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Journal articles on the topic 'Shipwrecks'
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1
Meyer-Kaiser, KS, CH Mires, and B. Haskell. "Invertebrate communities on shipwrecks in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary." Marine Ecology Progress Series 685 (March 10, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13987.
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Shipwrecks serve as island-like habitats on the seafloor and can be conceptualized as unplanned, unprepared, and unintentional artificial reefs. Most artificial reef studies have been restricted in scope and duration, but we have leveraged a dataset of 18 shipwrecks ranging from 15 to 155 yr old and at 24 to 140 m depth in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS; Massachusetts, USA) to investigate the factors influencing benthic invertebrate communities on shipwrecks. Classical ecological relationships between species richness and composition and shipwreck size and age (e.g. a log-linear relationship between species richness and shipwreck size) were not observed. Our hypotheses for turnover in species composition with shipwreck age and a significant influence of shipwreck material (i.e. metal, wood) on species composition were also not supported. Rather, our results showed turnover in species composition with shipwreck size, as larger shipwrecks supported dense populations of sessile species such as sponges and anemones. We also observed a high level of patchiness and a significant influence of depth on shipwreck invertebrate communities. These results highlight the importance of shipwrecks as habitats in SBNMS. High-profile shipwrecks in particular support dense invertebrate populations, but the degradation of wooden shipwrecks reduces this effect over time. Our study has implications for future artificial reef management, showing that larger shipwrecks are more valuable habitats, and that reef placement has a strong influence on the resulting species composition.
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Shapreau, CJ. "Case note. The Brother Jonathan decision: treasure salvor's 'actual possession' of shipwreck gives rise to federal jurisdiction for title claim." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 2 (January 1998): 475–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073919877047x.
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The Supreme Court issued its decision in Spring 1998 in California and State Lands Commission v Deep Sea Research, Inc. making the noteworthy holding that treasure salvors that have 'actual possession' of shipwrecks located on a state's submerged lands will not be ousted from federal court jurisdiction on Eleventh Amendment immunity grounds. Calling into question the Supreme Court's previous opinion involving shipwreck litigation in Florida Dept. of State v. Treasure Salvors, Inc., decided in 1982, the Court has made clear that claims for title to such submerged artifacts can now be fully adjudicated in federal court. In making this significant ruling, and in redefining what constitutes a 'colorable claim' to title in shipwrecks under the Abandoned Shipwreck Act, the Court resuscitated legal precedent that predates the 1865 sinking of shipwrecked Brother Jonathan.
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Baco, Zainuddin, Baszley Bee B. Basrah Bee, and Stephen Chia. "Arkeologi Maritim: Kapal Karam Di Semenanjung Malaysia." Kajian Malaysia 40, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/km2022.40.2.8.
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This article discusses archaeological research of shipwrecks as a form of underwater cultural heritage with special reference to ancient shipwrecks and their cargoes discovered in Peninsular Malaysia from 1907 to 2019. The discussion will include the formation process of underwater cultural heritage, especially the discoveries of shipwreck sites and cargoes which have connections as well as trade, cultural and political relationships with early maritime kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The significance of shipwreck sites in the development of archaeological shipwrecks in Peninsular Malaysia will also be discussed in the contexts of research and education of our national history. This is important for the early development of maritime archaeology’s potential, particularly on shipwrecks from the 1990s to the early first decade of the 21st century.
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Popta, Y. T. Van, and A. F. L. Van Holk. "Where are the Shipwrecks of the Zuiderzee? A new version of the Shipwreck Database Flevoland (3.0), based on spatial and archaeohistorical research into wreck sites in the province of Flevoland." Palaeohistoria 60 (December 14, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5beab08b4d742.
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For several decades, maritime archaeologists, state authorities and maritime-archaeological companies have worked with an outdated and inaccurate dataset (with regard to position and presence) concerning shipwrecks in part of the Zuiderzee region. The information about these wrecks was scattered over multiple databases (both analogue and digital), documenting different numbers of shipwrecks across Flevoland. In order to gain a clear and accurate overview of the shipwrecks that were discovered in the former Zuiderzee, the Shipwreck Database Flevoland (SDF) was compiled. The third version of this database is presented in this article and is mainly aimed at documenting the present condition of shipwreck sites (wrecks in situ, removed or unknown) and the accuracy of the coordinates that mark the location of the shipwreck (exact, approximate or unknown). The excavation documentation of the shipwrecks was used for retrieving accurate descriptions of wreck sites, although in most cases these descriptions referred to drainage ditches and other local topography that since have been removed or altered. Historical aerial photographs, LiDAR data and satellite images were used for tracing the course of lost but relevant drainage ditches and the exact locations of shipwrecks. Multiple wreck sites were discovered in the aerial photographs, in the form of crop- and soil-marks revealing either wrecks or former excavation trenches. These visible wreck sites correspond perfectly to the locations mentioned in the research reports and prove the accuracy and feasibility of the used methodology. The new version of the SDF therefore provides more accurate distribution and density maps of wreck sites in the province of Flevoland, which is of importance for spatial maritime archaeological research. Furthermore, the newinformation on the accuracy and presence/absence of shipwrecks can be used in archaeological heritage management. Only shipwrecks that are still present in the former seabed, and whose recorded location is reasonably accurate, can be effectively protected.
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Moloney, Michael J. "Re-imagining shipboard societies: A spatial approach to analysing ships of the British Royal Navy during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 2 (May 2018): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418766766.
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Shipwrecks have always occupied a place of primary interest in the field of maritime archaeology. This article examines the spatial organization of ships in an effort to reconstruct the social dynamics of shipboard society. Shipwrecks are often the result of site formation processes that ‘spill’ the artefacts that are often used to describe shipboard life. In order to engage a holistic interpretation of shipwreck sites we must explore the structure of the ships themselves. This article contributes methodologies for a quantitative analysis of shipwreck sites to the growing toolkit of shipwreck investigation.
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Craig, Jennifer. "VALUE OF SHIPWRECK DATA IN DATABASES." Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 36 (November 22, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v36i0.14915.
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<p>Shipwrecks are valuable archaeological sites that can contribute enormous amounts of information to Social/Natural Sciences and Humanities. This paper discusses how data from shipwreck sites can expand a multidisciplinary database. Their value is highlighted with examples of shipwrecks in Southeast Asia and their contribution to an ongoing database project at McGill University’s Indian Ocean World Center. </p>
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Character, Leila, Agustin Ortiz JR, Tim Beach, and Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach. "Archaeologic Machine Learning for Shipwreck Detection Using Lidar and Sonar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091759.
