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Journal articles on the topic 'Ship manoeuvring simulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fang, Ming-Chung, Kun-Yuan Tsai, and Chih-Chung Fang. "A Simplified Simulation Model of Ship Navigation for Safety and Collision Avoidance in Heavy Traffic Areas." Journal of Navigation 71, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 837–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000923.

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Based on our previously developed ship collision avoidance steering system, this paper develops a more extensive collision avoidance decision-making system for non-uniformly moving ships. A real-time simulator based on the Six-Dimensional (6D) Manoeuvring Modelling Group (MMG) model is used to simulate the ship's motion. To validate the manoeuvring mathematical model, sea trial measurements of a container ship (C-3) have been selected. This study incorporates Nomoto's second-order model into a numerical model to calculate the turning characteristics of the ship. The manoeuvring indices of Nomoto's model are the knowledge base of the simplified ship simulation model. To verify the ship collision avoidance system with respect to different traffic factors, simple and complex collision avoidance cases have been designed in fast-time simulations with multi-ship encounter conditions. The simplified simulation model developed here can quickly determine the helm angle when the ship makes a collision avoidance manoeuvre, which is helpful for the safety of ship navigation in heavy traffic areas.

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2

Benedict, Knud, Michèle Schaub, Michael Baldauf, Michael Gluch, Matthias Kirchhoff, and Caspar Krüger. "New Results For Teaching Ship Handling Using Fast Time Simulation." Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, no. 7s (August 31, 2021): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-7s.15new.

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Some years ago, the SAMMON software tool box was introduced for “simulation augmented manoeuvring design, monitoring & conning”. It is based on the innovative “rapid advanced prediction & interface technology” (RAPIT) to simulate the ships motion by fast time simulation FTS with complex dynamic math models and to display the ships track immediately in an electronic sea chart for any rudder, thruster or engine manoeuvre planned by the navigator.specifically, the SAMMON planning tool will be shown in its opportunities for achieving new knowledge for teaching of ships dynamic and training of ship handling elements. That system represents the full information from ships’ manoeuvring documentation and from additional trial results squeezed in a ship dynamic model, capable of simulating environmental effects by using the RAPIT technology. The paper introduces the variety of opportunities of the training tools by presenting use case studies, e.g. For drifting under wind and how to get simple formulas for drift speed related to wind speed. Additionally, two complex manoeuvring strategies for a port arrival scenario will be compared for a ship with azimuth propeller to find out potential alternatives with less fuel consumptions and emissions.

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3

Zhang, Jie, and Yingjun Zhang. "A Novel Ship-Ship Distance Model in Restricted Channel via Gaussian-TRR Identification." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 1, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6626850.

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Very large ships are crucial cargo ships that are relatively difficult to manoeuvre, and ship-ship distance is a vital manoeuvring parameter in restricted channel. To ensure ship safety and improve scheduling efficiency, this study established a ship-ship distance model in restricted channel by ship manoeuvring motion simulation, collision detection, and identification modelling. Firstly, the ship manoeuvring model calculated the forces and moments of ship-ship interaction and ship-bank interaction. Then, the collision detection was applied to calculate the intersection area of ship collision. Secondly, the discrete numerical simulation approach was employed with varying speed and distance, and the intersection area was counted. Finally, the 3D Gaussian models of encountering and overtaking were identified by the trust-region-reflective (TRR) algorithm, and ship-ship distance and prohibited zone were proposed. The results show that the minimum ship-ship distance for encountering and overtaking is 1.50 and 2.4 ship beam, respectively, which is consistent with Japan’s standard. The numerical results revealed that the prohibited zone is an elliptical shape. The ship-ship distance and prohibited zone serve as ship safety domain for collision avoidance during harbor approaching.

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4

Aarsæther, Karl Gunnar, and Torgeir Moan. "Adding the Human Element to Ship Manoeuvring Simulations." Journal of Navigation 63, no. 4 (September 13, 2010): 695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346331000024x.

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Time-domain simulation of ship manoeuvring has been utilized in risk analysis to assess the effect of changes to the ship-lane, development in traffic volume and the associated risk. The process of ship manoeuvring in a wider socio-technical context consists of the technical systems, operational procedures, the human operators and support functions. Automated manoeuvring simulations without human operators in the simulation loop have often been preferred in simulation studies due to the low time required for simulations. Automatic control has represented the human element with little effort devoted to explain the relationship between the guidance and control algorithms and the human operator which they replace. This paper describes the development and application of a model for the human element for autonomous time-domain manoeuvring simulations. The method is applicable in the time-domain, modular and found to be capable of reproducing observed manoeuvre patterns, but limited to represent the intended behaviour.

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5

Song, Hao Ran. "Study on Application in the Teaching of Ship Maneuvering Simulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.580.

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Ship handling Simulator system was dominated by computer technology, combined with disciplines such as ship hydrodynamics, to emulate a variety of sea and sea conditions, various types of ships and its control system, achieve the purpose of simulation training. At present, the ship manoeuvring Simulator in navigational teaching and training not only from the international shipping industry is generally acceptable, but also highly valued by the International Maritime Organization. Therefore, growing on ship manoeuvring Simulator in navigational teaching research on the application and training of the crew, ship maneuvering simulator training more rational, more realistic, more standardized.

