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Journal articles on the topic 'Shona Law'
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1
Blair, David. "Shona Wilson Stark, The Work of the British Law Commissions – Law Reform…Now?" Edinburgh Law Review 22, no. 2 (May 2018): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2018.0499.
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Reid, Kenneth G. C. "Matthew Dyson, James Lee and Shona Wilson Stark (eds), Fifty Years of the Law Commissions: The Dynamics of Law Reform." Edinburgh Law Review 22, no. 1 (January 2018): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2018.0475.
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Makaudze, Godwin. "TEACHER, BOOK AND COMPANION: THE ENVIRONMENT IN SHONA CHILDREN’S LITERATURE." Commonwealth Youth and Development 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1150.
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Contemporary society has had running battles with citizens, trying to force them to be aware and appreciative of the importance of relating well with, and also safeguarding the environment. Modern ways of child socialisation seem in mentoring youngsters about the being, nature and significance of the environment (both natural and social) in life. Today, society it has largely become the duty of non-governmental organisations and law enforcement agents to educate and safeguard against the abuse of the social environment and the degradation, pollution and extinction of crucial facets of the natural environment. Using the Afrocentricity theory, the article explicates the position of the environment in Shona children’s oral literature (folktales, songs, riddles and taboos), showing that it was presented, viewed and taken as a teacher, book and close companion whose welfare was to be guarded jealously. The article advocates the adoption and adaptation of African ways of child socialisation, which subtly but effectively build a positive and healthy relationship between people and their environment.
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Sukutai Gudhlanga, Enna. "Reclaiming their socio-economic space in African culture : Shona Women Cross-Border Traders of Zimbabwe." Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2021/v2n1a3.
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The advent of colonialism relegated the traditional African woman to the fringes of the family and society through codified customary law. The Shona women of Zimbabwe were some of the worst affected as they were re-defined as housewives who had to rely on their husbands for the up-keep of the family. However, in as much as globalisation has been accused of having brought some crisis on the African continent and side-lined a significant number of indigenous players, for the African woman in the global south it has brought some form of re-awakening. Globalisation seems to have re-opened the avenues for Shona women and enabled them to re-negotiate their entry back into the economic activities of the family and the public sphere. Despite the general lack of interest in the activities of women and in the strategies used by the poor for survival, it is a known fact that Shona women have become a force to reckon with in terms of cross-border trading in Zimbabwe. This research was prompted by the general hub of activity at the country's borders before the onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic and the predominance of women traders who traverse the borders but whose activities have either not attracted enough attention to get their work recognised, or simply because they are taken for granted. Despite such strides, women in the cross-border trading business have instead garnered a certain stigma around them to the extent that the magnitude of their work is largely unrecognised. Yet elsewhere, the significance of women in informal trade is well documented. This study argues that women have not been left out in the global arena of trade. Desai (2009) acknowledges that the global economic openings in the informal sector have afforded women the opportunity to become active players in the markets of the global South. It is the aim of this research to investigate how globalisation has influenced the nature of the activities of Shona women in the cross-border trading business in Zimbabwe and their impact on the social well-being of the family and the nation’s economy at large. The research is largely qualitative in nature. Purposively selected Shona female cross-border traders at the Gulf Complex and Copacabana Market in Harare were interviewed before the COVID pandemic. The study revealed that the transnational activities of these Zimbabwean women are more wide-spread than has been anticipated. The study also revealed that women are unrecognised pillars in the economy of Zimbabwe as reflected in their success stories that have benefited Zimbabwe as a country. The study was informed by Africana Womanist theory which is embedded in African culture with special leaning on Ubuntu/ Unhu philosophy which recognises the complementary roles and partnerships of both men and women in resolving society's challenges.
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Lanzinger, Margareth. "Jutta Gisela Sperling and Shona Kelly Wray, eds, Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property, and Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca. 1300–1800)." European History Quarterly 42, no. 3 (July 2012): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412451813aa.
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LOOSLEY, EMMA. "Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property, and Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca.1300-1800) edited by Jutta Gisela Sperling and Shona Kelly Wray." Gender & History 22, no. 2 (July 13, 2010): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2010.01602_4.x.
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Ndlovu, Eventhough. "Milestones, challenges and prospects in the implementation of the Language Provisions of the Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act." Journal of African Languages and Literary Studies 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2633-2116/2020/v1n3a8.
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This article examines the progress made so far in the implementation of the language provisions of the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act. It is almost seven years since the 2013 Constitution became law. Given this timeframe, this study evaluates the milestones, challenges and prospects in the implementation of Sections 6, 7, 22, 56, 63, 70 and 249 of the 2013 Constitution. The study employs a multi-method approach to data collection and uses Critical Discourse Analysis and the Language Management Approach as its theoretical frameworks to account for the non-implementation dilemmas bedeviling these provisions. The findings of this study show that despite the provisions for functional multilingualism and multilingual service provision enshrined in the said Sections, limited success has been achieved in as far as their implementation is concerned. The State and all institutions and agencies of government at every level still give prominence to English, Shona and Ndebele.
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Mkwesha, Faith. "INTERVIEW WITH PETINA GAPPAH." Imbizo 7, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2078-9785/1857.
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This interview was conducted on 16 May 2009 at Le Quartier Francais in Franschhoek, Cape Town, South Africa. Petina Gappah is the third generation of Zimbabwean writers writing from the diaspora. She was born in 1971 in Zambia, and grew up in Zimbabwe during the transitional moment from colonial Rhodesia to independence. She has law degrees from the University of Zimbabwe, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Graz. She writes in English and also draws on Shona, her first language. She has published a short story collection An Elegy for Easterly (2009), first novel The Book of Memory (2015), and another collection of short stories, Rotten Row (2016). Gappah’s collection of short stories An Elegy for Easterly (2009) was awarded The Guardian First Book Award in 2009, and was shortlisted for the Frank O’Connor International Short Story Award, the richest prize for the short story form. Gappah was working on her novel The Book of Memory at the time of this interview.
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Gwatidzo, Shingai D., Petronella K. Murambinda, and Zivanai Makoni. "Medicines Counterfeiting in Africa: A View from Zimbabwe." Medicine Access @ Point of Care 1 (January 2017): maapoc.0000017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/maapoc.0000017.
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With the sprouting of unregulated outlets on the streets of Zimbabwe, common questions that are raised include: (i) what is the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) doing about these street vendors? and (ii) is the law against unregulated markets and proliferation of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines being actively enforced? There is no doubt that this is a new challenge for MCAZ because of the risks involved with SF medicines. Notwithstanding the rather strong regulatory framework for the regulated market that the MCAZ has major control over, and its demonstrable regulatory prowess over the last 20 years as a National Medicines Regulatory Authority (NMRA), MCAZ is increasingly challenged to take a leading role in addressing this rising phenomenon. MCAZ has attempted to address the problem through collaboration with the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), public education and inspections by port officials at ports of entry. However, the problem still persists. A general lack of concrete qualitative and quantitative data on the commonly encountered SF medicinal products on the Zimbabwe market is another major issue. This is evidently a multi-layered problem and as the Shona adage goes “chara chimwe hachitswanye inda” (loosely translated “one thumb cannot crush all lice”), there is need for engaging local and regional partners in a bid to fulfil the MCAZ's mandate of protecting public health by ensuring medicines and medical devices intended for sale and distribution in Zimbabwe, are safe, effective and of good quality.
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Childs, G. Tucker. "A grammatical sketch of Shona, including historical notes By Siegmund Brauner." Language 73, no. 4 (1997): 890–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1997.0045.
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Cespedes, Karina L. "Beyond Freedom's Reach: An Imperfect Centering of Women and Children Caught within Cuba's Long Emancipation and the Afterlife of Slavery." International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000231.