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The objective of this project is to create a new implementation of a deep learning model that uses digital elevation data to detect shipwrecks automatically and rapidly over a large geographic area. This work is intended to apply a new methodology to the field of underwater archaeology. Shipwrecks represent a major resource to understand maritime human activity over millennia, but underwater archaeology is expensive, misappropriated, and hazardous. An automated tool to rapidly detect and map shipwrecks can therefore be used to create more accurate maps of natural and archaeological features to aid management objectives, study patterns across the landscape, and find new features. Additionally, more comprehensive and accurate shipwreck maps can help to prioritize site selection and plan excavation. The model is based on open source topo-bathymetric data and shipwreck data for the United States available from NOAA. The model uses transfer learning to compensate for a relatively small sample size and addresses a recurring problem that associated work has had with false positives by training the model both on shipwrecks and background topography. Results of statistical analyses conducted—ANOVAs and box and whisker plots—indicate that there are substantial differences between the morphologic characteristics that define shipwrecks vs. background topography, supporting this approach to addressing false positives. The model uses a YOLOv3 architecture and produced an F1 score of 0.92 and a precision score of 0.90, indicating that the approach taken herein to address false positives was successful.
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KIZILDAĞ, Nilhan. "Mapping and Recording of Ancient Shipwrecks by Using Marine Remote Sensing Techniques: Case Studies From Turkish Coasts." Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 11, Early View (September 30, 2022): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33714/masteb.1144180.
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Within the context of the “Shipwreck Inventory Project of Turkey (SHIPT),” numerous acoustic remote sensing and photogrammetric surveys have been carried out along the coast of Turkey with the aim of detecting, mapping and documenting underwater cultural heritage. During the surveys, many ancient shipwreck sites have been discovered thanks to advanced technologies such as high-resolution side-scan sonar (SSS), sub-bottom profiler (SBP), and remotely operated vehicle (ROV). Once acoustic anomalies have been located, shipwreck sites have been verified by ROV and documented by 3D photogrammetric survey. Analysis of the collected data confirmed that the survey design and data acquisition parameters are the most important criteria for obtaining best quality image. Performing high-resolution remote sensing and photogrammetric survey for shipwrecks using optimal data collection techniques provides rapid results, decreasing time and budget and increasing the quantity of underwater cultural heritage that can be recorded. This paper discusses proper survey stages for the rapid, effective, high quality detection and recording of the shipwrecks using advanced technology. Acoustic images of shipwrecks comparing cargo, period, and form are also introduced in this paper, for the first time, which provide data on interpreting anomalies accurately for further exploration and monitoring surveys.
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Xing, Hui, Shu Lin Duan, Hong Liang Yu, and Qin An Liu. "The Study on Accident Probability Risk Assessment Methods for Shipwrecks in Inland Waterways." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 1027–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.1027.
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For disposal of the shipwrecks in the coastal and inland waterways timely and properly to ensure navigable vessels safely and smoothly, the process and mechanism of navigable vessels collision with shipwrecks was analyzed and shipwreck accident probabilistic risk assessment model was established based on event tree analysis. Assuming the traffic pattern in normal distribution, geometric probability of navigable vessels into collision route was determined according to the location of shipwreck. Reference deviation probability was employed to describe the failure probability of collision avoidance due to abnormal navigable vessels and was determined according to the historic accidents at domestic and abroad waterways, taking into account wind, current, visibility, passageways and traffic density for correction. The model was proved to be practical and operational for shipwreck treatment decision support in specific waterways.
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Haridas, Dhanya, Justin C. Biffinger, Thomas J. Boyd, Preston A. Fulmer, Leila J. Hamdan, and Lisa A. Fitzgerald. "Laboratory growth of denitrifying water column microbial consortia from deep-sea shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico." F1000Research 6 (October 13, 2017): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12713.1.
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Background: Shipwrecks serve as a rich source for novel microbial populations that have largely remained undiscovered. Low temperatures, lack of sunlight, and the availability of substrates derived from the shipwreck’s hull and cargo may provide an environment in which microbes can develop unique metabolic adaptations. Methods: To test our hypothesis that shipwrecks could influence the microbial population involved in denitrification when a consortium is grown in the laboratory, we collected samples proximate to two steel shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Then under laboratory conditions, we grew two independent denitrifying microbial consortia. Each consortium was grown by using the BART assay system and analyzed based on growth kinetics, ion chromatography and 16S amplicon sequencing.Results: Both denitrifying consortia were different from each other based on varied growth profiles, rates of nitrate utilization and 16S amplicon sequencing.Conclusions: Our observations conclude that the laboratory grown water column microbial consortia from deep-sea shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico are able to undergo aggressive denitrification.
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Haridas, Dhanya, Justin C. Biffinger, Thomas J. Boyd, Preston A. Fulmer, Leila J. Hamdan, and Lisa A. Fitzgerald. "Laboratory growth of denitrifying water column microbial consortia from deep-sea shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico." F1000Research 6 (June 12, 2018): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12713.2.
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Background: Shipwrecks serve as a rich source for novel microbial populations that have largely remained undiscovered. Low temperatures, lack of sunlight, and the availability of substrates derived from the shipwreck’s hull and cargo may provide an environment in which microbes can develop unique metabolic adaptations. Methods: To test our hypothesis that shipwrecks could influence the microbial population involved in denitrification when a consortium is grown in the laboratory, we collected samples proximate to two steel shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Then under laboratory conditions, we grew two independent denitrifying microbial consortia. Each consortium was grown by using the BART assay system and analyzed based on growth kinetics, ion chromatography and 16S amplicon sequencing.Results: Both denitrifying consortia were different from each other based on varied growth profiles, rates of nitrate utilization and 16S amplicon sequencing.Conclusions: Our observations conclude that the laboratory grown water column microbial consortia from deep-sea shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico are able to undergo aggressive denitrification.
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Haridas, Dhanya, Justin C. Biffinger, Thomas J. Boyd, Preston A. Fulmer, Leila J. Hamdan, and Lisa A. Fitzgerald. "Laboratory growth of denitrifying water column microbial consortia from deep-sea shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico." F1000Research 6 (August 6, 2018): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12713.3.
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Background: Shipwrecks serve as a rich source for novel microbial populations that have largely remained undiscovered. Low temperatures, lack of sunlight, and the availability of substrates derived from the shipwreck’s hull and cargo may provide an environment in which microbes can develop unique metabolic adaptations. Methods: To test our hypothesis that shipwrecks could influence the microbial population involved in denitrification when a consortium is grown in the laboratory, we collected samples proximate to two steel shipwrecks in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Then under laboratory conditions, we grew two independent denitrifying microbial consortia. Each consortium was grown by using the BART assay system and analyzed based on growth kinetics, ion chromatography and 16S amplicon sequencing.Results: Both denitrifying consortia were different from each other based on varied growth profiles, rates of nitrate utilization and 16S amplicon sequencing.Conclusions: Our observations conclude that the laboratory grown water column microbial consortia from deep-sea shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico are able to undergo aggressive denitrification.
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Hamdan, Leila J., Justyna J. Hampel, Rachel D. Moseley, Rachel L. Mugge, Anirban Ray, Jennifer L. Salerno, and Melanie Damour. "Deep-sea shipwrecks represent island-like ecosystems for marine microbiomes." ISME Journal 15, no. 10 (April 22, 2021): 2883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00978-y.