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6

Hasegawa, Kazuhiko, and Yoshimichi Sasaki. "Java-Based Simulation Tool for Ship Manoeuvring." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 22 (September 1997): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)46504-9.

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7

Ni, Shengke, Zhengjiang Liu, and Yao Cai. "Ship Manoeuvrability-Based Simulation for Ship Navigation in Collision Situations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040090.

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In this article, a ship manoeuvrability-based simulation for ship navigation in collision situations is established. Under the general requirement from the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) and good seamanship, the determination of encounter situations is quantified to reduce navigators’ intervention. Meanwhile, the action manner by course alteration or changing speed in some typical encounter situations is graphically analysed for both the give-way and stand-on vessels. Then, the multiple genetic algorithm and linear extension algorithm are adopted to perform trajectory planning for collision avoidance. To improve the reliability of the simulation system, the mathematical model of ship motion and ship manoeuvring control mechanism are adopted, which can eliminate the insufficiency of neglect of ship manoeuvrability in the process of collision avoidance. Meanwhile, the course encoding technique is adopted to fit the ship manoeuvring control mechanism. Finally, a set of traffic scenarios emulating different encounter situations are applied to demonstrate the effectiveness, consistency, and practicality of this system.

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8

Ayaz, Z., O. Turan, and D. Vassalos. "Manoeuvring and Seakeeping Aspects of Pod-Driven Ships." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 219, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/147509005x10495.

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An existing coupled non-linear six-degree-of-freedom model, which combines manoeuvring and seakeeping, is being enhanced for the simulation of motions of azimuthing pod-driven vessels. The equations of motions and modified numerical model for calculation of pod-induced propulsive and hull forces are presented. The modified numerical code has been verified using an extensive amount of experimental data for both conventional and pod-driven roll-on roll-off passenger ship/ferry (ROPAX) hull forms. Comparisons have been made between conventional and podded control using zigzag and pull-out manoeuvring tests and significant motion amplitudes in waves, with the aim of investigating the directional stability and course-keeping ability of pod-driven ships, as well as the effect of large pod-induced heel angles to the turning and ship motions in waves. The results showed satisfactory agreement with experiments for the enhanced model. In the light of this investigation, the importance of hydrodynamic optimization for the azimuthing pod-driven ship design to eliminate any stability and control problems caused by design modifications has been demonstrated by the use of numerical simulations. Finally the efficiency of the azimuthing podded drives, in terms of overall controllability and seakeeping characteristics of ships, is discussed and conclusions are drawn.

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9

Luo, Weilin. "Parameter Identifiability of Ship Manoeuvring Modeling Using System Identification." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8909170.

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To improve the feasibility of system identification in the prediction of ship manoeuvrability, several measures are presented to deal with the parameter identifiability in the parametric modeling of ship manoeuvring motion based on system identification. Drift of nonlinear hydrodynamic coefficients is explained from the point of view of regression analysis. To diminish the multicollinearity in a complicated manoeuvring model, difference method and additional signal method are employed to reconstruct the samples. Moreover, the structure of manoeuvring model is simplified based on correlation analysis. Manoeuvring simulation is performed to demonstrate the validity of the measures proposed.

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10

Benedict, Knud, Sandro Fischer, Michael Gluch, Matthias Kirchhoff, Michele Schaub, Michael Baldauf, and Burkhard Müller. "Innovative Fast Time Simulation Tools for Briefing / Debriefing in Advanced Ship Handling Simulator Training and Ship Operation." Transactions on Maritime Science 6, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v06.n01.003.

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The innovative “Simulation-Augmented Manoeuvring Design, Monitoring & Control” system (SAMMON) based on Fast Time Simulation (FTS) technology was developed at the Institute for Innovative Ship Simulation and Maritime Systems (ISSIMS) of the Maritime Simulation Centre Warnemuende MSCW. The system consists of software modules for (a) Manoeuvring Design & Planning, (b) Monitoring & Control based on Multiple Dynamic Prediction and (c) Trial & Training. It is based on complex ship dynamic models for rudder, thruster or engine manoeuvre simulation under different environmental conditions. It is an effective tool for lecturing and demonstrating ship's motion characteristics, as well as for ship handling simulator training. It allows the trainee to immediately see the results of the actual rudder, engine or thruster commands, without having to wait for the real-time response of the vessel. The Maritime Simulation Centre of AIDA Cruises at Rostock/Germany and the CSMART Center for Simulator Maritime Training of Carnival Corporation at Almere/NL have some experience with the use of this new technology to improve simulator training in Advanced Ship Handling Training courses. Examples of its application in briefing/debriefing and introductory lectures for simulator exercises specifically for typical cruise ships with Twin-Screw and Rudder systems will be presented in the paper and at the conference.

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11

Zhou, Kang, Jihong Chen, and Xiang Liu. "Optimal Collision-Avoidance Manoeuvres to Minimise Bunker Consumption under the Two-Ship Crossing Situation." Journal of Navigation 71, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463317000534.

