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1
Tisserat, Brent. "Establishing Tissue-cultured Sweetgum Plants in Soil." HortTechnology 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.2.0308.
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Methods to enhance sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) in vitro axillary shoot formation and shoot establishment into soil are presented. Sweetgum shoots grown in an automated plant culture system (APCS) produced 400 to 500 shoots via axillary branching compared to only 40 shoots produced within Magenta vessels containing agar medium after 8 weeks of incubation. Vitrification was observed in as many as 80% of the axillary shoots produced in the APCS. A continuous carbon dioxide (CO2)-flow-through system was tested on both vitrified and non-vitrified sweetgum shoots transferred from the APCS to soil. One- and two-cm-long vitrified shoots were grown within CO2-flow-through system chambers and subjected to 350, 1500, 3000, 10,000, or 30,000 μL·L–1 (ppm) CO2 for 4 weeks. Administering 10,000 μL·L–1 CO2 improved culture survival and enhanced overall shoot and root growth compared to shoots grown under ambient atmosphere (i.e., 350 μL·L–1 CO2).
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Zhang, Ningyi, Arian van Westreenen, Jochem B. Evers, Niels P. R. Anten, and Leo F. M. Marcelis. "Quantifying the contribution of bent shoots to plant photosynthesis and biomass production of flower shoots in rose (Rosa hybrida) using a functional–structural plant model." Annals of Botany 126, no. 4 (September 24, 2019): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz150.
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Abstract Background and Aims The success of using bent shoots in cut-rose (Rosa hybrida) production to improve flower shoot quality has been attributed to bent shoots capturing more light and thus providing more assimilates for flower shoot growth. We aimed at quantifying this contribution of photosynthesis by bent shoots to flower shoot growth. Methods Rose plants were grown with four upright flower shoots and with no, one or three bent shoots per plant. Plant architectural traits, leaf photosynthetic parameters and organ dry weight were measured. A functional–structural plant (FSP) model of rose was used to calculate photosynthesis of upright shoots and bent shoots separately, taking into account the heterogeneous canopy structure of these plants. Key Results Bent shoots contributed to 43–53 % of total assimilated CO2 by the plant. Plant photosynthesis increased by 73 and 117 % in plants with, respectively, one and three bent shoots compared with plants without bent shoots. Upright shoot photosynthesis was not significantly affected by the presence of bent shoots. However, upright shoot dry weight increased by 35 and 59 % in plants with, respectively, one and three bent shoots compared with plants without bent shoots. The increased upright shoot dry weight was entirely due to the contribution of extra photosynthesis by bent shoots, as this was the only source that could induce differences in upright shoot growth apart from their own photosynthesis. At least 47–51 % of the photosynthesis by bent shoots was translocated to upright shoots to support their biomass increase. Conclusions Based on model simulations, we conclude that the positive effect of shoot bending on flower shoot growth and quality in cut-rose production system can almost entirely be attributed to assimilate supply from bent shoots. FSP modelling is a useful tool to quantify the contributions of photosynthesis by different parts of heterogeneous canopies.
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Edwards, Adrienne L., David W. Lee, and Jennifer H. Richards. "Responses to a fluctuating environment: effects of water depth on growth and biomass allocation in Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. (Cyperaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 964–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-091.
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Fluctuating water levels, which characterize freshwater marshes of the Florida Everglades, U.S.A., constrain growth in emergent macrophytes. We studied acclimation of Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. (Cyperaceae) in mesocosms to water depths of 7 and 54 cm and to switching between these water depths. After 80 weeks at fixed depths, deepwater plants produced (i) taller, thicker, and fewer shoots; (ii) fewer ramets; (iii) less biomass; and (iv) greater shoot biomass relative to root and rhizome biomass. Despite large differences in shoot lengths between water depths, shoot heights above the water surface were similar. Emergent shoot tissues had thick secondary walls in the epidermal cells and several palisade layers beneath; submerged shoots lacked this anatomy. When shallow-water plants were transferred to deep water, shoots elongated rapidly, with younger shoots elongating more than older ones. When deepwater plants were transferred to shallow water, emergent shoots quickly died and were replaced by new shoots. Overall, plants exposed to rapid changes in water level adjusted biomass allocation patterns after 9 weeks towards those of control plants in their new environment, but deepwater plants responded more slowly than shallow-water plants. These shifts may allow E. cellulosa to produce shoots that optimize biomechanical support and aeration.Key words: biomass allocation, Eleocharis cellulosa, Everglades, gas exchange, shoot demography, wetland plants.
4
Ruan, Yiqin, and Mark H. Brand. "In Vitro Responses of Tissues from Rhododendron Plants With and Without Tissue Proliferation." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 873D—873. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.873d.
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Rhododendron `Montego' shoot cultures initiated from plants with and without tissue proliferation (TP and NTP) served as explant sources for all studies (Note: in vitro TP shoot cultures produce primarily dwarf shoots, some long shoots, and stem tumors). Calli induced from TP leaves and tumors and NTP leaves were cultured on woody plant (WP) medium containing NAA and 2-iP. During the first 4 weeks of culture, calli from NTP leaves had higher relative growth rates than calli from TP leaves or tumors. However, calli from TP leaves and tumors grew faster than calli from NTP leaves for all subculture periods that followed. Shoot tips (5 mm) were excised from TP dwarf shoots, TP long shoots, and NTP shoots and were cultured on WP medium with or without 15 μM 2-iP. Shoot tips from TP dwarf and long shoots multiplied on medium without 2-iP, averaging 18.4 and 1.7 shoots per shoot tip in 12 weeks, respectively. Shoot tips from NTP shoots only multiplied when maintained on 2-iP-containing medium. When placed on 2-iP-containing medium, both types of TP shoot tips produced clusters of callus-like nodules that gave rise to highly tumorized, short shoots or leafy meristems.
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Struve, Daniel K. "Cultural Treatment and Cutting Type Affects Growth of ‘Heritage’ Birch Rooted Cuttings." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-3.3.142.
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Rooted cuttings of Betula nigra ‘Heritage’ originating from short shoots were either staked and lateral shoots pruned to a 3 node length or were unstaked and unpruned. One hundred and twenty-five days following propagation, the pruned and staked plants had higher net assimilation rates and lower leaf area ratios than unstaked and unpruned plants. No differences in relative growth rates, total dry weight, root/shoot ratios or shoot length were observed between control and treated plants. Pruned and staked plants had, relative to unstaked and unpruned, less leaf surface area composed of fewer but larger leaves which produced more grams of dry weight per cm2 leaf surface area per day. Pruning and staking maximized economically important dry matter production without reducing total dry weight. Plants originating from long shoots had greater root, shoot and total dry weights, and required less staking to produce upright growth than plants originating from short shoots. By exploiting the beneficial topophysis growth of long shoots, nursery productivity can be increased.
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Moore, Gloria A. "Phenotypic Stability of Transgenic Citrus." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 903G—904. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.903g.
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We have produced a number of transgenic citrus plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of seedling stem segments with a vector plasmid containing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. All regenerated green shoots produced in our experiments are assayed histochemically for expression of GUS by cutting a section from the base of the shoot. Many of the shoots express GUS only in sectors, which vary in size from shoot to shoot. Analyses suggest that sectored regenerated shoots are chimeric, consisting of nontransformed cells as well as transformed cells. However, plants derived from shoots with large GUS+ sectors in the original assays do not necessarily contain the GUS gene; conversely, some plants derived from shoots with small sectors appear solidly transformed. Plants that appear solidly transformed have maintained gene expression for up to 5 years. None of the transgenic plants have obviously altered morphologies. It has not been possible to analyze progeny plants because of the long juvenile periods and polyembryony of the primary transformants. However, because citrus is clonally propagated, long-term phenotypic stability of primary transformants is the most important factor in producing useful transgenic plants.
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Brissette, Line, Laurence Tremblay, and Daniel Lord. "Micropropagation of Lowbush Blueberry from Mature Field-grown Plants." HortScience 25, no. 3 (March 1990): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.3.349.
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Bud cultures from nonjuvenile field clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were established on Z-2 medium with 59 μm 2iP. Reversion to juvenile characteristics with small and rounder leaves occurred only on two explants after 19 weeks in culture. These shoots grew vigorously and could be easily subcultured. The number of shoots of one clone doubled every 23.3 days. Reducing the 2iP concentration to 12.3 and 24.6 μm reduced shoot proliferation, but permitted better shoot elongation. After 5 weeks in a mix of 3 peat: 2 vermiculite: 1 perlite, shoots >20 mm rooted better than shoots measuring 10 to 20 mm. Chemical names used: N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1-H-purine-6-amine (2iP); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
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Faust, James E., and Royal D. Heins. "High Night Temperatures Do Not Cause Poor Lateral Branching of Chrysanthemum." HortScience 27, no. 9 (September 1992): 981–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.9.981.