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AbstractBiogeography of macro- and micro-organisms in the deep sea is, in part, shaped by naturally occurring heterogeneous habitat features of geological and biological origin such as seeps, vents, seamounts, whale and wood-falls. Artificial features including shipwrecks and energy infrastructure shape the biogeographic patterns of macro-organisms; how they influence microorganisms is unclear. Shipwrecks may function as islands of biodiversity for microbiomes, creating a patchwork of habitats with influence radiating out into the seabed. Here we show microbiome richness and diversity increase as a function of proximity to the historic deep-sea shipwreck Anona in the Gulf of Mexico. Diversity and richness extinction plots provide evidence of an island effect on microbiomes. A halo of core taxa on the seabed was observed up to 200 m away from the wreck indicative of the transition zone from shipwreck habitat to the surrounding environment. Transition zones around natural habitat features are often small in area compared to what was observed at Anona indicating shipwrecks may exert a large sphere of influence on seabed microbiomes. Historic shipwrecks are abundant, isolated habitats with global distribution, providing a means to explore contemporary processes shaping biogeography on the seafloor. This work is a case study for how built environments impact microbial biodiversity and provides new information on how arrival of material to the seafloor shapes benthic microbiomes.
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MACDONALD, DENNIS R. "THE SHIPWRECKS OF ODYSSEUS AND PAUL." New Testament Studies 45, no. 1 (January 1999): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688598000885.
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Acts 27–28 frequently points to the shipwrecks of Odysseus in Odyssey Books 5 and 12, the second of which the hero narrates in the first person. The shipwrecks of Odysseus and Paul share nautical images and vocabulary, the appearance of a goddess or angel assuring safety, the riding of planks, the arrival of the hero on an island among hospitable strangers, the mistaking of the hero as a god, and the sending of him on his way. Luke's intention in relating Paul's shipwreck to those of Odysseus was to exalt Paul and his God by comparison.
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Kılıç, Aslı Gökçe, Namık Kılıç, and Donna C. Arnold. "Analyses of Sulfur and Iron in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood: The Case of Polyethylene-Glycol-Treated Yenikapı 12 Shipwreck." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030530.
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The Yenikapı (YK) 12 shipwreck is 1 of 37 shipwrecks found at Yenikapı, Istanbul. This merchantman has been dated to AD 672–876 by radiocarbon analyses. The conservation of YK 12, which was assembled with iron nails, was completed with the pre-impregnation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and using vacuum freeze-drying processes. However, after conservation, dust formation was observed on some wooden parts of the shipwreck during storage. In this study, iron–sulfur-related problems detected in the woods of YK 12 were evaluated. We analysed samples taken from YK 12 to study the sulfur and iron content in woods from oak (Quercus), walnut (Juglans), and hornbeam (Carpinus), representing taxa with different wood properties. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and pH measurements were conducted on five samples. The results of these studies showed that the dust consisted of wood particles, PEG, and hydrated iron sulfates, such as FeSO4·4H2O and FeSO4·7H2O. Additionally, one sample included SiO2, whilst another exhibited a low pH value. These findings highlight the importance of optimum ambient conditions for the storage and display of these shipwrecks in order to prevent the irreversible degradation of YK 12 and other recovered shipwrecks.
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Monfils, Rean. "THE GLOBAL RISK OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM WWII SHIPWRECKS: EXAMPLES FROM THE SEVEN SEAS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-1049.
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ABSTRACT The world took notice and action when the oil tanker Prestige sank and leaked oil onto the coast of Spain and France. Significant resources and considerable money was allocated to locate the wreck, patch the leaks and eventually offload the remaining oil. What is not well known, is that there is a significantly larger global marine pollution threat from over 7800 sunken WWII vessels worldwide, including over 860 oil tankers, corroding for over 60 years at the bottom of the worlds oceans. Over the past three years, in conjunction with the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), a project has been completed by the author to compile data on WWII shipwrecks across the Asia/Pacific region. This regional risk assessment is probably the first and most complete of its type so far published. The Geographic Information System (GIS) database created for the Asia Pacific waters details ship type, tonnage and location of over 3,800 vessels lost in WWII. This amounts to over 13 million tons of sunken vessels in the Pacific alone ranging from aircraft carriers to battleships, and including over 330 tankers and oilers. The creation of the Asia Pacific database acted as a catalyst to the creation of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean (AMI0) WWII shipwreck database. This new geographic database, although still in its initial development, highlights the significant number of WWII shipwrecks globally. The AMIO database details the location and ownership of over 3950 vessels, over 1000 tons, of which 529 are oil tankers. This paper details the information contained within the AMIO WWII shipwreck database including the potential oil and non-oil sources of marine pollution from these vessels. WWII shipwrecks are unique from commercial and non-military shipwrecks due to sovereignty, jurisdictional and ownership issues and these differences will also be discussed. The paper concludes with a summary for future directions to address the many response and preparedness issues associated with WWII shipwrecks.
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Zhang, Fengrui, Dayong Ning, Jiaoyi Hou, Hongwei Du, Hao Tian, Kang Zhang, and Yongjun Gong. "Semi-Active Heave Compensation for a 600-Meter Hydraulic Salvaging Claw System with Ship Motion Prediction via LSTM Neural Networks." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050998.
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Efficiently salvaging shipwrecks is of the utmost importance for safeguarding shipping safety and preserving the marine ecosystem. However, traditional methods find it difficult to salvage shipwrecks in deep water. This article presents a novel salvage technology that involves multiple hydraulic claws for directly catching and lifting a 2500-ton shipwreck at 600 m depth. To ensure lifting stability, a semi-active heave compensation (SAHC) system was employed for each lifter to mitigate the effects of sea waves. However, the response delays arising from the hydraulic, control, and filtering systems resist the heave compensation performance. Predicting the barge motion to mitigate measuring and filtering delays and achieve leading compensation is necessary for the salvage. Therefore, a multivariate long short-term memory (LSTM) based neural network was trained to forecast the barge’s heave and pitch motions, exhibiting satisfactory results for the next 5 s. According to the results of numerical simulations, the proposed LSTM-based motion predictive SAHC system demonstrates remarkable effectiveness in compensating for shipwreck motion.
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Collina, Matteo, Antonio Lagudi, Fabio Bruno, Vincenzo Cosentino, Raffaele Peluso, Anastasios Ktistis, and Angelos Manglis. "A Virtual Reality application for the exploration of a modern shipwreck: the case study of the Christoforos wreck." Acta IMEKO 12, no. 3 (September 7, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/actaimeko.v12i3.1506.