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This paper optimises two-ship collision-avoidance manoeuvres accounting for both collision risk and fuel use. A collision-avoidance manoeuvring optimisation model is developed to minimise fuel consumption while assuring ships' operational safety. The model can optimally determine when to begin collision-avoidance actions, how to change courses, and what rudder angles are needed. A quantitative scenario simulation is developed to illustrate the model application. The methodology can be further developed to guide practical ship collision-avoidance manoeuvring decisions made under more operational scenarios. In particular, this research can contribute to the development of computer-aided collision-avoidance operations to improve the safety and energy efficiency of maritime transportation.

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12

Gucma, Lucjan, and Zbigniew Pietrzykowski. "Ship Manoeuvring in Restricted Areas: An Attempt to Quantify Dangerous Situations Using a Probabilistic-Fuzzy Method." Journal of Navigation 59, no. 2 (April 6, 2006): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037346330600364x.

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This paper presents a practical application of the probabilistic-fuzzy method for assessment of the safety of a ship manoeuvring in waterways. The method, based on probabilistic risk analysis and elements of fuzzy logic, takes into account situations of threatened navigational safety and situations when a navigator intuitively thinks that the safety of manoeuvring ship is threatened. The probability of grounding a ship manoeuvring in a waterway bend is determined by means of simulation method. Then, with the use of experts' knowledge and tools of fuzzy logic the probability of a dangerous situation is determined. Two different approaches are applied for the determination of that probability. The results are compared.

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13

Toan Tran, Khanh, and . "A Study on the Application of Sensitivity Analysis for Ship Hydrodynamic Coefficients." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24929.

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In the mathematical model with multiple input variables, the sensitivity analysis of the input variables is an important step to ensure the reliability of the mathematical model. In order to optimize the ship manoeuvring simulation, in particular the optimization of the trajectory ship, the sensitivity analysis should be performed in the mathematical model to select the group of the most sensitive hydrodynamic coefficients. In this paper, the author applied the sensitivity analysis method in mathematics model of ship manoeuvring programming in order to optimize the ship trajectory of Esso Bernicia 193000DWT tanker model.

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14

Bąk, Andrzej, and Lucjan Gucma. "The Risk of Striking Accidents During LPG Ships Passage in Ports in Respect to Technical Failures based on Real Time Simulations in Szczecin-Świnoujście Waterway." Journal of KONBiN 39, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2016-0037.

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Abstract The method of risk assessment based on ship systems technical failures during the passage in the region of Świnoujście of the large LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tanker is presented. The statistical reliability indicators and the simulation model of ships manoeuvring. The researches carried out within this paper let to determine the safety level and necessary tug escort service during the passage of the ship with the hazardous cargo in the port area.

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15

Sutulo, S., L. Moreira, and C. Guedes Soares. "Mathematical models for ship path prediction in manoeuvring simulation systems." Ocean Engineering 29, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-8018(01)00023-3.

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16

Varela, Jose Miguel, and C. Guedes Soares. "Geometry and visual realism of ship models for digital ship bridge simulators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 231, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090216642470.

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This article addresses the main requirements and the process of creating the geometry of ship models that fulfil the highly demanding request for realism and performance of the virtual environments currently used in modern ship bridge simulators. It starts with a classification of the ships based on their role in the simulation and on the type of simulator used, and defines the main characteristics of the models. It also discusses the importance of a well-defined workflow and its impact on the modelling time and on the quality of the final product. The article provides contributions in the following areas: identification of the main requirements of polygonal models of ships for ship simulators; effective workflow for ship three-dimensional modelling and identification of most suitable modelling techniques for efficient creation of ship models. The study is supported by real examples of three-dimensional modelling of ships with different sizes and characteristics currently used by the ship manoeuvring simulator in the Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering of the University of Lisbon.

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17

KONDO, Masatoshi, Hiroyuki YANO, Yo FUKUI, and Yasuo YOSHIMURA. "Simple Simulation Model for Manoeuvring Ship Motion of Twin-propeller and Single-rudder Ships." Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 133 (2015): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9749/jin.133.28.

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18

Benedict, K., M. Kirchhoff, S. Fischer, M. Gluch, S. Klaes, and M. Baldauf. "Application of Fast Time Simulation Technologies for enhanced Ship Manoeuvring Operation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 20 (September 2010): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100915-3-de-3008.00058.

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19

Trägärdh, P., P. Lindell, and N. Sasaki. "Double Acting Tanker: Experiences from Model Tests and Sea Trials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 219, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/147509005x10413.

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The acronym DAT stands for double acting tanker, a concept where the ship is designed to run astern in heavy ice conditions while remaining hydrodynamically efficient for ahead propulsion in open water conditions. Two large aframax DATs - 106.000 dwt (deadweight tons) each - have been delivered by Sumitomo Heavy Industries to Fortum Oil and Gas OY. They are the first crude carriers built according to the DAT principle and also the first using pod propulsion from the beginning (Fig. 1). They will also be the world's largest crude carriers with ice class 1A super and are primarily intended for year-round transportation of North Sea crude to Fortum's refineries in the Gulf of Finland. The ships were appointed ‘ship of the year’ in Japan in 2003. SSPA was contracted by Sumitomo Heavy Industries to perform model tests. A comprehensive open water model test programme was used to investigate aspects of resistance and propulsion, manoeuvring, and cavitation performance. As the ship is designed to operate both in ahead and astern conditions for prolonged periods of time, most tests were performed both ahead and astern. Also, a simulation study of dynamic positioning at buoy or floating production, storage offshore (FPSO) loading was made by SSPA. Comprehensive tests of the ship's performance in ice were performed in the ice tank at MARC (Masa-Yards Artic Research Centre). The eight-month model testing and development campaign resulted in a ship with excellent propulsion and manoeuvring performance, especially with regard to the high ice class. Sea trials carried out with ship in August 2002 confirmed the results of the model test. Interesting experiences of the model test campaign and comparison between model test and sea trial results are presented, as well as some examples of single-point mooring simulations.