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Dendranthema ×grandiflorm (Ramat.) Kitamura `Powerhouse' plants were pinched to five nodes and grown in growth chambers at 35C day temperature (DT) and 14,17,21,24, or 27C night temperature (NT) to determine if NT influenced lateral shoot development on plants exposed to high DT. Vegetative cuttings were removed from two successive flushes of lateral shoots and evaluated for lateral shoot development after rooting and subsequent apex removal. Lateral shoot development was determined on a third flush of shoots that developed on the stock plants. The percentage of nodes that developed lateral shoots on stock plants or vegetative cuttings was not related to NT. The percentage of first-order, second-order, and third-order axillary nodes that developed a lateral shoot on the stock plants, averaged over all NT, was 76, 65, and 12, respectively. The percentage of nodes that developed lateral shoots on the first-order and second-order cuttings was 29 and 19, respectively. We concluded that cool NT were ineffective in preventing a decrease in lateral branching on plants grown under high (35C) DT conditions.
9
Davenport, T. L., and M. Codallo. "MANIPULATION OF VEGETATIVE, GENERATIVE, AND MIXED SHOOT TYPES IN CITRUS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1170a—1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1170a.
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Fruit set in some species of citrus is greater on mixed shoots (leafy inflorescences) than on generative shoots (leafless inflorescences). Combination treatments involving water stress, cool winter night temperatures, and branch pruning were used to manipulate the number of shoots and ratios of the three shoot types in containerized `Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) plants. Plants were water stressed in a greenhouse for five weeks, pruned after rewatering, transferred to the open environment, and observed three weeks later. Appropriate control plants were carried along with treated ones. Combination treatments of all three variables increased the number and ratio of mixed shoots four fold over the non-stressed, non-pruned controls. More shoots formed on non-pruned, water stressed plants than on controls. Both formed predominantly generative shoots. Shoots of pruned, non-stressed plants were predominantly vegetative. Non-pruned non-stressed plants were typical of those growing in the field exposed to cool winter nights.
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Chong, Joaquin A., Uttara C. Samarakoon, and James E. Faust. "Effects of Daily Light Integral and Canopy Density on Shoot Growth and Development in a Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotsch) Stock Plant Canopy." HortScience 49, no. 1 (January 2014): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.1.51.
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Poinsettia stock plants consist of a dense canopy of competing shoots, and the growth and development of these individual shoots have not been previously quantified. The effects of air temperature, daily light integral (DLI), and canopy density (CD) were investigated on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex. Klotsch) ‘Freedom Red’ shoot development in a stock plant canopy. Plants were grown at two constant temperatures (20.3 or 25.7 °C), five CD (43, 86, 129, 172, or 215 shoots/m2), and three DLI treatments (2.6, 4.4, or 7.7 mol·m−2.d−1 for the September planting and 4.0, 6.0, or 10.6 mol·m−2.d−1 for the January planting). Shoot position at the final data collection was used to assign shoots to different levels within the canopy; Level 1 = the four highest shoots, Level 2 = the next four highest shoots, and so forth for Levels 3, 4, and 5. Temperature did not significantly affect leaf unfolding rate (LUR), shoot fresh mass (FM), or shoot caliper, whereas DLI and CD affected shoot growth and development. LUR and FM increased as DLI increased from 2.6 to 10.6 mol·m−2.d−1, whereas LUR and FM decreased on the uppermost shoots in the canopy, e.g., Level 1 shoots, as CD increased from 43 to 129 shoots/m2. Therefore, higher CD required higher DLI to achieve similar LUR and FM. Shoot caliper on Level 1 shoots increased from 6.3 to 7.4 mm as CD decreased from 129 to 43 shoots/m2; and shoot caliper increased from 5.8 to 7.6 mm as DLI increased from 4.0 to 10.6 mol·m−2.d−1. The DLI environment needs to be managed to accommodate greater CD, to sustain growth and development of individual shoots within the canopy of poinsettia stock plants.
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Maciel, Norberto, and Richard A. Criley. "156 Effects of the Inductive Period, Shoot Density, and Leaf Removal on the Flowering of Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 416E—417. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.416e.
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Heliconia rostrata is a herbaceous-musoid sympodial rhizomatous plant that grows as clump. After three leaves are produced, each shoot of the clump may bear an inflorescence if it is induced by short days (SD). However, the relationship between shoot density and flowering has not been quantified. To evaluate the effects of the inductive period, number of shoots, and leaf removal on flowering, rhizomes were planted in 120 pots (8 L). One-third of the pots were planted with two rhizomes, while the remainder was planted with one. One-half of the pots with one rhizome were allowed to develop all their shoots for three generations, while in the remaining pots only one shoot per generation was allowed to grow. In addition, one-half of the plants in all the treatments were subjected to selective leaf removal. The plants were grown under long days (LD) >13 h in a glasshouse until four leaves were produced. Inductive SD was supplied to all the plants from 5:00 pm to 8:00 am. After 8 weeks of SD, one-half of the plants were given LD, while the other half continued under SD (conSD) until flowering. The highest percentage of flowering shoots (39% to 35%) was observed in plants under conSD; plants under SD-LD were 10% to 9%. The second generation of shoots showed the highest flowering (74% conSD and 21% SD-LD), followed by the first (62% conSD and 18% SD-LD), and third (31% conSD and 0% SD-LD) generations. Non-flowering shoots of the first generation were aborted or dead. Shoots of the third were still vegetative, since they had few leaves to be induced. Fewer flowers occurred in clumps allowed to develop all their shoots. Intact plants from rhizomes with one shoot per generation flowered more than the partially defoliated ones under conSD.
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Gonçalves, José Carlos, Maria Teresa Coelho, Maria da Graça Diogo, Vitor D. Alves, Maria Rosário Bronze, Manuel António Coimbra, Vitor Manuel Martins, and Margarida Moldão-Martins. "In vitro Shoot Cultures of Pterospartum tridentatum as an Alternative to Wild Plants as a Source of Bioactive Compounds." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 4 (April 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300415.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of aqueous extracts of in vitro shoot cultures and wild plants of Pterospartum tridentatum in order to promote the use of this plant material as a possible source of bioactive compounds. The extraction yield from wild plants compared with in vitro shoot cultures was lower. The total phenolic contents of in vitro shoots were significantly lower compared with those of wild plants. The phenolic profiles of in vitro shoots were very similar to those of wild plants, regardless of the source. However, taxifolin-6- C-glucoside, as well as rutin and isoquercitrin, were not present in extracts of in vitro shoots. An interesting result was the higher molar percentages of rhamnose and uronic acids detected in in vitro shoots compared with the wild plants, which can make the in vitro plant material very useful for obtaining these compounds.
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Keever, Gary J., Mark S. West, and J. Raymond Kessler. "Chilling Effects on Shoot Emergence and Subsequent Growth in Hosta." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.2.84.
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Abstract Two hosta cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were chilled for 0 to 16 weeks at 4C (39F) prior to forcing in a heated greenhouse. As chilling duration increased, times to shoot emergence and first unfurled leaf and days gained in shoot emergence time per day of chilling decreased at a decreasing rate, leaf area index (length × width) of the first unfurled leaf increased at a decreasing rate and shoot dry weight increased linearly. Shoots of non-chilled plants of ‘Francee’ emerged an average of 32 days before those of ‘Frances Williams’. In ‘Francee’ chilled for 0 and 2 weeks, 30% and 10% of plants, respectively, failed to emerge shoots and 60% and 10% failed to unfurl a leaf. In ‘Frances Williams’ chilled for 0, 2 and 4 weeks, 60%, 30% and 50% of plants, respectively, failed to emerge shoots and 80%, 30% and 50% failed to unfurl a leaf. All plants of both cultivars chilled for longer durations emerged shoots and unfurled at least one leaf.