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AbstractThis article examines Cuba's long process of gradual emancipation (from 1868–1886) and the continual states of bondage that categorize the afterlife of Cuban slavery. The article addresses deferred freedom, re-enslavement, and maintenance of legal states of bondage in the midst of “freedom.” It contends with the legacy of the casta system, the contradictions within the Moret Law of 1870, which “half-freed” children but not their mothers, and it analyzes the struggle for full emancipation after US occupation, with the thwarted attempt of forming the Partido Independiente de Color to enfranchise populations of color. The article argues that the desire to control the labor of racialized populations, and in particular the labor of black and indigenous women and children, unified Cuban and US slaveholders determined to detain emancipation; and provides an analysis of the re-enslavement of US free people of color at the end of the nineteenth century, kidnapped and brought to the Cuba as a method of bolstering slavery. The article draws on the scholarship of Saidiya Hartman and Shona Jackson to provide an assessment of the afterlife of Cuban slavery, the invisibility of indigenous labor, the hypervisibility of African labor in the Caribbean deployed to maintain white supremacy, and it critiques the humanizing narrative of labor as a means for freedom in order to address the ways in which, for racialized populations in Cuba, wage labor would emerge as a tool of oppression. The article raises an inquiry into the historiography on Cuban slavery to provide a critique of the invisibility of indigenous and African women and children. It also considers the role and place of sexual exchanges/prostitution utilized to obtain freedom and to finance self-manumission, alongside the powerful narratives of the social and sexual deviancy of black women that circulated within nineteenth-century Cuba.
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Hurlburt, Holly S. "Sperling, Jutta and Shona Kelly Wray, eds. Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property and the Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca. 1300-1800). (New York: Routledge Press, 2009), 310 pp., hardback, $103.00, ISBN 978 0 415 99586 3." Journal of Early Modern History 15, no. 6 (2011): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006511x604059.
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Heine, Bernd. "Borrowing: Loanwords in the speech community and in the grammar by Shana Poplack." Language 95, no. 1 (2019): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2019.0024.
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Dursteler, Eric. "Jutta G. Sperling and Shona Kelly Wray, eds. Across the Religious Divide: Women, Property, and Law in the Wider Mediterranean (ca. 1300–1800). Routledge Research in Gender and History 11. New York: Routledge, 2010. vii + 309 pp. index. tbls. map. bibl. $95. ISBN: 978–0–415–99586–3." Renaissance Quarterly 63, no. 4 (2010): 1325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658560.
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Fang, Baoying, Dongmei He, and Yuan Zhang. "Short Hairpin RNA-Mediated Inhibition of Bcl-2 Gene Increases Susceptibility to Methotrexate and Suppresses Lymphoma Growth In Vitro and In Vivo." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4513.4513.
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Abstract A high level of expression of Bcl-2 is associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation in a number of tumor types, so that a drug to reduce the levels of this protein would be expected to promote apoptosis and would therefore be considered a promising chemotherapeutic agent. At present, gene repression can also be achieved in mammalian cells by using vectors to express small hairpin RNA (shRNA) with a U6 or H1 promoter under the direction of RNA polymerase III. In our lab, we have constructed a U6 promoter based vector expressing shRNA structure targeting against Bcl-2, which could effectively down-regulate Bcl-2 protein. We previously demonstrated that this Bcl-2 shRNA decreased cell proliferation and enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis in Raji cells. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of Bcl-2 shRNA combined with methotrexate (MTX) in Molt4, Raji cells and nude mice model bearing human lymphoma.Bcl-2 shRNA was transfected into Molt4 cells and Raji cells with Lipofectamine. At 24,48,72,96 hours after transient transfection, the expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The inhibition of cell growth was assessed by MTT assay, counting cell number. Apoptosis was determined by morphological observation and flow cytomertry. To examine the effect of Bcl-2 shRNA on proliferation and chemosensitivity against MTX in vivo, human Raji cell line was inoculated into the skin of BALB/c nude mice to establish lymphoma model. After Molt4 and Raji cells were transfected with Bcl-2 shRNA, protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2 obviously were decreased. MTT assays indicated that the growth of cells transfected with Bcl-2 shRNA were significantly lower than those cells with negative control shRNA and untransfected cells, respectively (P<0.05). Bcl-2 shRNA combined with MTX significantly inhibited the growth of cells (P<0.05). There was no difference in cell survival between control shRNA / MTX combination and cells treated with MTX alone. Using Giemsa staining, cells treated with Bcl-2 shRNA combined with MTX displayed changes of apoptosis. Apoptotic rates of both Molt4 and Raji cells treated with Bcl-2 shRNA combined with MTX significantly increased (P<0.05), compared with either control shRNA / MTX combination or MTX-treatment cells alone. In the assay of s.c. tumors in nude mice, tumor growth was inhibited in Bcl-2 shRNA group compared with that in negative control shRNA, and immunohistochemistry showed that Bcl-2 protein level of tumor was also decreased. The inhibition rate of tumor growth was significantly higher in tumors treated with Bcl-2 shRNA combined with MTX than in either control shRNA / MTX combination or MTX-treatment group (P<0.05). These results suggest that Bcl-2 shRNA increases MTX-induced apoptosis in Molt4 and Raji cells. Moreover, the combination of Bcl-2 shRNA and MTX produces greater antitumor effect.
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Howari, F. M., Y. Abu-Rukah, and P. C. Goodell. "Heavy metal pollution of soils along North Shuna-Aqaba Highway, Jordan." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 22, no. 5 (2004): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2004.005913.
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Barnard, Catherine, and Niall O'Connor. "RUNNERS AND RIDERS: THE HORSEMEAT SCANDAL, EU LAW AND MULTI-LEVEL ENFORCEMENT." Cambridge Law Journal 76, no. 01 (March 2017): 116–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819731700006x.
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Abstract The 2013 horsemeat scandal shone a bright light on some of the darkest corners of supply-chain governance across the EU, revealing a blind spot in current EU food law. “Beef” frozen-food products were found to contain up to 100% horse. The British and Irish are squeamish about eating horse. Even for those countries where horsemeat is seen as a delicacy, the horse getting into the frozen “beef” was often of poor quality and possibly contaminated with “bute”, a veterinary drug not permitted in food for human consumption. The ability of the EU's regulatory regime to prevent fraud on such a scale was shown to be inadequate. EU food law, with its (over) emphasis on food safety, failed to prevent the occurrence of fraud and may even have played an (unintentional) role in facilitating or enhancing it. Domestic law offered little better protection, thus showing the difficulties associated with the implementation of a multi-level and multi-agency regulatory regime. Beyond the regulatory system, the EU's core Treaty commitment to the free movement of goods may also have laid the ground for complex and opaque supply chains into which unscrupulous traders and middlemen could slip unnoticed.
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Segall, Alexander. "John E. Gray, Margaret A. Shone, and Peter F. Liddle. Canadian Mental Health Law and Policy. Toronto, ON: Butterworths, 2000." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 21, no. 3 (2002): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s071498080000177x.
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RÉSUMÉIl faut féliciter les auteurs de s'être lancés dans une entreprise importante et difficile. Il est certain qu'une étude exhaustive du droit et des politiques canadiennes actuelles relatifs à la santé mentale est de rigueur, mais il n'est pas aisé de condenser un domaine aussi complexe. À certains égards, cet ouvrage promet plus qu'il n'offre. Il soulève des questions critiques sur la pensée et le débat actuels concernant la législation canadienne de la santé mentale, et il donne les grandes lignes des recommandations visant à orienter une action future sur les grands enjeux des politiques; en revanche, il ne réussit pas à offrir une approche novatrice à l'analyse du droit de la santé mentale. La perspective des besoins humains qui est prônée est en fait rétrograde dans son approche des soins de santé mentale. L'argument clé est que le Canada devrait assouplir les critères d'internement involontaire dans les hôpitaux psychiatriques. Malheureusement, cet argument s'appuie sur des postulats non fondés de la nécessité de l'internement involontaire et du traitement obligatoire. Malgré cette faille, l'ouvrage renferme une mine de renseignements sur le droit de la santé mentale au Canada et le processus permanent de la réforme juridique. S'il est probable que beaucoup de gens intéressés par le droit de la santé mentale le liront de la première à la dernière page, le livre contient néanmoins des discussions bien écrites portant sur des sujets tels que l'histoire de la législation canadienne sur la santé mentale; les critères et les modalités d'admission involontaire à l'hôpital; ainsi que le traitement communautaire subventionné. Dans l'ensemble, cet ouvrage peut s'avérer utile si on le lit de façon sélective, mais il faut absolument le lire de façon critique.
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Huerta Fernández, Alfonso Pablo, Alejandro Seminario Cunya, Víctor Vásquez Arce, Juan Seminario Cunya, Marco Honorio Acosta, and Antonio Huerta Fernández. "Productividad de quince cultivares tradicionales de papa Phureja en ocho ambientes distintos." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 12, no. 6 (September 20, 2021): 949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v12i6.2582.