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20

Gucma, Stanisław, Marcin Przywarty, Jan Dzwonkowski, and Mateusz Bilewski. "Dimensioning of Fairway Bends—Kinematic Method of Numerical Simulation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020138.

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The article presents a new kinematic method of numerical simulation intended for establishing dimensions of safe manoeuvring areas of bends in various types of fairways for vessels of specific parameters. The method consists of multiple numerical simulations of a ship’s passage (ship’s centre of gravity) through a bend, representing the entire physically possible movement of the ship, and an analysis of simulation results. The developed method was verified on the bends of the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway, by comparing the results to the exact simulation method of a ship’s movements. The relatively high accuracy and low costs of the method allow it to be used in a concept design of built or modern waterway systems.

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21

Yuura, Tetsuhiro, Hirotada Hashimoto, and Akihiko Matsuda. "Manoeuvrability of a Large Cruise Ship after Damage for Safe Return to Port." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050378.

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Free-running model tests were conducted using a scaled model of a large cruise ship with a damaged compartment, to investigate the effects of damage opening and floodwater on the manoeuvring performance in calm water and regular and irregular head waves. Drifting tests in regular beam waves were also performed. The experimental results indicated that the course-keeping ability in waves and turning ability became worse in the damaged condition. However, the target ship retained its manoeuvrability for safe return to the port, on its own, even in a damaged state. As it is time- and cost-consuming to conduct a free-running model experiment, a captive model test was also carried out to develop a system-based simulation model for evaluating the manoeuvrability of large cruise ships after damage.

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22

Zwolan, Piotr, and Krzysztof Czaplewski. "EVALUATION OF VESSEL SIMULATION MODEL COMPATIBILITY WITH ITS EQUIVALENT IN REALITY." Annual of Navigation 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aon-2013-0011.

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ABSTRACT Complex simulation systems are often used in order to enhance the safety level on newly designed navigation areas and to facilitate their verification process. The application of these systems supersedes older methods based on manoeuvring basins, wherein models minified in particular scales were used. Modern methods are definitely cheaper and require less work. The paper presents the method of assessment of the compatibility of a ship simulation model with its real counterpart. Access to the simulator’s components responsible for creating and editing bodies of water as well as ship models gives the possibility of their verification. Using cutting-edge navigation systems such as inertial systems, weather stations and GPS gives the possibility of obtaining indispensable information about ship’s behaviour under certain hydro-meteorological conditions.

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23

Sunarsih, Nur Izzuddin, and Agoes Priyanto. "Thrust and Torque Estimation Scheme Based on Chebyshev Polynomial for Ship Manoeuvring Simulation." Procedia Manufacturing 2 (2015): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.063.

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24

Sarıöz, Kadir, Abdi Kükner, and Ebru Narlı. "A Real-Time Ship Manoeuvring Simulation Study for the Strait of Istanbul (Bosporus)." Journal of Navigation 52, no. 3 (September 1999): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463399008498.

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During the past thirty years, there has been a steady growth in the size and number of ships that use the Strait of Istanbul (Bosporus), which is one of the most difficult, crowded, and potentially dangerous waterways in the world. There have been over two hundred accidents over the past decade resulting in loss of life and serious damage to the environment. Many of the proposed export routes for forthcoming production from the Caspian sea region pass westwards through the Black Sea and the Bosporus en-route to the Mediterranean Sea and world markets. The risks and dangers associated with tanker navigation, maritime accidents and environmental catastrophe are aggravated with the increase in the density of traffic, tanker size and cargo capacity, as well as the nature of the cargo. In order to ease the problem, a Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) was established and approved by IMO in 1994. This scheme has drastically reduced the number of collisions. However, one-way or two-way suspension of traffic in the Bosporus is inevitable for ships that cannot comply with the TSS because of their type, size or poor manoeuvring characteristics. The selection of size criteria to comply with the TSS has been a matter of discussion. This paper presents the results of a real-time simulation study investigating the manoeuvring performance of large tankers in the Bosporus. The study was conducted with a simulator capable of subjecting a given hull form to any combination of environmental conditions, i.e. wind, current and wave drift forces. The results indicate that, when realistic environmental conditions are taken into account, the size of ships that can navigate safely in compliance with the traffic separation lanes is limited.

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Benedict, Knud, Matthias Kirchhoff, Michael Gluch, Sandro Fischer, Michele Schaub, Michael Baldauf, and Sebastian Klaes. "Simulation Augmented Manoeuvring Design and Monitoring: a New Method for Advanced Ship Handling." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 8, no. 1 (2014): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.08.01.15.

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26

Zhang, Yuan Liang. "A Method of Ship’s Path Planning at Sea." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 2038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.2038.