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Williamson, J. G., and B. E. Maust. "Growth of Budded, Containerized, Citrus Nursery Plants when Photosynthesis of Rootstock Shoots Is Limited." HortScience 30, no. 7 (December 1995): 1363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.7.1363.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rootstock shoot defoliation or shading on growth during the first two scion flushes of budded, containerized, citrus nursery trees. Both experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings budded with `Hamlin' orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Scion buds were forced by cutting off the rootstock shoots above the bud union or by bending the rootstock shoots and tying them to the base of the plants (bending). In one experiment, shoots from both rootstocks that were forced by bending received one of four defoliation treatments: treatments were 0%, 40%, 60%, or 85% (based on leaf area) defoliation for Cleopatra and 0%, 30%, 60%, or 100% defoliation for Swingle. In the second experiment, rootstock shoots of plants forced by bending were subjected to a maximum photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 820, 225, 90, or 30 μmol·m–2·s–1. Growth of Cleopatra plants declined linearly with increasing levels of rootstock shoot defoliation. When rootstock shoot defoliation was ≤40%, whole-plant (minus rootstock shoot) dry weights were higher for plants forced by bending than for those forced by cutting off rootstock shoots. For Swingle, most growth responses to rootstock shoot defoliation were curvilinear. Higher levels of rootstock shoot defoliation resulted in less growth than lower defoliation levels. Low PPF reduced whole-plant (minus rootstock shoot) and root dry weights for both rootstocks compared to high PPF. For Cleopatra, whole-plant and scion dry weights were highest at the highest PPF. For Swingle, whole-plant and scion dry weights were highest at 225 μmol·m–2·s–1. For both rootstocks, plants forced by bending had higher dry weights at 820 and 225 μmol·m–2·s–1 than plants forced by cutting off the rootstock shoots. For Swingle, most of the reduction in scion growth from rootstock shoot defoliation occurred during the first scion flush. Our results suggest that recently produced rootstock shoot photosynthates are the primary source of greater plant growth achieved by bending compared to cutting off rootstock shoots.
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Wise, Farrell C., Frank A. Blazich, and L. Eric Hinesley. "Propagation of Abiesfraseri by cuttings: orthotropic shoot production from hedged stock plants." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-040.
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Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) stock plants grown as transplants (4 years old) or sheared Christmas trees (14 years old) were subjected to independent combinations of hedging and chemical treatments to induce orthotropic shoot production. Decapitation treatments that removed the most top growth produced the greatest number of orthotropic shoots in each age-class after one growing season. Sprays of dikegulac at 1000 and 3000 ppm did not stimulate orthotropic shoot formation. Orthotropic shoots induced on maturing Christmas trees rooted in lower percentages than plagiotropic cuttings from similar nondecapitated trees. Since rooting and survival of the severed shoots were largely or totally unaffected by hedging treatments, decapitation treatments that produced the most shoots the 1st year continued to exhibit the most rooted cuttings at the end of the following season. At that time, superior treatments on 4- and 14-year-old plants had produced less than three and five rooted orthotropic shoots per stock plant, respectively. The stock plants received no additional hedging and were evaluated for shoot production after a second season. No treatment differences occurred within the older plants, but superior treatments from the 1st year tended to be retained within the transplants. In a separate study, orthotropic shoot production by severe decapitation was enhanced by maintaining low fertility.
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Tezuka, Takahiro, Masashi Harada, Masahumi Johkan, Satoshi Yamasaki, Hideyuki Tanaka, and Masayuki Oda. "Effects of Auxin and Cytokinin on In Vivo Adventitious Shoot Regeneration from Decapitated Tomato Plants." HortScience 46, no. 12 (December 2011): 1661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.12.1661.
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Adventitious shoots can be regenerated from the cut surface of the primary shoot and lateral branches in decapitated plants in vivo. This inherent regenerative ability of plants is useful for mass propagation. In the present study, we conducted histological observations of shoot regeneration and applied auxin and cytokinin to decapitated seedlings in four tomato cultivars. The cultivars produced different numbers of adventitious shoots after decapitation; ‘Petit’ produced the largest number of adventitious shoots (78.5 ± 10.2) and ‘Momotaro’ produced the fewest (12.1 ± 3.3). Histological observation of ‘Petit’ revealed that adventitious shoots regenerated from calli formed at the cut surface of stems. Adventitious shoot formation was inhibited by the presence of lateral branches. Shoot regeneration was prevented by application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to ‘Petit’. Application of 6-benzyladenine promoted shoot regeneration in ‘Momotaro’. These results suggest auxin synthesized de novo from the lateral branches inhibited shoot regeneration after decapitation and endogenous cytokinin might stimulate shoot regeneration. Chemical names: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 6-benzyladenine (BA)
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Debnath*, Samir. "Growth and Development of Lingonberry Cultivars as Affected by In Vitro and Ex Vitro Culture Methods and Source Propagule." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 891A—891. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.891a.
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The morphological development of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) plants propagated either by conventional softwood cuttings or by in vitro shoot proliferation from nodal explants or by shoot regeneration from excised leaves of micropropagated shoots, was studied in cultivars `Regal', `Splendor', and `Erntedank'. Significant differences were observed between the treatments. In vitro-derived plants produced more shoots branches and rhizomes in contrast to conventional cuttings which rarely produced rhizomes. Plants propagated from cuttings had a lower number but vigorous shoots and thicker rhizomes than in vitro-derived plants. Source propagule had significant effect on multiplication rate. Another experiment evaluated the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) application to softwood cuttings on subsequent rooting, shoot development, and rhizome production. Treating cuttings with IBA did not significantly improve rhizome formation and elongation. In vitro culture on nutrient medium apparently induces the juvenile branching characteristics that favored rhizome production. The advantage of rhizome production of in vitro-derived plants over stem cuttings varied among genotypes.
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Mahotiere, Sauveur, and Clarence Johnson. "INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SHOOT EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF ASPARAGUS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 642b—642. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.642b.
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Mary Washington, UC157F1, and UC157F2 asparagus cultivars were grown from 1-year-old crown under greenhouse conditions in 30-liter pots containing Pro-Mix medium. The roots were cut to 10 cm prior to planting on 12 Feb. 1991. On July 12, 1991 the plants were transferred outdoors and sprayed with BA, GA4/7 and Promalin at 400 mg. liter-1 using tap water as control. On July 16, 1991 the treated ferns were cut at ground level and the plants were returned to the greenhouse, and arranged in a RCB design. Seven reps with one pot/rep were used. Data on time of emergence of first shoots were recorded daily until all pots had produced at least 1 shoot. When all plants had sprouted, cumulative number of all shoots/pots was recorded weekly thereafter over 5 weeks. BA and Promalin reduced time of emergence of shoots and increased the number of shoots/plant. GA4/7 had no effect on shoot emergence or shoot number.
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MT Jahan, MR Islam, SAM Shariar Islam, Pronabananda Das, Md Monirul Islam, MH Kabir, and ANK Mamun. "Clonal propagation of Chrysanthemum morifolium ramat using various explants obtained from field grown plants." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.2.0231.
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A reliable and rapid large scale micropropagation method has been established from the node, shoots tip and leaf explant of Chrysanthemum morifolium growing in field condition. Experiments were conducted to standardize the culture media with plant hormone for multiple shoot proliferation and rooting for obtaining plantlets with uniform characteristics like mother plant in terms of growth and habits. Different concentrations and combinations of auxins (IAA) and cytokinins (BAP, Kin) were used in MS for the above purpose. Maximum shoot regeneration was found in MS treated with 2.0 mg/l BAP both in node and shoot tip explants. In the above combination, nodal explants produced 16 initial shoots. Shoot tip explants produced 12 shoots and leaf segment produced 07 shoots. For in vitro rooting, different concentrations of IBA and NAA were used. Higher rooting percentage was recorded on MS fortified with 1.5 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were hardened and successfully established in the soil. About 90% of the regenerated plantlets survived in the natural environment.
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Thu, Ho Thi Minh, Aung Htay Naing, Hui Yeong Jeong, and Chang Kil Kim. "Regeneration of Genetically Stable Plants from in Vitro Vitrified Leaves of Different Carnation Cultivars." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080950.
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This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of shoot regeneration from different leaf types (normal leaves and vitrified leaves) from three different carnation cultivars ‘Kumbuyl’, ‘Denev’, and ‘Jinju’ using different combinations of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations. The shoot tips cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media (Type 1 media) produced normal leaves, while those cultured-on media supplemented with plant growth regulators and/or vitamin (Type 2 media and Type 3 media) produced vitrified leaves for all cultivars. Culture of normal leaf segments on MS medium containing different combinations of IBA and TDZ concentrations induced callus in all treatments; however, the callus was unable to induce shoots and finally became necrotic. In contrast, no callus induction was observed in the control (hormone-free treatment). When vitrified leaf segments underwent the same treatments, shoots were induced from the vitrified leaves (derived from Type 2 media) but were unhealthy and gradually died, whereas those induced from Type 3 media were vitrified and healthy. The optimal combination for the best shoot regeneration and number of shoots per explants varied depending on the genotypes used. The vitrified shoots induced from the leaves of Type 3 media transformed into normal shoots and survived well under greenhouse conditions. According to the results of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, the banding patterns of twelve primers that were detected in vitrified leaf-induced normalized shoots were identical to those of normal in vitro grown plants, indicating that no genetic variation had occurred during the procedure. Taken together, this study indicates that vitrified leaves can be used for shoot regeneration of recalcitrant carnation cultivars, regardless of the genotypes and types of vitrified leaves. However, as the number of shoots per explants was still low, further investigation is warranted to obtain a more efficient shoot regeneration protocol for genetic transformation of the cultivars.
