behavior pattern analysis. However, large volumes of big data have low unit values, resulting in the need for large-scale computing, storage, and display. Learning efficiency is low and learning direction is blind and untargeted. Therefore, key feature point (KFP) extraction from the ship trajectory plays an important role in fields such as ship navigation behavior analysis and big data mining. In this paper, we propose a ship spatiotemporal KFP online extraction algorithm that is applied to AIS trajectory data. The sliding window algorithm is modified for application to ship navigation angle deviation, position deviation, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of AIS data. Next, in order to facilitate the subsequent use of the algorithm, a recommended threshold range for the corresponding two parameters is discussed. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is compared with that of the Douglas–Peucker (DP) algorithm to assess its feature extraction accuracy and operational efficiency. The results show that the proposed improved sliding window algorithm can be applied to rapidly and easily extract the KFPs from AIS trajectory data. This ability provides significant benefits for ship traffic flow and navigational behavior learning.

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Svilicic, Rudan, Jugović, and Zec. "A Study on Cyber Security Threats in a Shipboard Integrated Navigational System." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100364.

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The integrated navigational system (INS) enhances the effectiveness and safety of ship navigation by providing multifunctional display on the basis of integration of at least two navigational functions, the voyage route monitoring with Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) and collision avoidance with radar. The INS is essentially a software platform for fusion of data from the major ECDIS and radar systems with sensors for the additional navigation functions of route planning, status and data display, and alert management. This paper presents a study on cyber security resilience examination of a shipboard INS installed on a RoPax ship engaged in international trade. The study was based on a mixed-method approach, combining an interview of the ship's navigational ranks and cyber security testing of the INS using an industry vulnerability scanner. The identified threats were analyzed qualitatively to study the source of cyber risks threatening the INS. The results obtained point out cyber threats related to weaknesses of the INS underlying operating system, suggesting a need for occasional preventive maintenance in addition to the regulatory compliance required.

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Breedveld, D. "Waypoint Navigation for Rivercraft?" Journal of Navigation 52, no. 1 (January 1999): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398008194.

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Anticipating that transport on the West European inland waterways will increase in volume, in ship size and in speed, experiments are being carried out to investigate whether safety of navigation – including traffic management – can be improved by the employment of GPS or DGPS, electronic navigation charts, river radar and computer technology. Although waypoint navigation and collision avoidance systems are generally accepted in the maritime world, these methods could cause problems when applied on inland waterways.

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Tsou, Ming-Cheng, and Hung-Chih Cheng. "An Ant Colony Algorithm for efficient ship routing." Polish Maritime Research 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0032.

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Abstract With the substantial rising of international oil price and global warming on the rise, how to reduce operational fuel consumption and decrease air pollution has become one of the pursued goals of green ship. Ship route planning is an indispensible part of the ship navigation process, especially in transoceanic crossing ship routing. The soundness of ship routing not only affects the safety of ship navigation but also the operation economy and environmental protection. This research is based on the platform of Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), and founded on Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA) combined with the concept of Genetic Algorithm (GA), to model living organisms optimization behaviour to perform efficient ship route planning in transoceanic crossing. Besides the realization of route planning automation, ship routing will achieve the goal of optimum carbon dioxide reduction and energy conservation, and provide reference for route planning decision.

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Zhang, Xin Yu, Yong Yin, Jin YiCheng, XiaoFeng Sun, and Ren HongXiang. "The Marine Safety Simulation based Electronic Chart Display and Information System." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/586038.

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Navigation safety has a huge impact on the world economy and our everyday lives. One navigation safety simulation model in ECDIS based on international standard format (S-57) is put forward, which is mainly involved in route plan and route monitoring. The universal kriging interpolation is used in the route planning and to compute the water depth of any place in the sea bottom. The man-machine conversation method is taken to amend planned route to obtain autodeciding of feasibility according to ECDIS information, and the route monitoring algorithm is improved by enhancing its precision caused by screen coordinate conversion. The DCQA (distance close quarters situation of approach) model and TCQA (time close quarters situation of approach) model are adopted to judge if the close quarters situation or the risk of collision between own ship and target ship is emerging. All these methods are proven to be reliable through the navigation simulator made by Dalian Maritime University which is certified by DNV to class A.

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Wei, Xiao Yang, Yang Wang, Xin Ping Yan, Yan Fei Tian, and Bing Wu. "Design and Realization of the 3D Electronic Chart Based on GIS and Virtual Reality Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1669.

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Two-dimensional electronic chart system can’t intuitively express the various information of 3D navigation environment, and the existing 3D electronic chart system lacks comprehensive display and scientific quantitative analysis. In that context, designed a 3D electronic chart system framework based on GIS and virtual reality technology (VR technology) and studied the key technologies such as visualization of 3D navigation environment, numerical simulation of water current and dynamic ship information display. Consequently, a 3D electronic chart system has been developed for Sutong Bridge section of Yangtze River waterway and it is verified to be feasible and reliable for ensuring safety of navigation.