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Automatic route design will help to develop electronic chart intelligence, hence to improve safety, economy and reliability of the route. In the paper rasterizing charts are used to expressed the navigation environment of the ship and the modified A* algorithm is used to compute the near optimum trajectory of a ship in given environment based on electronic chart dispiay and information system (ECDIS). By tracing Safety contours, computing obstacle areas and taking into account certain boundaries of the manoeuvring region, the problem of avoiding collisions at sea was reduced to optimization task with static constrains. Simulation using MATLAB is conducted to verify the proposed ship path planning method. The good results show the promise of this method for ship at sea.

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27

Wang, Ning. "An Intelligent Spatial Collision Risk Based on the Quaternion Ship Domain." Journal of Navigation 63, no. 4 (September 13, 2010): 733–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463310000202.

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In this paper, a novel ship domain model termed quaternion ship domain (QSD) is proposed. Unlike other ship domains, the proposed QSD is more dependable and more flexible for navigators to use to make decisions. The main characteristics are that: the domain size is determined by the quaternion including four radii, i.e. fore, aft, starboard and port, which sufficiently take factors affecting the domain (i.e. ship manoeuvring capability, speeds and courses, etc.) into account; and that the domain shape is modelled by another parameter which makes the QSD more flexible since the ship boundary could not only be linear or nonlinear, but also be thin or fat. In order to reasonably relate the proposed QSD to practical applications, i.e. collision risk assessment, collision avoidance and trajectory planning, etc., a fuzzy QSD (FQSD) has been developed by using fuzzy sets. As a result, fuzzy boundaries rather than crisp ones in the FQSD are more practical and more convenient for navigators to understand and judge since uncertainty and fuzzy information have been merged into the FQSD. Furthermore, concepts of longitudinal and lateral risk based on the FQSD have been introduced to estimate the spatial collision risk (SCR) for the ships encountered. Finally, several computer simulations have been conducted on various encounter situations and comparative studies with other ship domains have been comprehensively analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed QSD is more effective and more flexible than other ship domains, and that the intelligent SCR based on the FQSD are reasonable and dependable.

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Gucma, Stanisław, and Rafał Gralak. "Probabilistic-Deterministic Method of Rescaling Ship Manoeuvring Simulation Data Defining Parameters of Fairway Bends." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0016.

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Abstract The article presents a method of scaling up existing simulation tests results from ships with parameters L1, B1 (length and breadth) determining a safe waterway bend width (d1) to specify a width (d2) safe for ships with other dimensions L2, B2. This method enables accurate determination of the safe fairway width (d) in case it has been planned to increase maximum length and width of vessels without carrying out relatively expensive simulation tests. The method was used in designing the parameters of the modernized Swinoujscie-Szczecin fairway.

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29

Ha, Jisang, Myung-Il Roh, and Hye-Won Lee. "Quantitative calculation method of the collision risk for collision avoidance in ship navigation using the CPA and ship domain." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 8, no. 3 (May 13, 2021): 894–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab021.

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Abstract Collision risk (CR) assessment is necessary for avoiding collisions with other ships. The CR can be used to make decisions on collision avoidance. In this respect, the ship domain and the closest point of approach (CPA)-based methods have been proposed to assess the CRs. However, the ship domain method is limited in terms of the quantitative calculation of the CR, whereas the CPA-based method does not guarantee reliable collision avoidance. In this study, an improved method is proposed for the quantitative calculation of the CR in ship navigation that combines the advantages of two existing methods. The proposed method calculates the CR using the CPA and defines the ship domain as a critical value of the CR to ensure reliable collision avoidance. In this process, the CR value of another ship on the boundary of the ship domain is calculated as 1, which implies that collision occurs, and the coefficients for the CR calculation are adjusted considering the distance from the ship domain. Furthermore, the manoeuvring performance and the heading angle of the ships are considered in the calculation of the CR. To evaluate the proposed method, it is applied to various examples, including a comparison with previous methods. The results show that the proposed method can be used to obtain a quantitative CR for collision avoidance.

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Łazuga, Kinga, Nguyễn Minh Quý, and Lucjan Gucma. "Cost-Effective Design of Port Approaches Using Simulation Methods Based on the Example of a Modernized Port in the Ustka." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020211.

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Port design and approaches are usually carried out using real-time computer simulation methods for ship manoeuvring. So-called ship real-time simulation methods are relatively expensive, especially in terms of survey time. Several real-time simulation scenarios carried out by masters and pilots are usually performed, with several simulation attempts in each scenario. Each such attempt can last up to one hour, which, with a large number of scenarios, prolongs the research and increases its cost. Particularly time-consuming is the repetition of many scenarios with alternative solutions for infrastructure development and in various hydrometeorological conditions. To reduce the time-consuming of the tests, a new two-stage method was used to design the target approach on the modernized Port of Ustka. In the first stage, the simulations were carried out with significantly reduced floating navigation marking, and in the second stage with the target marking. Moreover, the so-called “Soft-Bank” method was introduced, i.e., the effects of a collision with the seabed and infrastructure were excluded. Such a solution leads to significant time benefits in conducting research and at the same time does not reduce confidence in the results obtained.