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Darby, Ian D., Shahla Hosseini Bai, Helen M. Wallace, and Stephen J. Trueman. "Micropropagation of the therapeutic-honey plants Leptospermum polygalifolium and L. scoparium (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 69, no. 5 (2021): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt21047.
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Demand for therapeutic honey is driving establishment of Leptospermum plantations. This study developed micropropagation methods for two species – Leptospermum polygalifolium Salisb. and L. scoparium J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. The study determined how shoot proliferation and adventitious rooting were influenced by the original explant position on the seedling and the concentration of benzyladenine (BA) in the proliferation medium. Hormone-free node culture was highly effective for both species. Nodal explants often formed roots in the absence of BA and developed elongated axillary shoots. Median shoot numbers of 584 and 659 were formed in 31–32 weeks from a single L. polygalifolium or L. scoparium seed, respectively. A low BA dose was effective for callogenesis and shoot proliferation of L. polygalifolium, but not L. scoparium. The median number of shoots produced from a single L. polygalifolium seed was 630 using 2.22-μM BA. This dose induced extremely high shoot numbers in some clones because explants often produced extensive callus and multiple short shoots. Shoots formed adventitious roots without indole-3-butyric acid and plantlets were acclimatised to nursery conditions. The original explant position did not influence shoot proliferation or adventitious rooting. Leptospermum polygalifolium and L. scoparium proved amenable to micropropagation, facilitating rapid establishment of nectar plantations.
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KANCHANAPOOM, Kantamaht, Panyaros CHUNUI, and Kamnoon KANCHANAPOOM. "Micropropagation of Anubias barteri var. Nana from Shoot Tip Culture and the Analysis of Ploidy Stability." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40, no. 2 (September 24, 2012): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4027520.
Full textAbstract:
Plant regeneration of Anubias barteri var. Nana was achieved through organogenesis in shoot tip cultures. Multiple shoots were induced from cultured shoot tips on a modified MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with BA and kinetin. The maximum green shoot numbers were best obtained on MS medium containing 3 mg/L BA with 5 shoots. Rooting in all regenerated shoots was promoted on MS medium devoid of plant growth regulators or kinetin singly. Acclimatization and survival when transferred to field conditions were shown to be 100% in the regenerated plants. Cytological and flow cytometric analyses of the mother plants and in vitro grown plants derived from 5 years old cultures showed no differences in ploidy level, they were all diploid (2n = 2x = 48) with a 2C peak indicating that ploidy alteration did not occur.
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Ugandhar, T. R., D. Sammaiah, Ramulu Ch Ayodhya, Devi U. Anitha, and P. Balaraju. "Direct multiple shoots proliferation of black night shade (Solanum nigrum l.) from shoot tip explants induced by thidiazuron." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 3, no. 01 (March 31, 2015): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.3.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The present investigation was undertaken in Black Night Shade (Solanum nigrum L.) which is an important medicinal plant. Direct multiple shoots proliferation was achieved from shoot tip. The shoot tips were cultured on MS medium fortified with Thidiazuron (TDZ) (1.0-7.0 mg/L) for multiple shoot induction. Multiple shoots proliferation was best observed at 3.0 mg/L TDZ from the shoot tip explants within three weeks of culture. Shoot number per explant ranged between 2 and 10. Individual shoots were aseptically excised and sub cultured in the same media for shoot elongation. The elongated shoots were transferred to Indole Acetic Acid/Indole Butyric Acid (IAA/IBA) (0.5mg/L–2.0mg/L) for root induction. Rooting was observed within two weeks of culture. Rooted plantlets were successfully hardened under culture conditions and subsequently established in the field conditions. The recorded survival rate of the plants was 86%. Plants looked healthy with no visually detectable phenotypic variations.
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Nadeau, Léonie B., Jane R. King, and K. Neil Harker. "Comparison of Growth of Seedlings and Plants Grown from Root Pieces of Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)." Weed Science 40, no. 1 (March 1992): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056927.
Full textAbstract:
Different growth rates of young seedlings (genets) and plants grown from root pieces (ramets) of yellow toadflax could influence their respective competitive ability and their susceptibility to management techniques. Shoot production was similar for genets and ramets (approximately 10 shoots were produced 12 or 13 wk after transplanting or cotyledon appearance, respectively), but the rate of shoot biomass accumulation was higher for genets than for ramets. Genets consistently produced more underground shoots than ramets. Replanted underground shoots separated from their roots were able to produce new shoots and roots. Rate of elongation for roots 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter was higher for ramets than for genets, but their shoot production potential was the same. Root pieces from genets did not have the ability to produce daughter shoots until 3 wk after cotyledon appearance. This indicates that very young genets would be more susceptible than older genets or ramets to management control systems.
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Oates, Jayme M., Gary J. Keever, and J. Raymond Kessler. "BA-Induced Shoot Formation in Indian Hawthorn." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-22.2.71.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A study was conducted to determine effects of multiple weekly applications of different concentrations of a synthetic cytokinin, benzyladenine (BA), on two Indian hawthorn [Rhaphiolepis Lindl. Cor. Poir. indica (L.) Lindl. (Crataegus indica L.)] cultivars, ‘Olivia’ and ‘Eleanor Taber’. In a greenhouse in winter 2000-2001, ‘Olivia’ Indian hawthorn received four weekly applications of 2500 ppm or 5000 ppm BA. At 45 days after last treatment (DALT) untreated plants had formed no new shoots, while plants treated with 2500 and 5000 ppm BA produced 6.8 and 5.4 new shoots, respectively. New leaves of plants treated with 5000 ppm BA were abnormally mottled, twisted, and cupped. In an outdoor nursery in summer 2001, ‘Olivia’ in 3.8 liter (#1) and 26.5 liter (#7) containers received three and two applications, respectively, at concentrations from 0 to 5000 ppm. Untreated plants in 26.5 liter (#7) containers formed 4.7 new shoots at 30 days after initial treatment (DAIT), and new shoots increased from 83 with 1250 ppm BA to 126 with 5000 ppm BA. Plants in 26.5 liter (#7) containers were retreated in September, at which time shoots were inactive. At 30 DAIT controls averaged less than one new shoot per plant, while plants averaged 18 new shoots when treated with 1250 ppm BA and 105 new shoots when treated with 5000 ppm BA. In spring 2002, plants in 3.8 liter (#1) containers were retreated following the same protocol as in 2001, in conjunction with a new set of ‘Olivia’ and the Indian hawthorn cultivar, ‘Eleanor Taber’. At 30 DALT new shoot formation increased three fold in ‘Olivia’ and five fold in ‘Eleanor Taber’ after three applications of up to 5000 ppm BA. Injury increased with increasing BA rates in ‘Olivia’ at 30 DALT, with leaf cupping and discoloration apparent on plants treated with concentrations above 1250 ppm. No injury was observed in ‘Eleanor Taber’. By 90 DALT new shoots had matured normally and exhibited minimal phytotoxic symptoms.
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Smith, FW, WA Jackson, and PJV Berg. "Internal Phosphorus Flows During Development of Phosphorus Stress in Stylosanthes hamata." Functional Plant Biology 17, no. 4 (1990): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9900451.
Full textAbstract:
Partitioning and net transfer of phosphorus between shoots and roots in the tropical forage legume Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano during the development of phosphorus deficiency has been studied. Plants were stressed by either growing them in dilute flowing culture on continuously maintained external phosphorus concentrations that were inadequate for maximal growth, or by transferring plants of varying phosphorus status to phosphorus-free media. An external phosphorus concentration of 1 �M P was found to be just adequate for maximal growth of S. hamata. Phosphorus stress caused rapid and substantial increases in root weight percentage. It is proposed that this represents an important adaptive mechanism for maximising phosphorus uptake by S. hamata growing in phosphorus-deficient soils. Roots contained the minimum proportion of the plant's phosphorus content when root phosphorus concentrations were 8-10 �mol P g-1 root, and shoot phosphorus concentrations were 16-20 �mol P g-1 shoot. When tissue concentrations were less than these values, plants suffered from phosphorus stress and phosphorus was either preferentially retained by the roots or rapidly transferred from shoots to roots, reducing the growth rates of shoots, but permitting root growth to continue. Upon reducing the external phosphorus supply to plants whose root phosphorus concentrations exceeded 8 to 10 �mol P g-1 root, excess phosphorus was rapidly transferred from the root to the shoot to maintain shoot growth rates. The mobility of phospborus within the plant, and the apparent lack of any delay in transferring phosphorus from shoots to roots as phosphorus stress developed, represent another adaptive feature that is likely to be important to the successful growth of S. hamata in low phosphorus soils. When the phosphorus supply was limited, the plant's resources were directed toward maintaining root growth. Even extremely phosphorus deficient plants, in which shoot growth had ceased, maintained linear rates of root growth. These linear rates were related to the total phosphorus content of the plant. In the latter stages of phosphorus deprivation, linear rates of root growth were maintained by remobilisation of phosphorus from the older parts of the root system to sustain the phosphorus supply to the root meristems.