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Se evaluó la productividad de tubérculos frescos y de materia seca de 15 cultivares tradicionales de papa del grupo Phureja de Cajamarca, en ocho ambientes distintos. Las siembras se realizaron en el valle de Cajamarca. Se usó el diseño de bloques completos al azar, con 15 tratamientos y tres repeticiones. La siembra se realizó a 0.9 m entre surcos y 0.4 m entre plantas. Se aplicó 5 t ha-1 de humus de lombriz y un fertilizante compuesto (15-24 -14 de N, P y K), a razón de 300 kg ha-1. A la cosecha se tomaron ocho plantas por tratamiento y se evaluaron las variables relacionadas con el rendimiento. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre cultivares para las variables: peso total de tubérculos, peso de tubérculos comerciales, número total de tubérculos, número de tubérculos comerciales, altura de planta, número de tallos y materia seca. Los cultivares ‘Chachapoyana’, ‘Montañera’, ‘Blanca’ y ‘Shoga’, fueron los mejores en rendimiento de tubérculos frescos y los cultivares ‘Piña amarilla’, ‘Shoga’ y ‘Porpora’, los mejores en materia seca. Los ambientes presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas paras las variables NTT, NTC, AP y NT.
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Briggs, Adrian. "In Praise and Defence of Renvoi." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 4 (October 1998): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062576.
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It is sometimes asked whether English private international law has a theory, or, if it has a theory, what this actually means. This may be a question for some, but it may have no answer. The purpose of this article is to take issue with the claim, sometimes made, that since Spiliada1 the subject has become less theoretical. To be sure, the deplorable quality of recent law reform lends powerful support to the proposition that concern for the theory of the subject (indeed, any form of reflective intelligence) has been notably lacking. But Spiliada may have been one of those defining moments in which the large theory of the English conflict of laws underwent a dramatic change and shone a light into areas of the subject which had been peacefully gathering dust.
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Chan, Heng-Choon. "Book Review: Shon, P. C., & Milovanovic, D. (Eds). (2006). Serial Killers: Understanding Lust Murder. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. ix, 227 pp." International Criminal Justice Review 19, no. 3 (September 2009): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016808328801.
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Jose, Shibu, A. Sreepathy, B. Mohan Kumar, and V. K. Venugopal. "Structural, floristic and edaphic attributes of the grassland-shola forests of Eravikulam in peninsular India." Forest Ecology and Management 65, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90176-7.
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Nyamutata, Conrad. "Young Terrorists or Child Soldiers? ISIS Children, International Law and Victimhood." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 25, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz034.
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Abstract Since the Syrian conflict broke out, a significant number of Western citizens travelled to the warzone to join the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). By common definitions, some of the persons travelled as ‘children’. However, since the defeat of ISIS, Western countries are facing a conundrum on how to treat these young former fighters. The status of these children has been contentious. Among the Western countries, there does not seem to be a clear position or consistent approach on how such children should be treated. It would appear that the approaches towards the dilemma on these young persons have, predominantly, been dictated by the political whims of individual states. Generally, the children have been regarded as young ‘terrorists’ likely to pose danger to Western societies if repatriated back. However, the perceptions and actions towards these minors seem to depart from the normative approaches to children associated with armed conflict. The widely reported case of British teenager Shamima Begum shone the spotlight on the predicaments of children formerly associated with ISIS. This article makes a case for the treatment of ISIS-associated children to be considered as child soldiers. When analysed closely, these children deserve protections accorded to all children recruited for purposes of warfare. Recent case law seems to imply that such protection does not cease even after the age of 18 years. All considered, the denial of repatriation appears inimical to normative standards on children associated with armed conflict. Furthermore, the approaches of some of the Western countries could be vulnerable to criticism for violation of the rule of law. The arbitrary revocation of citizenship and barring of returns appear starkly in conflict with norms of natural justice. With this in mind, this article asserts that a consistent approach would require the Western approaches to treat ISIS-associated children as victims first and accord them protections recognised in international law.
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Mohammed, Abrar Juhar, and Makoto Inoue. "Forest-dependent communities' livelihood in decentralized forest governance policy epoch: case study from West Shoa zone, Ethiopia." Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research 5, no. 1 (January 2013): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19390459.2013.797153.
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SUZUKI, T., H. WAKIMOTO, H. OHTAKE, S. HASE, and T. NAMAI. "Blast pathogens of wild annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in the Shonai District, Yamagata Prefecture, northern Honshu Island, Japan." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 81, no. 3 (2015): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.81.188.
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Senkman, Leonardo. "Los sobrevivientes de la Shoa en Argentina: su imagen y memoria en la sociedad general y judía: 1945-1950." Arquivo Maaravi: Revista Digital de Estudos Judaicos da UFMG 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2007): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-3053.1.1.67-97.
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Investigaciones históricas realizadas en los últimos diez años han demostrado las políticas gubernamentales restrictivas y hostiles al ingreso de los refugiados judíos del nazismo y del fascismo en Argentina antes, durante e inmediatamente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este artículo analiza sus condiciones en 1945-1950.
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Abhijit, H. U., Y. L. Krishnamurthy, and K. Gopalakrishna Bhat. "The oat-like grass Trisetopsis aspera (Munro ex Thwaites) Röser & A.Wölk (Poaceae): a new record for the flora of central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 17601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6181.13.1.17601-17603.
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For the documentation of grasses in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, we have conducted the extensive field surveys by using random sampling method from 2017 to 2020. During this survey we have collected some grass specimens from the shola grassland, which forms the new distributional record of Trisetopsis aspera (Munro ex Thwaites) Roser & A. Wolk to the flora of central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India from the montane high- lands of Baba Budangiri hills of Chikkamagaluru District.
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Burkholder, Kristin M., and Arun K. Bhunia. "Listeria monocytogenes Uses Listeria Adhesion Protein (LAP) To Promote Bacterial Transepithelial Translocation and Induces Expression of LAP Receptor Hsp60." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 12 (September 27, 2010): 5062–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00516-10.
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ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes interaction with the intestinal epithelium is a key step in the infection process. We demonstrated that Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) promotes adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and facilitates extraintestinal dissemination in vivo. The LAP receptor is a stress response protein, Hsp60, but the precise role for the LAP-Hsp60 interaction during Listeria infection is unknown. Here we investigated the influence of physiological stressors and Listeria infection on host Hsp60 expression and LAP-mediated bacterial adhesion, invasion, and transepithelial translocation in an enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell model. Stressors such as heat (41°C), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (100 U), and L. monocytogenes infection (104 to 106 CFU/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) increased plasma membrane and intracellular Hsp60 levels in Caco-2 cells and consequently enhanced LAP-mediated L. monocytogenes adhesion but not invasion of Caco-2 cells. In transepithelial translocation experiments, the wild type (WT) exhibited 2.7-fold more translocation through Caco-2 monolayers than a lap mutant, suggesting that LAP is involved in transepithelial translocation, potentially via a paracellular route. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) suppression of Hsp60 in Caco-2 cells reduced WT adhesion and translocation 4.5- and 3-fold, respectively, while adhesion remained unchanged for the lap mutant. Conversely, overexpression of Hsp60 in Caco-2 cells enhanced WT adhesion and transepithelial translocation, but not those of the lap mutant. Furthermore, initial infection with a low dosage (106 CFU/ml) of L. monocytogenes increased plasma membrane and intracellular expression of Hsp60 significantly, which rendered Caco-2 cells more susceptible to subsequent LAP-mediated adhesion and translocation. These data provide insight into the role of LAP as a virulence factor during intestinal epithelial infection and pose new questions regarding the dynamics between the host stress response and pathogen infection.