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Pourzanjani, M. M. A., H. K. Zienkiewicz, and J. O. Flower. "A hybrid method of estimating hydrodynamically-generated forces for use in ship-manoeuvring simulation." International Shipbuilding Progress 34, no. 399 (November 1, 1987): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/isp-1987-3439902.

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Lisowski, Józef. "Computational Intelligence in Marine Control Engineering Education." Polish Maritime Research 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2021-0015.

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Abstract This paper presents a new approach to the existing training of marine control engineering professionals using artificial intelligence. We use optimisation strategies, neural networks and game theory to support optimal, safe ship control by applying the latest scientific achievements to the current process of educating students as future marine officers. Recent advancements in shipbuilding, equipment for robotised ships, the high quality of shipboard game plans, the cost of overhauling, dependability, the fixing of the shipboard equipment and the requesting of the safe shipping and environmental protection, requires constant information on recent equipment and programming for computational intelligence by marine officers. We carry out an analysis to determine which methods of artificial intelligence can allow us to eliminate human subjectivity and uncertainty from real navigational situations involving manoeuvring decisions made by marine officers. Trainees learn by using computer simulation methods to calculate the optimal safe traverse of the ship in the event of a possible collision with other ships, which are mapped using neural networks that take into consideration the subjectivity of the navigator. The game-optimal safe trajectory for the ship also considers the uncertainty in the navigational situation, which is measured in terms of the risk of collision. The use of artificial intelligence methods in the final stage of training on ship automation can improve the practical education of marine officers and allow for safer and more effective ship operation.

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Rybczak, Monika, and Kamil Podgórski. "Pareto Effect of LMI for Ship Propulsion." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 7297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167297.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of a multidimensional object based on the Pareto curve for the Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) controller. The study was carried out based on an available “Blue Lady” training vessel model controller with the use of a MATLAB and Simulink simulation package. Research was focused on optimising both the energy to be used when manoeuvring and the ship’s dynamics. Analysis was combined with the application of H2/H∞ norms finding the Pareto optimal solution for mixed norms used at the γ∞ parameter. Observations for a multidimensional ship model proved that it is possible to optimize the system, using principles of the Pareto curve, to reduce energy consumption in steering-propulsion systems while performing precise manoeuvres in ports correctly. Parameter values, received from observations of operation of individual steering-propulsion systems, proved to be reasonable.

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Witkowska, Anna, Miroslaw Tomera, and Roman Śmierzchalski. "A Backstepping Approach to Ship Course Control." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-007-0007-2.

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A Backstepping Approach to Ship Course ControlAs an object of course control, the ship is characterised by a nonlinear function describing static manoeuvring characteristics that reflect the steady-state relation between the rudder deflection and the rate of turn of the hull. One of the methods which can be used for designing a nonlinear ship course controller is the backstepping method. It is used here for designing two configurations of nonlinear controllers, which are then applied to ship course control. The parameters of the obtained nonlinear control structures are tuned to optimise the operation of the control system. The optimisation is performed using genetic algorithms. The quality of operation of the designed control algorithms is checked in simulation tests performed on the mathematical model of a tanker. In order to obtain reference results to be used for comparison with those recorded for nonlinear controllers designed using the backstepping method, a control system with the PD controller is examined as well.

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Suzuki, Ryosuke, Michio Ueno, and Yoshiaki Tsukada. "Numerical simulation of 6-degrees-of-freedom motions for a manoeuvring ship in regular waves." Applied Ocean Research 113 (August 2021): 102732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2021.102732.

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Vinayak, Patil Prasad, Chelladurai Sree Krishna Prabu, Nagarajan Vishwanath, and Sha Om Prakash. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHIP NAVIGATION IN ROUGH SEAS BASED ON ECMWF DATA." Brodogradnja 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 19–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21278/brod72102.

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Recently, several changes have been observed in the Earth’s environment. This is also applicable to the ocean environment. The concept of weather routing has been applied for ship navigation for a long time. Many service providers offer weather routing service with the availability of high-quality satellite data. Unfortunately, not much information is available in the public domain as to how much the recent change in the weather pattern has affected ship navigation. The purpose of this paper is to fill this information gap. We investigate the influence of recent changes in the ocean environment on ship navigation. Weather data from ECMWF, namely ERA-Interim, is used for this purpose. The ECMWF data for the last 27 years is analysed. We compute the statistical characteristics of this data for the first 10 years, last 10 years, and 27 years. The statistical characteristics of the data are determined based on “summer” and “winter” zones as defined by international maritime regulations. Six different worldwide commercial ship routes are selected covering all the ocean regions. Navigation on great ellipse with waypoint is considered. MMG type ship manoeuvring model for 3 different ship types (DTMB 5415, PCC, VLCC) is used. The added resistance due to wave, wind and the effort of keeping the ship on the desired course using autopilot in the rough ocean environment is included in the MMG model. The fuel consumption and the duration of each one of the voyage are computed. Based on the analysis and simulation results it is shown that: (i) The mean wave height, wave period, and wind speed has increased in some ocean zones and decreased in other ocean zones. If any change has occurred, it is uniform for both seasons (summer and winter). (ii) In which ocean regions there is a perceptible change in fuel consumption, average ship speed and voyage time due to the changes in the weather pattern. (iii) The changing weather pattern in different ocean zones affects each ship type differently.