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Arrillaga, I., and S. A. Merkle. "Regenerating Plants from in Vitro Culture of Black Locust Cotyledon and Leaf Explants." HortScience 28, no. 9 (September 1993): 942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.942.
Full textAbstract:
A protocol to achieve efficient plant regeneration from juvenile black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) explants is described. Direct adventitious shoots were induced from cotyledon explants on woody plant medium containing 22.2 μm BA and 0.4 μm 2,4-D. Shoots developed and new shoots were induced when the explants were transferred to medium without growth regulators. The effect of dark incubation on shoot regeneration from cotyledons indicated that 15 days of darkness resulted in a high regeneration frequency (91.7%). Adventitious shoot formation also was induced from sections of in vitro-derived leaves cultured in darkness on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 4.4 μm BA and 24.6 μm IBA. A shoot regeneration frequency of 89% was obtained when explants were subcultured on a medium containing 4.4 μm BA and 0.5 μm IAA. Shoots were rooted on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium with or without IBA. Plantlets were acclimatized and grown in the greenhouse. Chemical names used: N -(phenylmethyl)-1H -purin-6-amine (BA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
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Abd Al-Razzaq Salim, Siham, and Sumaya Younus Hamza. "An Efficient Protocol for Micro Propagation of Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2505.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT: The purpose of present study was the development of a suitable protocol for micro propagation of Gardenia jasminoides by using explants from shoot tips and nodes exist from 2-3 years old plants. The sterile explants cultured in MS medium supplemented with TDZ ( 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 mg/L ) in combination with IAA ( 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 or 0.4 mg/L) for shoot initiation. Results showed there was no significant difference between explants source in initiation stage. The highest averages of shoots numbers, shoots lengths, number of leaves and nodes per shoot were obtained at combination 3.0 mg/L TDZ + 0.3 mg/L IAA for both explants. The micro shoots from initiation stage were harvested and cut into new explants and transferred to multiplication medium containing the same concentrations of TDZ and IAA above in addition of 3.0 mg/L of GA3 of all treatments. The best results of shoots multiplication through shoots numbers(3.8 shoots/explant), shoots lengths(3.2 cm), number of leaves(6.9 leaves/shoot) and nodes(5.2 nodes/shoot) were obtained at 3.0 mg/L TDZ + 0.3 mg/L IAA. Also, there was induction of flower buds formation in some TDZ and IAA combinations. Then, the multiplied shoots were transferred to rooting medium comprised of half strength of MS salts containing 4.0 g/L activated charcoal and supplemented with IBA ( 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/L) and NAA ( 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 mg/L ) individually. Results showed the concentration 1.5 mg/L of IBA gave the highest rooting response(90%), whereas, the concentration 1.0 mg/L IBA gave highest average of roots number (3.1 roots/shoot) and roots length(4.6 cm). While, the concentration 1.0 mg/L of NAA gave the best rooting response (80%), roots number (2.4 roots/shoot) and roots length(2.37 cm) after 6 weeks of culture in rooting medium. Rooted plants were transplanted to sterile mixture of peat moss and river soil (2:1) in pots for acclimatization, and after 4 weeks, the plants became hardened and gave survival percentage of 86% of plants.
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Williamson, J. G. "Forcing Method and Time of Rootstock Shoot Removal Affect Growth of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees." HortTechnology 7, no. 3 (July 1997): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.3.244.
Full textAbstract:
I conducted an experiment to determine the effects of time of rootstock shoot removal on growth of citrus nursery plants forced by bending and lopping. `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] budded on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) seedlings were grown in 2.8-L plastic pots and forced by bending or lopping the rootstock shoots. For Carrizo plants, rootstock shoots were removed 0, 21, 36, 170, or 235 days after forcing. For Cleopatra plants, rootstock shoots were removed 0, 11, 21, 36, 170, and 235 days after forcing. Bending and lopping with rootstock shoots remaining attached for 36 days after forcing resulted in greater nursery tree growth (scion, root, and wholeplant dry masses; scion length; and leaf area) than when rootstock shoots were removed the day of forcing. Growth of scion leaves (both rootstocks) and stems (Cleopatra) was greatest at a rootstock shoot removal time (RSRT) of 36 days after forcing. However, root and whole plant dry masses increased as RSRT increased up to 235 days after forcing. These results suggest that roots continue to be a major sink for rootstock photosynthates of bent or lopped plants during periods after the first scion growth flush. Proportionally greater root growth occurred on plants forced by bending or lopping when rootstock shoots were left attached for more than the usual 4 to 5 weeks after forcing.
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Guo, Z. G., H. X. Liu, F. P. Tian, Z. H. Zhang, and S. M. Wang. "Effect of silicon on the morphology of shoots and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 9 (2006): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05117.
Full textAbstract:
A silicon (Si)-deficient top soil was used in a pot experiment to investigate the effect of Si application on the shoot and root morphology of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Silicon was applied to the alfalfa plants at 6 different rates (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 g/kg), and each treatment was replicated 6 times. This study indicated that the Si content of roots and shoots increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing Si concentration in the soil, and that the Si content of roots was greater than that of shoots. Plants treated with Si had increased leaf area, height, forage yield and shoots per plant during the reproductive period in comparison with controls. The application of Si also increased root volume, the number of secondary roots and root biomass. The effects of Si application were greater on roots than on shoots. The ratio of shoot to root dry weight was below 1.62 when Si was applied to plants and 1.91 without Si application. Overall, overcoming available Si deficiency resulted in a significant increase in shoot and root growth.
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Stimart, Dennis P., and John C. Mather. "883 PB 279 REGENERATING ADVENTITIOUS PLANTS FROM IN VITRO CULTURE OF LIATRIS SPICATA (L.) WILLD. COTYLEDONS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 560d—560. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.560d.
Full textAbstract:
Cotyledons from developing embryos 6 to 8 weeks old of Liatris spicata (blazing star) were cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing 0, 0.4, 4.4, and 44.4 μ M benzyladenine (BA) or 0, 0.2, 2.2, and 22.2 μ M thidiazuron (TDZ) to induce adventitious shoot formation. The highest percent of cotyledons forming shoots with highest shoot counts was on medium containing 2.2 μ M TDZ. Vitreous shoots formed on medium with 22.2 μ M TDZ. Callus derived from cotyledons and cultured on medium containing 4.44 μ M BA or 2.2 μ M TDZ formed adventitious shoots with highest shoot counts on 4.44 μ M BA. Adventitious shoots derived from cotyledons and callus were rooted on MS medium with 5.0 μ Mindole-3-butyric acid, acclimatized and grown ex vitro. All micropropagated plants appeared similar to each other.
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Pallez, Laurence C., and John M. Dole. "Maintaining Vegetative Potted Purple Velvet Plants." HortTechnology 11, no. 4 (January 2001): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.4.590.
Full textAbstract:
The purple velvet plant (Gynura aurantiaca) has commercial potential as a potted plant due to its attractive purple foliage, if the malodorous flowers can be avoided. Plants were treated with seven concentrations of ethephon, three photoperiodic durations, three light intensities, and combinations of photoperiod and light intensity to inhibit flowering. Although foliar application of ethephon at 1200 to 4800 ppm (μL·L-1) completely inhibited flowering of purple velvet plants, plants were stunted and cutting harvest was impossible. Flowering was promoted at lower application rates of 150 to 300 ppm (μL·L-1). An 8-hour photoperiod increased plant quality and plants had the largest vegetative shoot number and the brightest purple color, compared to 12 or 16-hour photoperiods. All of the shoots were reproductive under the 16-hour photoperiod. Increasing the shade level from 0 to 60% (790 μmol·m-2·s-1 to 230 μmol·m-2·s-1) increased the number of vegetative shoots at 74 and 108 days after treatment commenced but reduced the total number of shoots by 28% at day 108. Plants grown under60% shade and short days had 94% vegetative shoots 102 days after placement in treatment. Growing plants under 8-hour photoperiod and 60% shade from fall to spring is recommended to maintain vegetative stock plants and produce high quality marketable plants. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon).
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Soesanto, Edy. "Analysis Proximate, HCN , Antioxidant Compounds And Antioxidant Activities Of Potential Extract As Antiatherosclerosis." Media Keperawatan Indonesia 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/mki.1.3.2018.32-45.