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Tesfahun, Azmeraw Ayehu, and Arevendor S. Chawla. "Risk perceptions and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-04-2019-0076.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore smallholder farmers’ risk perception associated with climate change, the adaptation strategies used and determinants of their adaptation decision behaviour in Eferatena-Gidem district, Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach The study used household survey methods of data collection. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire survey by interviewing 261 randomly selected smallholder farmers and analysed using both descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques including Participation Index, Adaptation Strategy Index and Binary Logistic Regression Model. Findings Results of the survey revealed that the vast majority of the respondents perceived the long-term changes in temperature and rainfall pattern. Although they are not transformational in nature, the majority (77 per cent) of the respondents who had perceived changes in climate took adaptive measures. Results of the econometric model analysis revealed that farmers’ perceptions of climate change, extension contact frequency, farmers’ attitude towards adaptation measures, tailor-made training and membership of farmers in peasant associations were found to be significant predictors that positively influenced farmers’ decision behaviour, whereas off-farm employment and the age of the household head were found to be negative and significant determinants. Practical implications This study, in general, provides an insight into the risk perception, adaptive response and determinants of farmers’ decision behaviour in implementing response strategies and suggests that policies and strategies intended at building the adaptive capacity of the farming community in the study area need to take into account the aforementioned significant factors and framers risk perception, as they highly determine their decision behaviour and help in designing effective and context-specific adaptation strategy. Originality/value The findings of this study could be informative for policy makers and development practitioners in designing locally specific effective adaptation menu that shapes adaptation to current and future climate risks.
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Obara, Shin'ya, Ryo Hamanaka, and Abeer Galal El-Sayed. "Design methods for microgrids to address seasonal energy availability – A case study of proposed Showa Antarctic Station retrofits." Applied Energy 236 (February 2019): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.031.
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Sampedro-Núñez, Miguel, Antonio Bouthelier, Ana Serrano-Somavilla, Rebeca Martínez-Hernández, Magdalena Adrados, Elena Martín-Pérez, José Luis Muñoz de Nova, et al. "LAT-1 and GLUT-1 Carrier Expression and Its Prognostic Value in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors." Cancers 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12102968.
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Cancer cells develop mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, including key nutrient carriers, such as amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), regulated by the oxygen-sensing Von Hippel Lindau-hypoxia-inducible factor (VHL-HIF) transcriptional pathway. We aimed to analyze these metabolic players in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) and correlate them with tumor malignancy and progression. LAT-1, GLUT-1, and pVHL expression was analyzed in 116 GEP-NETs and 48 peritumoral tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. LAT-1 was stably silenced using specific shRNA in the human NET BON cell line. LAT-1 expression was significantly increased in tumor tissue compared to non-tumor tissue in both gastrointestinal (67% vs. 44%) and pancreatic NETs (54% vs. 31%). Similarly, GLUT-1 was substantially elevated in gastrointestinal (74% vs. 19%) and pancreatic (58% vs. 4%) NETs. In contrast, pVHL expression was decreased (85% vs. 58%) in pancreatic NETs. Tumors with metastases at diagnosis displayed increased LAT-1 and GLUT-1 and decreased pVHL expression (p < 0.001). In accordance with these data, silencing LAT-1 curtailed cell proliferation in BON cells. These findings suggest that specific mechanisms that increase nutrient uptake, such as LAT-1 and GLUT-1, are increased in GEP-NETs, whereas pVHL is decreased. These markers might be related to the proliferation and metastatic capacity of these tumors.
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Gonzalez Romero, Alicia. "Un Hypertexto para la enseñanza de la Estadística No Paramétrica: Propuesta didáctica para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales / A Hypertext for the Teaching of Nonparametric Statistics: Didactic Proffer for the Teaching-Learning Process of the Social Sciences." Revista Internacional de Aprendizaje en Ciencia, Matemáticas y Tecnología 3, no. 2 (October 28, 2016): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revedumat.v3.249.
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ABSTRACTA hypertext was realized as a didactic guide to construct and explain the different hypothesis tests related with nonparametric statistics by using the Raimon Duvals semiotic theoretical base, the learning based on Donald Shon´s problems, and exercises of social kind. Microsoft Excel was used as didactic software , the tests were developed according to the constructivism. There was an explanation consistent in an hypothesis test beginning with thw the binomial development and it was continued with exercises analysis and development of the hypothesis tests exercises included in the nonparametric statistics program. Working with a hypertext and the Excel software allowed to save capture time and numeric calculations. The indicators used to measure the learning, coincide in the display that shows that working with the hypertext favors the nonparametric statistics learning task. Nevertheless, the students recommended to add more theory in order to explain each topic and to add more exercises, with this we can conclude that the method is perfectible.RESUMENSe realizó un Hypertexto, como guía didáctica para construir y explicar las diferentes pruebas de hipótesis relacionadas con la Estadística no Paramétrica, con el sustento teórico de los Registros semióticos de Raimond Duval, el aprendizaje basado en problemas de Donald Shon y ejercicios de corte social, Se utilizó el programa Microsoft Excel como sosftware didáctico, se desarrollaron las pruebas de acuerdo con el constructivismo, se explicó en que consiste una prueba de hipótesis partiendo del desarrollo de la binomial y se continuó con el análisis y desarrollo de ejercicios de las pruebas de hipótesis contenidas en el programa de Estadística no Parametrica. El trabajar con un hipertexto, y el programa Excel, permitió ahorrar tiempo de captura y cálculos numéricos. Los indicadores utilizados para medir el aprendizaje, coinciden al mostrar que trabajar con el Hypertexto favorece el aprendizaje de la Estadística no Paramétrica, Sin embargo, los estudiantes recomendaron, agregar más teoría para explicar cada tema y añadir más ejercicios, con lo que se concluye que el método es perfectible. Contacto principal: Aliciagr_1@hotmail.com
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NARUSHIMA, Michiaki. "Surgical Skill-up Seminar (Northern Yokohama Skill-up Seminar; NYSS) Using a Wet-lab Training System for Clinical Residents of Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital." Showa University Journal of Medical Sciences 26, no. 1 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15369/sujms.26.1.
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Bandžović, Sead. "Transformation of the State and Law in Iran after the Iranian Revolutionin 1979." Historijski pogledi 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2021.4.5.146.
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With the overthrow of the regime of Reza Pahlavi in 1979, the Iranian revolution ended the existence of the 2,500-year-old Persian Empire and built the Islamic Republic of Iran on its foundations. The revolution was the product of three independent social structures that merged at one point. One was the structure of constitutionalism that grew out of a century-long struggle for democracy supported by modernists; the second was Islamism as a movement to set Sharia law as the primary law supported by rural elements in society in response to Western urban elites and accepted by merchants; and the third is the nationalist structure, driven by rage fueled by Iran's long subordination to European powers. The basic principle of the Islamic Republic of Iran, proclaimed by the new constitution from 1979, is the positioning of God as the supreme bearer of people's sovereignty and people who are only marginal representatives of his power on Earth. Ayatollah Homenini, the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution and the Iranian state, in this regard created a thesis about the Islamic State as a political representation, created on the basis of the people's will, in order to enforce God's laws. In practice, such system meant setting up Sharia (religious) laws as the only source of law in regulating social, legal and other relations within the community. A dichotomy has been created in the management of the state, so there are two groups of authorities. The first, the conciliar, consists of the Supreme leader, the Council of Guardians (Shora-ye Negahban-e Qanun-e assassi), the Council of Experts (Majles-e Khobragan Rahbari) and the Judgment Council. The task of these councils is to oversee the activities of all levels of government in order to preserve the unity, sovereignty and integrity of the Iranian political system. The conciliar government supervises and advises the republican part of the government, ie. its legislative, executive and judicial aspects. In addition to conciliar government, there is a republican government that creates laws and political decisions in accordance with religious teachings and under the supervision of theocratic political institutions. All laws and court decisions must be based on the principles of the Qur'an, and their proper interpretation requires an understanding of religious principles. On the basis of the constitution, a special High Judicial Council was established, which amended the pre-revolutionary laws (criminal, commercial, civil and procedural), thus creating the so-called “Transitional law”. The biggest changes affected the area of criminal law, where the principle of talion revenge was introduced (“an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”) and the strict punishment of extramarital relations and same-sex relationships. In the domain of marital and family law, a man is given a number of rights, thus putting the woman, as a marital partner, in a more unequal position. Husbands were facilitated in divorce, temporary marriages with more than one woman were allowed, while on the other hand women were allowed the right to divorce only if it was explicitly allowed by her husband during the marriage. The revolution also introduced new sources in the regulation of legal relations. Thus, by an order of the Supreme Judicial Council of 23 August 1982, judges were ordered to use direct authoritative Islamic texts or sources on which to base their judgments in resolving disputes. Judges are required by this Order to address the Council of Guardians of the Constitution if they cannot determine with certainty whether a regulation is in accordance with Sharia law or not. If the judge does not know which law to apply, he must contact the Office of Ayatollah Khomeini for further instructions. In addition to the internal one, the revolution caused radical changes in the foreign policy field, positioning Iran as an important participant in numerous international processes at the regional and global level.