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Karbowska-Chilinska, Joanna, Jolanta Koszelew, Krzysztof Ostrowski, Piotr Kuczynski, Eric Kulbiej, and Piotr Wolejsza. "Beam Search Algorithm for Ship Anti-Collision Trajectory Planning." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245338.

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The biggest challenges in the maritime environment are accidents and excessive fuel consumption. In order to improve the safety of navigation at sea and to reduce fuel consumption, the strategy of anti-collision, shortest trajectory planning is proposed. The strategy described in this paper is based on the beam search method. The beam search algorithm (BSA) takes into account many safe trajectories for the present ship and chooses the best in terms of length and other criteria. The risk of collision of present ship with any target ships is detected when the closest point of approach (CPA) of the present ship is violated by the target ship’s planned trajectory. Only course alteration of the present ship is applied, and not speed alteration. The algorithm has been implemented in the decision support system NAVDEC and tested in a real navigation environment on the m/f Wolin, a Polish ferry. Almost all BSA trajectories calculated were shorter in comparison to the standard NAVDEC-calculated algorithm.

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Guo, Muzhuang, Chen Guo, Chuang Zhang, Daheng Zhang, and Zongjiang Gao. "Fusion of Ship Perceptual Information for Electronic Navigational Chart and Radar Images based on Deep Learning." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463319000481.

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Superimposing Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) data on marine radar images can enrich information for navigation. However, direct image superposition is affected by the performance of various instruments such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and compasses and may undermine the effectiveness of the resulting information. We propose a data fusion algorithm based on deep learning to extract robust features from radar images. By deep learning in this context we mean employing a class of machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks, that use multiple layers to progressively extract higher level features from raw input. We first exploit the ability of deep learning to perform target detection for the identification of marine radar targets. Then, image processing is performed on the identified targets to determine reference points for consistent data fusion of ENC and marine radar information. Finally, a more intelligent fusion algorithm is built to merge the marine radar and electronic chart data according to the determined reference points. The proposed fusion is verified through simulations using ENC data and marine radar images from real ships in narrow waters over a continuous period. The results suggest a suitable performance for edge matching of the shoreline and real-time applicability. The fused image can provide comprehensive information to support navigation, thus enhancing important aspects such as safety.

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Liu, Qing, and Yuan Liang Zhang. "Development and Application of Electronic Chart System in Ocean Navigation." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1972–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1972.

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With rapid development of the geographic information system technique, the electronic chart has come into being and is more and more mature. The electronic chart can provide the accurate and detailed information about the ocean environment, including the depth of water, situation of the seabed, distance from the shore, position, orientation and velocity of the ship, and other useful information. This paper first gives some introduction about the electronic chart. After analyzing the characteristics of the electronic chart, the application of the electronic chart in ocean navigation is provided. Finally the existing problem of the electronic chart and its future development trend are also discussed.

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Wright, R. Glenn, and Michael Baldauf. "Virtual Electronic Aids to Navigation for Remote and Ecologically Sensitive Regions." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000527.

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Vessel traffic in the Arctic is expanding in volume both within and transiting the region, yet the infrastructure necessary to support modern ship navigation is lacking. This includes aids to navigation such as buoys and beacons that can be difficult to place and maintain in this hostile environment that stretches across vast distances. The results of research are described which determine whether virtual electronic Aids to Navigation (eAtoN) existing entirely as digital information objects can overcome the practical limitations of physical aids to navigation (AtoN) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) radio eAtoN. Capabilities unique to virtual eAtoN that are not available using either physical or AIS radio technologies are also examined including dynamic and real time properties and immunity to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and AIS spoofing, aliasing, denial of service attacks and service outages. Conclusions are provided describing potential methods of deployment based upon similar concepts already in use.

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Bukar, Abba Lawan, Chee Wei Tan, Kwan Yiew Lau, and Ahmed Tijjani Dahiru. "Optimal planning of hybrid photovoltaic/battery/diesel generator in ship power system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1527-1535.

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In line with the increasing concern on the pollution release by marine ships, renewable energy technologies in ships power system has received so much attention. Recently, photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system (ESS) are been integrated into conventional diesel generator in ships power system Nevertheless, improper sizing of the overall ship power station will result in a high investment cost and increase CO2 emission. This paper devised a methodology to compute the optimal size of the ESS, PV and diesel generator in a ship power system to minimize CO2 emission, fuel cost, and investment cost. It is a well-known fact that power generation in a sailing ship depend on the time zone, local time, date, latitude, and longitude along ship navigation route and the condition of the ship power system also differs from power systems on land. The devised method in this paper takes into accounts the geographical and season variation of solar insolation along the route from Lagos (Nigeria) to Conakry (Guinea) and accurately model the power output of PV modules is along the route.

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Nash, Captain Nick. "A Modern Day Cruise Ship Master's “Captain's Navigation Orders”." Journal of Navigation 61, no. 3 (June 26, 2008): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463308004724.

