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Academic literature on the topic 'Shopping centers Neighborhood Shopping centers Neighborhood'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Shopping centers Neighborhood Shopping centers Neighborhood"

Smith, Adam. "Parking Utilization in Neighborhood Shopping Centers on Transit Routes in San Jose, California." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2359, no. 1 (January 2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2359-04.

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This paper examines the minimum parking requirements for shopping centers located near Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) light rail stations in San Jose, California. VTA, the primary transit provider in Santa Clara County, California, has supported reduced parking requirements for proposed transit-oriented developments along its transit lines, but parking reductions have often been opposed by local decision makers, city council members, and the public. Until recently, VTA has been unable to provide locally based research to support the claim that current parking minimums have led to excessive parking. This paper seeks to provide evidence to decision makers that supports the argument that parking requirements can be reduced along light rail transit lines. Two parking utilization surveys found that the utilization of free surface parking was far lower than the capacity during both the holiday shopping season and the off-season for 13 neighborhood shopping centers located near VTA light rail stations. Furthermore, the surveys found that increases in seasonal parking demand did not occur for most of the surveyed shopping centers. The results suggested that the minimum parking requirements for these neighborhood-oriented shopping centers located near VTA light rail stations are too high.

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Ownbey, Kenton, Kyle Davis, and Harvey Sundel. "The Effect of Location Variables on the Gross Rents of Neighborhood Shopping Centers." Journal of Real Estate Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1994.12090742.

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Ferrari, Gerson, André Oliveira Werneck, Danilo Rodrigues da Silva, Irina Kovalskys, Georgina Gómez, Attilio Rigotti, Lilia Yadira Cortés Sanabria, et al. "Association between Perceived Neighborhood Built Environment and Walking and Cycling for Transport among Inhabitants from Latin America: The ELANS Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 6858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186858.

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Purpose: This study aimed to examine the associations of the perceived neighborhood built environment with walking and cycling for transport in inhabitants from Latin American countries. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 9218 participants (15–65 years) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health, which included a nationally representative sample of eight countries. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form for measure walking and cycling for transport and the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale-Abbreviated. Furthermore, perceived proximity from home to public open spaces and shopping centers was assessed. Results: Perceived land use mix-access (OR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.16,1.50) and the existence of many alternative routes in the neighbourhood (1.09 1.01,1.17) were associated with higher odds of reporting any walking for transport (≥10 min/week). Perceived slow speed of traffic (1.88 1.82,1.93) and few drivers exceeding the speed limits (1.92; 1.86,1.98) were also related to higher odds of reporting any walking for transport. The odds of reporting any cycling for transport (≥10 min/week) were higher in participants perceiving more walking/cycling facilities (1.87 1.76,1.99), and better aesthetics (1.22 1.09,1.38). Conclusions: Dissimilar perceived neighborhood built environment characteristics were associated with walking and cycling for transport among inhabitants from Latin America.

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Hoxha, Visar. "Sustainable impact of adaptive reuse of communist style shopping malls in Kosovo." Property Management 37, no. 5 (October 21, 2019): 662–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-02-2019-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the sustainable impact of adaptive reuse of shopping malls built during communism in Kosovo. Design/methodology/approach The present study uses qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with architects, civil engineers, real estate developers and facility managers. Findings The study found that it is the predominant opinion of respondents that the economic impact of adaptive reuse of old shopping malls in Kosovo is reflected through extension of useful life of the malls, lower cost of reuse vs demolition, economic and tourism development of the neighborhood, job creation and increase of property prices in the surrounding area. In addition, the study found that it is the predominant opinion of respondents that by adaptive reuse of old shopping malls, the revitalization and social dynamism of the surrounding area will be improved and collective memory and identity of these shopping malls will be extended, including the increased traffic, space utilization and security. The study concludes that operational CO2 emission of the old shopping malls will be reduced after their sustainable adaptation and also the embodied energy of the building materials will be reused. Research limitations/implications The study has several implications. For real estate developers, it shows that is less costly to adapt and refurbish rather than redevelop. For authorities, it shows that by adapting old communist shopping malls, they would extend the collective memory of those locations, improve the social life and utilization of public spaces in the surrounding areas. The final implication is for municipal authorities and environmentalists that but allowing adaptation rather than demolition and redevelopment the embodied CO2 emission will be significantly reduced. Originality/value The study is the first qualitative study about the impact of adaptive reuse of old communist style commercial centers in Kosovo.

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Mazumdar, Gargi Kar. "Influence of Income on Shopping Behavior of Residents and Feasibility of Neighborhood Shops: A Study of Selected South Delhi Localities." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p2.

