Journal articles on the topic 'Shopping. Home economics'

We use scanner data and time diaries to document how households substitute time for money through shopping and home production. We document substantial heterogeneity in prices paid for identical goods for the same area and time, with older households shopping the most and paying the lowest prices. Doubling shopping frequency lowers a good's price by 7 to 10 percent. We estimate the shopper's price of time and use this series to estimate an elasticity of substitution between time and goods in home production of roughly 1.8. The observed lifecycle time allocation implies a consumption series that differs markedly from expenditures. (JEL D12, D91)

Nowadays, many fashion retailers or marketers use the power of internet to promote and sell their products. This research examines the effects of consumers’ shopping orientations (brand/fashion consciousness, shopping enjoyment, price consciousness, convenience/time consciousness, shopping confidence, in-home shopping tendency), consumer innovativeness, online purchase experience for fashion products, and gender on consumers’ intention to shop for fashion products online. Data were collected through online surveys from the population of internet users in Indonesia, aged between 15 and 30 years old (generation Y), who had bought or browsed fashion products through the internet (N=210). This research is a quantitative research which uses purposive sampling and multiple regression analysis. Results show that the effects of several shopping orientations (shopping enjoyment, price consciousness, in-home shopping tendency), consumer innovativeness, online purchase experience for fashion products, and gender, are significant on consumers’ intention to shop for fashion products online. Furthermore, gender is marginally significant related to consumers’ intention to shop for fashion products online. Surprisingly, women tend to have lower intentions to shop for fashion products online compared to men.

This paper documents the potential and actual savings that consumers realize from four particular types of purchasing behavior: purchasing on sale; buying in bulk (at a lower per unit price); buying generic brands; and choosing outlets. How much can and do households save through each of these behaviors? How do these patterns vary with consumer demographics? We use data collected by a marketing firm on all food purchases brought into the home for a large, nationally representative sample of U.K. households in 2006. We are interested in how consumer choice affects the measurement of price changes. In particular, a standard price index based on a fixed basket of goods will overstate the rise in the true cost of living because it does not properly consider sales and bulk purchasing. According to our measures, the extent of this bias might be of the same or even greater magnitude than the better-known substitution and outlet biases.

Using data from the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2010, we document that home production absorbs roughly 30 percent of foregone market work hours at business cycle frequencies. Leisure absorbs roughly 50 percent of foregone market work hours, with sleeping and television watching accounting for most of this increase. We document significant increases in time spent on shopping, child care, education, and health. Job search absorbs between 2 and 6 percent of foregone market work hours. We discuss the implications of our results for business cycle models with home production and non-separable preferences. (JEL D31, E32, J22)

This article studies the impact of shopping at the warehouse club format on households' purchases of packaged food for the home. In addition to low prices, this format has several unique characteristics that can influence packaged food purchases. The empirical analysis uses a combination of households' longitudinal grocery purchase information, rich survey data, and detailed item-level nutrition information. After accounting for selection on observables and unobservables, the authors find a substantial increase in the total quantity (servings per capita) of packaged food purchases attributable to shopping at this format. Because there is no effect on the nutritional quality of purchases, this translates into a substantial increase in calories, sugar, and saturated fat per capita. The increase comes primarily from storable and impulse foods, and it is drawn equally from foods that have positive and negative health halos. The results have important implications for how marketers can create win–win opportunities for themselves and for consumers.

This article looks at French television during and after the post-war period to explore the relationships that programmes systematically established between home-making in social housing, housekeeping money management and women. It sheds light on the gendered dimensions of thrift and dwelling. French 1960’s Television reflected a range of urban transformations characteristic of the period: the development of high-rise estates, social housing, shopping centers. How should people inhabit these new environnements, new structures of dwelling and new services in order to keep up with regular household expenses such as paying rent, utility bills, buying food or covering child rearing costs? Since the 19th century, women had generally managed household budgets as part of the everyday domestic cultures. These heavy financial responsibilities were relayed by televised documentaries prompting questions about the types of in/appropriate activities and attitudes, knowledges and expertises shown on mainstream TV at the time. Television was constantly problematizing working-class subjectivities through women’s voice. On the one hand, television reports showed women always counting the money and thrifting in order to control the household comsumption and to avoid debts. In the documentaries I analyse, the women describe in detail their economic problems and moral economies they are conditioned to operate within. On the other hand, TV programmes were replete with the specialist home economics tips that were meant to spread normative representations of dwelling in order to educate housewives. Women’s activities are tied to the welfare state which is revealed in all its complexity, controlling with one hand the rationalisation of domestic budgets and practices, and, with the other, improving living conditions and protecting individuals against vulnerabilities.

We know that patterns of domestic consumption are situated within broader systems of provision and that home appliances like the fridge freezer bridge between practices of cooking, shopping and eating, on one hand, and increasingly global systems of food production, distribution and diet on the other. In analysing the uses of fridge freezers in Hanoi and Bangkok as expressions, in microcosm, of complex and evolving processes of urbanisation and food provisioning, this article provides new insight into how specific configurations, dependencies and patterns of consumption take hold and how they vary and change. Our analysis of systems and practices in flux has the dual function of showing how household strategies reflect and contribute to more extensive transformations, and of demonstrating how these are shaped by ongoing tensions and relations between new and established forms of urban food supply and associated concepts of freshness and safety. The result is a subtle account of the multiple routes through which consumer ‘needs’ evolve.

ABSTRACT The impressive growth of online shopping has had a significant impact on firms’ strategies and customer behavior, bringing to the fore new forms of trademark exploitation that may affect competition. A prominent role is played by keyword advertising services provided by internet search engines. Keyword advertising systems have been the subject of several litigations with regard to the legality of the use of keywords which correspond to trademarks, since trademark holders complain that the essential functions of trademarks might be detrimentally affected. However, given the importance of search engines for attracting customers to the websites of retailers and competitors, online advertising restrictions also raise anticompetitive concerns on both sides of the Atlantic. Indeed, the E-commerce Sector Inquiry carried out by the European Commission reported that some retailers are limited in their ability to use or bid on the trademarks of certain manufacturers to get a preferential listing on search engines’ paid referencing service or are only allowed to bid on certain positions. Furthermore, the UK Competition and Markets Authority encountered brand-bidding restrictions in the markets for broadband, credit cards, energy, flights, and home insurance, while the Netherlands Authority for Consumers & Markets analyzed the hotel sector. Moreover, in the US, the Federal Trade Commission has ruled that the largest online retailer of contact lenses unlawfully entered into a web of anticompetitive agreements with rivals, preventing them from bidding for search engine result advertisements that would inform consumers that identical products were available at lower prices. The aim of this paper is to shed light on the economic rationales and legal implications of keyword advertising to strike a proper balance between trademark protection and freedom of competition.

Peran Manajemen Perubahan Pada Akuntansi Manajemen Strategis Akibat Virus Corona 1Lesi Hertati, 2Apriapollo Syafarudin 3Otniel Safkaur 1Lecturer, Economics of Accounting, STIE Rahmaniyah – Indonesia 2Lecturer Faculty of Economics and Business, Mercu Buana University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia 3Lecturer Faculty Economics of Accounting University Cendrawasih Papua-Indonesia hertatilesi@yahoo.co.id Abstract: Changes in lifestyle due to the Corona or Covid-19 virus impact the seriousness of public health and management of life changes that threaten economic stability. Some companies have made efficiencies, starting from cutting salaries to terminating employment terminations. Household economic conditions have a serious impact on people in the middle class who must be able to change their lifestyle or bad shopping habits that are not important, but there are some life management strategies that we have to do in order to survive difficult times, which is to manage spending management strategies in order to survive with uncertainty as to when the plague will pass. Ensure what strategies will be taken so that they are safe for future business survival. It is known where critical points in the supply chain are, preparing emergency reserves when supplies run low and identifying alternative supplies included in this emergency planning. Also make sure employees who are in a crucial position to support the company's business can still work with high flexibility through work from home and remote meeting policies. Because if the cooperation between the government and the community that has a mutually beneficial business this will avoid the decline and losses due to the impact of the corona virus which gives a bad effect on the family economy. This research method is descriptive and verification method, the analytical tool is structural equation modeling (SEM, Lisrel). The results showed that the role of change management in strategic management accounting due to corona virus is quite influential. Keyword: Change Management, Strategic Management Accounting Abstract: Perubahan pola hidup akibat virus Corona atau Covid-19 berdampak keseriusan kesehatan masyarakat dan manajemen perubahan hidup yang mengancam stabilitas ekonomi. Beberapa perusahaan sudah melakukan efisiensi, mulai dari memotong gaji hingga memutuskan Penghentian Hubungan Kerja (PHK). Kondisi ekonomi rumah tangga berdampak serius pada masyarakat kalangan menengah kebawah yang harus bisa merubah pola hidup atau kebiasaan buruk belanja hal yang tidak penting namun ada beberapa strategi manajemen hidup yang harus kita lakukan agar bisa bertahan hidup dimasa sulit yaitu mengatur strategi manajemen pengeluaran agar bisa bertahan hidup dengan ketidakpastian situasi kapan wabah akan berlalu. Memastikan strategi apa yang akan diambil agar aman guna kelangsungan bisnis hidup kedepannya. Diketahui dimana titik-titik kritis dalam rantai pasokan, menyiapkan cadangan darurat saat persediaan menipis dan mengidentifikasi pasokan alternatif termasuk dalam perencanaan darurat ini. Pastikan juga karyawan-karyawan yang berada di posisi krusial untuk mendukung bisnis perusahaan tetap dapat bekerja dengan fleksibilitas tinggi melalui kebijakan work from home dan remote meeting. Sebab jika kerja sama antara pemerintah dengan masyarakat yang memiliki bisnis yang saling menguntungkan hal ini akan menghindari adanya penurunan dan kerugian akibat dampak dari virus corona yang memberi efek tidak baik terhadap perekonomian keluarga. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan verifikasi, alat analisisnya adalah pemodelan persamaan struktural (SEM, Lisrel). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran manajemen perubahan pada akuntansi manajemen strategis akibat virus corona cukup berpengruh. Keyword: Manajemen Perubahan, Akuntansi Manajemen Strategis