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The aim of this paper is to give insight into the day-to-day navigation of a modern day cruise vessel – in this case a state of the art 77,000 GRT vessel – 261 metres long with an 8·0 metre draft, carrying 2270 passengers and 910 crew. The ship operates mainly in the Caribbean in winter and Europe – Mediterranean and Scandinavia – in the summer. The instructions are my own, which supplement the Company's (which at present do not fully cover a full Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) operation) and have been written to ensure all Bridge Officers fully understand how I expect to operate the Bridge at sea and in confined waters using ECDIS as the main navigation system. The paper is presented in its user format and is a copy of my orders as written.

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Shrivastava, N. P., and S. Shrotriya. "Asynchronous Message Transmission Technique for Latency Requirements in Time Critical Ship-borne System." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.8502.

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A solution to data ageing requirements in time critical ship system like fire control system is presented. In an operational sea borne platform, navigation requirements for the onboard systems are fulfilled by ring laser gyro-based inertial navigation system. For critical systems like fire control system, navigational data must be delivered in real time without any delay. However due to delay occurring in processing of raw information and transmission of data on interface bus some latency is introduced. Algorithm for an asynchronous message transmission technique from inertial navigation system to user system to meet its latency requirements is discussed. Latency requirement is achieved by sending a separate message with the time stamp for the instance the first byte of 100 Hz attitude data is received at the processing computer of navigation system.Defence Science Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, January 2016, pp. 26-29, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.8502

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Lušić, Zvonimir, Serđo Kos, and Stipe Galić. "STANDARDISATION OF PLOTTING COURSES AND SELECTING TURN POINTS IN MARITIME NAVIGATION." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 4 (August 7, 2014): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i4.1437.

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Today's methods of plotting courses and selecting sailing routes and turn points in maritime navigation are still largely based on subjective assessment of the master or the officer in charge. This results in a great variety of course distribution and, accordingly, in various ship movements. Modern electronic aids, in particular ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) can significantly facilitate maritime voyage planning, course plotting, selection of turning points, etc. In addition to displaying electronic charts, the specific feature of these systems is that they facilitate route planning, supervision of ship movements, data recording, database search, alarm setting, etc. However, these systems do not yet provide automatic selection of courses on user's request in a standardised form. Therefore, in most cases, the routes and turn points are selected empirically or because they have been previously defined and used. This paper shows the drawbacks of the existing methods of selecting routes and plotting courses in maritime navigation and gives recommendations how to improve them.

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Zhang, Yuan Liang. "A Method of Ship’s Path Planning at Sea." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 2038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.2038.

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Automatic route design will help to develop electronic chart intelligence, hence to improve safety, economy and reliability of the route. In the paper rasterizing charts are used to expressed the navigation environment of the ship and the modified A* algorithm is used to compute the near optimum trajectory of a ship in given environment based on electronic chart dispiay and information system (ECDIS). By tracing Safety contours, computing obstacle areas and taking into account certain boundaries of the manoeuvring region, the problem of avoiding collisions at sea was reduced to optimization task with static constrains. Simulation using MATLAB is conducted to verify the proposed ship path planning method. The good results show the promise of this method for ship at sea.

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Vikulin, I. M., Mikhailov N.S., and S. A. Mikhailov. "ELECTRONIC COMPASS FOR UNMANNED SHIPS." Shipping & Navigation 30, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/2306-5761.30.2020.42-50.

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Principle of action of semiconductor two-collector magnetic transistors and possibility of creation on their basis of electronic compass is covered in the article. Level of automation of marine ships navigation, appearance of the autonomous fully automated ships without a crew, requires presences aboard the ship of device giving out a not visual, but electronic signal about direction of motion. An electronic compass on the basis of magnetic sensor semiconductor elements can decide this task. There is of most interest an electronic compass, a consisting of semiconductor magnetic sensor element, electric signal on the output of which is proportional to the level of the external magnetic field, and electronic chip processing a signal. In this article the example of laboratory construction of such electronic compass is described and his descriptions over are brought. Important, that this electronic device does not have mobile mechanical parts and mechanisms. For the increase of sensitiveness of electronic sensor of the magnetic field application of reflector-absorbers of the magnetic field is offered. Ferrite bars are used in this case. Bars are disposed both-side sensor, parallell to optimum direction of the magnetic field. In the experiments it was succeeded to get the increase of sensitiveness of sensors in 400 times. The reflector-absorbers of the magnetic field also allow to improve correlation signal to noise in 100 times. An electronic compass on the basis of magnetic transistors can be also used and as an element to control the course of marine ship. If a magnetic transistors is set to direction of motion, the change of loading resistances sets the zero of tension between the collectors of magnetic transistor. At deviation of axis from the set direction, tension of one polarity appears between collectors, and in other - opposite. This tension through the system of autopilot can directly control a steering gear and automatically to maintain the set direction of motion of marine ship. Experimental descriptions over of pre-productions models of magnetic transistors and flows diagrams of compasses are brought. An experiments show that on the basis of two-collector magnetic transistors can be created electronic compass not containing mechanically moving details, that sharply promotes his reliability and durability. An electronic compass will become the obligatory attribute of future autonomous ships without a crew. He will be able not only to replace a classic magnetic compass but also to allow to realize the span-new functions of ships control.