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<div>Metro cities of India are going through rapid phase of socio-economic development accompanied with changing standards of living and a rise in purchasing power of population. This increasing expenditure pattern calls for increase in business and commercial outlets in the cities. This is more so noticeable in NCT of Delhi where due to limited availability of urban land for multi functional land use, both planned and unplanned commercial areas are emerging fast to cater to the needs and demands of local population. However, the impact of income as well as other socio-economic factors play an important role in defining the spatial pattern of movement of shoppers which in a way define the survival of neighborhood (both planned and unplanned) shopping centers/ shops. The aim of this research paper is to understand the impact of income in defining the spatial pattern of shopping behavior of the consumer in patronizing the neighborhood shops or markets for various food and non food items. Thus, the present study focuses primarily on identification of shopping patterns / behavior of residents of selected localities in South Delhi. This study is conducted over two economic categories of localities: lower and middle income category locality consisting of areas like Gobind Puri, Gobind Puri Extension and Kalkaji DDA Flat localities; and upper middle and higher income locality consisting of areas like C.R.Park, Kalkaji Main area (excluding DDA LIG, Janta, Slum category flats) and Alakananda. The rationale behind the selection of these two separate socio- economic areas for the survey is to analyze the inter locality and intra locality comparison of shopping behavior of various income class of population. </div>The findings of the study favors the feasibility of the local shops in the surveyed localities, since nearness to the market and ease of shopping has encouraged the survival of the local shops/ markets operating in the residential colonies especially for food items. However apart from income levels, standard of living is also influencing the shoppers behavior and growing trend of shopping from Malls and Plazas is also noticed showing changing preference of shoppers for well established market areas than local shops especially for non food items. Through GIS based mapping, the movement of shoppers for both food and non food items is traced and specific suggestion are given regarding the changing land use under commercial activities in the survey areas. Area specific suggestions are given in the light of Master Plan of Delhi 2021.

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Campos, Domingos Fernandes, Ellen Figueiredo Leão Garcia, Daniel Cavalcanti Fernandes Campos, and Evadio Pereira Filho. "Qualidade do serviço no comércio varejista de vestuário: lacunas percebidas pela clientela feminina." RACE - Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Economia 17, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18593/race.v17i2.15716.

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Resumo: No presente estudo apresenta-se um comparativo de expectativas e percepções do serviço no segmento do vestuário em três centros comerciais – um comércio popular de bairro, um shopping center e uma rua de comércio tradicional de alto poder aquisitivo – na Cidade de Natal, RN. Foram coletadas expectativas e percepções do serviço recebido de 1.155 mulheres sobre um conjunto de 23 atributos. O modelo das lacunas de qualidade foi utilizado para a avaliação da qualidade do serviço percebido em cada área. Em todos os centros comerciais houve predominância de lacunas negativas, indicando que as clientes percebem o serviço oferecido aquém de suas necessidades. O confronto entre os níveis de importância e as lacunas de qualidade possibilitou apontar os atributos que deveriam receber uma atenção destacada dos gestores. Os resultados sugerem que o comércio no bairro popular tende a atrair clientes menos exigentes. Ao mesmo tempo, esses clientes percebem níveis mais baixos de qualidade no serviço recebido.Palavras-chave: Qualidade do serviço. Lacunas de qualidade. Varejo. Matriz de importância e desempenho. Quality of service in retail clothing: gaps perceived by female customers Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to compare expectations and perceptions of service in the clothing segment in three commercial centers – a district, a shopping center and a strip retail – in Natal, RN. Expectations and perceptions of received service were collected from 1,155 women in a set of 23 attributes. The model of quality gaps was used to assess the quality of service perceived in each area. In all retail centers there was predominance of negative gaps, indicating that customers perceive the service offered below their needs. The confrontation between the levels of importance and quality gaps allowed to identify the attributes that should be given a prominent attention from managers. The results suggest that commerce in the popular neighborhood tends to attract less demanding customers. At the same time, these customers perceive lower quality levels in the service received.Keywords: Quality service. Quality gaps. Retail. Importance-performance analysis.

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van Melik, Rianne, and Roos Pijpers. "Older People's Self–Selected Spaces of Encounter in Urban Aging Environments in the Netherlands." City & Community 16, no. 3 (September 2017): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12246.