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Rodríguez-Ortega, Alejandro, Aarón Martínez-Menchaca, Alejandro Ventura-Maza, Vargas-Monter Jorge, Muhammad Ehsan, and Francisco M. Lara Viveros. "Evaluación de variedades de morera en la alimentación del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori) en Hidalgo, México." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 4, no. 5 (May 3, 2018): 701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v4i5.1169.
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El estudio se realizó en septiembre de 2011 en el laboratorio del gusano de seda ubicado en la Universidad Politécnica de Francisco I. Madero en el municipio de Francisco I. Madero, Hidalgo. Se llevó a cabo un análisis proximal a tres variedades de morera (Morus sp.) SLP5, SLP3 y Kanva. Mediante un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos y dos repeticiones, se evaluaron las variedades de morera en la alimentación de 6 poblaciones de 500 larvas de gusanos seda (Bombyx mori) de raza Kinshu Showa y su efecto en indicadores técnico-productivos en la fase larvaria y de encapullado. Se determino los componentes del análisis proximal de las hojas de morera; materia seca, proteína, fibra, extracto etéreo y cenizas. En la fase larvaria se estudio mortalidad, peso, longitud y diámetro torácico. En la fase de encapullado se analizó el peso de capullo con y sin crisálida, peso de crisálida, producción de capullo, forma y tamaño del mismo. Los resultados del análisis proximal indican porcentajes de proteína en las tres variedades mayores al 20%, siendo la variedad SLP5 y la Kanva la de mayor valor y menor nivel proteico la SLP3 (p> 0.05). En la fase larvaria, las larvas alimentadas con la variedad Kanva ganaron más peso, mayor longitud y diámetro torácico; sin embargo, las poblaciones alimentadas con la variedad SLP3 presentaron menor porcentaje de mortalidad, mayor producción de capullos, capullos de mayor tamaño y mayor cantidad de capullos elípticos. La variedad SLP5 obtuvo capullos de mayor peso.
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Cox, James. "Land Crisis in Zimbabwe." Fieldwork in Religion 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/firn.v1i1.35.
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Earlier this year, I received a small grant from the Edinburgh University Development Trust Fund to determine the feasibility of formulating a major research project exploring the religious dimensions within the recent land resettlement programme in Zimbabwe. Since spirit mediums had played such an important role in the first Shona uprising in 1896–97 against colonial occu¬pation (the so-called First Chimurenga) (Parsons, 1985: 50-51) and again in the war of liberation between 1972 and 1979 (the Second Chimurenga) (Lan, 1985), I suspected that these central points of contact between the spirit world and the living communities would be affecting the sometimes militant invasions of white commercial farms that began sporadically in 1998, but became systematic after the constitutional referendum of February 2000. Under the terms of the grant, I went with my colleague, Tabona Shoko of the University of Zimbabwe, in July and August 2004, to two regions of Zimbabwe: Mount Darwin in the northeast, where recent activities by war veterans and spirit mediums had been reported, and to the Mberengwa District, where land resettlement programmes have been widespread. This article reports on my preliminary findings in Mount Darwin, where I sought to determine if evidence could be found to link the role of Traditional Religion, particularly through spirit mediums, to the current land redistribution programme, and, if so, whether increasing levels of political intolerance within Zimbabwean society could be blamed, in part at least, on these customary beliefs and practices
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Bodaar, Kimberly, Ingrid M. Aries, Salmaan Karim, Triona Ni Chonghaile, Melissa A. Burns, Laura Hinze, Maren Pfirrmann, et al. "PRC2 Inactivation Induces Resistance to Chemotherapy-Induced Apoptosis By Upregulating the TRAP1 Mitochondrial Chaperone in T-ALL." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113518.
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Abstract The tendency of mitochondria to undergo or resist BCL2-controlled apoptosis (so-called mitochondrial priming) is a powerful predictor of response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Fully exploiting this finding will require unraveling the molecular genetics underlying phenotypic variability in mitochondrial priming. We analyzed pre-treatment T-ALL clinical specimens from a cohort of 47 patients (enriched for treatment failure, but with sufficient controls) treated on the COG AALL0434 or DFCI 05001 clinical trials using BH3 profiling analysis to assess mitochondrial apoptotic priming. We found that there was a strong association between resistance to mitochondrial apoptosis and a poor response to induction chemotherapy (P = 0.008). Furthermore, mitochondrial apoptosis resistance predicted significantly inferior event-free survival (65% vs. 91% at 5 years; P = 0.0376). To define the molecular determinants of this mitochondrial apoptosis resistance, we performed targeted exon sequencing and array CGH copy number analysis. This revealed that loss-of-function mutations in the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) core subunits (EZH2, EED or SUZ12) were associated with mitochondrial apoptosis resistance (P = 0.007) in clinical specimens. PRC2 is a chromatin modifying complex best known for its role in transcriptional repression, which functions as a tumor suppressor in T-ALL, but whether PRC2 regulates mitochondrial apoptosis is unknown. Using shRNA knockdown in human T-ALL cells, we found that depletion of PRC2 subunits in T-ALL cells induced mitochondrial apoptosis resistance, as assessed by BH3 profiling analysis (P < 0.001). PRC2 inactivation also induced resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis (P < 0.0001), and increased T-ALL fitness following treatment with the antileukemic drug vincristine (P = 0.0001). Apoptosis resistance upon inactivation of EZH2 (a PRC2 catalytic subunit) was reversed by transduction of wild-type EZH2, but not by an EZH2 point mutant with impaired methyltransferase activity, indicating that this effect is mediated by the enzymatic activity of PRC2. In normal mouse thymocytes, heterozygous deletion of the PRC2 subunits Ezh2 or Eed was sufficient to induce apoptosis resistance in non-transformed double-negative T-cell progenitors (P < 0.010), indicating that apoptosis resistance can arise prior to oncogenic transformation. The best-known regulators of mitochondrial apoptosis are BCL2-family genes, but RNA-seq analysis of shRNA knockdown of the PRC2 subunits in a T-ALL cell line revealed that PRC2 did not regulate expression of any of the known BCL2 family members. Instead, PRC2 loss led to upregulation of TRAP1, a mitochondrially localized chaperone of the HSP90 family. TRAP1 upregulation was necessary for induction of apoptosis resistance following PRC2 inactivation, because shRNA knockdown of TRAP1 in the human CCRF-CEM cell line completely blocked induction of apoptosis resistance following PRC2 inactivation (P < 0.0001). Moreover, pharmacologic TRAP1 inhibition synergized with the antileukemic drugs dexamethasone and doxorubicin (combination index = 0.37 and 0.42, respectively). To define how PRC2 regulates TRAP1, we performed ChIP-seq analysis, which revealed that TRAP1 regulation by PRC2 is indirect. Combined ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis revealed a number of direct targets of PRC2, all of which were tested for their ability to upregulate TRAP1 and induce apoptosis resistance. This showed that the LIM domain transcription factor CRIP2 is a direct target of PRC2 that is necessary and sufficient for regulation of TRAP1, and for induction of apoptosis resistance downstream of PRC2 inactivation. To confirm the relevance of our findings, we used the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 to inhibit enzymatic activity of PRC2, which revealed that EZH2 normally represses CRIP2 and TRAP1 expression in primary patient-derived xenografts. Finally, we found that increased TRAP1 expression correlates with treatment failure in T-ALL clinical specimens (P = 0.028). Taken together, our findings support a model in which loss of PRC2 induces transcriptional upregulation of its direct target CRIP2, which subsequently activates expression of TRAP1, leading to resistance to chemotherapy-induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Disclosures Aries: Pfizer: Employment. Teachey:Amgen: Consultancy; La Roche: Consultancy. Letai:AstraZeneca: Consultancy, Other: Lab research report; AbbVie: Consultancy, Other: Lab research report; Flash Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Novartis: Consultancy, Other: Lab research report; Vivid Biosciences: Equity Ownership.