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Lisaj, Andrzej, Andrzej Smacki, and Janusz Uriasz. "The BICS — Advanced Method of the Electronic Ship Reporting for the RIS Centre." Annual of Navigation 24, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2017-0017.

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Abstract The article presents principles of transmission and processing of the data in electronic reporting of river ships used in inland navigation. The new standard of electronic reporting of ships was shown — system Barge Information and Communication System (BICS). Results and analysis of surveys of real duplex transmission of data in BICS system for purpose of RIS Centre were presented.

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Fukuda, Gen, Daisuke Hatta, Xiaoliang Guo, and Nobuaki Kubo. "Performance Evaluation of IMU and DVL Integration in Marine Navigation." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041056.

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Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) spoofing poses a significant threat to maritime logistics. Many maritime electronic devices rely on GNSS time, positioning, and speed for safe vessel operation. In this study, inertial measurement unit (IMU) and Doppler velocity log (DVL) devices, which are important in the event of GNSS spoofing or outage, are considered in conventional navigation. A velocity integration method using IMU and DVL in terms of dead-reckoning is investigated in this study. GNSS has been widely used for ship navigation, but IMU, DVL, or combined IMU and DVL navigation have received little attention. Military-grade sensors are very expensive and generally cannot be utilized in smaller vessels. Therefore, this study focuses on the use of consumer-grade sensors. First, the performance of a micro electromechanical system (MEMS)-based yaw rate angle with DVL was evaluated using 60 min of raw data for a 50 m-long ship located in Tokyo Bay. Second, the performance of an IMU-MEMS using three gyroscopes and three accelerometers with DVL was evaluated using the same dataset. A gyrocompass, which is equipped on the ship, is used as a heading reference. The results proved that both methods could achieve less than 1 km horizontal error in 60 min.

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Androjna, Andrej, Blagovest Belev, Ivica Pavic, and Marko Perkovič. "Determining Residual Deviation and Analysis of the Current Use of the Magnetic Compass." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020204.

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The use of electronic compasses and satellite systems has led to the magnetic compass becoming a secondary means of navigation. Yet this means of navigating is not only not obsolete, it is a necessary backup device: the construction simplicity of the magnetic compass, without electrical windings, rotating elements, and control units, remains resistant to power losses, hardware malfunction, and thus is reliable under the harshest conditions. This durability, however, comes at some cost; the magnetic compass is influenced by ships’ permanent and transient magnetism, cargo gears. For the proper use of a magnetic compass, it is necessary to perform an adjustment to determine the residual deviation at regular intervals. The paper analyses selected methods to manage this, and to identify the main features of classical methods. The research was supplemented by a study carried out during the practical compensations of the magnetic compass at sea and by a survey among navigation officers on its basic requirements for proper use. The results indicate insufficient inspection of the magnetic compass. Further, an investigation into the causes of deviation delivers information regarding the causes under varying conditions including type of ship and latitudinal circumstances. This paper presents findings and recommendations to improve the compensation and use of the ships magnetic compasses.

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Guo, Siyu, Xiuguo Zhang, Yisong Zheng, and Yiquan Du. "An Autonomous Path Planning Model for Unmanned Ships Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020426.

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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has excellent performance in continuous control problems and it is widely used in path planning and other fields. An autonomous path planning model based on DRL is proposed to realize the intelligent path planning of unmanned ships in the unknown environment. The model utilizes the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm, through the continuous interaction with the environment and the use of historical experience data; the agent learns the optimal action strategy in a simulation environment. The navigation rules and the ship’s encounter situation are transformed into a navigation restricted area, so as to achieve the purpose of planned path safety in order to ensure the validity and accuracy of the model. Ship data provided by ship automatic identification system (AIS) are used to train this path planning model. Subsequently, the improved DRL is obtained by combining DDPG with the artificial potential field. Finally, the path planning model is integrated into the electronic chart platform for experiments. Through the establishment of comparative experiments, the results show that the improved model can achieve autonomous path planning, and it has good convergence speed and stability.

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Gao, Miao, Guoyou Shi, and Shuang Li. "Online Prediction of Ship Behavior with Automatic Identification System Sensor Data Using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 4211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124211.

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The real-time prediction of ship behavior plays an important role in navigation and intelligent collision avoidance systems. This study developed an online real-time ship behavior prediction model by constructing a bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent neural network (BI-LSTM-RNN) that is suitable for automatic identification system (AIS) date and time sequential characteristics, and for online parameter adjustment. The bidirectional structure enhanced the relevance between historical and future data, thus improving the prediction accuracy. Through the “forget gate” of the long short-term memory (LSTM) unit, the common behavioral patterns were remembered and unique behaviors were forgotten, improving the universality of the model. The BI-LSTM-RNN was trained using 2015 AIS data from Tianjin Port waters. The results indicate that the BI-LSTM-RNN effectively predicted the navigational behaviors of ships. This study contributes significantly to the increased efficiency and safety of sea operations. The proposed method could potentially be applied as the predictive foundation for various intelligent systems, including intelligent collision avoidance, vessel route planning, operational efficiency estimation, and anomaly detection systems.