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The paper presents the development of a Virtual Reality (VR) application to perform dives in the Christoforos Shipwreck. The huge wreck lies in the Panormos Bay of Skopelos island (Greece) at a depth of 45 meters. Based on a well-known methodology designed for ancient shipwrecks, the 3D reconstruction of the underwater site has been carried out by adjusting the workflow to survey modern shipwrecks. In particular, the methodology, based on photogrammetry, is capable to provide a highly detailed 3D reconstruction of the shipwreck in a few dives, considering issues like working depth, elevations, and thin elements modelling. Moreover, the paper describes the optimization of the 3D model and the software to be executed in low-performance Head Mounted Display (HMD) devices. The resulting VR application, realized for touristic purposes, recreates the exact ambient conditions inside and outside the water simulating the flora and fauna of the place, the coastline, allowing users to live a recreational and educational experience by virtual diving in the underwater site.
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Zhu, Bangyan, Xiao Wang, Zhengwei Chu, Yi Yang, and Juan Shi. "Active Learning for Recognition of Shipwreck Target in Side-Scan Sonar Image." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030243.
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In order to realize the automatic and accurate recognition of shipwreck targets in side-scan sonar (SSS) waterfall images, a pipeline that contains feature extraction, selection, and shipwreck recognition, an AdaBoost model was constructed by sample images. Shipwreck targets are detected quickly by a nonlinear matching model, and a shipwreck recognition in SSS waterfall images are given, and according to a wide set of combinations of different types of these individual procedures, the model is able to recognize the shipwrecks accurately. Firstly, two feature-extraction methods suitable for recognizing SSS shipwreck targets from natural sea bottom images were studied. In addition to these two typical features, some commonly used features were extracted and combined as comprehensive features to characterize shipwrecks from various feature spaces. Based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA), the preferred features were selected from the comprehensive features, which avoid dimension disaster and improved the correct recognition rate. Then, the Gentle AdaBoost algorithm was studied and used for constructing the shipwreck target recognition model using sample images. Finally, a shipwreck target recognition process for the SSS waterfall image was given, and the process contains shipwreck target fast detection by a nonlinear matching model and accurate recognition by the Gentle AdaBoost recognition model. The results show that the correct recognition rate of the model for the sample image is 97.44%, while the false positive rate is 3.13% and the missing detection rate is 0. This study of a measured SSS waterfall image confirms the correctness of the recognition process and model.
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Karamitrou, Alexandra, Fraser Sturt, and Petros Bogiatzis. "Identification of Black Reef Shipwreck Sites Using AI and Satellite Multispectral Imagery." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2023): 2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082030.
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UNESCO estimates that our planet’s oceans and lakes are home to more than three million shipwrecks. Of these three million, the locations of only 10% are currently known. Apart from the historical and archaeological interest in finding wrecks, there are other reasons why we need to know their precise locations. While a shipwreck can provide an excellent habitat for marine life, acting as an artificial reef, shipwrecks are also potential sources of pollution, leaking fuel and corroding heavy metals. When a vessel runs aground on an iron-free environment, changes in the chemistry of the surrounding environment can occur, creating a discoloration called black reef. In this work, we examine the use of supervised deep learning methods for the detection of shipwrecks on coral reefs through the presence of this discoloration using satellite images. One of the main challenges is the limited number of known locations of black reefs, and therefore, the limited training dataset. Our results show that even with relatively limited data, the simple eight-layer, fully convolutional network has been trained efficiently using minimal computational resources and has identified and classified all investigated black reefs and consequently the presence of shipwrecks. Furthermore, it has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the extent of discoloration and consequently the ecological impact on the reef by using time series imagery.
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Koutsi, Dionisia, and Anastasia Stratigea. "Shipwrecks’ Underwater Mysteries—Identifying Commonalities Out of Globally-Distributed Knowledge." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 3949–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040217.
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Tourism trends towards authentic, experience-based products have brought to the forefront lesser-known destinations, e.g., small and medium-sized Mediterranean islands. These can gain competitiveness on the ground of their distinguished land and Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH), thus opening up new directions for their future sustainable development. Sustainable exploitation of UCH, though, calls for dedicated planning endeavors and respective UCH data acquisition/management. However, while the planning discipline can offer effective approaches and tools for properly handling cultural heritage, a deficit of sufficient, pertinent and well-documented UCH data is noticed, e.g., data on shipwrecks as part of UCH. The latter is the focus of this work, aiming, as a first step, to illuminate aspects of a shipwreck database, relevant to planners’ requests. Towards this end, global-wide distributed knowledge is explored in an effort to identify potentialities and limitations, content commonalities, shipwreck attributes so far recorded, (spatial) planning requirements, to name but a few. Knowledge acquired from this exploration can feed conceptualization of a planning-oriented shipwreck database. This can be replicable to various national/regional contexts; and is capable of providing well-structured shipwrecks’ content that can steer strategic planning efforts towards authentic ensembles of people’s history and culture in remote and less-privileged Mediterranean islands.
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Jarvis, Charlotte. "Archaeological Classification of Age of Sail Shipwrecks Based on Genever’s Material Culture." Heritage 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6010021.
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This article analyses archaeological evidence for jenever (spelled genever in English) in the Dutch Republic during the Age of Sail (1550–1850). Although excessive alcohol consumption among mariners is a stereotype, there has been surprisingly little critical scholarly work on the subject. Genever was used on ships for medicinal purposes during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but no thorough analysis of alcohol consumption broadly in a Dutch (VOC, WIC, Admiralty) maritime context has been done to date. Since the Dutch stored genever in a distinctive bottle, the archaeological record is helpful to examine Dutch ship’s genever consumption. This article theorises that material evidence of genever for personal consumption and as a commodity for export can be used to aid in identifying a shipwreck’s nationality, and that hypothesis is tested through analysis of a sample of European wrecks excavated along the global shipping routes of Dutch commercial and naval sailing vessels. There is a strong correlation between the presence of both case bottles (kelderflessen) and, later in the period, stoneware bottles (jeneverkruiken) with Dutch shipwrecks or maritime archaeology sites and this is strongly suggested to consider for archaeologists faced with a shipwreck of unknown origin.
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Van Rijn, Morvenna, and Yftinus Van Popta. "Contaminatie in de Queen Anne? Een eerste aanzet tot het verklaren van de aanwezigheid van wilde plantenresten in scheepswrakken." Paleo-aktueel, no. 32 (September 20, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.32.89-100.
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A first step towards interpreting wild plant remains in Dutch shipwrecks. This paper focuses on the remains of wild plants that were found in shipwrecks from the former Zuiderzee inlet in the central Netherlands. So far, archaeobotanical research on these wreck sites has solely focused on economic plant remains, in order to answer questions on food consumption, organic cargoes and possible trade routes. For this purpose, soil samples were retrieved from these wrecks and analysed for their botanical contents. Soon it became clear that, besides the remains of economic plants, each wreck also contained thousands of wild plant remains. As these remains were often treated as a form of contamination, their potential for maritime archaeological studies has been largely neglected up to the present. Therefore the current study aims to explain how wild plant materials can become part of shipwreck contexts, and may help us to better understand the wrecks. For instance, by categorizing and interpreting the remains of wild plants that were found in the 18th-century shipwreck of the English freighter known as the Queen Anne.