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Dingle, Lesley. "Conversations with Michael J. Prichard: the Fun of Legal History and the Triumph of Research Over Administration." Legal Information Management 20, no. 2 (June 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147266962000016x.
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AbstractMichael Prichard was born before the Second World War and lived through the bombing and destruction of much of London. When he entered university in 1945, King's College London had reoccupied its old quarters in the badly-damaged Somerset House, and along with LSE and UCL had pooled teaching resources to overcome staff shortages and accommodation damage. This inadvertently gave Michael a rich pool of mentors upon which to found his career, and who served him well in later years. He entered Queens’ College Cambridge in 1948 and experienced the unique post-war phenomena of the “returning warriors”, which continued, along with the “weekenders”, when he became a fellow at Gonville & Caius in 1950. Here he has remained, and is still a Fellow, seventy years later. His legacy is a fund of memories of a life-long journey through changing landscapes of legal research, teaching, and college and faculty administration. Lesley Dingle first interviewed Michael for the Eminent Scholars Archive in 2012, where his biography and general academic reminiscences are set forth. She now revisits aspects of these, following a conversation she had with David Yale for ESA in November 2019. David was Michael's career-long colleague, and his interview shone new light on their decades of joint endeavour unravelling the development of maritime law in the British Isles. Shortly after David's reminder of the magnitude of their project, an encounter with Professor David Ibbetson, and most recently a meeting with Michael, now in his 93rd year, spurred the author on to summarise particular aspects of Michael's varied research projects. In the process, she will emphasise the overall sense of adventure, and enjoyment - in short “fun”, with which he explored the history and jurisdictional intricacies of the Admiralty Court (jointly with David Yale), presented his enlightened insights into the evolution of aspects of tort law, and explained his research of the few esoteric conundrums in which a retiree was able to indulge.
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Lv, Yan-xia, Sen Zhong, Hexin Tang, Bin Luo, Shao-Juan Chen, Long Chen, Fei Zheng, et al. "VEGF-A and VEGF-B Coordinate the Arteriogenesis to Repair the Infarcted Heart with Vagus Nerve Stimulation." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 48, no. 2 (2018): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491775.
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Background/Aims: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) suppresses arrhythmic activity and minimizes cardiomyocyte injury. However, how VNS affects angiogenesis/arteriogenesis in infarcted hearts, is poorly understood. Methods: Myocardial infarction (MI) was achieved by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in rats. 7 days after LAD, stainless-steel wires were looped around the left and right vagal nerve in the neck for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The vagal nerve was stimulated with regular pulses of 0.2ms duration at 20 Hz for 10 seconds every minute for 4 hours, and then ACh levels by ELISA in cardiac tissue and serum were evaluated for its release after VNS. Three and 14 days after VNS, Real-time PCR, immunostaining and western blot were respectively used to determine VEGF-A/B expressions and α-SMA- and CD31-postive vessels in VNS-hearts with pretreatment of α7-nAChR blocker mecamylamine (10 mg/kg, ip) or mACh-R blocker atropine (10 mg/kg, ip) for 1 hour. The coronary function and left ventricular performance were analyzed by Langendorff system and hemodynamic parameters in VNS-hearts with pretreatment of VEGF-A/B-knockdown or VEGFR blocker AMG706. Coronary arterial endothelial cells proliferation, migration and tube formation were evaluated for angiogenesis following the stimulation of VNS in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results: VNS has been shown to stimulate VEGF-A and VEGF-B expressions in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) with an increase of α-SMA- and CD31-postive vessel number in infarcted hearts. The VNS-induced VEGF-A/B expressions and angiogenesis were abolished by m-AChR inhibitor atropine and α7-nAChR blocker mecamylamine in vivo. Interestingly, knockdown of VEGF-A by shRNA mainly reduced VNS-mediated formation of CD31+ microvessels. In contrast, knockdown of VEGF-B powerfully abrogated VNS-induced formation of α-SMA+ vessels. Consistently, VNS-induced VEGF-A showed a greater effect on EC tube formation as compared to VNS-induced VEGF-B. Moreover, VEGF-A promoted EC proliferation and VSMC migration while VEGF-B induced VSMC proliferation and EC migration in vitro. Mechanistically, vagal neurotransmitter acetylcholine stimulated VEGF-A/B expressions through m/nACh-R/PI3K/Akt/Sp1 pathway in EC. Functionally, VNS improved the coronary function and left ventricular performance. However, blockade of VEGF receptor by antagonist AMG706 or knockdown of VEGF-A or VEGF-B by shRNA significantly diminished the beneficial effects of VNS on ventricular performance. Conclusion: VNS promoted angiogenesis/arteriogenesis to repair the infracted heart through the synergistic effects of VEGF-A and VEGF-B.
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Tanimoto, Miguel A., Gonzalo Torres-Villalobos, Rikiya Fujita, Patricio Santillan-Doherty, Jorge Albores-Saavedra, Fredy Chable-Montero, Luis A. Martin-del-Campo, et al. "Learning Curve in a Western Training Center of the Circumferential En Bloc Esophageal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in an In Vivo Animal Model." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 2011 (October 3, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/847831.
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Aim. Evaluate the feasibility to overcome the learning curve in a western training center of the en bloc circumferential esophageal (ECE-) ESD in an in vivo animal model. Methods. ECE-ESD was performed on ten canine models under general anesthesia on artificial lesions at the esophagus marked with coagulation points. After the ESD each canine model was euthanized and surgical resection of the esophagus and stomach was carried out according to “the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Russel and Burch.” The specimen was fixed with needles on cork submerged in formalin with the esophagus and stomach then delivered to the pathology department to be analyzed. Results. ECE-ESD was completed without complications in the last 3/10 animal models. Mean duration for the procedures was minutes (range 140–235 minutes). All the procedures were done at the animal lab surgery room with cardio pulmonary monitoring and artificial ventilation by staff surgery members and a staff member of the Gastroenterology department trained during 1999–2001 at the Fujigaoka hospital of the Showa U. in Yokohama, Japan, length (range 15–18 mm) and width (range 40–60 mm). Conclusion. ECE-ESD training is feasible in canine models for postgraduate endoscopy fellows.
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Wojchowski, Don M., Edward Jachimowicz, Ruth Asch, and Nicole M. Rainville. "EPO Modulation of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein (TXNIP), and Key Roles for TXNIP during EPO-Dependent Human Erythroid Progenitor Cell Growth and Development." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2129.2129.
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Abstract Via contemporary investigatory approaches, important new EPO action mechanisms continue to be discovered. As recent illustrating examples, lineage tracking studies have demonstrated guiding effects of EPO on the developmental fate of myeloerythroid progenitors [J Exp Med. 211:181-8]. Profiling of EPO response genes in primary erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) has uncovered a pathway of EPO cytoprotection against leached lysosomal cathepsins in stressed erythroblasts [J Exp Med. 210:225-32]. And in a context of iron metabolism, Erythroferrone has been identified as an EPO-induced inhibitor of hepcidin [Nat Genet. 46:678-84]. In a unique approach to defining EPO's cell and molecular actions, our laboratory has launched post-translational modification based LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses in human erythroid precursor cell systems. In interrogations of novel EPO/EPOR targets modified within a category of "p-TPP" motifs, TXNIP proved to be rapidly phosphorylated >10 fold due to EPO at novel C-terminal p-T349 and p-S358 sites. In parallel, multi-fold increases in TXNIP levels also were observed within 20 minutes of EPO exposure. To gain functional insight into TXNIP's roles during EPO-dependent erythropoiesis, LOF studies were performed via lentiviral shRNA mediated inhibition of TXNIP. As analyzed first in UT7epo cells, TXNIP knockdown (>90% efficiency) attenuated cell proliferation ~2.5-fold with EPO-dose dependency. This was reflected further in selective attenuation of cell cycle progression at S-phase (with only limited effects of TXNIP knockdown on cell survival observed). LOF experiments were also performed in human bone marrow derived CD34+ primary hematopoietic progenitor cells. Following initial plating, hematopoietic progenitors transduced with TXNIP shRNA exhibited a limited transient lag in growth (as compared directly with shRNA-NT transduced controls), but by day 4 of culture, and thereafter, expanded at essentially normal levels. Subsequently, erythroid progenitors with inhibited TXNIP expression prematurely committed to a program of late erythroblast differentiation. Specifically, TXNIP knockdown resulted in elevated frequencies of GPA-high erythroblasts (33.4+/-1.3% vs controls at 6.9+/-1.1%, p = 0.0001) and decreased KIT-high expression (6.4+/-3.0% vs controls at 62.5+/-7.1%, p = 0.0002). In addition, visibly obvious increases in erythroblast hemoglobinization due to TXNIP knockdown also were observed. The present investigations thus employ a unique PTM LC-MS/MS approach to identify TXNIP as a new EPO/EPOR target modified at novel C-terminal sites upon EPO expression, and in association with an indicated stabilization of TXNIP. LOF studies further reveal pro-erythropoietic roles for TXNIP as a novel mediator of EPO-dependent erythropoiesis with important effects exerted on erythroid precursor cell proliferation, together with a key requirement for TXNIP in governing a transition to a program of late erythroblast differentiation. Significance is further underlined by the nature of TXNIP as an emerging target within beta cells for small molecule inhibition in type-2 diabetics, a group highly representative among anemic chronic renal disease patients [J Diabetes Res Apr 7 2015:801348]. In particular, based on our present findings, such inhibition of TXNIP would be predicted to further compromise erythropoiesis in this CKD patient population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Olivier, Eliot. "Proroguing the Parliament of Australia: The Effect on the Senate and the Conventions that Constrain the Prerogative Power." Federal Law Review 40, no. 1 (March 2012): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.40.1.3.