AbstractObjectiveTo examine: (i) the association between home availability of fruit and vegetables and children's fruit and vegetable intake; (ii) the association between parental perception of the local food shopping environment and the home availability of fruit and vegetables; and (iii) whether the home availability of fruit and vegetables mediates the association between parental perception of the local food environment and children's fruit and vegetable consumption.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA total of ninety-one primary schools in the Netherlands.SubjectsIn total 1501 primary caregivers completed a questionnaire to measure children's fruit and vegetable consumption, home availability of fruit and vegetables, parental perceptions of the local food shopping environment (price, quality and availability), the child's socio-economic status, the child's ethnicity and maternal height and weight.ResultsThe home availability of fruit and vegetables was positively associated with children's fruit and vegetable intake (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001, respectively). Negative parental perceptions of the local food shopping environment were associated with less fruit available at home (P < 0·05, P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 for price, quality and availability of fruit, respectively). No significant associations were found between parental perception of the local food shopping environment and children's fruit and vegetable consumption. We found no evidence that home availability of fruit and vegetables mediates the association between parental perception of the local food environment and children's fruit and vegetable intake.ConclusionsInterventions focusing on improving the home availability of fruit and vegetables may help to increase children's fruit and vegetable consumption. However, more data are required on factors influencing the home availability of fruit and vegetables.

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined food shopping behaviours, particularly distance to grocery shop, and exposure to discrimination.DesignCross-sectional observational study utilizing data from a community survey, neighbourhood food environment observations and the decennial census.SettingThree communities in Detroit, Michigan, USA.SubjectsProbability sample of 919 African-American, Latino and white adults in 146 census blocks and sixty-nine census block groups.ResultsOn average, respondents shopped for groceries 3·1 miles (4·99 km) from home, with 30·9 % shopping within 1 mile (1·61 km) and 22·3 % shopping more than 5 miles (8·05 km) from home. Longer distance to shop was associated with being younger, African-American (compared with Latino), a woman, higher socio-economic status, lower satisfaction with the neighbourhood food environment, and living in a neighbourhood with higher poverty, without a large grocery store and further from the nearest supermarket. African-Americans and those with the lowest incomes were particularly likely to report unfair treatment at food outlets. Each mile (1·61 km) increase in distance to shop was associated with a 7 % increase in the odds of unfair treatment; this relationship did not differ by race/ethnicity.ConclusionsThe study suggests that unfair treatment in retail interactions warrants investigation as a pathway by which restricted neighbourhood food environments and food shopping behaviours may adversely affect health and contribute to health disparities. Efforts to promote ‘healthy’ and equitable food environments should emphasize local availability and affordability of a range of healthy food products, as well as fair treatment while shopping regardless of race/ethnicity or socio-economic status.

Purpose Although the movement of goods by consumers represents a large proportion of the economic and environmental impact of the distribution chain, this topic has been insufficiently explored in the retailing literature. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of shopping travel-mode choice in the context of grocery shopping. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents findings from a Swedish national survey of 1,694 respondents that included questions regarding travel-mode choices and consumer characteristics, mobility conditions, shopping behaviours and environmental interests and engagements. Findings This paper shows how travel modes interrelate and how various consumer characteristics, shopping behaviours, mobility conditions and environmental interests and engagements relate to and affect travel-mode choice in grocery shopping. General travel patterns and distance to store are shown to be the most important factors in explaining the mode of transport for grocery shopping. Originality/value This paper presents data from a national representative survey and provides novel analyses of travel-mode choices in grocery shopping and the interrelationships among those choices, in addition to the interrelationship between travel-mode choice and the use of home delivery. This paper contributes to a further understanding of consumer mobility in the context of grocery shopping.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the life of consumers. Consumers have started to learn and live a “new normal” lifestyle, shifting to spending only on essentials, consuming home food as compared to eating out or ordering in, increased use of technologies for shopping, education, and entertainment, and focusing on health and family. This change in the behaviour of average consumers has redefined the basics of marketing. Businesses are struggling due to lockdowns, lack of labour, tightened spending by consumers, and lack of raw materials for their operations. Working from home, consumers have started using digital technologies to search, identify, and order their bare minimum essentials. The purpose of this research paper is to evaluate how marketers should redefine their marketing strategies to adapt to changing consumer behaviour. As consumer behaviour is changing because of COVID-19, marketers need to rethink their fundamental marketing campaigns, moving away from traditional in-store marketing techniques to using digital technologies to reach consumers at their homes. This research was conducted using a structured questionnaire sent out to marketing executives. The responses received were analysed using SmartPLS. The present study provides valuable insights to the marketers on the emerging strategies that need to be adopted. Marketers should comprehend the social and economic impact of the pandemic, invest in digital technologies to reach out to customers virtually, streamline their supply chain to take advantage of localisation, offer family-oriented products, adopt short-term pricing policies, and develop alliances with competition for economies of scale.

This article explores the relationship between the domestic position of Jewish bourgeois housewives and the larger Swedish, urban landscape at the beginning of the twentieth century. Examining the interior décor, shopping patterns, urban places, and the social, cultural and religious aspects of the domestic spheres of Irene Strauss and Jeannette Ettlinger, this article argues that they consciously used public spaces to establish their individual practices of Jewishness. By entering the gendered space of the Jewish home, accessible through private letters and receipts, this article portrays the bourgeois women as actors with social and economic power. They produced public spaces that communicated either cultural integration or orthodox distinctiveness, thereby constructing diverse strategies for Swedish belonging. These strategies demonstrate the growing religious, social and cultural diversity within the Jewish community in Stockholm during the three last decades before the Second World War.

This study aimed to determine the reasons why Filipinos were not engaged in online shopping. Toward this aim, 400 respondents answered a 23-item questionnaire. It was revealed that most of the respondents were male, single, and at least college graduates. They were employees, belonged to diverse economic backgrounds, had computer and Internet access at home, and owned ATM cards. The majority did not have a credit card. Exploratory factor analysis using varimax rotation revealed that there were four reasons why respondents were not engaged in online shopping. These reasons were availability of mall services (M), quality issues (Q), price concerns (P), and interest (I). Confirmatory factor analysis reduced the number of items of MQPI from 23 to 17 items. It was disclosed that the constructs were of good fit. Discriminant validity showed that all reasons were distinct from one another. Convergent validity of the constructs was also achieved. MQPI was able to capture 72% of the reasons why Filipinos were not engaged in online shopping. Implications and directions for future research that could be derived from this study were also presented.

This paper aims to the ignorance of the female space design in commercial building in China, and put forwards the trends of female space design in commercial building in the future by analyzing the development and the present situation at home and abroad. The gender space in the shopping mall is not only providing the architect with good reference for the design of the commercial building space, but also promote the business prosperity and the economic development. All this can advance the overall social development and human progress.