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Van Popta, Yftinus. "Van scheepshout tot digitale wrakken. Een reflectie op de ontwikkeling en toekomst van de maritieme archeologie in Nederland." Paleo-aktueel, no. 31 (June 1, 2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.31.165-174.
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Wooden ships and digital wrecks. A reflection upon the development and future of maritime archaeology in The Netherlands. This paper explores the development of the Dutch maritime archaeological research tradition, the current status of the discipline, and its future perspective. To that end, the focus is mainly on the most important maritime archaeological entity: the shipwreck. Many of the Dutch shipwrecks have been found and studied in the former seabed of the Zuiderzee (the current polders of the province of Flevoland). Ever since the 1940s, shipwrecks have been examined in this region. Until the beginning of the 21st century, many of these wrecks were studied in a more or less traditional (analogue and manual) way. Nowadays, traditional and modern excavation techniques and methods are combined for fast, accurate and detailed research results. We should realize that, whereas the quality of maritime archaeological research will improve over the next 25 years, the preservation quality of the shipwrecks will continue to decrease due to soil disturbance, dehydration and decompression. Therefore, future maritime archaeological developments should focus not only on research techniques, but also on new and better methods that will help to prevent a further deterioration of the Dutch wrecks.
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Samuel, Yoshiko Yokochi, Akira Yoshimura, and Mark Ealey. "Shipwrecks." World Literature Today 71, no. 1 (1997): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40152792.
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Vieira, Hugo C., Maria D. Bordalo, Jaime Rendón-von Osten, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Sizenando N. Abreu, and Fernando Morgado. "Can a 16th Century Shipwreck Be Considered a Mercury Source in the 21st Century?—A Case Study in the Azores Archipelago (Portugal)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020276.
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During the Spanish colonial era, ships frequently transported mercury across the Atlantic to the New World to be used in gold mining. As many of those eventually sank, shipwrecks may represent a local source of mercury contamination in the marine environment. In this context, evaluating mercury contamination in coastal sediments and mercury magnification in marine food webs is crucial for understanding mercury dynamics and estimating exposure to marine life in locations where shipwrecks occurred. This study investigated mercury concentration present in coastal sediments and biota from three distinct groups: macroalgae (Asparagopsis armata and Ulva lactuca), gastropods (Littorina striata and Patella candei gomesii) and crustaceans (Palaemon elegans and Pachygrapsus marmoratus) collected in the Azores Archipelago, Portugal (one site near a 16th-century shipwreck and others in locations further away). Mercury analyses indicated that the sediments and species from the shipwreck area had significantly higher mercury levels than the other areas. Fine sediments showed values above those established in sediment quality guidelines; however, considering the mercury concentration of the total sediment fraction, adverse biological effects are not expected to occur. Moreover, increased mercury concentration from primary producers to consumers reinforced the biomagnification potential of this metal.
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Rustam, Agustin, Ira Dillenia, Rainer A. Troa, Eko Triarso, Ofri Johan, Nur Azmi Ratna Setyawidati, LPA Savitri CH Kusuma, and Shinatria Adhityatama. "Analysis of Water Quality in Historical Shipwreck Sites to Support the Development of Marine Ecotourism in the Thousand Islands." E3S Web of Conferences 324 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132403001.
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Thousand Islands has become the main focus of the marine tourism development in Special Capitol Region of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta). In this regard, one of the marine tourism objects proposed to be further developed is historical shipwreck diving as a new marine ecotourism attraction in the Thousand Islands. The historical sites of shipwrecks that are widely scattered underwater are expected to give added value to the beauty of underwater panorama because most of the sites have been covered with coral reefs adding to the uniqueness to the underwater diving attractions. However, the high activity on the North Coast of Java area and surrounding islands tends to affect the water quality and the presence of shipwrecks assuming it will be used for the development of diving tourism. This study aims to determine the carrying capacity of water quality on shipwrecks based on in situ water quality measurement and image analysis. The method of data collection and analysis carried out is a combination of in situ measurements at the location; analysis of water samples with laboratory testing and analysis of Landsat 8 satellite imagery. The result showed that nutrient and orthophosphate values of nitrate, which supported the life of marine biota and micro-algae that helped the biota’s biofouling process, increased the site’s attractiveness from 0.094 – 0.101 mg/L and 0.005 – 0.008 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, other water quality values measured are still in accordance with quality standards for marine life survival on shipwrecks and ecotourism, especially dive spots with clear water visibility.
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Boldreel, Lars O., Ole Grøn, and Deborah Cvikel. "Synthetic 3D Recording of a Shipwreck Embedded in Seafloor Sediments: Distinguishing Internal Details." Heritage 4, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4020032.
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3D recording of shipwrecks completely buried in seafloor sediments has great potential as an important aspect of maritime archaeological surveys and management. Buried shipwrecks have been recorded directly with seismic 3D Chirp sub-bottom profilers on an experimental basis. This method is, however, expensive, time-consuming and complicated. This article outlines the application of a faster, cheaper, and less complicated method of synthetic 3D recording, which is also less sensitive to weather conditions. It involves the acquisition of a larger number of seismic 2D high-resolution sub-bottom profiles in a dense grid that does not need to be regular. The method is based on the results of survey work conducted in the Akko Harbour area, on the Carmel coast of Israel, which shows that the shape of the hull of a shipwreck can be precisely determined, and that the sedimentary units bounding it can be outlined and interpreted. Based on an interpretation of the shape of the hull, the depth of the structure was measured, and a 3D image of the shipwreck was subsequently generated. Samples of the sub-seafloor were obtained across the area, and the sample located within the area of the mapped shipwreck was found to contain wood fragments and a piece of rope. This article demonstrates that 2D surveying is a viable and cost-effective alternative to 3D surveying that is able to produce good results.
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Geraga, Maria, Dimitris Christodoulou, Dimitrios Eleftherakis, George Papatheodorou, Elias Fakiris, Xenophon Dimas, Nikos Georgiou, et al. "Atlas of Shipwrecks in Inner Ionian Sea (Greece): A Remote Sensing Approach." Heritage 3, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 1210–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040067.
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Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) sites constitute an important part of the overall cultural heritage both nationally and globally as they carry cultural, environmental, scientific, technological, political, economic and social viewpoints. UCH includes not only submerged sites and buildings, but also vessels and aircrafts. The Inner Ionian Sea in Greece is a place rich in a significant number of shipwrecks with a timespan ranging from ancient times right through to the 20th century. The results herein present the study of ancient, World War I (WWI), World War II (WWII) and more recent shipwrecks in the inner Ionian Sea. A total of 11 out of 36 known shipwrecks in the area have been systematically studied using marine remote sensing and ground truthing techniques. The marine remote sensing sensors include: side scan sonars, sub-bottom profilers and multi-beam echo-sounders. At each wreck site, the condition of the wreck, the debris field and man-made activities were determined based mainly on acoustic data. The history of each wreck is also briefly documented. The conclusion of the current research work is that there is an immediate need for a shipwreck protection framework in the Inner Ionian Sea; wrecks included in this work are a highly important part of UCH and man-made activities (e.g., fishing) threaten their integrity.