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Borkowski, Piotr, Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, and Janusz Magaj. "The Algorithm of Determining an Anti-Collision Manoeuvre Trajectory Based on the Interpolation of Ship’s State Vector." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 5332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165332.

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The determination of a ship’s safe trajectory in collision situations at sea is one of the basic functions in autonomous navigation of ships. While planning a collision avoiding manoeuvre in open waters, the navigator has to take into account the ships manoeuvrability and hydrometeorological conditions. To this end, the ship’s state vector is predicted—position coordinates, speed, heading, and other movement parameters—at fixed time intervals for different steering scenarios. One possible way to solve this problem is a method using the interpolation of the ship’s state vector based on the data from measurements conducted during the sea trials of the ship. This article presents the interpolating function within any convex quadrilateral with the nodes being its vertices. The proposed function interpolates the parameters of the ship’s state vector for the specified point of a plane, where the values in the interpolation nodes are data obtained from measurements performed during a series of turning circle tests, conducted for different starting conditions and various rudder settings. The proposed method of interpolation was used in the process of determining the anti-collision manoeuvre trajectory. The mechanism is based on the principles of a modified Dijkstra algorithm, in which the graph takes the form of a regular network of points. The transition between the graph vertices depends on the safe passing level of other objects and the degree of departure from the planned route. The determined shortest path between the starting vertex and the target vertex is the optimal solution for the discrete space of solutions. The algorithm for determining the trajectory of the anti-collision manoeuvre was implemented in autonomous sea-going vessel technology. This article presents the results of laboratory tests and tests conducted under quasi-real conditions using physical ship models. The experiments confirmed the effective operation of the developed algorithm of the determination of the anti-collision manoeuvre trajectory in the technological framework of autonomous ship navigation.

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Naus, Krzysztof, Mariusz Wąż, Piotr Szymak, Lucjan Gucma, and Maciej Gucma. "Assessment of ship position estimation accuracy based on radar navigation mark echoes identified in an Electronic Navigational Chart." Measurement 169 (February 2021): 108630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108630.

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Bushell, Peter. "Small Boat Displays: Towards Generality and Ease of Use." Journal of Navigation 49, no. 2 (May 1996): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300013242.

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Electronic navigation systems are now well established on commercial vessels throughout the world. In a big ship it is entirely feasible (and probably necessary) to design the system to suit the ship. Budgets are large and there are few space constraints, so that many separate displays may be used on a bridge which would not look out of place on the USS Enterprise. This is definitely not so for a small sailing cruiser or powered leisure craft. Neither is it true for many fishing vessels. It is to those with an interest in these small boats that I address this paper.

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Zhang, Xinyu, Chengbo Wang, Kwok Tai Chui, and (Ryan) Wen Liu. "A Real-Time Collision Avoidance Framework of MASS Based on B-Spline and Optimal Decoupling Control." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144911.

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Real-time collision-avoidance navigation of autonomous ships is required by many application scenarios, such as carriage of goods by sea, search, and rescue. The collision avoidance algorithm is the core of autonomous navigation for Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). In order to realize real-time and free-collision under the condition of multi-ship encounter in an uncertain environment, a real-time collision avoidance framework is proposed using B-spline and optimal decoupling control. This framework takes advantage to handle the uncertain environment with limited sensing MASS which plans dynamically feasible, highly reliable, and safe feasible collision avoidance. First, owing to the collision risk assessment, a B-spline-based collision avoidance trajectory search (BCATS) algorithm is proposed to generate free-collision trajectories effectively. Second, a waypoint-based collision avoidance trajectory optimization is proposed with the path-speed decoupling control. Two benefits, a reduction of control cost and an improvement in the smoothness of the collision avoidance trajectory, are delivered. Finally, we conducted an experiment using the Electronic Chart System (ECS). The results reveal the robustness and real-time collision avoidance trajectory planned by the proposed collision avoidance system.

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Núñez, José, Pedro Orgeira-Crespo, Carlos Ulloa, and Inés García-Tuñón. "Analysis of the operating conditions for UAV-based on-board antenna radiation pattern measurement systems." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): e0245004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245004.

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Communications, navigation, and other related systems need to have a well-defined antenna radiation pattern. In onboard vessel systems, the radiation pattern can be much different than the one obtained for an isolated antenna (because of the vessel’s structure and other nearby radiating systems interference). Finding out the onboard antenna’s radiation pattern is a well-known problem for any shipbuilder/owner. The conventional method consists of measuring radiation patterns from a fixed antenna on the coast while the ship is navigating in circles. Recent electronic systems in the market now allow for an alternative method: keeping the ship static while an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) circles it, measuring the antenna’s transmitted power. This research paper examines the airspace volume and optimal flight path of an off-the-shelf UAV system for measuring the onboard antenna’s radiation pattern in the presence of physical constraints such as the vessel’s dimensions, safety zone, distance to base, Fresnel’s and multipath distances, and considering the loss due to polarization decoupling between the antenna under test and UAV’s antenna.