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Using a narrative methodology involving 216 older people in six urban aging environments in the Netherlands, we examined how they use and experience (semi–)public spaces as spaces of encounter, and the meanings they derive from using and experiencing these spaces. The research shows that, first, older people prefer commercial spaces like shopping malls to planned and designed activity spaces in care homes or neighborhood centers. Second, older people struggle with the transformations that have taken place in urban social life since they were young adults. Third, especially frail older people derive meaning from a more passive experience of urban social life, in an observer role. The findings allow us to contribute to ongoing debates on the shifting boundaries between public and private space, and the moral implications of these shifting boundaries from the perspective of a diverse group of older users.

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Bonaccorsi, Guglielmo, Federico Manzi, Marco Del Riccio, Nicoletta Setola, Eletta Naldi, Chiara Milani, Duccio Giorgetti, Claudia Dellisanti, and Chiara Lorini. "Impact of the Built Environment and the Neighborhood in Promoting the Physical Activity and the Healthy Aging in Older People: An Umbrella Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 23, 2020): 6127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176127.

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(1) Background: The aim of this study is to establish which specific elements of the built environment can contribute to improving the physical activity of self-sufficient, noninstitutionalized and living in the city adults > 65 years. (2) Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted in several database. Umbrella review methodology was used to include the reviews that presented a sufficient methodological quality. (3) Results: Eleven reviews were included. The elements positively associated with physical activity in older adults were: walkability; residential density/urbanization; street connectivity; land-use mix-destination diversity; overall access to facilities, destinations and services; pedestrian-friendly infrastructures; greenery and aesthetically pleasing scenery; high environmental quality; street lighting; crime-related safety; traffic-related safety. The elements that were negatively associated with physical activity were: poor pedestrian access to shopping centers; poor pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and footpath quality; barriers to walking/cycling; lack of aesthetically pleasing scenery; crime-related unsafety; unattended dogs; inadequate street lighting and upkeep; traffic; littering, vandalism, decay; pollution; noise. (4) Conclusions: Evidence shows that specific elements of the built environment can contribute to promoting older people’s physical activity. The city restructuring plans should take into consideration these factors.

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Granger, Catherine L., Linda Denehy, Christine F. McDonald, Louis Irving, and Ross A. Clark. "Physical Activity Measured Using Global Positioning System Tracking in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer." Integrative Cancer Therapies 13, no. 6 (July 7, 2014): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735414542484.

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Introduction. Increasingly physical activity (PA) is being recognized as an important outcome in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated PA using novel global positioning system (GPS) tracking individuals with NSCLC and a group of similar-aged healthy individuals. Methods. A prospective cross-sectional multicenter study. Fifty individuals with NSCLC from 3 Australian tertiary hospitals and 35 similar-aged healthy individuals without cancer were included. Individuals with NSCLC were assessed pretreatment. Primary measures were triaxial accelerometery (steps/day) and GPS tracking (outdoor PA behavior). Secondary measures were questionnaires assessing depression, motivation to exercise, and environmental barriers to PA. Between-group comparisons were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Results. Individuals with NSCLC engaged in significantly less PA than similar-aged healthy individuals (mean difference 2363 steps/day, P = .007) and had higher levels of depression ( P = .027) and lower motivation to exercise ( P = .001). Daily outdoor walking time ( P = .874) and distance travelled away from home ( P = .883) were not different between groups. Individuals with NSCLC spent less time outdoors in their local neighborhood area ( P < .001). A greater number of steps per day was seen in patients who were less depressed ( r = .39) or had better access to nonresidential destinations such as shopping centers ( r = .25). Conclusion. Global positioning system tracking appears to be a feasible methodology for adult cancer patients and holds promise for use in future studies investigating PA and or lifestyle behaviors.

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Gruijthuijsen, Wesley, Thérèse Steenberghen, Dominique Vanneste, Jan Zaman, Inge Pennincx, Sophie De Mulder, Koen Vermoesen, and Eline Horemans. "Assessing Discrepancies between Official Economic Statistics and Land Use through a Field Inventory System." Infrastructures 3, no. 3 (July 27, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3030027.