Full textAbstract:
Bamboo shoots are plants that are very easy to find in Indonesia and can grow anywhere, economically bamboo shoots are very cheap and have been used by people in the world as foodstuffs since time immemorial. Aside from being a bamboo shoot food, it also has functions related to hypocholesterolemia, so it can be used as an alternative non-pharmacological treatment or as a traditional medicine derived from medicinal plants (Complementary Therapy). This study aims to determine the levels of protein, fat, water, ash, carbohydrates, HCN, phenols, flavonoids, vitamin E from bamboo shoots and their antioxidant activity. Bamboo shoots used include: yellow bamboo shoots, wulung, green, apus, and betung. Bamboo shoots are thinly sliced and dried in an oven of 80 0C for 24 hours and smoothed to get bamboo shoot powder and then extracted using 70% ethanol which will be analyzed for chemical compounds using the SNI 01-2891-1992 method for proximate test, HCN test using AOAC, while testing phenol, flavonoids, and vitamin E compounds using a spectrophotometer, testing antioxidant activity using DPPH method. The results of the proximate test analysis of 5 bamboo shoot extract samples showed that yellow bamboo shoots contained at most 0.632% fat, 4.474% water, 0.878 gr ash, 29.78% carbohydrates and 4.12 gr crude fiber. The highest protein content test of 0.41% was found in Apus bamboo shoots extract and the highest HCN content was also in Apus bamboo shoot extract 3.98 mg / 100gr. The highest content of Vitamin E is found in Apus bamboo shoots extract which is 0.3284%, the highest total flavonoid content is found in green bamboo shoots extract that is equal to 0.02778%, the most phenolic content in bamboo shoots extract is apus bamboo shoots extract of 4.4352% and the test results Apus bamboo antioxidant activity is more active as an antioxidant than other bamboo shoots which is 171.15 µg / mL with IC 50 value. This shows that Apus bamboo shoots extract is relatively safe for consumption and has good antioxidant potential and can be used as traditional medicine which comes from medicinal plants (Complementary Therapy)
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Younesi, Omid, and Ali Moradi. "Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on antioxidant enzyme activities in salt-stressed bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.)." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2014-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacterium (PGPR) represents a wide variety of soil bacteria that, when grown in association with a host plant, result in stimulation of growth of their host. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of inoculation with a PGPR, Pseudomonas fluorescence, alone or in combination with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.), on antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX)), phosphatase activity, solutes accumulation, growth and minerals nutrient uptake in shoots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) affected by three levels of salt stress. Salinity decreased bean growth, regardless of the biological treatment and the salt stress level. The plants inoculated with P. fluorescence had significantly greater shoot biomass than the control plants at all salinity levels, whereas the mycorrhizal inoculation treatments were only effective in increasing shoot biomass at a low salinity level. The plants inoculated with P. fluorescence presented higher concentrations of shoots’ K+ and lower concentrations of shoots’ Na+ under high salt conditions. Salt stress increased shoots’ proline concentration, particularly in plants inoculated with the PGPR. Increasing salinity stress raised significantly the antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of total POX and CAT, of bean shoots compared with their corresponding nonstressed plants. The PGPR strain induced a higher increase in these antioxidant enzymes in response to severe salinity. Inoculation with selected PGPR could serve as a useful tool for alleviating salinity stress in salt-sensitive plants.
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Tulik, Mirela, Jerzy Karczewski, Natalia Szeliga, Joanna Jura-Morawiec, and Ingeborga Jarzyna. "Morphological Characteristics and Allometric Relationships of Shoot in Two Undergrowth Plants: Polygonatum odoratum and Polygonatum multiflorum." Forests 9, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120783.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of this investigation was to describe the spatial arrangement of shoot tissues, as seen in transverse section, and allometric relationships in two contrasting species of Polygonatum i.e., Polygonatum odoratum which commonly grows in mixed pine-oak forest with shoots rectangular in shape, and Polygonatum multiflorum found in oak-hornbeam forest with cylindrical shoots. The mass and length of the aerial shoots of each individual plant were measured. The shoot regions of each plant were then categorized as basal (b), central (c) or apical (a). Transverse sections of these shoot regions were subsequently cut, and the following parameters were measured: (1) Diameter of shoots, (2) thickness of the outer and inner zones of parenchyma and (3) thickness of the sclerenchyma zone. Additional allometric relationships between the various measurements were computed and determined as Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r). Both species of Polygonatum differed significantly with respect to the length, diameter and thickness of the outer zone of parenchyma. Shoots of P. multiflorum were taller but narrower than those of P. odoratum, which had a significantly wider zone of outer parenchyma. Allometric relationships were stronger for P. multiflorum, and for both species, they were generally stronger in the basal part of the shoot. We conclude that in P. multiflorum, the strong correlation between the diameter and length of the shoot seems to be important to the growth in shaded environments.
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Waddington, S. R., and Phyllis Cartwright. "Pre-maturity gradients in shoot size and in number and size of florets for spring barley treated with mepiquat chloride." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 3 (June 1988): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960008223x.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryEffects of mepiquat chloride on gradients of shoot growth within spring barley plants (cv. Koru) were determined in two small-scale field experiments. Mepiquat chloride was applied at either the lemma primordium stage or the late carpel primordium stage of spike development in the main shoot. The shoot dry weight, stem length, spike length, number and size of florets and floret developmental score were measured for all shoots, over the period from the lemma primordium stage of main shoot spike development to the late milk stage of grain development.Lemma primordium mepiquat chloride increased the size and developmental score of later-formed shorter shoots pre-anthesis while delaying the spike development of the main shoot and other longer shoots by up to 4 days. The overall effect was to produce plants with a reduced range of shoot and spike sizes from the end of floret initiation in the main shoot until maturity. In addition, there was a slight increase in the number of shoots per plant in both experiments. Gradients of carpel development and carpel width along the spike were reduced in all treated spikes by the time of floret abortion in the main shoot but the effects were more noticeable in shorter shoots. The number of florets initiated per plant was increased by 21–22%. All shoots contributed to the larger number of florets but again the major additions came from the shorter shoots. The few extra florets initiated in longer shoots were lost during abortion of distal florets while the 2–5 extra florets on shorter shoots were retained to give extra grains at maturity.Application of mepiquat chloride at the late carpel primordium stage had little effect on gradients of spike size or on number, size and development of florets.
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Hieu, Tran, Hoang Thanh Tung, Cao Dang Nguyen, and Duong Tan Nhut. "Efficiency of shoot regeneration and micropropagation of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) via internodal longitudinal thin cell layer culture." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 4 (November 2, 2020): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/17/4/14021.
Full textAbstract:
The thin cell layer culture technique (TCL) has been used for the effective tissue culture of several dozen plants with commercial importance such as field crops (rice, cereals), horticultural commodities (fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants), medicinal plants and herbs (Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.), and even forestry trees (Pinus sp.), and woody fruit plants (Citrus spp., apple). In the present, TCL was used to evaluate the efficiency of shoot regeneration and propagation for purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.). The internodes were cut longitudinally (lTCL) and was used as an initial material. The results showed that the shoot regeneration rate and number of shoots from internode-lTCL depended on position of internodes (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and the plant growth regulator (BA and NAA). After 8 weeks of culture, internode-lTCL derived from 3rd internode of P. edulis cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BA in combination with 1.0 mg/LNAA gave the highest shoot regeneration rate (83.33%), and number of shoots (3.00 shoots/explant). These shoots were cultured on modified MS (MSM) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA showed higher efficiency of shoot multiplication (3.56 shoots/explant and 6.67 cm height) than the other BA treatments. In addition, the highest rooting rate was 76.67% when cultured on MSM medium containing 2.0 mg/L IBA. The survival rate of plantlets was 83.33% when transferred into greenhouse condition after 10 weeks. The results of this study were the initial success in establishing an effective in vitro regeneration and propagation of Passiflora edulis Sims. through internode-lTCL.
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Tworkoski, Thomas J., Michael E. Engle, and Peter T. Kujawski. "Effect of moisture stress and glyphosate on adventitious shoot growth of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)." Weed Science 46, no. 1 (February 1998): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090172.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of reduced water availability on glyphosate efficacy and adventitious shoot growth in male and female clones of Canada thistle was studied. Water availability was regulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in hydroponically grown plants or by withholding water from soil-grown plants. In hydroponic media, there was 50% more adventitious shoot growth from male plants than from female plants. Both PEG and foliarly applied glyphosate reduced the number of adventitious shoots, regardless of gender. In soil, the same number of adventitious shoots formed on untreated male and female plants. However, when glyphosate was applied to plants growing under dry conditions, there was 75% more adventitious shoot growth from males than females. Distribution of glyphosate was similar in male and female plants. Approximately 23% of applied14C-glyphosate was transported throughout Canada thistle plants within 10 d of treatment regardless of gender or moisture condition. Gender differences in capacity for vegetative reproduction may alter the sex ratio of Canada thistle populations in the field following glyphosate application.