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Svilicic, Boris, Igor Rudan, Vlado Frančić, and Mateo Doričić. "Shipboard ECDIS Cyber Security." Pomorstvo 33, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.7.

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The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) plays a central role in safe navigation of ships. The ECDIS is basically a software package running on a general operating system that could be comprised of the third-party components. This paper presents an analysis of cyber security weaknesses of a shipboard ECDIS raising from the ECDIS software’s third-party components. The analysis is based on the cyber security testing of the shipboard ECDIS using an industry vulnerability scanner. Detected vulnerabilities are analysed regarding the protection measures implemented on the ship. The results suggest that even the type approved ECDIS system with maintained ECDIS software and the underlying operating system could be vulnerable due to weaknesses in the ECDIS software’s third-party components.

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Zhuang, Jiayuan, Jing Luo, and Yuanchang Liu. "A Locking Sweeping Method Based Path Planning for Unmanned Surface Vehicles in Dynamic Maritime Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110887.

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Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are new marine intelligent platforms that can autonomously operate in various ocean environments with intelligent decision-making capability. As one of key technologies enabling such a capability, path planning algorithms underpin the navigation and motion control of USVs by providing optimized navigational trajectories. To accommodate complex maritime environments that include various static/moving obstacles, it is important to develop a computational efficient path planning algorithm for USVs so that real-time operation can be effectively carried out. This paper therefore proposes a new algorithm based on the fast sweeping method, named the locking sweeping method (LSM). Compared with other conventional path planning algorithms, the proposed LSM has an improved computational efficiency and can be well applied in dynamic environments that have multiple moving obstacles. When generating an optimal collision-free path, moving obstacles are modelled with ship domains that are calculated based upon ships’ velocities. To evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, particularly the capacity in dealing with practical environments, three different sets of simulations were undertaken in environments built using electronic nautical charts (ENCs). Results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively cope with complex maritime traffic scenarios by generating smooth and safe trajectories.

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Perera, Lokukaluge P., Victor Ferrari, Fernando P. Santos, Miguel A. Hinostroza, and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Experimental Evaluations on Ship Autonomous Navigation and Collision Avoidance by Intelligent Guidance." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 40, no. 2 (April 2015): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2014.2304793.

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Kang, Xu, Bin Song, Jie Guo, Xiaojiang Du, and Mohsen Guizani. "A Self-Selective Correlation Ship Tracking Method for Smart Ocean Systems." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 17, 2019): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040821.

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In recent years, with the development of the marine industry, the ship navigation environment has become more complicated. Some artificial intelligence technologies, such as computer vision, can recognize, track and count sailing ships to ensure maritime security and facilitate management for Smart Ocean systems. Aiming at the scaling problem and boundary effect problem of traditional correlation filtering methods, we propose a self-selective correlation filtering method based on box regression (BRCF). The proposed method mainly includes: (1) A self-selective model with a negative samples mining method which effectively reduces the boundary effect in strengthening the classification ability of the classifier at the same time; (2) a bounding box regression method combined with a key points matching method for the scale prediction, leading to a fast and efficient calculation. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively deal with the problem of ship size changes and background interference. The success rates and precisions were over 8 % higher than Discriminative Scale Space Tracking (DSST) on the marine traffic dataset of our laboratory. In terms of processing speed, the proposed method is higher than DSST by nearly 22 frames per second (FPS).

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Kirilova, Mariia Aleksandrovna, and Alexey Igorevich Rozhko. "Prospects of development of unmanned ships in Russian Federation." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-3-16-22.

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The article considers the actuality of crewless shipping. The development of technical means in the marine shipbuilding industry has been pointed out. The statistical data on accidents at sea are given; as a result of the data analysis, there have been identified the main causes of the accidents: non-compliance with generally accepted methods of controlling a vessel, ignoring the specific hydrometeorological parameters of the navigation and mooring areas, non-compliance with safety and technical operation rules, navigation errors, etc. The human factor has been stated to remain the main and most frequent cause of accidents at sea. The types of accidents at sea are considered in detail (damage to ship devices and mechanisms, ship's hull, loss of life, bulk, explosion, fire, loss of a towed object, winding on a screw, grounding, serious bodily harm, collision, loss of stability, buoyancy, collision with a submerged object). The advantages of using a crewless vessel are substantiated, as well as the prospects associated with the introduction of such vessels: reduction in accident rate due to the exclusion of the human factor, lower negative and harmful effects on the environment, increased reliability of transportation due to changes in the structure of vessels, increased economic efficiency due to the uselessness of crew support, etc. There has been given an example of creating a project for the e-Navigation test area executed by Kronstadt in 2016. The test water area includes all e-Navigation coverage areas, combines 13 ports, training centers, over 300 sea vessels, several ship traffic control systems into a single electronic space. Within the framework of the project, developers introduce and test new equipment, conduct training for the crews. The conclusions have been made about possibility for the Russian Federation of accelerating the introduction of new technologies in the global market of shipping companies, increasing competitiveness and reducing dependence on foreign technologies

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Duan, Sun, Ouyang, Chen, and Shi. "Reducing the Effect of Positioning Errors on Kinematic Raw Doppler (RD) Velocity Estimation Using BDS-2 Precise Point Positioning." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19133029.