Cities in transitional economies are experiencing a proliferation of newly constructed suburban shopping malls. Curiously, travel habits to these new malls are quite distinct from those generally experienced in North America, particularly regarding trip chaining. While most weekday afternoon mall trips in developed nations are chained, few are linked in countries with transitional economies. Because trip chaining is a behavior strongly associated with sprawl, this research seeks to examine the nascent trip chaining at the four new peripheral malls in Prague, Czech Republic, to identify factors that contribute to such travel patterns. This research explores two types of trip chaining among a survey sample of 782 people. External trip chaining considers activities made before and after the mall stop, while internal trip chaining considers activities made during the mall stop. Overall, only 18.1% of patrons made external trip chains, while 42.3% made internal trip chains. This general finding suggests that, in the absence of many retail alternatives, mall patrons in transitional economies may substitute internal trip chaining for the external trip chaining that characterizes travel patterns in North America. This research demonstrates that male gender, high income, working age, small household size, ownership of multiple cars, suburban home location, few additional car passengers, weekly mall trip frequency, a long access travel time, poor mall accessibility, and a short mall activity duration are tied to higher rates of external trip chaining. Concomitantly, female gender, high income, working age, large household size, private vehicle use, additional passengers in the car, mall trip frequency, poor mall accessibility, grocery shopping, high mall expenditure, and long mall activity duration are tied to higher rates of internal trip chaining. These findings suggest that land use policies may be effective in limiting the growth of external trip chaining and maximizing internal trip chaining among suburban mall patrons.

Currently, the demand for electrical energy in homes, buildings, and industry is increasing, in line with population and economic growth. Of course, because of the massive use of electrical energy, it is necessary to increase efficiency. Large shopping malls in some countries are the biggest consume electricity, especially when it comes to cooling systems. Therefore, it is necessary to save energy in shopping centers. Because there are still few tenants and shopping centers that are relatively quiet, the mall's energy consumption is low, so it requires increasing energy-efficient consumption efficiency by optimizing power management and calculating the chiller performance coefficient (COP). This research aims to increase the chiller performance coefficient (COP) to save energy in shopping centers. The optimization method used is to make changes to the chiller ignition schedule when it's used in malls. Through the analysis from this research, it was found that the COP increased to 0.584, and the value before optimization was 6.181. With increasing COP, the chiller performance will increase. The effect of increasing the chiller's performance could optimize the electrical energy efficiency of the chiller in 138.82 kWh/day

The paper aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and possible future global epidemic events on shopping behavioral patterns. Specifically, the paper investigates consumer pandemic-related isolation behavior (which manifests itself via preference for shopping without leaving home, and avoiding contact with other people while shopping offline) as a consequence of consumer interdependent self-construal, with the mediating role of consumer pandemic-related emotions of disgust, fear for oneself, fear for others, and sadness. The results of two surveys conducted in different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland (October 2020, and January 2021, respectively) suggest two opposing indirect effects of interdependent self-construal on isolation behavior: a positive effect through disgust, and a negative effect through sadness. Additionally, a positive indirect effect through fear was visible in the second study. Moreover, two dimensions of interdependent self-construal (i.e., vertical and horizontal) are demonstrated to have opposing effects (a positive effect and a negative one, respectively) on pandemic-related disgust, and in turn on isolation behavior. The above results indicate that, in the context of the pandemic, consumer self-construal influences pandemic-related emotions, and in turn consumers’ tendency to isolate themselves. Implications for marketers and society were discussed from the perspective of economic and sustainability goals.

The house is a place to rest and unwind after a long day of work, but nowadays the house is used as a place to do almost everything, even earn a living and express yourself. The government's appeal to stay at home is currently being responded to in various ways, such as doing hobbies, or trying to find fun ways to teach by making YouTube videos, and so on. On the other hand there are those who make this an endless confinement which only makes it seem useless and ends up looking for various ways to be able to still have fun outside the home, such as continuing to have fun, hanging out or just letting go of homesickness to the shopping center on the grounds of maintaining health protocols. This shows that basically humans always have to move to meet their needs and these needs lead to how humans can show their existence, show their existence and get recognition from others. Existence does not look at social, economic or racial, because it is integrated into the person of the individual.

Studies on shoppers in India have largely been limited to their time and money spending pattern, demographic profile, and preferences for a particular format. It has been found in the studies in other countries that shoppers do not differ much in terms of their demographic profile. Therefore, this study attempts to understand shoppers from their disposition towards shopping. This has been found useful as the differences between retailers are not significant in terms of value delivered. The study brings out the shopping orientation of the Indian shoppers. The analysis indicates that the Indian shoppers seek emotional value more than the functional value of shopping. Although there is an indication of shopping being considered as a task and should be finished as soon as possible, this orientation is overshadowed by the entertainment value derived by the shoppers. The study also indicates that though there are some similarities in the orientation of Indian shoppers and shoppers from developed countries, there are some significant differences too. The Indian shoppers show an orientation that is based more on the entertainment value than on the functional value. The other distinct aspects of the Indian shoppers are as follows: Post-purchase information management and bargaining. Definition of convenience which is proximity to home, work place as well as the places that the shoppers frequent. Based on the orientation of the Indian shoppers, 300 shoppers are clustered into two segments: Fun shoppers: Consisting of 39 per cent of the sample, this segment enjoys shopping and is found to be involved. Work shoppers: This segment takes to shopping as an activity that needs to be finished with least effort. The two segments are found to be different in terms of their demographic and behavioural profile: More men in the second segment. The first segment buys products of varying values. The new format stores attract more fun shoppers than the work shoppers. The orientation is found to be affected primarily by the type of store, the frequency of buying, and to some extent by the socio-economic classification (SEC). It may be inferred that these variables could be utilized to define the orientation of the shoppers. Based on the findings, the study draws implications for store format, pricing, and merchandising and suggests that, in order to be successful, the retailers need to experiment with a format that attracts both types of shoppers. As a future initiative, researchers may like to find out the relationship of orientation with store variables such as merchandising, location, communication, and customer retention.

Purpose Walmart achieved extraordinary success and growth in its home country before embarking on a strategy of international expansion. While most of Walmart¹s international expansion efforts were successful, the retailer experienced some challenges in Germany and South Korea, exiting both less than ten years after initial entry. In 2016, Walmart announced the closure of 269 stores worldwide. Although most Walmart stores are now outside the USA, the performance of these stores lag their US counterparts. Walmart has not been able to simply export its “Everyday Low Price” approach. It is important to understand cultural differences in the way people shop in addition to understanding the market, economy and laws of various regions around the world. Design/methodology/approach Walmart’s successes and missteps in each country are analyzed. The studies looked at each country’s culture, shopping habits and discuss what worked and what did not in each country. The authors hope that managers planning international expansion will learn from the successes and failures of this giant retailer. Findings Walmart has a significant presence in Mexico, the UK, Brazil, China and Canada. It has been successful in countries where it has adapted the Walmart model to the local market. International expansion for Walmart, along with other retailers, is now being highly impacted by the growth in online shopping. However, the use of technology for shopping is not a homogenous global experience. The increased demand for online retailers suggests that firms slow down (but not stop) brick and mortar international expansion. Practical implications Considering the projected growth in online shopping, retailers with global aspirations need to have a strong and sustainable competitive advantage (e.g. products, operations, marketing and brand name reputation) in addition to a clear internationalization plan. The same factors critical to brick and mortar expansion are applicable to online growth. Having a successful, long-term presence in selected countries requires a clear understanding of each country’s infrastructure, demographics, political and economic systems, in addition to cultural awareness and an understanding of shopping practices. Social implications The growth of online shopping internationally will also fundamentally alter international expansion for Walmart and other retailers. Interestingly, Chinese shoppers may be leading the trend in online shopping, as nearly 65 percent of Chinese shoppers use their mobile phones for online shopping, are more likely to buy from off-shore online retailers and are more likely to use their mobile phones to compare prices than either Canadian or US shoppers (PWC, 2016). Walmart’s recent acquisition of Jet.com is sending a clear signal that brick and mortar shopping is not the only way to expand internationally. Originality/value This original work about Walmart’s growth strategy internationally is unique. This work will be of great value to managers thinking of expanding internationally. The non-embracing of local cultural habits and use of non-local managers is something that can be easily overlooked when thinking of expansion. Serious financial consequences can be easily avoided by being aware of the mistakes that others have made.

Research clearly shows that, in spite of large-scale social and political changes, women still bear the primary responsibility for housework. Research explaining the unequal division of domestic labor produces mixed results. The authors argue that the “new city” structure of the modern suburbs may be partially responsible for the tenacity of the second shift. The goal of the early suburban movement was to firmly embed women's labor in the private sphere of the isolated suburban home, leaving the public cities to men. The resulting suburban domesticity was marketed through advice literature and wartime propaganda as the ideal way to raise children, sustain better marriages, and fulfill a patriotic duty. With the return of women to the workforce, the iconic 1950s private suburb gave way to a reconstitution of the public and private through the colocation of work, home, and shopping. The authors argue that these new cities take for granted the labor of women and have developed to facilitate the second shift through the commercialization of convenience. The modern urban fringe is built to make the second shift as convenient as possible and in the process continues the social and economic expropriation of women's labor.