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Political controversies in New South Wales and Canada recently have focused public attention on the constitutional practice of proroguing parliament. They have also shone a light on two lingering areas of uncertainty that surround its operation under the Commonwealth Constitution. This article seeks to clarify these two muddy areas of the law concerning prorogation. The first is the effect of prorogation on the Senate and its committees. Since Federation, the Senate has purported to authorise its committees to continue to function notwithstanding a prorogation of the Parliament. However, it is argued that this practice is unsupported by the provisions of the Constitution and the Senate has no such power. Second, the article examines the operation of the conventions that constrain the Governor-General's power to prorogue. Prorogation generally is exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister. However, this article contends that where a Prime Minister seeks to prorogue Parliament to avoid a vote of no confidence, the Governor-General will have a discretion to reject the advice. It may also be open to the Governor-General to reject an advice to prorogue where the purpose is to avoid scrutiny of a fundamental constitutional illegality. In Australia, the uncertainties that surround prorogation, coupled with the now precarious political landscape in Canberra, create the very real possibility of a prorogation crisis at the Commonwealth level. This article provides a response to these uncertainties. In doing so it offers a solution to how a prorogation crisis can be resolved, whilst maintaining the fine balance of power in our constitutional system.
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Dessalegn, Hanan Tadele, Alex Bolding, Charlotte de Fraiture, and Mekonen Ayana. "Livestock and Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme Interactions as a Key Source for Sedimentation during the Irrigation Season: Four Case Studies from South-West Shoa, Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105745.
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Small-scale irrigation (SSI) development can play a major role in Ethiopia’s economic development, but sedimentation is a major threat to its sustainability. The focus of the dominant discourse around the sedimentation of SSI schemes lies in upstream catchment protection during the rainy season, neglecting both protection against erosion through overland flow along the margins of the canal network and sedimentation caused by livestock disturbances. Remedies against the latter causes of sedimentation during the irrigation season have been ineffective due to erroneous assumptions regarding its cause. This study aimed to identify the sources and extent of sedimentation in SSI schemes. The accumulated sediment in the canal pre-irrigation season was measured from four SSI schemes and suspended sediment samples during irrigation season were collected from one SSI scheme. The accumulated sediment in the canal pre-irrigation season was measured from four SSI and suspended sediment samples during irrigation season were collected from one SSI scheme. The extent of sedimentation in the canals during the pre-irrigation season in relation to canal capacity was 100% of lined and unlined canals in abandoned, 68% in a lined, and 84% unlined canals in heavily sedimented and 38% in a lined and 46% of unlined canals lightly sedimented schemes. Livestock interactions with the SSI schemes were found to be the major sediment source before and during the irrigation, hence, attention should be given to integrating livestock as a part of the system.
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Kaim-Caudle, Peter. "Ann Shola Orloff, The Politics of Pensions: A Comparative Analysis of Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1880–1940, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1993. xii + 381 pp. hard £53.95, paper £17.95." Journal of Social Policy 23, no. 2 (April 1994): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940002167x.
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Kim, Eun Young, Marc Anderson, and Stuart E. Dryer. "Insulin increases surface expression of TRPC6 channels in podocytes: role of NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen species." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 302, no. 3 (February 1, 2012): F298—F307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00423.2011.
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Insulin receptors in podocytes are essential for normal kidney function. Here, we show that insulin evokes a rapid increase in the surface expression of canonical transient receptor potential-6 channel (TRPC6) channels in cultured podocytes, but caused a decrease in surface expression of TRPC5. These effects are accompanied by a marked increase in outwardly rectifying cationic currents that can be blocked by 10 μM SKF96365 or 100 μM La3+. Application of oleoyl-2-acetyl- sn-glycerol (OAG) also increased SKF96365- and La3+-sensitive cationic currents in podocytes. Importantly, current responses to a combination of OAG and insulin were the same amplitude as those evoked by either agent applied alone. This occlusion effect suggests that OAG and insulin are targeting the same population of channels. In addition, shRNA knockdown of TRPC6 markedly reduced cationic currents stimulated by insulin. The effects of insulin on TRPC6 were mimicked by treating podocytes with H2O2. Insulin treatment rapidly increased the generation of H2O2 in podocytes, and it increased the surface expression of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 in cultured podocytes. Basal and insulin-stimulated surface expression of TRPC6 were reduced by pretreatment with diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases and other flavin-dependent enzymes, by siRNA knockdown of NOX4, and by manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride, a membrane-permeable mimetic of superoxide dismutase and catalase. These observations suggest that insulin increases generation of ROS in part through activation of NADPH oxidases, and that this step contributes to modulation of podocyte TRPC6 channels.
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Renda, Matthew J., Ee-Chun Cheng, Lin Wang, Xian-Young Ma, and Diane S. Krause. "Rbm15 Affects Notch Signaling and Myelopoiesis." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.2545.2545.
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Abstract Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL) presents with one of two different genotypic abnormalities; either Down Syndrome (DS) accompanied with GATA-1 mutations, or a non-DS translocation t(1;22)(p13;q13). In AMKL associated with DS, there is trisomy 21 and various partial loss of function mutations in GATA-1. In non-DS AMKL, the translocation t(1;22)(p13;q13) encodes a fusion protein, RBM15-MKL, comprised of the transcriptional co-factors RBM15 (chromosome 1) and MKL (chromosome 22). In order to elucidate the role of the RBM15-MKL fusion protein in AMKL, we must understand the normal functions of RBM15 and MKL. Herein we demonstrate a role for Rbm15 in myeloid differentiation. Previous work in the lab showed that Rbm15 is expressed at highest levels in hematopoietic stem cells, and at more moderate levels during myelopoiesis of murine cell lines and primary murine cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that Rbm15 plays a role in myeloid differentiation. Indeed, we demonstrate that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rbm15 enhanced the differentiation of 32DWT18 myeloid precursor cells. Recent studies have shown the Rbm15 homolog, Sharp, interacts with RBPJk, a critical transcription factor in the Notch signaling pathway; and since Notch signaling is essential for hematopoiesis, we hypothesized that Rbm15 may also modulate Notch signaling. We demonstrate that Rbm15 alters Notch-induced HES1 promoter activity in a cell-type specific manner. Rbm15 inhibits Notch-induced HES1 activity in non-hematopoietic cell lines, but stimulates this activity in hematopoietic cell lines including 32DWT18 and HEL (human erythroleukemia). In addition, we show that the N-terminus of Rbm15 co-immunoprecipitates with RBPJk and has a dominant negative effect by impairing the activation ability of HES1 promoter activity by full length-Rbm15. Thus, Rbm15 is differentially expressed during hematopoiesis and may act to inhibit myeloid differentiation in hematopoietic cells via a mechanism that is mediated, at least in part, by stimulation of Notch signaling via interaction with RBPJk. Consistent with a potential mechanistic role of Rbm15 and Notch in myelopoiesis, we have shown that shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rbm15 in 32DWT18 cells promotes myeloid differentiation, suggesting that the RBM15 component of the RBM15-MKL fusion protein may act by blocking differentiation. Currently, we are examining the effect of RBM15 overexpression and knockdown in primary mouse bone marrow cells using in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Ranuncolo, Stella M., Jose M. Polo, Jamil Dierov, Rita Shaknovich, Martin Carroll, and Ari M. Melnick. "BCL6 Attenuates DNA Damage Sensing in Normal and Malignant B-Cells by Directly Repressing ATR." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.157.157.