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To limit additional (net) land take for economic activities, the reality of space use needs to be properly understood. This was assessed by comparing the spatial patterns obtained from a field inventory with those from existing data for five case areas in Flanders (Belgium). Each case area is a transect from a high-density urban area to a suburban neighborhood or even a semi-rural zone. The statistics on these areas, based on official data, mostly derived from tax returns, social security contributions, and on commercial retail data, were checked with field observations. The location of economic activities and the patterns of space use vary in different settlement environments, resulting in the identification of typical characteristics for eight location environment types. While in, for example, core shopping centers a strong convergence can be noticed between existing statistics and the field inventory (71% of companies and 93% of parcels are detected on the field), in residential areas (21% of companies and 17% of parcels are detected on the field) the convergence is very limited. In other words, in some environments, (the combination of) data and statistics give a good understanding of the space use while, in other environments, gaps with realities in the field are obvious. Therefore, a field inventory system can enrich the picture and present another reality to complement both existing statistics and other land-use data methods such as remote sensing and web data extraction.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shopping centers Neighborhood Shopping centers Neighborhood"

Hui, Wai-man. "Revitalization of neighborhood shopping centre in old district : a case study of Grandeur Shopping Arcade in Tai Wai, N.T. /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38026211.

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Hui, Wai-man, and 許偉民. "Revitalization of neighborhood shopping centre in old district: a case study of Grandeur Shopping Arcade inTai Wai, N.T." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45008875.

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Lorson, Deanna Marie. "Revitalization of the Church and Lugonia neighborhood shopping center in the city of Redlands." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/882.

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Tang, Wing-chung Henry, and 鄧榮聰. "The influence of tenant mix planning on the patronage of neighborhood shopping centres in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44402053.

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Gilbert, Keith M. (Keith Michael). "The neighborhood shopping center market in California." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66328.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1990.
Title as it appears in the Sept. 1990 M.I.T. Graduate List: Development of and investment in neighborhood shopping centers in California.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-61).
by Keith M. Gilbert.
M.S.

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Fiore, John Joseph 1970. "Retail sales and retail real estate : an economic analysis of the trends in neighborhood and community shopping center market." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9607.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references.
An economic analysis was carried out to determine trends and patterns in the neighborhood and community shopping center market. Economic analysis was performed to determine whether the current retail market is overbuilt. This analysis was based on sales performance of goods common to shopping centers, income per square foot performance of shopping center Real Estate Investment Trusts, and the movement of national sales as a share of personal income. The results from a sales per square foot test of the retail market revealed that the relationship of sales per square foot is declining. Upon further analysis, the changes in sales per square foot over the changes in square footage reveal an inconsistency with the conclusion and that the retail market may not be overbuilt. Further, a sample of shopping center Real Estate Investment Trusts reveal that they are currently outperforming their respective markets on an income per square foot basis. Finally, results from the national sales as a percentage of personal income test conclude that purchases as a share of personal income have fallen more slowly in recent years.
by John Joseph Fiore.
S.M.

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Woods, Bruce F. "Pedestrian issues of the independent elderly in the design of neighborhood friendly regional shopping centers a case study of the Hilldale Mall in Madison, Wisconsin /." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37150572.html.

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Cherniak, Theresa Anne. "From big box to town center : how redevelopment of the Greenwood Shopping Center can help create a more livable and sustainable town center while reinforcing the neighborhood’s distinctive character." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15536.

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Seattle is a city of neighborhoods. The City's long range plans call these neighborhoods 'urban villages', and lays out how they might develop over time into fuller service centers for community life. Few designated urban villages have the potential that Greenwood does. Starting with a historic main street commercial area at its core, Greenwood also has a 3 1/2 block area in the center that is ripe for redevelopment. The impetus for this thesis is the proposed expansion of a big box retail store within this 3 1/2 block area, and the community's desire to see the entire area planned comprehensively. This project starts with the solid policy base established over ten years of study, hard work, and consensus building within the Greenwood community. It analyzes this existing policy base against three critical elements of sustainable community design: Green Infrastructure, Liability and Placemaking, and builds on this base where it doesn't fully address these elements. Measures of sustainable community design are developed for use in later assessment of the alternatives. Through extensive inventory, analysis and research on the community, the physical and social opportunities and constraints for the project are developed. The two alternative master plans arising from this foundation provide a range of development options intended to meet the design strategy's requirements. Finally, this project presents an assessment of the two alternatives based on the measures of sustainable community design.

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Books on the topic "Shopping centers Neighborhood Shopping centers Neighborhood"

Steiner, Ruth Lorraine. Traditional neighborhood shopping districts: Patterns of use and modes of access. Berkeley, Calif: University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, 1997.

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Zhongguo cheng shi shang yu chang suo wei qu wei yuan li. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2009.

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Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Research and Public Facilities Planning Division., ed. Revitalizing neighborhood commercial centers in Prince George's County. [Silver Spring, Md.]: The Commission, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shopping centers Neighborhood Shopping centers Neighborhood"

Russo, Giuseppe, Maja Bozic, Ylenia Cavacece, and Giuseppe Granata. "The Influence of Retailer Choices on Consumer Behaviors and Sales Productivity." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 133–51. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7856-7.ch007.