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Hadi, Masood, and Mark P. Bridgen. "SCREENING OF SOMACLONAL VARIANTS IN VITRO TO PRODUCE INSECT RESISTANT PLANTS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1112e—1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1112e.
Full textAbstract:
Callus cultures of Torenia fournieri `Compacta Blue' were initiated on a modified Murashige and Skoog salt medium (MS) with 2.26 uM 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid. Shoots were regenerated from these cultures using the MS medium amended with 2.46 uM 3-indolebutyric acid and 8.88 uM 6-benzylaminopurine. These shoots were subjected to Tetranychus urticae Koch (twospotted spidermite) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly) in vitro. Pests were allowed to feed until such time that the pest population started to decrease due to lack of food. Remaining shoot tissue was placed on MS medium amended with 2.28 uM zeatin to -induce shoot formation. Shoots were acclimated to greenhouse conditions and evaluated for resistance to the pest to which they were subjected in vitro. Highly significant differences in pest numbers were found in somaclones when compared to control plants. A wide range of variability was observed within the somaclonal population.
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Hong, C. X., P. A. Richardson, and P. Kong. "Shoot Blight of Forsythia × intermedia in Virginia Nurseries Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae." Plant Disease 89, no. 4 (April 2005): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0430c.
Full textAbstract:
A severe blighting of shoots on Forsythia × intermedia cv. Lynwood Gold plants was observed at several commercial nurseries in Virginia from 2001 to 2004. Crop losses ranged from 10 to 35%. Symptoms first occurred at the tips of shoots, including those that were trimmed and not trimmed, and then progressed downward. Diseased shoots wilted quickly and usually turned black, and foliage on these shoots withered and became necrotic. With PARP-V8 selective medium (2), a species of Phytophthora was isolated consistently from symptomatic shoots (including tissues from shoot tips, leaves, and stems) as well as from apparently healthy roots. These isolates produced arachnoid mycelia and numerous noncaducous, papillate sporangia but did not produce sexual structures on isolation plates; these morphological characters are consistent with those of Phytophthora nicotianae. All isolates produced a single-strand conformation polymorphism pattern typical of P. nicotianae (3). To test pathogenicity, 1-year-old, healthy-appearing cv. Lynwood Gold forsythia plants (canopy size = 100 cm × 60 cm) in four 12-liter containers were sheared. Two plants were inoculated by spraying each plant with 200 ml of a zoospore suspension (1.6 × 104 spores per ml, prepared from one isolate), and the other two plants were not treated and served as controls. Plants were covered with plastic bags overnight to encourage infection and then were grown in a field (temperature range = 20 to 33°C). Severe blight developed on trimmed shoots and new shoot tips of inoculated plants within 1 week after inoculation. The same pathogen was isolated from all blighted leaf and stem pieces assayed. Blight symptoms were not observed on control plants during a 1-month observation period. Phytophthora nicotianae has been reported to attack F. viridissima in Italy (1) causing root and collar rot but not shoot blight. To our knowledge, this is the first report of shoot blight on Forsythia spp. caused by P. nicotianae and the first report of P. nicotianae on Forsythia spp. in the United States. References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. Plant Dis. 78:525, 1994. (2) A. J. Ferguson and S. N. Jeffers. Plant Dis. 83:1129, 1999. (3) P. Kong et al. Fun. Gen. Biol. 39:238, 2003.
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Mantovani, Nilton César, Magali F. Grando, Aloisio Xavier, and Wagner C. Otoni. "In vitro shoot induction and multiplication from nodal segments of adult Ginkgo biloba plants." Horticultura Brasileira 31, no. 2 (June 2013): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362013000200003.
Full textAbstract:
The in vitro performance of herbaceous and woody nodal segments from adult plants and the effect of hydrolyzed casein (HC 500 mg L-1), kinetin (KIN; 6-furfurylaminopurine 0.46 and 4.65 µM) and activated charcoal (AC 1.5 g L-1) were evaluated upon new shoots induction and development, and to establish a system of in vitro propagation from adult plants of Ginkgo biloba. Woody nodal segments did not produce axillary shoots and presented 100% of bacterial and fungal contamination in culture. However, nodal segments from herbaceous shoots were successfully disinfected and displayed high in vitro morphogenic capacity. The HC was essential for the axillary shoots induction and further multiplication, stimulating shoot formation in 85% of the cultured nodal segments and multiple shoots induction in 35% of them at establishment stage. During the multiplication stage, 66.6% of propagules formed new shoots and 33.3% of them formed multiple shoots when cultured with HC. The KIN and AC inhibited the organogenic process in ginkgo. Two distinct patterns of sprouts development were observed in vitro, similar to what occurs in vivo: 1) short shoots with crowded internodes and expansion of only a few leaves and slow growth; 2) long shoots with separated nodes and marked apical growth. This is the first report of multiple shoots in vitro formation in nodal segments obtained from adult plants of Ginkgo biloba.
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Donald, William W. "Clopyralid Effects on Shoot Emergence, Root Biomass, and Secondary Shoot Regrowth Potential of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)." Weed Science 36, no. 6 (November 1988): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075871.
Full textAbstract:
The root fresh weight of intact Canada thistle plants was greater than that of decapitated plants 2 months following soil surface treatment with clopyralid at 140 g ai/ha. Nevertheless, secondary shoot regrowth potential was reduced to the same extent for both intact and decapitated plants after clopyralid treatment. Soil-applied clopyralid did not reduce root biomass as much as it reduced secondary shoot regrowth potential from adventitious root buds. Increasing the clopyralid rate from 11 to 1120 g/ha progressively reduced the total number of emerged shoots more than root fresh weight 2 months after treatment of decapitated Canada thistle. Increasing the clopyralid rate also reduced the regrowth potential of secondary shoots from root buds proportionately more than it reduced root biomass. Secondary shoots emerging through a surface layer of soil treated with clopyralid at 140 g/ha absorbed phytotoxic amounts of clopyralid. Secondary shoot numbers were not reduced after emerging through an activated charcoal layer into herbicide-treated soil, but they were deformed and their dry weight was reduced as was later secondary shoot regrowth potential.
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Yang, Guochen, and Marihelen Kamp-Glass. "In Vitro Multiple Shoot Production of Medicago sativa." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 461D—461. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.461d.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple shoots were produced directly from each explant. BA, zeatin, or TDZ were evaluated on callus initiation, development, and shoot organogenesis. Callus production was promoted when BA or zeatin was added in culture medium. However, no shoots were produced from such calli. Multiple shoots were produced directly through shoot organogenesis from each seed explant when TDZ was added to culture medium. As many as 30 to 40 shoots were produced per seed explant in about 7 weeks from culture initiation. Different alfalfa cultivars were also tested. The established multiple shoot production protocol provides an efficient way to produce transgenic alfalfa plants, thus could significantly advance alfalfa genetic transformation.
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George, M. W., and R. R. Tripepi. "084 Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) can Reduce Shoot Regeneration from Leaf Explants of Selected Plants." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 455E—455. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.455e.
Full textAbstract:
Plant preservative mixture (PPM) is a new broad-spectrum biocide that may be useful for plant tissue culture. The objective of this study was to determine if PPM interfered with adventitious shoot regeneration on leaf explants from several plant species. Leaf explants from Dendranthema grandiflora `Iridon', Betula pendula, Rhododendron catawbiense var. album and R.c. `America' were made from the top two apical leaves on the microshoots. In the first experiment, 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mL·L-1 PPM were added to species-appropriate regeneration media. In the second experiment, only mum leaf explants were placed on regeneration media containing 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mL·L-1 PPM. The percentage of explants forming shoots and the number of shoots per regenerating explant were recorded after 4, 6, and 10 weeks, for mum, birch, and rhododendron leaves, respectively. The percentages of shoot regeneration from birch and rhododendron leaf explants were unaffected by up to 4 mL·L-1 PPM, and the number of shoots formed per R.c. album explant were also unaffected by the tested concentrations of PPM. In contrast, the numbers of shoots formed on birch and `America' explants were reduced 48% and 25%, respectively, when 4 mL·L-1 PPM was used in the media. The percentages of shoot regeneration and number of shoots per explant were drastically reduced on mum explants when only 0.5 mL·L-1 PPM was used in the medium. In fact, 0.3 mL·L-1 PPM or higher reduced shoot formation by more than 5-fold. This study demonstrates that the effects of PPM on shoot regeneration from leaf explants are species specific.