AbstractObjectiveAccess to nutritious foods is key to achieving health promotion goals. While there is evidence that nutritious food access is complex, measures assessing multiple domains of access, including spatial-temporal, economic, social, service delivery and personal, are lacking. The current study evaluates psychometric properties of scales designed to measure perceptions of multiple domains of nutritious food access among low-income populations.DesignA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015. Eighty-one items were selected or developed to represent five domains of nutritious food access for food shopping overall and specific to shopping at farmers’ markets. Evaluation of the items included exploratory factor analysis within each domain and internal consistency reliability for each of the sub-scales.SettingData were collected in seventeen urban neighbourhoods in Greater Cleveland, Ohio, USA that have high levels of poverty. All participants had access to at least one farmers’ market within 1·6 km (1 mile) of their home to standardize spatial access to nutritious foods.SubjectsAdults (n 304) receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits.ResultsEach domain included multiple sub-domains: spatial-temporal (four), service delivery (two), economic (two), social (three) and personal (three), for a total of fourteen subdomains. The internal consistency reliability for one of the sub-domains was outstanding (>0·90), seven were excellent (0·80–0·89), five were very good (0·70–0·79) and one scale had poor reliability (0·58).ConclusionsMultiple sub-domains of nutritious food access can be assessed using short measures that have been tested for internal consistency. These measures are suitable for assessing the complex phenomena of nutritious food access among low-income populations.

<p>Both the level of science and technology and people’s economic level have been significantly improved in the present social background. With the application and popularization of computers and networks in people’s homes, online shopping, which is of high flexibility and convenience, has emerged and gradually become an important choice to shop. In e-commerce activities, the trust between the two parties often directly affects the results of online transactions, which is even a very critical influencing factor. Therefore, an effective trust evaluation model will make a positive impact on the healthy and sustainable development of e-commerce activities. Based on the trust evaluation model of reputation that has been applied in practice, this article will integrate D-S evidence fusion algorithm into the new evaluation model and try to analyze its unique value in application.</p>

AbstractObjective:Recent research on access to food among low-income populations in industrialised countries has begun to focus on neighbourhood food availability as a key determinant of dietary behaviour. This study examined the relationship between various measures of food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the Food Stamp Program, America's largest domestic food assistance programme.Design:A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 1996–97 National Food Stamp Program Survey. The survey employed a 1-week food inventory method, including two at-home interviews, to determine household food use. Separate linear regression models were developed to analyse fruit and vegetable use. Independent variables included distance to store, travel time to store, ownership of a car and difficulty of supermarket access. All models controlled for a full set of socio-economic variables.Subjects:A nationally representative sample of participants (n = 963) in the Food Stamp Program.Results:After controlling for confounding variables, easy access to supermarket shopping was associated with increased household use of fruits (84 grams per adult equivalent per day; 95% confidence interval 5, 162). Distance from home to food store was inversely associated with fruit use by households. Similar patterns were seen with vegetable use, though associations were not significant.Conclusions:Environmental factors are importantly related to dietary choice in a nationally representative sample of low-income households, reinforcing the importance of including such factors in interventions that seek to effect dietary improvements.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease characterised by symptoms that are like the common cold. The current pandemic situation in anticipation of a vaccine has posed serious threats to the health and economic sectors of countries worldwide. To overcome the quick transmission of the virus, the government of Australia has also taken drastic measures to prevent its spread. These policies include an international and interstate travel ban, social distancing rules, lockdown, shutdown of educational institutes and work-from-home policies. Such rules have affected people on both behavioural and psychological levels. This study aims to analyse the effect of COVID-19 on Australian citizens, and therefore, the changed behaviour of citizens concerning their mobility patterns, transport preferences and shopping methods under the pandemic have been studied. A detailed literature search was adopted for gathering data related to the study theme, along with real-time evidence of changes in the behaviour of people following the pandemic. The socioeconomic impact of the pandemic on social inequality and thereby the effect on the vulnerable people of the population are also studied. Authentic surveys and statistical data are consulted to figure out how the new lifestyle choices of people will linger in the post-pandemic era. It was found that people in Australia have adopted the work-from-home regime, and new habits suiting the nationwide restrictions have become routine for many people.

In Pekanbaru City, more and more female street children are found. They used to roam the crossroads, at the "red light" intersection, on pedestrian bridges, in the shops, and in shopping centers. To anticipate the existence of female street children in Pekanbaru City, the Pekanbaru Social Service as an agency that has authority in handling female street children, has recruited these female street children and returned them to their home areas and to their parents' homes. However, the existence of female street children in the city of Pekanbaru remains a daily sight and in fact, some of them are old faces that have been repatriated. The research objective was first, to identify the social and cultural characteristics of female street children in Pekanbaru City. Second, comprehensively analyze the factors that cause girls to move on the streets. The research method is quantitative descriptive. The population in this study were all female street children in Pekanbaru. From this population, a list of all female street children will be created. From the number, the sample will be taken by simple random sampling. The results of the study showed that out of 115 street children the respondents were aged 4 to 18 years and the most aged between 12 and 14 years (45.22%). Seeing the age of street children who have school age, it turns out that 69.57 percent are not in school. While those who were still in school the education level (74.26%) had elementary school education and (25.74%) were in junior high school. The dominant reason done by street children originating from within themselves is on their own desires and that desire arises because of the economic conditions of the family. It seems that the reasons they put forward on their own are (59.13%) with the aim of helping parents (37.39 %) helps school fees 23.48 percent to find food (21.74%).

A respondent-completed questionnaire in Cape Town, South Africa was used to check how the activities that tourists enjoyed in Cape Town relate to how they perceive this destination using brand descriptive variables (brand essence, brand image and brand loyalty). 200 questionnaires were received for bivariate and multivariate analyses. This study finds that although tourists found most activities in Cape Town enjoyable; nature and outdoor, food and wine, and shopping enjoyment have more impact in determining the general experience satisfaction of tourists, than beach, and surprisingly, history and cultural activities. Nonetheless, tourists generally perceive Cape Town quite positively. From analyses, this study strongly suggests that the brand position statement for Cape Town should revolve around unique and diverse tourists' attractions in Cape Town, and the memorable experience with which tourists go home from Cape Town. The brand position statement should be linked to Cape Town tourism integrated marketing communications. This study can assist tourism business owners in Cape Town to evaluate and improve tourism offerings to meet the expectations of visitors, contributing to visitors forming a positive perception towards Cape Town. The findings have implications for similar destinations in the developing economies.

Jacolby Satterwhite is known for creating virtual worlds that feature multiple avatars of himself voguing within densely rendered neon landscapes. He populates those landscapes with three-dimensional objects painstakingly traced in the animation program Maya from drawings that his mother made during his childhood in the hopes of striking it rich on the Home Shopping Network. This article focuses on an early work, The Country Ball (2012), an animated video that brings together archival footage from Satterwhite’s family at a 1989 Mother’s Day cookout alongside his mother’s drawings of what he calls “recreational American material culture.” The author argues that Satterwhite’s virtual performances link queerness and utopia: his animated avatars make manifest his desire to occupy a world as multiplicitous and far-reaching as his sense of self. However, the author believes that this queer utopics begins with Satterwhite’s mother and her crafting of a creative process in the midst of terrible constraints on her physical and economic mobility. By reading the artist’s virtual worlds through his mother’s drawings, the author investigates a similar strategy of “making do to make new,” or reworking the mundane in the service of the marvelous.

Tourism provides a significant contribution to development, conventional tourism products are becoming increasingly abandoned and tourists are turning to tourism products that value the environment, nature, culture and special attractions more. How to manage tourist villages in the village of Tegal Waru Ciampea Bogor, in the flexibility and intensity of interaction with the environment and local communities. The purpose of this research is to see how the management of creative and innovative community-based tourism villages (CREANOVA) The approach method used is an empirical normative approach and uses qualitative methods and direct field research on research objects that are related to the problem under study. the results of the study are. Tegal Waru tourism village is a pedesan tourist area that is no less interesting and offers cultural potential. Has a variety of agricultural production businesses and entrepreneurs. Community participation in the development of tourist villages is very high. There are tour packages offered including entrepreneur training, charity creativity, outbound on the road, consumption packages, souvenir packages, shopping centers, tourism attractions, business tourist village locations, while visitors from home and abroad. Community participation is very high in implementing this village tourism program, because they feel an increase in income and economic life

After the appearance of COVID-19 and its spread to the four corners of the globe, the decision to contain it has become more democratic in all countries, and the measures that go with it too. Citizens found themselves forced to anticipate and think carefully about their trips, which necessarily impacted their consuming way. The concept of responsible consumption has been discussed by several researchers, on economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects, but their interpretations are very rare or even untraceable in a context of pandemic, lockdown period and health and environmental crisis. A conceptual model was proposed in this study, exclusively devoted to the factors influencing responsible purchasing behavior in a situation of health and environmental crisis, by means of a quantitative study addressed to Moroccan Internet users, in order to see their motivations for using "home-shopping" in a context of health crisis and in a period of lockdown. The expected results have enabled us to understand the purchasing behavior of individuals, and thus be able to explain the predominant factors in pre-purchase decision making. Our article is divided into three parts. The first part is dedicated to the presentation of the existing literature, the second present the methodology and scientific tools used in our empirical. Then in a third and final part, we will present the results of our quantitative empirical study.