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Vega-Sánchez, Rodrigo, and Jorge M. Herrera. "Agent-based modelling for the study of shipwreck site formation processes: A theoretical framework and conceptual model." F1000Research 11 (December 15, 2022): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.125089.1.
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Background Shipwreck site formation processes (SFP), their dynamics and transformation have long interested maritime archaeology from both a historical perspective and heritage management since shipwrecks constitute endangered cultural sites. Major contributions to shipwreck SFP have been made since the 1970s which conceive SFP from a systemic theoretical perspective, notably those of Keith Muckelroy and Martin Gibbs. However, to our view, such a perspective falls short in its capacity to explain and predict the distribution of elements in a shipwreck. In this article, we propose that shipwreck SFP can be understood from the theoretical framework of complex adaptive systems (CAS), where a SFP constitutes a CAS in which nonlinear interactions of natural and cultural factors give rise to the observed seabed distribution of a shipwreck as an emergent phenomenon. Methods From this theoretical framework, we propose agent-based modelling (ABM) as a suitable methodological approach for studying SFP. We show its implementation using the USS Somers, a 19th-century brig of war that sank in 1846 off the port of Veracruz, Mexico, during the Mexican-American War as a case study. The conceptual model was developed from the integration of historical data about the ship’s nautical characteristics and operation, information on the wrecking event from eyewitnesses, as well as modern environmental data. Results We present a conceptual model defining various elements that would constitute the Somers’ ABM. It gives specifics about the characteristics and variables regarding agents, global variables, processes, indicators, degradation and deposition sequences, and user interface. Conclusion The conceptual model served to develop ABM in a simulation platform where historical hypotheses can be tested and various possible scenarios of the SFP can be explored. By contrasting the simulation results with the archaeological record of the shipwreck, ABM would allow maritime archaeologists to postulate more supported and refined interpretations of a shipwreck’s SFP.
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Szpiech, Agata, Aleksandra Bojke, Małgorzata Littwin, Aleksandra Dzendrowska, Ewelina Duljas, Agnieszka Flasińska, Katarzyna Szczepańska, et al. "Baltic Sea shipwrecks as a source of hazardous pollution." PeerJ Analytical Chemistry 6 (March 28, 2024): e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-achem.31.
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Background Shipwrecks on the Baltic Sea seabed pose a serious threat to the marine environment. Fuel, ammunition and chemicals in their holds can enter the ecosystem at any time, causing an ecological disaster. It is known that oil spills from ship accidents can affect life and health of different species of animals, both immediately after catastrophe and for many years thereafter. This article discusses the negative impact of shipwrecks on the ecological status of the Baltic Sea and presents the contamination status of bottom sediment core samples taken in the vicinity of shipwrecks located in the South Baltic, i.e., S/s Stuttgart, t/s Franken, S/T Burgmeister Petersen and m/s Sleipner. It is based on the results of research carried out by the Maritime Institute between 2011 and 2016. Methods Core samples were taken by a VKG-2 vibrating probe and analysed towards content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and total organic carbon (TOC). Seven PAHs and Seven PCBs were determined using solid phase extraction (SPE) technique followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. In order to determine the concentration of TPH, the SPE technique was applied followed by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) analysis. TOC content was established by TOC analyser using infrared detection. Results Samples taken in the vicinity of the S/s Stuttgart shipwreck have shown the highest concentrations of all analysed parameters compared to the examined wrecks and significantly differed from the results typical for these areas. This studies have shown that the S/s Stuttgart shipwreck poses a serious threat to the marine environment of Baltic Sea and it is necessary to continue studies in this area and to perform a wider range of analysis.
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Kocabaş, Ufuk. "The Latest Link in the Long Tradition of Maritime Archaeology in Turkey: The Yenikapı Shipwrecks." European Journal of Archaeology 15, no. 2 (2012): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000008.
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Thirty-six shipwrecks dated to the fifth to tenth centuries AD have been discovered in the Theodosian (Byzantine) harbour of Istanbul, in the district of Yenikapı. Under the auspices of the ‘Istanbul University Yenikapı Shipwrecks Project’, carried out by Istanbul University's Department of Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects, our team has undertaken the recording and dismantling of twenty-seven shipwrecks as well as conservation/restoration and reconstruction projects of thirty-one shipwrecks in total. Shipwrecks of various types and sizes have been exposed since 2005; the majority are still under study.
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Lusarno, Ghalib Alghani. "Maritime Tribunal as Quasi-Judicial Body in Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Laut 23, no. 2 (March 11, 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/transla.v23i2.1746.
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Maritime Tribunal as Quasi-Judicial Body in Indonesia; Supreme Court is a judicative body under Article 24 of the 1945 Constitution 1945. The development of the legal system in Indonesia has established new institutions with judicative power to settle certain disputes which are attributed from the special legislation. In the field of maritime law in Indonesia, the Maritime Tribunal has the authority to conduct further examination of a shipwreck in accordance with the Shipping Law. This article uses the normative legal research method with the statutory statute approach. This matter requires further analysis towards the legality of the Maritime Tribunal's authority in Indonesia, that the tribunal is part of the an echelon II organ of the Ministry of Transportation. Based on the criteria and characteristics of a quasi-judicial body, Maritime Tribunal is a quasi-judicial body that possessed has mixed authority of executive function in implementing rules and regulation and administration in the maritime sector, as well as nd judicative function to conduct legal process concerning shipwrecks, that the result of the examination becomes the consideration of the judge in general courts to issue the judgment. The judge in civil or criminal disputes that arise from shipwrecks, in making consideration of the judgment, oblige the disputing parties to settle further examination of a shipwreck in Maritime Tribunal.
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Di Nino, Margherita Maria. "Posidippus' Shipwrecks." Mediterranean Historical Review 21, no. 1 (June 2006): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518960600682323.
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Mitchell, Jerry T. "Avoiding Shipwrecks." Geography Teacher 17, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338341.2020.1796747.
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ARNAUD, CELIA HENRY. "SAVING SHIPWRECKS." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 2 (January 8, 2007): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n002.p045.
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Setyorini, Heny Budi, Hery Priswanto, and Ahmad Surya Ramadhan. "PERANAN EKOLOGIS SHIPWRECK ATAU EXPOSED SHIPWRECK SEBAGAI MEDIA HIDUP KARANG DI PULAU BAWEAN DALAM UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN, PENGEMBANGAN DAN PEMANFAATAN SHIPWRECK ATAU EXPOSED SHIPWRECK." Berkala Arkeologi 38, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v38i2.238.