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In the traditional raw Doppler (RD) velocity estimation method, the positioning error of the pseudorange-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) single point positioning (SPP) solution affects the accuracy of the velocity estimation through the station-satellite unit cosine vector. To eliminate the effect of positioning errors, this paper proposes a carrier-phase-based second generation of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS-2) precise point positioning (PPP) RD velocity estimation method. Compared with the SPP positioning accuracy of tens of meters, the BDS-2 kinematic PPP positioning accuracy is significantly improved to the dm level. In order to verify the reliability and applicability of the developed method, three dedicated tests, the vehicle-borne, ship-borne and air-borne platforms, were conducted. In the vehicle-borne experiment, the GNSS and inertial navigation system (INS)-integrated velocity solution was chosen as the reference. The velocity accuracy of the BDS-2 PPP RD method was better than that of SPP RD by 28.4%, 27.1% and 26.1% in the east, north and up directions, respectively. In the ship-borne and air-borne experiments, the BDS-2 PPP RD velocity accuracy was improved by 17.4%, 21.4%, 17.8%, and 38.1%, 17.6%, 17.5% in the same three directions, respectively, compared with the BDS-2 SPP RD solutions. The reference in these two tests is the real-time kinematic (RTK) Position Derivation (PD)-based velocity.

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Perera, Lokukaluge P., J. P. Carvalho, and C. Guedes Soares. "Solutions to the Failures and Limitations of Mamdani Fuzzy Inference in Ship Navigation." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 63, no. 4 (May 2014): 1539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2288306.

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Škrobonja, Antonio, Sanjin Valčić, Srđan Žuškin, and David Brčić. "On VDES/ECDIS Integration." Pomorstvo 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.34.1.21.

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Recently, the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) has developed VHF data exchange system (VDES). It is recognized as an efficient tool for the usage of the radio spectrum with applied new techniques in information transmission. The authors propose the possibilities of VDES to be integrated with Electronic Chart Display and Information system (ECDIS), performing as a single point for data acquisition and distribution for monitoring and processing in the ECDIS. VDES satellite link component is emphasized as a part which could extend the safety of navigation as well as possible VDES applications for future service. A completely new architecture is proposed to get efficient and reliable data path, especially in ship’s communications. VDES could become a key point in safe and secure communications with both terrestrial and satellite components, resulting in a new area of integration possibilities. The main role of VDES in ship communications could be in critical instances of the ship’s operation as well as distress situations.

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Shapovalov, K. A. "Traumatism in Operating Crew of Inland Water Transport." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 24, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto201724276-85.

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The purpose of the work was to present the state of traumatism with loss of working ability in operating crew of inland water transport during the period from 1906 to 2015. Search and selection of publications was carried out by the catalogues of the Central Scientific Medical Library, electronic library eLIBRARY.RU and electronic search engines Index Copernicus, PubMed. Peculiarities of the rate and structure of the circumstances of social-hygienic and occupational accidents among industrial workers were detected on the example of operating crew of river water transport depending on the gender, age, profession, ship management service, working experience, circumstances of accident, characteristics of traumatic agent, alcoholic intoxication, seasonal navigation period, weekly working hours, the voyage duration and latitudes. Clinical characteristics of the injuries was given, treatment results and outcomes were analyzed.

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Nechiporenko, A. N., L. D. Fesenko, and G. M. Krivosheeva. "About solution of problem of construction ship radar of higher precision class for short-range navigation purpose." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 51, no. 7 (July 2008): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0735272708070066.

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Guo, Mu-Zhuang, Chen Guo, and Chuang Zhang. "SINS/GNSS-Integrated Navigation of Surface Vessels Based on Various Nonlinear Kalman Filters and Large Ship Dynamics." Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology 16, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00537-z.

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Popov, Sergey V., Oleg A. Burmakin, and Yuriy S. Malyshev. "Study of parallel operation of diesel generators ship power plant." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 66 (March 23, 2021): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi66.148.