Introduction. Growing urbanization entails the construction of secondary and tertiary highways, buildings, development and protection of the infrastructure, aimed at improving the performance of cities; these actions are closely related to power consumption. The experience has proven that the functional planning of urban areas influences urban transportation. Therefore, the link between urban dispersion and types of transportation has turned into one of arguable points. Uncontrollable and spontaneous urban growth, irrational nation-wide traffic and area planning boost the daily use of cars in the cities. Therefore, the study of the factors that influence suburban sprawl can influence the reduction in the number of urban cars. On the whole, suburban sprawl in Iran increases the distance between home and workplace, shopping malls and entertainment centres, and influences the use of personal vehicles and motorcycles. And it can pollute urban air and generate urban heat islands. Materials and methods. The co-authors have taken advantage of the official statistics, examination findings, geographical maps, draft master plans for cities, integrated transportation plans, plans of engineering and communication infrastructures. Results. Any spontaneous expansion of cities, irrational power consumption cause inefficient use of resources and negative economic and social results. Problems of urban dispersion is a feature of the Anthropocene epoch. Conclusions. The co-authors employed document analysis (printed books, articles, and digital libraries). Rational energy consumption, harmonious urban development and gardening are only feasible if reliance on cars is eliminated. Also, given the development of information and communication technologies, withdrawal of cars from designs and plans of new cities in Iran may be of vital importance for the elimination of economic, social, and numerous other problems.

Purpose Population growth, urbanisation and the increased use of online shopping are some of the key challenges affecting the traditional logistics model. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the distribution of grocery products ordered online and the subsequent home delivery and click and collect services offered by online retailers to fulfil these orders. These services are unsustainable due to increased operational costs, carbon emissions, traffic and noise. The main objective of the research is to propose sustainable logistics models to reduce economic, environmental and social costs whilst maintaining service levels. Design/methodology/approach The authors have a mixed methodology based on simulation and mathematical modelling to evaluate the proposed shared logistics model using: primary data from a major UK retailer, secondary data from online retailers and primary data from a consumer survey on preferences for receiving groceries purchased online. Integration of these three data sets serves as input to vehicle routing models that reveal the benefits from collaboration by solving individual distribution problems of two retailers first, followed by the joint distribution problem under single decision maker assumption. Findings The benefits from collaboration could be more than 10 per cent in the distance travelled and 16 per cent in the time required to deliver the orders when two online grocery retailers collaborate in distribution activities. Originality/value The collaborative model developed for the online grocery market incentivises retailers to switch from current unsustainable logistics models to the proposed collaborative models.

This study examines the extant state of research into our understanding of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in its early stages on food-purchasing behaviour. As such, it includes a summary and categorisation of the findings, extending to consumption preferences worldwide. After the indiscriminate stockpiling of food, which was witnessed in many countries following the implementation of the lockdown, the impact of COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease-2019) on consumer habits has inversely varied in function of personal attitudes, individual and household experiences, and characteristics. Specific contexts, and the financial, economic, and logistic nature of these contexts, have also been found to be of relevance in examining the research relating to the coronavirus pandemic and food-purchasing behaviour. Concurrent with the pandemic, some worldwide trends have emerged—home cooking has been rediscovered, leading to an increase in the demand for staple foodstuffs, and purchases from small, local retailers and online food shopping have been accorded preferential treatment. Despite price volatility and concern about future household incomes, a significant proportion of consumers have shifted to buying healthier, more sustainable food. Moreover, food wastage has seen a notable decrease in volume. Such an occasion should be strategically exploited by manufacturers and retailers in satisfying this consumer demand. Finally, the COVID-19 crisis would seem to offer an unparalleled opportunity to re-engineer the agro-food market by driving the transition toward more sustainable supply and production patterns. Thus, stronger and more equitable partnerships between farmers, manufacturers, retailers, and citizens may be in the process of being forged.

The Special Capital Region of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta) is the country's capital and largest city in Indonesia. Jakarta as a large capital city has an attraction as a place to look for income, it is very attractive for residents from various regions in Indonesia to come to Jakarta who are settled and claim to be citizens of Jakarta. The number of migrants in Jakarta is around 68,500 people and it is predicted that as many as 60% live in Jakarta. Jakarta is a city with a fairly rapid economic growth rate. At present, more than 70% of state money is circulating in Jakarta. Since the early 1980s, the DKI Jakarta Government has been intensively building modern shopping centers, or commonly known as malls and plazas. At present Jakarta is one of the cities in Asia that has many shopping centers. In addition to luxury shopping centers, Jakarta also has many traditional markets and wholesale trade centers. For smaller environments, shopping centers for daily necessities are also available at affordable prices, such as Indomaret and Alfamart. The city of Jakarta as the capital of Indonesia focuses its development as the center of Indonesian business so that it is now densely filled with houses and tall buildings. The condition of the city of Jakarta is dense with residents and buildings, certainly there are many problems that arise, and the main problems of the city of Jakarta such as traffic jams, social problems and flooding. Traffic congestion makes Jakarta residents become lazy to leave the house so that an individualistic lifestyle makes social interaction decrease, also causes stress. The lives of Jakarta residents who live in high-rise buildings such as apartments that are mushrooming in Jakarta, which are very individual and cannot interact with the surrounding environment and daily activities are only "confined" in apartment units create a boring atmosphere and make residents become stressed. The problems faced by the City of Jakarta, of course, require solutions that really must be considered by the Government, especially the Local Government of the City of Jakarta. For that reason the author tries to make a city facility that can be a bridge between activities at home and work activities, in the social and economic fields in the form of Third Place, named Modern Hangout Market. Abstrak Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ( DKI Jakarta ) adalah ibu kota negara dan kota terbesar di Indonesia. Jakarta sebagai ibu kota yang besar memiliki daya tarik sebagai tempat untuk mencari penghasilan, sangat memikat penduduk dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia untuk datang ke Jakarta yang menetap dan mengaku sebagai warga Jakarta. Jumlah warga pendatang di Jakarta sekitar 68.500 orang dan diprediksi sebanyak 60% tinggal di Jakarta. Jakarta merupakan kota dengan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup pesat. Saat ini, lebih dari 70% uang negara beredar di Jakarta. Sejak awal tahun 1980, Pemerintah DKI Jakarta gencar membangun pusat-pusat perbelanjaan modern, atau biasa yang dikenal dengan mall dan plaza. Saat ini Jakarta merupakan salah satu kota di Asia yang banyak memiliki pusat perbelanjaan. Di samping pusat-pusat perbelanjaan mewah, Jakarta juga memiliki banyak pasar-pasar tradisional dan pusat perdagangan grosir. Untuk lingkungan yang lebih kecil, tersedia pula pusat belanja kebutuhan sehari-hari dengan harga yang terjangkau, seperti Indomaret dan Alfamart. Kota Jakarta sebagai ibukota dari Indonesia memfokuskan perkembangannya sebagai pusat perbisnisan Indonesia sehingga kini telah padat dipenuhi hunian dan bangunan tinggi. Kondisi kota Jakarta yang padat dengan penduduk dan bangunan, pasti banyak permasalahan yang muncul, dan yang menjadi permasalahan utama kota Jakarta seperti kemacetan lalu lintas, permasalahan sosial dan banjir. Kemacetan lalu lintas membuat warga Jakarta menjadi malas untuk keluar rumah sehingga gaya hidup yang individualistik membuat menurunnya interaksi sosial, juga menjadi penyebab stress. Kehidupan warga Jakarta yang tinggal di gedung-gedung bertingkat tinggi seperti Apartemen yang menjamur di Jakarta, yang sangat individual dan tidak bisa berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sekitar dan aktifitas sehari-hari hanya “terkurung” dalam unit apartemen membuat suasana yang membosankan dan bikin penghuninya menjadi stress. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh Kota Jakarta, tentunya membutuhkan pemecahan yang benar-benar harus dipikirkan oleh Pemerintah, khususnya Pemerintah Daerah Kota Istimewa Jakarta. Untuk itu Penulis mencoba membuat suatu fasilitas kota yang bisa sebagai jembatan penghubung antara kegiatan di rumah dan aktifitas kerja, dalam bidang sosial dan ekonomi berupa Third Place yang diberi nama Pasar Nongkrong Modern.