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Metal salvage and theft activities have eliminated most shipwrecks at Nusa Island, and exposed shipwrecks in Gosong Gili, Bawean Island. In order to give recommendations for its conservation efforts, this study aims to identify the remaining shipwrecks or exposed shipwrecks at Nusa Island and Gosong Gili, and the types of corals and fishes in it. This study aims to prove that shipwrecks or exposed shipwrecks is not only having historical and economical value, but also ecological value for the survival of coral reef ecosystem. This is a descriptive-explorative research, data were gathered by underwater survey using GPS Map Sounder, and SCUBA diving. Shipwrecks at Nusa Island is only 30% left in fragmented form of mast, machine, boiler, propeller, ivory vessel, and bricks in the bow area. While the exposed shipwrecks at Gosong Gili is only 20% left in fragmented form boilers, machine, and ivory vessel that might be a cultural heritage according to the UU RI Number 11 of 2010 on Cultural Heritage. At Nusa Island, the corals are consisted of Poritidae and Acroporidae families, and various species reef fishes. While at Gosong Gili, there are more coral families including Merulinidae, Poritidae and Acroporidae, but their reef fishes species are fewer than Nusa island.
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Lira, Simone Maria de Albuquerque, Cristiane Maria Rocha Farrapeira, Fernanda Maria Duarte Amaral, and Carla Alecrim Colaço Ramos. "Sessile and sedentary macrofauna from the Pirapama Shipwreck, Pernambuco, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 10, no. 4 (December 2010): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000400021.
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Shipwrecks are considered artificial reef environments - structures immersed in aquatic environments (especially marine ones) that provide fauna with shelter, hard substrates, food and nursery areas. This study aimed to survey the benthic animal biodiversity of the Pirapama shipwreck, located 23 m deep and six miles off Recife harbor. From 2001 to 2007, species were observed, photographed and collected through scuba diving. The material was later sorted and identified in the laboratory. A total of 76 sessile and sedentary animal taxa were recorded belonging to the following phyla: Porifera (Demospongiae and Calcarea), Cnidaria (Hydrozoa and Anthozoa), Mollusca (Bivalvia and Gastropoda), Annelida (Polychaeta), Arthropoda (Cirripedia), Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata), Echinodermata (Asteroidea and Echinoidea), and Chordata (Ascidiacea). The greatest richness was for Porifera and Bryozoa - 13 listed species for each. Eleven new occurrences were recorded for the state of Pernambuco, the hydroid Halopteris polymorpha and ten bryozoan species, one of them being the first record for Brazil (Scrupocellaria curacaoensis). The Pirapama's biodiversity was considered typical when compared to other shipwrecks that have been studied around the world.
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M. Qasim, Audai, and Thamer S. Ali. "Spatiotemporal Analysis on Shipwrecks in Shatt Al-Arab River and Iraqi Marine Waters Northwest Arabian Gulf." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 35, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.1.16.
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The shipwrecks generate different impacts mostly represented by geomorphological changes of the waterways, source of potential pollutants, impeding navigation and fishing activities. A total of 141 locations of shipwrecks were identified in the inland and marine Iraqi territorial waters. The study area is categorized into four sites including Shatt Al-Arab River, Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Khor Abdulla and Khor Al-Zubair. The shipwrecks data analysis was investigated on spatial and temporal approach based on salvage state, type and size of sinking vessels in these sites. The shipwrecks are of different types classified according to the size into three categories. Only 43 of these shipwrecks were salvaged mostly in Khor Al-Zubair, however, no attempt has been carried out to salvage any of the shipwrecks in the most important fishing ground located within Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. On temporal basis, most of the shipwrecks are resulted due to the wars. The majority of the sunken shipwrecks are of small size indicated by 94 (67%), however many are still not identified by type and size particularly those located in the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. The impacts of the shipwrecks were investigated following to findings of previous related studies and feedback of questionnaire circulated to specialists in relevant authorities. Moreover, the findings of relevant published data in relation to hydrological features, water quality, fishing and biodiversity aspects have considered particularly in the shared zone among Iraq, Kuwait and Iran. The paper recommended the great importance to initiate a regional survey to assess the levels and types of pollutants in this area and to take a cooperation action on removing the sunken vessels.
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Coleman, Dwight F. "Underwater Archaeology in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Lake Huron—Preliminary Results from a Shipwreck Mapping Survey." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787913387.
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Off northeastern Lower Michigan, the bottom waters of Lake Huron in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve (TBNMS/UP) contain a vast array of historic shipwrecks representing more than a century of early Great Lakes shipping. During June 2001, in collaboration with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the State of Michigan, the Institute for Exploration (IFE) mapped a large portion of “Shipwreck Alley”, which extends throughout the deep-water portion of the Sanctuary and continues farther north. Seventeen shipwrecks, two of which are new discoveries, and many other interesting lakebed features were acoustically imaged and carefully surveyed using a high-frequency side-scan sonar towfish. In addition, a number of submerged sinkholes and lakebed pockmarks were discovered and mapped. These karst features in the limestone bedrock were exposed subaerially from about 10000 to 8000 years ago, when the lake level was substantially lower following the last glacial maximum. The archaeological significance of these sinkholes, the newly discovered shipwrecks, and several other promising sonar targets will be evaluated when IFE returns to TBNMS/UP in 2002. Using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and an advanced underwater imaging platform, we will visually survey the most important sites, collect high-definition underwater video, and ground-truth sonar targets. The work will be performed by marine geologists in collaboration with underwater archaeologists and maritime historians. This effort is part of a long-term scientific, educational, and public outreach project in the TBNMS/UP supported by NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Program and Office of Ocean Exploration.
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Rijkure, Astrida, and Janis Megnis. "TECHNICAL METHODS OF CLEANING SHIPWRECKS FROM GHOST NETS." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 22, 2024): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol3.8160.
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Ghost nets are fishing gear lost and left in bodies of water that continue to be fished. Most of the fishing gear that is lost is made of synthetic materials that break down very slowly or not at all in nature and continue to work long after the net is lost. A ghost net drifts in the sea until it catches on an object, most often a shipwreck. This harms both nature and people's economic interests. Currently, the release of shipwrecks and other sunken objects from fragments of lost nets is mainly done by human hands, resp. divers dive to the wreck and use hand tools to free the wreck from fragments of fishing gear. There are innovative robotic systems in the world that can partially replace the work of divers.
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Littler, Gary, Mark Coughlan, Jan Majcher, and Jennifer Keenahan. "Understanding Sediment Dynamics at a Shipwreck Site Using CFD Modelling." Geosciences 12, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100369.