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Abstract The BCL6 (B-Cell-Lymphoma-6) transcriptional repressor is a critical oncogene in B-cell lymphomas and is required for establishment of germinal centers by normal B-cells. However, the mechanisms by which BCL6 licenses germinal center formation and lymphomagenesis are unknown. To characterize this mechanism we identified BCL6 target genes by expression arrays and high throughput chromatin immunoprecipitations. Remarkably, a number of these target genes were critical mediators of DNA damage sensing checkpoints including ATR and p53. Therefore, we hypothesized that BCL6 could attenuate DNA damage sensing by silencing these genes, which is likely a critical attribute for survival and proliferation of germinal center B-cells cells undergoing somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). Accordingly, we found that expression of BCL6 in normal diploid fibroblasts could block cellular sensing of DNA damage as demonstrated by loss of histone 2AX (H2AX) phosphorylation and delayed repair of double strand breaks. Repression of ATR (but not p53 or other targets) was required for this phenotype. This is a physiological effect since the same result was observed when BCL6 was expressed in purified primary human tonsilar mature B-cells. Reciprocally, shRNA knockdown of BCL6 in B-cell lymphomas rescued repression of ATR, enhanced H2AX phosphorylation and accelerated repair of double strand breaks, independent of the status of p53. shRNA knockdown of BCL6 caused a marked increase of apoptosis in lymphoma cells in response to DNA damage, due to restored DNA damage checkpoint functions. Importantly, BCL6 knockdown had an identical effect on ATR levels, H2AX phosphorylation, DNA damage, and survival in purified primary human germinal center centroblasts. These results suggest that a major role of BCL6 in germinal center formation is to attenuate cellular response to DNA damage occurring as a byproduct of CSR and SHM. The same mechanism also seems to be required for lymphomagenesis, since we observed that sustained BCL6 expression in human primary mature B-cells leads to aberrant survival properties and genomic instability. Moreover, BCL6 blockade using a specific inhibitor molecule designed by our lab induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells and synergizes with DNA damaging agents. Therefore, we have identified a critical mechanism of action of the BCL6 oncoprotein in normal and pathogenic states and show that specific targeting of BCL6 could synergize with chemotherapy drugs for the therapy of B-cell lymphomas.
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Tsvakirai, Chiedza Zvirurami, and Teboho Jeremiah Mosikari. "Investigating South Africa’s Fresh Peach and Nectarine Value Proposition: Measuring Progress on Achieving Sustainable Consumption in Exports." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072615.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have shone a spotlight on the importance of adaption to climate change. However, progress in achieving SDG 12 which calls for, “responsible consumption and production” has been stalled by the unavailability of indicators that adequately capture and motivate increased responsible consumption. To fill this gap, this article presents an alternative indicator that makes use of cultivar characteristics and uses South African fresh peach and nectarine exports as a focus area. Principal component analysis is used to extract and summarize the product value propositions identified in composite indices that were constructed by weighting the proportional use of cultivars in exports between 1956 and 2017. The indices acquired from the analysis were found to measure the provisions for sustainable consumption, good-quality fruit and off-peak fruit supply. The study’s results show that progress was found in the provisions for sustainable consumption and this was mainly driven by improvements in cultivars’ climate change adaptability. However, the last two decades have been characterized by years of successive lower readings on this index. Improvements in fruit quality index were found to be attained at the expense of farm enterprise productivity. The study concludes that strategies be developed to encourage the use of cultivars that promote responsible consumption as, if left uninfluenced, market forces will spur unsustainable production.
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Chen, Jie, Feng Jiang, Lijuan Hu, Fan Zhang, Junjun Wang, Kate Huang, and Yumin Wang. "lncRNA RP11-838N2.3 Promoted Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 15, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2806042.
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The mechanism of RP11-838N2.3 promoting cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) was unclear. The RP11-838N2.3 expression level in cells and LAD tissues was detected by qPCR. We constructed lentivirus-mediated GV303 overexpression and GV248 shRNA vector targeting RP11-838N2.3, then infected A549 and A549/DDP cell and furtherly analyzed cell biology. High-throughput gene chip analysis showed that RP11-838N2.3 was significantly upregulated in A549/DDP (change fold=66.056595). The qPCR results showed that the expression level of RP11-838N2.3 in A549/DDP cell was significantly higher than that in A549 cells (P<0.05), and the expression level of RP11-838N2.3 in LAD tissues was also significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The expression level of RP11-838N2.3 in cisplatin-insensitive LAD tissues was also significantly higher than that in cisplatin-sensitive LAD tissues (P<0.05). Survival analysis showed that OS (overall survival) and DFS (progression-free survival) of high RP11-838N2.3 expression in the cisplatin-sensitive or cisplatin-insensitive LAD group were lower (P<0.001 and P<0.001) than those of low RP11-838N2.3 expression in the cisplatin-sensitive or cisplatin-insensitive LAD group. CCK8 showed that the OD450 value of RP11-838N2.3 overexpression increased significantly at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after transfection, while the knockdown of RP11-838N2.3 caused OD450 value at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after transfection significantly reduced, under the action of cisplatin that had the same trend (P<0.05). The cell migration showed that the RP11-838N2.3 overexpression increased significantly migration activity and RP11-838N2.3 knockdown inhibited migration activity at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after transfection. The same trend was also observed under the action of cisplatin (P<0.05). The cell invasion showed that the invasion rate of RP11-838N2.3 overexpression increased significantly, while the invasion rate of RP11-838N2.3 knockdown decreased significantly, and the same trend was observed under the action of cisplatin (P<0.05). Apoptosis results showed that the apoptosis rate of RP11-838N2.3 overexpressed cells decreased significantly and the apoptosis rate of RP11-838N2.3 knockdown cells increased significantly, and the same trend was also observed under the action of cisplatin (P<0.05). However, the results of cell cycle showed that there was no significant difference in the proportion of cells in each phase of the cell cycle after RP11-838N2.3 overexpression or knockdown (P>0.05).RP11-838N2.3 was significantly upregulated in cisplatin-resistant cell and tissues of LAD. RP11-838N2.3 could enhance the proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibit apoptosis of LAD cisplatin-resistant cell. So RP11-838N2.3 could enhance the cisplatin resistance of LAD cells and was a resistant lncRNA molecule.
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Salazar Benítez, Octavio. "La Constitución domesticada : algunas reflexiones críticas sobre la reforma del artículo 135 CE." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 29 (June 1, 2012): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.29.2012.6998.
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La reforma del art. 135 CE, realizada de manera urgente con el propósito de garantizar la estabilidad presupuestaria así como favorecer la sostenibilidad económica y social del país, ha puesto de manifiesto la progresiva erosión de algunos de los paradigmas clásicos del constitucionalismo. En concreto, el análisis del nuevo contenido artículo 135 y del procedimiento seguido en su reforma pone de manifiesto la tensión que el proyecto europeo genera entre cesión de soberanía y legitimidad democrática. Todo ello en paralelo a la necesaria reflexión sobre la urgencia de acometer una reforma en serio de un texto constitucional que, pese a las mutaciones sufridas, requiere de una urgente adaptación a un contexto social y político radicalmente distinto al que lo alumbró hace más de 30 años.The reform of art. 135 CE, made urgently in order to ensure fiscal stability and to promote economic and social sustainability of the country has shown the gradual erosion of some of the traditional paradigms of constitutionalism. In particular, the content analysis of the new Article 135 and of the procedure reveals the tension generated between the European project transfer of sovereignty and democratic legitimacy. This parallel to the reflection on the urgent need to undertake serious reform of a constitutional text that, despite sustained mutations requires an urgent adaptation to a social and political context radically different from that shone over 30 years.