Subject area The given case deals with the fact that primary objectives of services producers and marketers are identical to those of all marketers: to develop and provide offerings that satisfy consumer needs and expectations, thereby ensuring their own economic survival. To achieve these objectives, service providers need to understand how consumers choose, experience, and evaluate their service offerings. It also talks about employing innovative techniques at the basic level by optimizing available resources offering quality service at value based pricing, thereby, increasing customer retention by developing the trust of the consumer. Study level/applicability Graduation or post graduation level students studying subjects pertaining to the services aspect of marketing, namely innovative service offerings, value for money, service experience and evaluation, challenge of integrating the 4 A's of services marketing and offering them in sustainable quality, promotional or communication mix for services and consumer behaviour. Case overview Today's dual-career couples, single-parent families, and two-job families are realizing a burning consumer need: more time. Individuals in these and other non-traditional family configurations are overstressed with their work and home obligations and find that dealing with many of life's everyday tasks is overwhelming. For many customers, all types of shopping have become “drudgery or worse.” The antidote to this time deficiency is found in many new services that recover time for consumers. One such professional service is catering. The present case study deals with grass root level innovations in this service offering that adds flavour to our lives. Expected learning outcomes Understanding the catering services offering and its features in evolving consumer's world; analyzing the importance of optimizing available resources and offering customer satisfaction, ensuring marketers own economic survival; realizing the significance of value offering and related value based pricing for services; comprehending the importance of word of mouth in post experience evaluation in services; the effect of quality and quantity consciousness in marketers while offering catering services; and understanding obstacles and challenges faced by small and medium service industries at the initial level. Supplementary materials Teaching notes.

According to Robert McSweeney, in light of a new study: “Conditions in the GCC could become so hot and humid in the coming years that staying outside for more than six hours will become difficult”. He is a climate analyst at CARBON BRIEF, a nonprofit temperature and climate analysis group. He also states that changes there can help give us an idea of what the rest of the world can expect if we do not reduce the emissions that pollute homes and factories. Because of the high temperatures in GCC countries, the effect of heat stress is very high there, which discourages shoppers and pedestrians from shopping in the open area due to the physical exertion and high risks faced by people and workers. Heat stress peaks in most Arab Gulf countries from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. during the summer season. Heat stress is increasingly an obstacle to economic efficiency in these countries. This work designs and develops a robot that tracks shoppers and provides a cool stream of air directly around them during shopping in open areas to reduce the effect of heat stress. The robot enables us to cool the temperature around customers in the market to increase comfort. In this project, a robot was designed and manufactured to track a specific person and cool the air around him through a cool stream of air generated by the air conditioner installed inside the robot. We used a Raspberry Pi camera sensor to detect the target person and interact with a single-board computer (Raspberry Pi 3) to accomplish this design and the prototype. Raspberry Pi controls the air-conditioning robot to follow the movement of the target person. We used image processing to discover the target shopper, the control system, and then guide the bot. In the meantime, the robot must also bypass any potential obstacles that could prevent its movement and cause a collision. We made a highly efficient design that can synchronize between the software algorithm and the mechanical platform of the robot. This work is merely the combination of a cool stream of air and a robot that follows a human.

This study examines the concept of sustainability and livability at the neighborhood level in a low-density city such as Doha. In its current form, Metropolitan Doha, Qatar’s capital and where 80% of the population resides, is neither sustainable nor ranked highly in many city livability indices of international cities, although Qatar aims to become a truly sustainable state as envisioned in its Qatar National Vision (QNV) 2030 and endorsed in its National Development Strategies 2012 and 2018. Doha remains a fractured city; its rapid growth has led to unrestrained, extensive urban sprawl with high dependency on private transportation mainly by large SUVs, continually instigated by the absence of public transportation. Doha is also a relatively low-density city where the main driver of its urban sprawl is the inhabitants’ deep-set desire for privacy, and hence, home ownership of single-family detached villas, which have become the predominant residential building-block of neighborhoods with little to no provisions of in-neighborhood community services and amenities such as basic shopping, health, education, and recreation. Consequently, this urban form has resulted in long and frequent commutes for individuals and families, increasing the number of vehicles in traffic almost every hour of every day, traffic congestion, high transportation-related CO2 emissions, additional expenses, and loss of quality family time, among several other environmental, social, and economic sustainability impacts. The findings of this study, which are based on a behavioral survey, illustrate the residents’ views on neighborhood improvement and changes in the transportation modes, as well as their willingness to change their habits for the benefit of common and future generations.

National Programme for Social Integration of People with Disabilities for 2013 - 2019 has set a strategic objective to create a positive environment and conditions for a dignified and fully fledged life of people with disabilities in Lithuania, to guarantee equal opportunities and the quality of life of people with disabilities. The article analyses the experiences of the social workers, who work in sheltered housing accommodation with young adults with intellectual disability, when developing independent living skills in young adults with intellectual disability. Sheltered housing accommodation is social services institutions providing social care, in which persons live in home environment and conditions are created for them to manage their own personal life on their own with the support of the social workers. A qualitative-empirical study has been conducted by using the method of a semi-structured interview. The study data were processed by using the method of content analysis. The results of the empirical study are based on the experience of 11 social workers, who have been working in sheltered housing accommodation with young adults with intellectual disability for at least 3 years. The study has revealed that the following independent living skills are considered to be the most easy to be developed: cooking, simple housework, hygiene skills. The young adults also easily develop public transport use skills. The young adults most often acquire work skills by tidying their home environment. The most difficult, according to the social workers, to develop are economic skills: to manage their budget, to allocate finances, to pay for services, and to do the shopping. The young adults with intellectual disability find it difficult to develop their parenting skills. Communication skills are developed while learning etiquette and complying with it in a large range of environments, by encouraging to communicate courteously with other persons, showing personal example, taking a good example from others, taking part in different events, festivals and communal activity. The development of independent living skills occurs by engaging young adults in a practical activity. Particular attention is given to the development of healthy lifestyle skills. The young adults are encouraged to make decisions by guiding them in the right direction, while respecting their interests; the responsibility for the decisions made by them and the consequences of those decisions is also developed. Activity planning, organising and personal skills are developed.

As time goes by, people, especially in urban areas, tend to have individualistic characteristics due to their busy daily routines. Where most of the time spent at work, home or shopping centers. Humans as social creatures who should socialize and interact with others to meet social needs. To meet social needs in the current modern era, it takes a social container that can accommodate the activities of the surrounding community. So that people can meet with each other, socialize and also interact through these social media platforms. Central Jakarta, precisely in the Senen Area, there is the Senen Market which is one of the historic / iconic buildings known as a dense place for trade activities, namely trade / services, namely the Senen Market, known as the Thrift center in Jakarta today, the community center can search clothes at economical prices. However, the daily life of the Senen people tends to only sell clothes that saturate the Senen community so that the Senen Market is now fading. As well as Senen, there are very few entertainment venues in the Senen Region, causing the Senen economy to decline. This is also related to Malcolm Barnard's theory that clothing can be a verbal and non-verbal communication tool that can later restore Senen area to an area where people do not trade but can interact, socialize, and hone the creativity of the Clothing Fan Facility Economical. Where this project aims to support the Senen Market also reduces the saturation of the Senen Market residents in their daily business activities as well as to facilitate the needs of service users at the Senen Bus Station. This project is also intended as a forum for Thrift communities and the surrounding arts to interact with other communities and can also show the works / history of economic clothing that people will see and buy so that not only trading, but the public can learn and understand the meaning of the clothes which finally triggers the community to interact, socialize, and hone their creativity. Keywords: clothing; Pasar Senen; ThriftAbstrakSeiring perkembangannya zaman, masyarakat khususnya di perkotaan cenderung memiliki sifat yang individualis dikarenakan rutinitas sehari-hari yang padat. Dimana sebagian besar waktu dihabiskan di tempat kerja, rumah ataupun pusat perbelanjaan. Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial yang seharusnya bersosialisasi dan berinteraksi dengan sesama untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sosial. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sosial di era modern saat ini, dibutuhkan wadah sosial yang dapat menampung aktivitas-aktivitas masyarakat sekitar. Sehingga masyarakat dapat saling bertemu, bersosialisasi dan juga berinteraksi melalui media wadah sosial tersebut. Jakarta Pusat, tepatnya di Kawasan Senen, terdapat Pasar Senen yang merupakan salah satu bangunan yang bersejarah / ikonik yang dikenal sebagai tempat yang padat akan aktivitas berniaganya yaitu perdagangan / jasa yaitu Pasar Senen , dikenal sebagai pusat thrift di Jakarta saat ini yaitu pusat masyarakat dapat mencari pakaian dengan harga yang ekonomis. Akan tetapi keseharian masyarakat Senen cenderung hanya menjual pakaian saja membuat jenuh masyarakat Senen sehingga Pasar Senen kini meredup. Serta Senen terdapat minim sekali tempat hiburan yang terdapat di Kawasan Senen sehingga menimbulkan perekonomian Senen menurun. Hal ini berkaitan juga dengan teori dari Malcolm Barnard bahwa pakaian dapat menjadi sebuah alat komunikasi baik verbal maupun non-verbal yang nantinya dapat memulihkan kembali kawasan Senen menjadi Kawasan yang masyarakatnya tidak berdagang saja akan tetapi dapat berinteraksi, bersosialisasi, serta mengasah kreatifitas dari Fasilitas Penggemar Pakaian Ekonomis. Dimana Proyek ini bertujuan untuk menunjang Pasar Senen juga mengurangi kejenuhan penghuni Pasar Senen dalam kegiatan berniaganya sehari-hari juga untuk memfasilitasi kebutuhan pengguna jasa di Stasiun Bus Senen. Proyek ini juga ditujukan sebagai wadah bagi komunitas-komunitas thrift maupun seni sekitar untuk berinteraksi dengan komunitas lainnya dan juga dapat menunjukan karya-karya / sejarah dari pakaian ekonomis yang masyarakat akan lihat dan beli sehingga tidak hanya berdagang saja , akan tetapi masyarakat dapat mempelajari dan memahami arti dari pakaian tersebut yang akhirnya memicu masyarakat untuk berinteraksi, bersosialisasi, serta mengasah kreatifitas mereka.