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Gucma, Lucjan, Maciej Gucma, and Rafał Gralak. "Manoeuvring Simulation Methods Applied to Determine the Shape and Operational Condition of New Ports – Mielno Port Case Study." Transactions on Maritime Science 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v03.n01.001.

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This paper presents a complex method of establishment of optimum design of sea ports with regard to navigational safety. Real-time simulation method was implemented in the presented study. The limited task real-time simulation model was created together with characteristic ship models and environment. The paper presents several stages of the research, such as the designing of the model, planning of simulation experiments and statistical analysis of results, The results are used as design guidelines for the small Polish sea port of Mielno which is currently under development.

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Artyszuk, Jarosław. "Peculiarities of Zigzag Behaviour in Linear Models of Ship Yaw Motion." Annual of Navigation 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2016-0002.

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Abstract The present survey, as part of larger project, is devoted to properties of pure linear models of yaw motion for directionally stable ships, of the first- and second-order, sometimes referred to as the Nomoto models. In rather exhaustive way, it exactly compares and explains both models in that what is being lost in the zigzag behaviour, if the reduction to the simpler, first-order dynamics (K-T model) is attempted with the very famous [Nomoto et al., 1957] approximation: T = T1 + T2 - T3. The latter three time constants of the second-order model, more physically sound, are strictly dependent on the hydrodynamic coefficients of an essential part of the background full-mission manoeuvring model. The approximation of real ship behaviour in either of the mentioned linearity orders, and the corresponding complex parameters may facilitate designing and evaluating ship steering, and identifying some regions of advanced nonlinear models, where linearisation is valid.As a novel outcome of the conducted investigation, a huge inadequacy of such a first- -order model for zigzag simulation is reported. If this procedure is used for determining steering quality indices, those would be of course inadequate, and the process of utilizing them (e.g. autopilot) inefficient.

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Voskuijl, M., G. D. Padfield, D. J. Walker, B. J. Manimala, and A. W. Gubbels. "Simulation of automatic helicopter deck landings using nature inspired flight control." Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1151 (January 2010): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400000350x.

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Abstract Research studies have indicated that the optical flow parameter, time to close tau, is the basis of purposeful control in the animal world, and used by both fixed wing and helicopter pilots during manoeuvring. This parameter is defined as the instantaneous time to close a gap (spatial or force) at the current closing rate. A novel automatic flight control strategy has been developed that makes use of optical flow theory and in particular, the parameter tau. This strategy has been applied to two distinct problems; (1) the landing of a helicopter on a ship and (2) the lateral repositioning of a helicopter. The first is a challenging case because the landing of a helicopter on a ship is one of the most dangerous of all helicopter flight operations. Furthermore, helicopters are often subject to torque oscillations during rapid collective control, which increases pilot workload significantly when operating with low power margins and/or whilst performing tasks that require accurate heave control. The second case demonstrates the generality of the technique. Both automatic manoeuvres were simulated successfully within desired limits, with the novel control strategy creating a ‘natural’, smooth, tau motion.

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40

Lisowski, Józef. "Optimization-Supported Decision-Making in the Marine Game Environment." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.215.

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This paper analyses optimization methods and game theory to support decision making by a navigator when controlling a vessel in various real navigational situations at sea. We have demonstrated the structure of a computer system for supporting manoeuvring decisions by a navigator. Navigational situations of an optimal and game ship control have been classified. We have also described game algorithms for supporting decision-making in a form of non-cooperative and cooperative positional and matrix games, respectively. The considerations have been illustrated with a computer simulation, using the Matlab/Simulink software, of algorithms for determining safe trajectories of a vessel in a real navigational situation at sea.

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Uyar, Erol, Alican Tuncay Alpkaya, and Lütfi Mutlu. "Dynamic Modelling, Investigation of Manoeuvring Capability and Navigation Control of a Cargo Ship by using Matlab Simulation." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 3 (2016): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.018.

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42

Gucma, Lucjan, and Kinga Lazuga. "The Support of Port Regulation Creation and Update by Real-time Ship Manoeuvring Simulation Studies Exampled by Port of Kołobrzeg." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 13, no. 2 (2019): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.13.02.13.

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43

Tran Khanh, Toan, Abdellatif Ouahsine, Hakim Naceur, and Karima El Wassifi. "Assessment of ship manoeuvrability by using a coupling between a nonlinear transient manoeuvring model and mathematical programming techniques." Journal of Hydrodynamics 25, no. 5 (October 2013): 788–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(13)60426-6.

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44

Kamil, Md Salim, Kirill Velodosovich Rozhdestvensky, Vladimir Alexandrovich Ryzhov, Senichenkov Yuri Borisovich, and Igor Novopashenny. "Computer Simulation and Modeling In Engineering for Open Learning Environment – A Case Study on Application of Rand Model Designer for Ship Manoeuvring Analysis." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 69, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.69.1.16.

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45

Cura-Hochbaum, Andrés. "On the numerical prediction of the ship’s manoeuvring behaviour." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 5, no. 9 (July 23, 2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.49.

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A numerical procedure to predict the manoeuvrability of a ship based on Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations is described together with some recommended practices to obtain feasible results. The paper is dedicated to surface ships in unrestricted waters where usually only four degrees of freedom (DoF) are relevant. An example for a tanker shows the capability of the proposed method.