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Shipwrecks are important cultural heritage sites offshore. In many instances, given their often long-term emplacement on the seafloor, they offer natural laboratories to study complex interactions between human-induced obstacles and seabed dynamics. Such interactions and induced sediment mobility also pose significant threats to offshore engineering infrastructure, such as turbine monopile foundations. Traditional methods can struggle to capture the nuance of these processes, with real-world surveys measuring effects only after installation, and laboratory models suffering from scale-down inaccuracies. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling offers an effective means of investigating the effects of obstacles on seabed dynamics, and by using shipwrecks as proxies for infrastructure, it can utilize long-term datasets to verify its predictions. In this study, high-resolution temporal bathymetric data were used in, and to verify, CFD modelling to investigate the interactions between hydro- and sediment dynamics at a shipwreck site in a tidally dominated wreck site. From this comparison, simulations of bed shear stress and scalar transport correlate well with known areas of erosion and deposition, serving as a basis for future scour prediction studies and creating effective tools in offshore renewable infrastructure planning and de-risking.
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Symons, Lisa, James Delgado, Deborah Marx, and Erika Martin Seibert. "A Means to Streamline Historic and Cultural Resource Consultation and Compliance for Pollution Assessment and Recovery Activities on Shipwrecks." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2024.
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ABSTRACT In May 2013, per Congressional direction and to support a better understanding of pollution sources in the U. S. waters, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provided the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG) a detailed report on the assessment of risks from potentially polluting shipwrecks. The report, Risk Assessment for Potentially Polluting Wrecks in U.S. Waters, was a result of the Remediation of Underwater Legacy Environmental Threats (RULET) project that evaluated 20,000 shipwrecks for their pollution potential as well as issues that could impact operations including whether or not those wrecks could be historically significant properties and/or gravesites. “Historic property” is defined by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), to be any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP.) The NHPA requires a Federal agency to “take into account” the effects of its undertakings, such as pollution removal from a submerged shipwreck, and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment. Federal agencies meet Section 106 responsibilities through a consultation process with the ACHP and other parties as set out in the ACHP's regulations implementing Section 106 of the NHPA (36 CFR Part 800), or through implementation of the nationwide 1997 Programmatic Agreement for emergency response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. NOAA evaluated a number of the report's shipwrecks for eligibility under the NRHP criteria to determine if any could be considered historic properties. The majority of RULET sites are associated with World War II casualties in the Battle of the Atlantic. As of 2013, the average age of each wreck is 83 years old, as many were built or retrofitted for service during WWII, meeting one of the criteria, per the National Park Service's regulations at 36 CFR Part 60 for eligibility for nomination to the NRHP. Three potentially eligible shipwrecks were subsequently nominated and accepted to the NRHP. The information contained in the RULET risk assessments and the NRHP nominations, facilitates the efforts of USCG to work through the required consultation processes; more effectively balancing responsibilities to address potential environmental impacts and legal mandates to avoid or mitigate impacts to historic resources.
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Wells, Jamin. "Lure of the Shore: Authenticity, Spectacle, and the Wreck of the St. Paul." New Jersey History 126, no. 1 (October 26, 2011): 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njh.v126i1.1104.
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This paper investigates the spectacle of shipwreck and marine salvage through the wreck of the transatlantic passenger liner <em>St. Paul</em> near Long Branch, New Jersey in 1896. As a dangerous ship trap, the New Jersey shore witnessed many shipwrecks. By the late nineteenth century, the region‟s extensive infrastructure facilitated the massive crowds that turned coastal wrecks into national spectacles. Businesses and entrepreneurs commodified these spectacles, exploiting fin-de-siècle America‟s fascination with the maritime world, technology, and “authentic” experiences. Commodification ultimately undermined spectators‟ search for authenticity, and successful salvage only reaffirmed the faith in American modernity that the wreck had challenged. Yet their sustained popularity during this period suggests that shipwreck spectacles fulfilled some of their promise. As a representative example, the <em>St. Paul</em> wreck demonstrates how shipwreck spectacles were an essential element of the lure of the shore in turn-of-the-century America.
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D’Alessandro, Michael. "Storms! Shipwrecks! Massacres!" American Art 33, no. 3 (September 2019): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/707478.
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Castro, Filipe, and Susana Medina. "Shipwrecks and Storytelling." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 3397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040174.
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Shipwreck stories have the potential to attract the attention of a wide public in different ways. Based on the Portuguese situation, of a country with a mythical past connected to the sea but a public policy for maritime archeology that lacks vision, purpose, or strategy and tends to exclude the public, this paper proposes a reflection on the social value of archeology and the potential it has for education and entertainment.
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Kocabaş, Ufuk, and Işıl Özsait-Kocabaş. "Comparative Analysis of Lifting from On-Site and Conservation of the Yenikapı Shipwrecks." Heritage 6, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 1871–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020100.
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The important commercial center of Constantinople’s Theodosian Harbor was brought to light during the Yenikapı excavations carried out by the Istanbul Archaeological Museums for nine years, starting in 2004. Hundreds of thousands of archaeological finds and the remains of thirty-seven ships sunk in different centuries were discovered at the harbor site. Upon the invitation of the Istanbul Archaeological Museums, Istanbul University undertook the removal, documentation, and construction technology studies of twenty-seven shipwrecks and the conservation work of 31 shipwrecks. Shipwrecks were documented in situ and removed from the site using various methods appropriate to their preserved conditions. Post-excavation documentation, technology research, and conservation procedures of the Yenikapı shipwrecks continue today. This article aims to present a collective evaluation of the lifting and conservation methodology of shipwrecks carried out by the Division of Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects of Istanbul University. In this context, the relationship between removing ship remains from the excavation site and conservation practices has been analyzed comparatively by referring to display styles.
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Blazkiewicz, Bernard. "Permits to Search Shipwrecks: Recent Amendment to the Act Concerning the Maritime Areas of the Polish Republic and the Marine Administration of 21st March 1991." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 2 (2005): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775094490.
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AbstractThe purpose of these short comments is to shed some light on Polish new regulations concerning permits to search shipwrecks. Comments first provide brief description of the regulations and their enabling act, and second argue that the regulations lack the precision in determining their scope of application. As a result, this lack of precision leads to the inconsistency of the new regulations with the international law of the sea. Regulations provide jurisdiction to issue permits to search shipwreck, over all persons in Polish Maritime Areas, including exclusive economic zone, which is contrary to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, ratified by Poland. In that case, and in accordance with Polish law, international obligations prevail over national rule, and in consequence, the maritime administration cannot issue permits for search of shipwreck for aliens within Polish EEZ.
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Vakhoneev, Viktor. "Study of Turkish shipwrecks in 18th — early 20th centuries in the waters of the Crimean Peninsula: main results and research prospects." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 3-2 (March 1, 2022): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202203statyi39.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the problem of archeological studying the Turkish shipwrecks of the 18th - early 20th centuries in the waters of the Crimean Peninsula. The author analyzes the main results of research on seven shipwrecks, noting that none of them has been properly studied and, as a result, put into scientific circulation. The author comes to the conclusion that the part of shipwrecks that are in shallow water are actively destroyed by storms, and therefore it is necessary to document them using modern technical means in the near future.
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Pearson, Natali. "Shipwrecks of the Roaring Forties: Researching Some of Australia’s Earliest Shipwrecks." Australian Archaeology 88, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2021.1991623.
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