Purpose For the past three decades, the dominant economic policy environment across the Anglosphere has assumed that industrial performance results from increasing national competitiveness. The US Government and others have extensively used the tools of deregulation that emerged from the influential frameworks of Michael Porter and the Chicago School. That both the contributing analysis and attendant policy environment largely neglected the very source of national disadvantage, mostly Japanese industry in the 1970s and 1980s, remains surprising. What was going on in Japan at the time, and to some extent continues today, remains largely hidden. The aim of this paper is to expose one source of Japan’s influential competitive advantage – the human resource. Design/methodology/approach This paper, through the translation of a Japanese-language paper by Professor Emeritus Masaki Saruta, introduces the Japanese phenomenon of managed education in Aichi Prefecture, home of the Toyota Motor Corporation, and provides insight into the lifestyles of the Japanese workers who live and work in corporate castle towns that feed Toyota. Inductive content analysis was used to identify four themes that can be identified as the strategies used to produce a homogenous pool of labor that sustains the Toyota Way philosophy and Toyota Production System. Findings The content analysis identified four major themes: Toyota’s abnormal level of influence over local government, a unique education system of education management, a closed labor market and the homogeneity of labor. It is only now that business leaders in the Anglosphere are able to comprehend the vastness and depth of inculcation and nurturing policies of Toyota and other Japanese industrial giants – something business leaders in the Anglosphere today can only dream. It now becomes evident that Chandler’s visible hand remains alive and well, but critical drivers of its success in Japan and Toyota were largely invisible to the West. Research limitations/implications The research required the knowledge of one of Saruta’s works that is only published in Japanese, and therefore, inaccessible to researchers in the Anglosphere. The translation process and development of themes is reported in detail. The findings are then located in the broad context of national competitive advantage. Practical implications With the insight presented in this paper, business and government leaders may now be empowered to implement policies and practices to nurture a pool of labor more conducive with the organizational strategic policy. While leaders in the Anglosphere are able to implement policy, there also remains a new threat to economic sovereignty – the nurturing of human resources in the dormitories, refectories and shopping malls of industrial China. Social implications The development of a company-focused workforce to support corporate castle towns, one of the sources of national advantage, has been identified in this paper. The social implications are twofold. First, in Japan, the nature and influence of these towns are accepted and heralded by the community. Second, outside of Japan, and especially across the Anglosphere, these towns are a major source of competitive advantage. Originality/value Through the translation of original research published in the Japanese-language medium, this research provides otherwise inaccessible insight into the inner workings and effectively the “black box” of what was Japan Inc. in an era when business people in the West were playing catchup. As the debate on globalization extends to sovereignty across the Anglosphere, it is beholden on the academic community to provide effective solutions for industrial competitiveness.