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Analysis of the power plants of a number of passenger ships showed the need to ensure the parallel operation of generators previously operating separately. The installed DGs are intended only for autonomous operation, which do not imply the introduction of statism into the characteristics of the generators. The aim of the work is to ensure the working condition of the ship power plants in accordance with the current requirements of the Russian River Register (RRR), which imply stable parallel operation of the diesel generator. As a result of the operation of the installed diesel engines, the complexity of precise control of the mechanical characteristics was determined, associated with the specifics of the operation of the mechanical frequency controllers installed on the engines. To determine the quality of mechanical RFI, functional and structural diagrams of the system for stabilizing the frequency of rotation of a drive motor with a mechanical regulator were developed, on the basis of which the transfer function was obtained and a conclusion was made about the instability of the regulator at large values of backlash in the mechanical transmission. Achieving this goal is possible by replacing the mechanical RFI with an electronic one with an actuator, which is confirmed by a mathematical analysis of the corresponding control systems. The transfer functions of control systems are obtained on the basis of the developed structural and functional models. Electronic controllers, made according to the presented schemes, have been introduced on a number of marine diesel generator sets and have shown a positive result. As a result of the study of the operation of the new system, the optimal parameters of the regulator settings were determined, at which the required dynamic and static characteristics were obtained. The failure-free operation of the system has been confirmed by long-term tests with the vessel operating in normal mode throughout the navigation.

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Zhang, Chuang, Chunyan Cao, Tieshan Li, and Chen Guo. "RETRACTED: An improved RISS-GPS ship navigation approach via azimuth updates and magnetometer-calibration technology." Measurement 175 (April 2021): 109101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109101.

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Menegaldo, L. L., G. Ferreira, M. F. Santos, and R. S. Guerato. "Development and Navigation of a Mobile Robot for Floating Production Storage and Offloading Ship Hull Inspection." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56, no. 9 (September 2009): 3717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2009.2025716.

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Santi, Fabrizio, Debora Pastina, and Marta Bucciarelli. "Experimental Demonstration of Ship Target Detection in GNSS-Based Passive Radar Combining Target Motion Compensation and Track-before-Detect Strategies." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030599.

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This work discusses methods and experimental results on passive radar detection of moving ships using navigation satellites as transmitters of opportunity. The reported study highlights as the adoption of proper strategies combining target motion compensation and track-before-detect methods to achieve long time integration can be fruitfully exploited in GNSS-based passive radar for the detection of maritime targets. The proposed detection strategy reduces the sensitivity of long-time integration methods to the adopted motion models and can save the computational complexity, making it appealing for real-time implementations. Experimental results obtained in three different scenarios (port operations, navigation in open area, and river shipping) comprising maritime targets belonging to different classes show as this combined approach can be employed with success in several operative scenarios of practical interest for this technology.

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Suo, Yongfeng, Wenke Chen, Christophe Claramunt, and Shenhua Yang. "A Ship Trajectory Prediction Framework Based on a Recurrent Neural Network." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 5133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185133.

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Ship trajectory prediction is a key requisite for maritime navigation early warning and safety, but accuracy and computation efficiency are major issues still to be resolved. The research presented in this paper introduces a deep learning framework and a Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) model to predict vessel trajectories. First, series of trajectories are extracted from Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship data (i.e., longitude, latitude, speed, and course). Secondly, main trajectories are derived by applying the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm. Next, a trajectory information correction algorithm is applied based on a symmetric segmented-path distance to eliminate the influence of a large number of redundant data and to optimize incoming trajectories. A recurrent neural network is applied to predict real-time ship trajectories and is successively trained. Ground truth data from AIS raw data in the port of Zhangzhou, China were used to train and verify the validity of the proposed model. Further comparison was made with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network. The experiments showed that the ship’s trajectory prediction method can improve computational time efficiency even though the prediction accuracy is similar to that of LSTM.

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Namie, Hiromune, Nobuaki Kubo, Osamu Suzuki, Chie Kojima, and Yasuhiko Aiko. "Comparative evaluation on IMES and the other positioning systems for navigation performance in a ship." Electronics and Communications in Japan 102, no. 8 (June 20, 2019): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecj.12198.

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Lyu, Hongguang, and Yong Yin. "Fast Path Planning for Autonomous Ships in Restricted Waters." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122592.

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Presently, there is increasing interest in autonomous ships to reduce human errors and support intelligent navigation, where automatic collision avoidance and path planning is a key problem, especially in restricted waters. To solve this problem, a path-guided hybrid artificial potential field (PGHAPF) method is first proposed in this paper. It is essentially a reactive path-planning algorithm that provides fast feedback in a changeable environment, including dynamic target ships (TSs) and static obstacles, for steering an autonomous ship safely. The proposed strategy, which is a fusion of the potential field and gradient methods, consists of potential-based path planning for arbitrary static obstacles, gradient-based decision-making for dynamic TSs, and their combination with consideration of the prior path and waypoint selection optimization. A three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of a Mariner class vessel and a low-level controller have been incorporated together in this method to ensure that the vessel’s positions are updated at each time step in order to acquire a more applicable and reliable trajectory. Simulations show that the PGHAPF method has the potential to rapidly generate adaptive, collision-free and International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS)-constrained trajectories in restricted waters by deterministic calculations. Furthermore, this method has the potential to perform path planning on an electronic chart platform and to overcome some drawbacks of traditional artificial potential field (APF) methods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ship electronic navigation'

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