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Gierusz, Witold, and Anna Waszkiel. "Determination of Suction Forces and Moment on Parallel Manoeuvring Vessels for a Future Control System." Solid State Phenomena 180 (November 2011): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.180.281.

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Vessels moving on parallel courses on the border of two mediums interact together. Ship to ship interactions are caused by irregular pressure distribution around the hull. Higher velocity of the fluid between hulls causes formation of the decreased pressure amidships. This is the base of suction forces and moments generation. Analytical computations and computer based CFD simulations were carried out on the basis of 3DOF models of two training ships - VLCC and Passenger Car Ferry. The results of both methods are comparable. Therefore the analytical semi-empirical equations can be implemented in a future control system, which requires ship to ship interactions estimations to ensure proper working conditions.

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Xu, Haitong, Miguel A. Hinostroza, and C. Guedes Guedes Soares. "Modified Vector Field Path-Following Control System for an Underactuated Autonomous Surface Ship Modelin the Presence of Static Obstacles." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060652.

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A modified path-following control system using the vector field method for an underactuated autonomous surface ship model is proposed in the presence of static obstacles. With this integrated system, autonomous ships are capable of following the predefined path, while avoiding the obstacles automatically. It is different from the methods in most published papers, which usually study path-following and obstacle collision avoidance, separately. This paper considers the coupled path following and collision avoidance task as a whole. Meanwhile, the paper also shows the heading control design method in the presence of static obstacles. To obtain a strong stability property, a nonlinear autopilot is designed based on the manoeuvring tests of the free-running ship model. The equilibrium point of the controller is globally exponentially stable. For the guidance system, a novel vector field method was proposed, and the proof shows the coupled guidance and control system is uniform semi-global exponentially stable (USGES). To prevent the obstacles near the predefined path, the proposed guidance law is augmented by integrating the repelling field of obstacles so that it can control the ship travel toward the predefined path through the obstacles safely. The repelling field function is given considering the obstacle shape and collision risk using the velocity obstacle (VO) algorithm. The simulations and ship model test were performed to validate the integrated system of autonomous ships.

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Mohovic, Djani, Robert Mohovic, Marko Suljic, and Marko Njegovan. "Reducing the risk of collision between ships in a close-quarters situation by simulating collision avoidance actions." Journal of Navigation 74, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 558–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463321000114.

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Abstract‘Close-quarters situation’ is a term used in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. As the term is not precisely defined, this paper analyses the interpretations and definitions of the term by various authors or courts, based on judicial processes and judgments. In the end, the authors suggest their own definition of the term ‘close-quarters situation’. Knowing the minimum distance from another ship and the time to the closest point of approach at which collision may still be avoided by one's own manoeuvre is information that every ship's officer needs to know. In accordance with the proposed definition of the term ‘close-quarters situation’, minimum distances between ships and time to the closest point of approach in which the ship can still take action to avoid a collision by its own manoeuvring are determined by means of simulations on a navigational simulator. A total of 168 simulations were performed with three fine-form vessel sizes and three full-form vessel sizes. Due to the extensive amount of data, the paper presents the results for one vessel only.

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Liu, Yi, Lu Zou, and Zao-Jian Zou. "Computational fluid dynamics prediction of hydrodynamic forces on a manoeuvring ship including effects of dynamic sinkage and trim." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090217734685.

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Understanding the manoeuvring performance of a ship requires accurate predictions of the hydrodynamic forces and moments on the ship. In the present study, the hydrodynamic forces and moments on a manoeuvring container ship at various rudder and drift angles are numerically predicted by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The effects of dynamic sinkage and trim on the hydrodynamic forces are first investigated together with a grid dependency study to estimate the numerical error and uncertainty caused by grid discretization, and with a validation study combining the experimental data. The results show that the effect of dynamic sinkage and trim is non-negligible, since including it improves the hydrodynamic force predictions and reduces the numerical error and uncertainty, and the averaged error and uncertainty are smaller than the other computational fluid dynamics results where sinkage and trim were fixed with given values from model tests. Therefore, it is included in the subsequent systematic simulations regarding the influence of rudder and drift angles. The computed forces, moments and rudder coefficients at different rudder and drift angles on the container ship are compared with the benchmark model test data. From the computations, all the predicted quantities are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The details of the flow filed and hydrodynamic forces, such as pressure distributions, transverse force distributions along the hull, velocity contours, streamlines and wave patterns are presented and discussed, and a deep insight into the physical mechanism in the hydrodynamic forces on a manoeuvring ship is obtained.

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Raman-Nair, Wayne, and Robert Gash. "Least squares identification of linear sway-yaw manoeuvring coefficients and drag-area parameters of ships." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 235, no. 3 (January 7, 2021): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090220984587.

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The purpose of this paper is to present a simple least squares technique for identifying a ship’s linear sway-yaw manoeuvring coefficients and drag-area parameters in current and wind, using measured data. These coefficients are required inputs to a standard three-degree-of-freedom manoeuvring model. The identification method employs the BFGS algorithm which avoids direct computation of the Hessian of the residual function. The results of test simulation problems are discussed and an identification example with measured data is presented. The applicability and limitations of the algorithm are discussed.

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