Covid 19 – living the experience As I sit at my desk at home in suburban Brisbane, following the dictates on self-isolation shared with so many around the world, I am forced to contemplate the limits of human prediction. I look out on a world which few could have predicted six months ago. My thoughts at that time were all about 2020 as a metaphor for perfect vision and a plea for it to herald a new period of clarity which would arm us in resolving the whole host of false divisions that surrounded us. False, because so many appear to be generated by the use of polarised labelling strategies which sought to categorise humans by a whole range of identities, while losing the essential humanity and individuality which we all share. This was a troublesome trend and one which seemed reminiscent of the biblical tale concerning the tower of Babel, when a single unified language was what we needed to create harmony in a globalising world. However, yesterday’s concerns have, at least for the moment, been overshadowed by a more urgent and unifying concern with humanity’s health and wellbeing. For now, this concern has created a world which we would not have recognised in 2019. We rely more than ever on our various forms of electronic media to beam instant shots of the streets of London, New York, Berlin, Paris, Hong Kong etc. These centres of our worldly activity normally characterised by hustle and bustle, are now serenely peaceful and ordered. Their magnificent buildings have become foregrounded, assuming a dignity and presence that is more commonly overshadowed by the mad ceaseless scramble of humanity all around them. From there however the cameras can jump to some of the less fortunate areas of the globe. These streets are still teeming with people in close confined areas. There is little hope here of following frequent extended hand washing practices, let alone achieving the social distance prescribed to those of us in the global North. From this desk top perspective, it has been interesting to chart the mood as the crisis has unfolded. It has moved from a slightly distant sense of superiority as the news slowly unfolded about events in remote Wuhan. The explanation that the origins were from a live market, where customs unfamiliar to our hygienic pre-packaged approach to food consumption were practised, added to this sense of separateness and exoticism surrounding the source and initial development of the virus. However, this changed to a growing sense of concern as its growth and transmission slowly began to reveal the vulnerability of all cultures to its spread. At this early stage, countries who took steps to limit travel from infected areas seemed to gain some advantage. Australia, as just one example banned flights from China and required all Chinese students coming to study in Australia to self-isolate for two weeks in a third intermediate port. It was a step that had considerable economic costs associated with it. One that was vociferously resisted at the time by the university sector increasingly dependent on the revenue generated by servicing Chinese students. But it was when the epicentre moved to northern Italy, that the entire messaging around the event began to change internationally. At this time the tone became increasingly fearful, anxious and urgent as reports of overwhelmed hospitals and mass burials began to dominate the news. Consequently, governments attracted little criticism but were rather widely supported in the action of radically closing down their countries in order to limit human interaction. The debate had become one around the choice between health and economic wellbeing. The fact that the decision has been overwhelmingly for health, has been encouraging. It has not however stopped the pressure from those who believe that economic well-being is a determinant of human well-being, questioning the decisions of politicians and the advice of public health scientists that have dominated the responses to date. At this stage, the lives versus livelihoods debate has a long way still to run. Of some particular interest has been the musings of the opinion writers who have predicted that the events of these last months will change our world forever. Some of these predictions have included the idea that rather than piling into common office spaces working remotely from home and other advantageous locations will be here to stay. Schools and universities will become centres of learning more conveniently accessed on-line rather than face to face. Many shopping centres will become redundant and goods will increasingly be delivered via collection centres or couriers direct to the home. Social distancing will impact our consumption of entertainment at common venues and lifestyle events such as dining out. At the macro level, it has been predicted that globalisation in its present form will be reversed. The pandemic has led to actions being taken at national levels and movement being controlled by the strengthening and increased control of physical borders. Tourism has ground to a halt and may not resume on its current scale or in its present form as unnecessary travel, at least across borders, will become permanently reduced. Advocates of change have pointed to some of the unpredicted benefits that have been occurring. These include a drop in air pollution: increased interaction within families; more reading undertaken by younger adults; more systematic incorporation of exercise into daily life, and; a rediscovered sense of community with many initiatives paying tribute to the health and essential services workers who have been placed at the forefront of this latest struggle with nature. Of course, for all those who point to benefits in the forced lifestyle changes we have been experiencing, there are those who would tell a contrary tale. Demonstrations in the US have led the push by those who just want things to get back to normal as quickly as possible. For this group, confinement at home creates more problems. These may be a function of the proximity of modern cramped living quarters, today’s crowded city life, dysfunctional relationships, the boredom of self-entertainment or simply the anxiety that comes with an insecure livelihood and an unclear future. Personally however, I am left with two significant questions about our future stimulated by the events that have been ushered in by 2020. The first is how is it that the world has been caught so unprepared by this pandemic? The second is to what extent do we have the ability to recalibrate our current practices and view an alternative future? In considering the first, it has been enlightening to observe the extent to which politicians have turned to scientific expertise in order to determine their actions. Terms like ‘flattening the curve’, ‘community transmission rates’, have become part of our daily lexicon as the statistical modellers advance their predictions as to how the disease will spread and impact on our health systems. The fact that scientists are presented as the acceptable and credible authority and the basis for our actions reflects a growing dependency on data and modelling that has infused our society generally. This acceptance has been used to strengthen the actions on behalf of the human lives first and foremost position. For those who pursue the livelihoods argument even bigger figures are available to be thrown about. These relate to concepts such as numbers of jobless, increase in national debt, growth in domestic violence, rise in mental illness etc. However, given that they are more clearly estimates and based on less certain assumptions and variables, they do not at this stage seem to carry the impact of the data produced by public health experts. This is not surprising but perhaps not justifiable when we consider the failure of the public health lobby to adequately prepare or forewarn us of the current crisis in the first place. Statistical predictive models are built around historical data, yet their accuracy depends upon the quality of those data. Their robustness for extrapolation to new settings for example will differ as these differ in a multitude of subtle ways from the contexts in which they were initially gathered. Our often uncritical dependence upon ‘scientific’ processes has become worrying, given that as humans, even when guided by such useful tools, we still tend to repeat mistakes or ignore warnings. At such a time it is an opportunity for us to return to the reservoir of human wisdom to be found in places such as our great literature. Works such as The Plague by Albert Camus make fascinating and educative reading for us at this time. As the writer observes Everybody knows that pestilences have a way of recurring in the world, yet somehow, we find it hard to believe in ones that crash down on our heads from a blue sky. There have been as many plagues as wars in history, yet always plagues and wars take people equally by surprise. So it is that we constantly fail to study let alone learn the lessons of history. Yet 2020 mirrors 1919, as at that time the world was reeling with the impact of the Spanish ‘Flu, which infected 500 million people and killed an estimated 50 million. This was more than the 40 million casualties of the four years of the preceding Great War. There have of course been other pestilences since then and much more recently. Is our stubborn failure to learn because we fail to value history and the knowledge of our forebears? Yet we can accept with so little question the accuracy of predictions based on numbers, even with varying and unquestioned levels of validity and reliability. As to the second question, many writers have been observing some beneficial changes in our behaviour and our environment, which have emerged in association with this sudden break in our normal patterns of activity. It has given us the excuse to reevaluate some of our practices and identify some clear benefits that have been occurring. As Australian newspaper columnist Bernard Salt observes in an article titled “the end of narcissism?” I think we’ve been re-evaluating the entire contribution/reward equation since the summer bushfires and now, with the added experience of the pandemic, we can see the shallowness of the so-called glamour professions – the celebrities, the influencers. We appreciate the selflessness of volunteer firefighters, of healthcare workers and supermarket staff. From the pandemic’s earliest days, glib forays into social media by celebrities seeking attention and yet further adulation have been met with stony disapproval. Perhaps it is best that they stay offline while our real heroes do the heavy lifting. To this sad unquestioning adherence to both scientism and narcissism, we can add and stir the framing of the climate rebellion and a myriad of familiar ‘first world’ problems which have caused dissension and disharmony in our communities. Now with an external threat on which to focus our attention, there has been a short lull in the endless bickering and petty point scoring that has characterised our western liberal democracies in the last decade. As Camus observed: The one way of making people hang together is to give ‘em a spell of the plague. So, the ceaseless din of the topics that have driven us apart has miraculously paused for at least a moment. Does this then provide a unique opportunity for us together to review our habitual postures and adopt a more conciliatory and harmonious communication style, take stock, critically evaluate and retune our approach to life – as individuals, as nations, as a species? It is not too difficult to hypothesise futures driven by the major issues that have driven us apart. Now, in our attempts to resist the virus, we have given ourselves a glimpse of some of the very things the climate change activists have wished to happen. With few planes in the air and the majority of cars off the roads, we have already witnessed clearer and cleaner air. Working at home has freed up the commuter driven traffic and left many people with more time to spend with their family. Freed from the continuing throng of tourists, cities like Venice are regenerating and cleansing themselves. This small preview of what a less travelled world might start to look like surely has some attraction. But of course, it does not come without cost. With the lack of tourism and the need to work at home, jobs and livelihoods have started to change. As with any revolution there are both winners and losers. The lockdown has distinguished starkly between essential and non-essential workers. That represents a useful starting point from which to assess what is truly of value in our way of life and what is peripheral as Salt made clear. This is a question that I would encourage readers to explore and to take forward with them through the resolution of the current situation. However, on the basis that educators are seen as providing essential services, now is the time to turn to the content of our current volume. Once again, I direct you to the truly international range of our contributors. They come from five different continents yet share a common focus on one of the most popular of shared cultural experiences – sport. Unsurprisingly three of our reviewed papers bring different insights to the world’s most widely shared sport of all – football, or as it would be more easily recognised in some parts of the globe - soccer. Leading these offerings is a comparison of fandom in Australia and China. The story presented by Knijnk highlights the rise of the fanatical supporters known as the ultras. The origin of the movement is traced to Italy, but it is one that claims allegiances now around the world. Kniijnk identifies the movement’s progression into Australia and China and, in pointing to its stance against the commercialisation of their sport by the scions of big business, argues for its deeper political significance and its commitment to the democratic ownership of sport. Reflecting the increasing availability and use of data in our modern societies, Karadog, Parim and Cene apply some of the immense data collected on and around the FIFA World Cup to the task of selecting the best team from the 2018 tournament held in Russia, a task more usually undertaken by panels of experts. Mindful of the value of using data in ways that can assist future decision making, rather than just in terms of summarising past events, they also use the statistics available to undertake a second task. The second task was the selection of the team with the greatest future potential by limiting eligibility to those at an early stage in their careers, namely younger than 28 and who arguably had still to attain their prime as well as having a longer career still ahead of them. The results for both selections confirm how membership of the wealthy European based teams holds the path to success and recognition at the global level no matter what the national origins of players might be. Thirdly, taking links between the sport and the world of finance a step further, Gomez-Martinez, Marques-Bogliani and Paule-Vianez report on an interesting study designed to test the hypothesis that sporting success within a community is reflected in positive economic outcomes for members of that community. They make a bold attempt to test their hypothesis by examining the relationship of the performance of three world leading clubs in Europe - Bayern Munich, Juventus and Paris Saint Germain and the performance of their local stock markets. Their findings make for some interesting thoughts about the significance of sport in the global economy and beyond into the political landscape of our interconnected world. Our final paper comes from Africa but for its subject matter looks to a different sport, one that rules the subcontinent of India - cricket. Norrbhai questions the traditional coaching of batting in cricket by examining the backlift techniques of the top players in the Indian Premier league. His findings suggest that even in this most traditional of sports, technique will develop and change in response to the changing context provided by the game itself. In this case the context is the short form of the game, introduced to provide faster paced entertainment in an easily consumable time span. It provides a useful reminder how in sport, techniques will not be static but will continue to evolve as the game that provides the context for the skilled performance also evolves. To conclude our pages, I must apologise that our usual book review has fallen prey to the current world disruption. In its place I would like to draw your attention to the announcement of a new publication which would make a worthy addition to the bookshelf of any international sports scholar. “Softpower, Soccer, Supremacy – The Chinese Dream” represents a unique and timely analysis of the movement of the most popular and influential game in the world – Association Football, commonly abbreviated to soccer - into the mainstream of Chinese national policy. The editorial team led by one of sports histories most recognised scholars, Professor J A Mangan, has assembled a who’s who of current scholars in sport in Asia. Together they provide a perspective that takes in, not just the Chinese view of these important current developments but also, the view of others in the geographical region. From Japan, Korea and Australia, they bring with them significant experience to not just the beautiful game, but sport in general in that dynamic and fast-growing part of the world. Particularly in the light of the European dominance identified in the Karog, Parim and Cene paper this work raises the question as to whether we can expect to see a change in the world order sooner rather than later. It remains for me to make one important acknowledgement. In my last editorial I alerted you to the sorts of decisions we as an editorial and publication team were facing with regard to ensuring the future of the journal. Debates as to how best to proceed while staying true to our vision and goals are still proceeding. However, I am pleased to acknowledge the sponsorship provided by The University of Macao for volume 42 and recognise the invaluable contribution made by ISCPES former president Walter Ho to this process. Sponsorship can provide an important input to the ongoing existence and strength of this journal and we would be interested in talking to other institutions or groups who might also be interested in supporting our work, particularly where their goals align closely with ours. May I therefore commend to you the works of our international scholars and encourage your future involvement in sharing your interest in and expertise with others in the world of comparative and international sport studies, John Saunders, Brisbane, May 2020