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Sulistiawati, Luh Putu Anom, I. Nengah Suaria, Ni Komang Alit Astiari, and I. Made Suarta. "Study Phenophysiology of The Reproductive Periode in Terms of Flowering Induction." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.1.2.400.60-68.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of research to determine the period of leaf repopulation, in order to form the flowering of Siam citrus plant. The study was conducted from March to December 2016, in Catur Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali Province. The research is descriptive so there is no special treatment given to the samples. The research is done by descriptive method, that is continuous research so that there is a thorough knowledge about the horticultural cultivation problem of tropical fruit, especially the citrus fruit, so that the physiology science of flowering and flowering is obtained in relation Get the fruit of the harvest. The citrus varieties used in this research are Siam citrus plant varieties that have been 6 years old. The number of samples observed as many as 10 plants with the observation of the period of bud shoots with observations every two days, the percentage of leaf buds, the period of shoots The period of leaf shoots, the number of shoots growing. The results showed that the cultivated Siam plants in Catur village Kintamani experienced a period of shoot growth during one period of growth 3 times in one period of growth. There are 4 stages of the period of replanting, ie 1). early shoot, 2), full shoot, 3) adult shoot and 4) dormancy shoot. The observation of the length of time required for early reproduction of approximately 12 weeks from the dormancy shoot, from early shoot to a full-time shoot period of approximately 3 weeks, furthermore for full-time shoot growth of approximately 4 weeks, to The time required adult shoots is approximately 8 weeks. For the amount of repayment during one period of growth of the Siam citrus plant for the period of replanting is the average number of developing is: 6.87 shoots/tree 2 weeks from the emergence of early buds, 15.5 shoots/tree weeks from the appearance of early buds, 26.78 shoots/trees from the emergence of early buds, 38.87 shoots/trees 8 weeks from the appearance of early shoots and 57.09 shoots/trees 12 weeks shoots/trees from the appearance of early shoots. The interest generated during the growth phase during the study was 2 times, with interest yielding an average of approximately 1985 flowers/trees.
Keywords: flowering, period shoots, Siam citrus plant
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Richard, Sylvie, Sylvie Gauthier, and Sylvie Laliberté. "Isozyme assessment of the genetic stability of micropropagated hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-122.
Full textAbstract:
The search for the occurrence of somaclonal variation of in vitro shoots and acclimatized plants of a hybrid larch (Larix × urolepis Henry) clone was performed by the analysis of eight isozyme systems. Cultures were established from short shoot buds of mature material. The effects of growth regulators in the media, subculture intervals, and periods in culture were analyzed for in vitro shoots. Variability was found in in vitro shoots but appeared to be related to a physiological response to culture conditions. Once acclimatized, most tissuecultured plants expressed the same enzymatic patterns as those of control plants (stecklings and the ortet). The variations observed for some acclimatized plants were also observed in control plants and were not related to ontogenic stage. Results from the isoenzymatic systems studied showed that hybrid larch plants regenerated from tissue culture were not significantly different from stecklings and the ortet.
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Behera, Biswaranjan, Shashikanta Behera, Padan K. Jena, Durga P. Barik, and Soumendra K. Naik. "Adventitious Shoot Organogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Internode Explants of Paederia foetida L.:A Valuable Medicinal Plant." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2523.
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ABSTRACT: A plant regeneration protocol via adventitious shoot organogenesis from internode explants of Paederia foetida (Skunk vine) is reported here for the first time. Three explants (leaf, mature internode and internode derived from axenic shoot cultures) were tested for shoot organogenesis. Leaf explants failed to induce adventitious shoots whereas axenic internode explant was found to be superior to mature internode explants for the induction of adventitious shoots. Axenic internode explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP showed maximum (86.7 %; 10.4 shoots per explant) adventitious shoot organogenesis. The regenerated shoots were best rooted (90 %; 14 roots per shoot) on half-strength MS medium. Eighty percent of the rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in soil: sand (1:1) mixture. All these acclimatized plants were successfully transferred to larger pots containing garden soil and subsequently established in the field.
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Zhao, Lei, Min-Rui Wang, Zhen-Hua Cui, Long Chen, Gayle M. Volk, and Qiao-Chun Wang. "Combining Thermotherapy with Cryotherapy for Efficient Eradication of Apple stem grooving virus from Infected In-vitro-cultured Apple Shoots." Plant Disease 102, no. 8 (August 2018): 1574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-17-1753-re.
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Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), a difficult-to-eradicate virus from apple propagative materials, causes serious damage to apple production. The use of virus-free plants has been and is an effective strategy for control of plant viral diseases. This study aimed to eradicate ASGV from virus-infected in-vitro-cultured shoots of four apple cultivars and one rootstock by combining thermotherapy with cryotherapy. In vitro stock shoots infected with ASGV were thermo-treated using an alternating temperature of 36°C (day) and 32°C (night). Shoot tips were excised from the treated stock shoots and subjected to cryotherapy. Results showed that, although thermotherapy did not influence shoot survival rates, it reduced shoot growth and proliferation of in vitro shoots. Shoot regrowth rates decreased while virus eradication frequencies increased in cryo-treated shoot tips as time durations of thermotherapy increased from 0 to 6 weeks. Shoot regrowth and frequency of virus eradication were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with the size of shoot tips. The protocol established here yielded shoot regrowth rates and virus eradication frequencies of 33 to 76% and 30 to 100%, respectively, in the four apple cultivars and one rootstock. Thermotherapy altered virus distribution patterns, subsequently resulting in production of a larger virus-free area in the thermo-treated shoot tips. Many cells in the top layers of apical dome and some cells in the youngest leaf primordia survived in cryo-treated shoot tips; these cells were most likely free of virus infection. Thus, plants regenerated from the procedure of combining thermotherapy with cryotherapy were free of ASGV, as judged by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest-spectrum technique reported thus far for the production of ASGV-free plants and provides a novel biotechnology for the production of virus-free plants in Malus spp.
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Stirnberg, Petra, Karin van de Sande, and H. M. Ottoline Leyser. "MAX1 and MAX2 control shoot lateral branching in Arabidopsis." Development 129, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.5.1131.
Full textAbstract:
Plant shoots elaborate their adult form by selective control over the growth of both their primary shoot apical meristem and their axillary shoot meristems. We describe recessive mutations at two loci in Arabidopsis, MAX1 and MAX2, that affect the selective repression of axillary shoots. All the first order (but not higher order) axillary shoots initiated by mutant plants remain active, resulting in bushier shoots than those of wild type. In vegetative plants where axillary shoots develop in a basal to apical sequence, the mutations do not clearly alter node distance, from the shoot apex, at which axillary shoot meristems initiate but shorten the distance at which the first axillary leaf primordium is produced by the axillary shoot meristem. A small number of mutant axillary shoot meristems is enlarged and, later in development, a low proportion of mutant lateral shoots is fasciated. Together, this suggests that MAX1 and MAX2 do not control the timing of axillary meristem initiation but repress primordia formation by the axillary meristem. In addition to shoot branching, mutations at both loci affect leaf shape. The mutations at MAX2 cause increased hypocotyl and petiole elongation in light-grown seedlings. Positional cloning identifies MAX2 as a member of the F-box leucine-rich repeat family of proteins. MAX2 is identical to ORE9, a proposed regulator of leaf senescence (Woo, H. R., Chung, K. M., Park, J.-H., Oh, S. A., Ahn, T., Hong, S. H., Jang, S. K. and Nam, H. G. (2001) Plant Cell13, 1779-1790). Our results suggest that selective repression of axillary shoots involves ubiquitin-mediated degradation of as yet unidentified proteins that activate axillary growth.
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Łuczkiewicz, Maria, and Arkadiusz Piotrowski. "Two-Stage System for Micropropagation of Several Genista Plants Producing Large Amounts of Phytoestrogens." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2005): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-7-808.
Full textAbstract:
A two-stage method for in vitro propagation of six Genista species from shoot tips was developed. Multiple microshoot cultures were obtained by growing the shoot tip explants on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 9.84 μm 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)- purine and 0.99 μm thidiazuron. The best shoot elongation was achieved on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium containing 4.92 μm indole-3-butyric acid. The rooting of shoots brought best effects (100%) on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium with 2.68 μm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. HPLC analysis indicated that six-month-old regenerated plants as well as the herb of intact plants produced a rich set of simple flavones (derivatives of luteolin and apigenin) and isoflavones (derivatives of genistein, daidzein, formononetin and biochanin A). Multiple microshoot cultures of all species produced no simple flavones at all. In vitro shoots accumulated selectively a rich group of phytoestrogens in the form of aglucones, glucosides and esters (derivatives of genistein and daidzein). Cultures obtained in vitro synthesized many times more isoflavones than the intact plants. In all shoots which were micropropagated the dominating compound was genistin (e.g. shoots of G. tinctoria D ca 3281.4 mg per 100 g dry weight). Possible influence of tissue differentiation on isoflavone content under in vitro and in vivo conditions is discussed.