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The aim of this chapter is to analyze the most relevant factors affecting retailers by investigating the relationships between store type, assortment level, customers' purchases, and sales productivity. Analyzing the dataset of the German retailer Rossmann through classification and regression tools, this work investigates what store type customers visit more often, what kind of assortment they prefer, and how sales profitability is affected by internal and external factors. Results show a tendency from customers to shop in smaller neighborhood markets rather than in the large shopping centers with extensive assortments, determining an increase in sales productivity in smaller size stores. Results suggest managers developing strategies for creating multiple retail formats in order to meet the diverse customers' tendencies in the today's market.

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Baics, Gergely. "Catharine Market and Its Neighborhood." In Feeding Gotham. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691168791.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the neighborhood setting, which provided the immediate economic, social, and cultural contexts of the public markets. Through a case study of Catharine Market, it documents the piecemeal process by which the neighborhood marketplace was assembled, along with the consolidation of its economic agglomeration, internal social and spatial order, everyday functioning, formal and informal management, and daily relations to customers. By the early nineteenth century, Catharine Market served as one of Gotham's largest and most thriving food emporia. It functioned as the regular meeting point for diverse participants in the provisions trade: neighborhood food vendors, including butchers, hucksters, and peddlers; Long Island and other New York region farmers; fishermen harvesting the city's plentiful coastal and inland waterways; and, of course, the area's booming and diverse population of merchants, artisans, and laborers shopping daily at this marketplace.

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Thrall, Grant Ian. "Hotel and Motel." In Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195076363.003.0012.

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The key concepts, proceeding top-down, for market analysis for the hospitality industry are market segmentation, demand, and supply. Location or trade area comes into the analysis as an umbrella over these three concepts. Market niche and segmentation, demand, and supply are primary determinants to establishing the criteria for locating hospitality facilities. Whenever there have been sufficient numbers of travelers in search of food and shelter, some form of hostelry industry has arisen.1 The Code of Hammurabi (1800 B.C.E) referred to innkeeping (Winfree 1996). In the western countries, as the Romans established an extensive roadway system, taverns and inns followed at strategically spaced locations. The Roman roads were used for military travel, trade and commerce, and pilgrimage and tourism. These are the primary reasons we use roads today. The early inns were largely run by religious orders. However, in Europe, as commerce grew in the fifteenth century, lodging as a commercial activity began to replace innkeeping as a charitable activity. In the American colonial period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, inns and taverns were an important part of commerce and cultural exchange. These facilities were designed after the inns and taverns of England, which were closely integrated into their communities. Inns and taverns did not intrude or disrupt the neighborhood; instead, they were thought of as being an integral part of the culture and activities of the neighborhood. Architecturally, early inns and taverns conformed to the look and feel of the surrounding neighborhood environment. Survivors of these early inns are the contemporary bed-and-breakfasts (B&Bs). The term hotel arose early in the nineteenth century and was used to distinguish a greater level of commercial activity than an inn. Hotels offered food, drink, retail shopping, and lodging. Hotels were also more intrusive in their neighborhoods. Instead of less than 10 rooms that typified many inns of the era, early hotels contained as many as 200 rooms, and rose to 6 floors in height. Many nineteenth-century hotels were the tallest buildings in town. Thus, the hospitality industry began its first cautious attempts at market segmentation and diversification. Inns remained, but hotels offered an alternative experience via amenity differentiation.

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Michney, Todd M. "Urban Change and Reform Agendas in Cleveland’s Black Middle-Class Neighborhoods, 1950–1980." In Surrogate Suburbs. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631943.003.0007.

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This chapter looks at the ambitious reform agenda that black middle-class activist residents went on to mount in these outlying city neighbourhoods, encompassing housing upkeep, business revitalization, traffic safety, trash removal, and efforts to reduce liquor availability, juvenile delinquency, vice, and crime – all in an attempt to maintain what they considered an acceptable quality of life. Perhaps the most ambitious effort along these lines was a venture in which a group of African American investors purchased and renovated the Lee-Harvard Shopping Center, making it during its existence from 1972-1978 the “largest black-owned commercial complex in the nation.” Sometimes these reform efforts involved moralizing or exhibited an explicit class bias; upwardly mobile middle-class blacks did not always recognize that less well-off newcomers were motivated by similar concerns with liveability. In the end, however, their various attempts to take charge of their lives and communities contributed to the long-term vitality of these neighbourhoods and the city as a whole.

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