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1

Gillett, Robert W., Ian E. Galbally, Melita D. Keywood, et al. "Atmospheric short-chain-chlorinated paraffins in Melbourne, Australia – first extensive Southern Hemisphere observations." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 2 (2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16152.

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Environmental contextThis study presents the first comprehensive set of ambient atmospheric concentrations of short-chain-chlorinated paraffins in the Southern Hemisphere. The data show a seasonal cycle with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. The seasonal cycle is consistent with temperature dependence of the vapour pressure of the short-chain-chlorinated paraffins resulting in partitioning between the atmosphere and other reservoirs with a secondary modulation by soil moisture. AbstractThe first extensive measurements of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere are presented. The analytical and sampling methodologies used in this Australian study were verified by systematic testing along with two inter-comparisons with Northern Hemisphere laboratories with established SCCP programs. In the ambient atmosphere of Melbourne, Australia, in 2013–14, there was a clear seasonal cycle in SCCP monthly averaged concentrations, these ranging from 28.4ng m–3 in summer to 1.8ng m–3 in winter. Air temperature was the factor most closely related to the seasonal cycle in SCCPs in Melbourne. The average SCCP concentrations observed indoors were less than those observed outdoors. Atmospheric concentrations of SCCPs in Melbourne are more than two orders of magnitude higher than concentrations in the background atmosphere. Surprisingly, the SCCP concentrations in Melbourne are similar to those observed in cities in Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom, and less than those observed in China. Direct transport of SCCPs in the atmosphere from the Northern Hemisphere emissions to Melbourne is ruled out. Instead elevated concentrations in the Melbourne air-shed are most likely a result of the long-term import of SCCPs as industrial chemicals and within manufactured materials from the Northern Hemisphere so that the use of SCCPs in Melbourne and their consequent release to the environment has produced environmental reservoirs of SCCPs in Melbourne that are comparable with those in some Northern Hemisphere cities. The increase in SCCP concentrations from winter to summer is consistent with the temperature dependence of partitioning of SCCPs between the atmosphere and other reservoirs. Insufficient information exists on SCCP use and its presence in soils and sediments in Australia to indicate whether the atmospheric presence of SCCPs in Melbourne is a legacy issue due to its import and use as a metal cutting agent in past decades or due to ongoing imports of manufactured materials containing SCCPs today.
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2

McGrath, Thomas J., Giulia Poma, Hidenori Matsukami, Govindan Malarvannan, Natsuko Kajiwara, and Adrian Covaci. "Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Polyvinylchloride and Rubber Consumer Products and Toys Purchased on the Belgian Market." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031069.

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This study investigates the presence of Stockholm Convention listed short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and their replacement medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) counterparts in polyvinyl chloride and rubber consumer products and toys purchased on the Belgian market in 2019. SCCPs were detected in 27/28 samples at concentrations ranging from <LOQ–130,000 µg/g with a median level of 2.5 µg/g, while MCCPs were detected in only five samples ranging <LOQ–3500 µg/g. Levels of SCCPs in all but one of the samples were below the European Union’s guideline limit of 0.15%, by weight, and concentrations of both SCCPs and MCCPs in the majority of products suggested unintentional incorporation to the polymeric materials. The homologue distribution of SCCPs was generally dissimilar to known commercial formulations and appeared to be indicative of contamination during manufacture or via recycling of previously treated goods. MCCP patterns, conversely, were broadly representative of those reported for industrial mixtures and may have been inadvertently incorporated via the application of mixed carbon-chain length CP formulations or recycled goods. This research suggests that overall SCCP presence has decreased in goods on the European market compared with previous reports and that both SCCPs and MCCPs may still enter EU marketplaces from unintentional sources.
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3

Sprengel, Jannik, Peter A. Behnisch, Harrie Besselink, Abraham Brouwer та Walter Vetter. "In vitro human cell-based TTR-TRβ CALUX assay indicates thyroid hormone transport disruption of short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins". Archives of Toxicology 95, № 4 (2021): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-02994-5.

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AbstractOver the last decades, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) have become the most heavily produced monomeric organohalogen compound class of environmental concern. However, knowledge about their toxicology is still scarce, although SCCPs were shown to have effects on the thyroid hormone system. The lack of data in the case of MCCPs and LCCPs and the structural similarity with perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) prompted us to test CPs in the novel TTR-TR CALUX assay for their thyroid hormone transport disrupting potential. Four self-synthesized and additionally purified single chain length CP mixtures (C10-CPs, C11-CPs, C14-CPs and C16-CPs) and two each of industrial MCCP and LCCP products were tested in parallel with PFOA. All CP mixtures influenced the TTR binding of T4, giving activities of 1,300 to 17,000 µg/g PFOA equivalents and lowest observable effect concentrations (LOELs) of 0.95 to 0.029 mM/L incubate. Highest activities and lowest LOELs were observed for C16-CPs (48.3% Cl content, activity 17,000, LOEL 0.047 mM/L) and a LCCP mixture (71.7% Cl content; activity 10,000; LOEL 0.029 mM/L). A trend of higher activities and lower LOELs towards longer chains and higher chlorination degrees was implied, but could not be statistically confirmed. Irrespectively, the less well examined and current-use LCCPs showed the highest response in the TTR-TRβ CALUX assay.
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4

Zhang, Xufeng, Ru Fan, Yang Xu, et al. "Occurrence, Distribution and Health Risk of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) in China: A Critical Review." Separations 9, no. 8 (2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9080208.

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With being listed in the Stockholm Convention, the ban on short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) has been put on the agenda in China. Based on the literature over the past decade, this study comprehensively analyzed the occurrence, distribution of and human exposure to SCCPs in China, aiming to provide a reference for the changes in SCCPs after the ban. SCCPs were ubiquitous in environmental matrices, and the levels were considerably higher than those in other countries. SCCPs from the emission region were 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those in the background area. Environmental processes may play an important role in the SCCP profiles in the environment, and C10 and Cl6 were identified as potential factors distinguishing their spatial distribution. River input was the dominant source in the sea areas, and atmospheric transport was the main source in the remote inland areas. Ingestion and dermal absorption and food intake may pose potential risk to residents, especially for children and infants. More studies are needed on their temporal trend, source emission and environmental degradation. The enactment of the restriction order will have a great impact on China’s CP industry; nevertheless, it will play a positive role in the remediation of SCCP pollution in the environment.
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5

Qian, Yongxing, Wanling Han, Fuhai Zhou, Bixiao Ji, Huining Zhang, and Kefeng Zhang. "Effects of Pressurized Aeration on the Biodegradation of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins by Escherichia coli Strain 2." Membranes 12, no. 6 (2022): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060634.

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were defined as persistent organic pollutants in 2017, and they can migrate and transform in the environment, accumulate in organisms, and amplify through the food chain. Although they pose a serious threat to environmental safety and human health, there are few papers on their removal. The current SCCP removal methods are expensive, require severe operating conditions, involve time-consuming biological treatment, and have poor removal specificities. Therefore, it is important to seek efficient methods to remove SCCPs. In this paper, a pressurized reactor was introduced, and the removal performance of SCCPs by Escherichia coli strain 2 was investigated. The results indicated that moderate pure oxygen pressurization promoted bacterial growth, but when it exceeded 0.15 MPa, the bacterial growth was severely inhibited. When the concentration of SCCPs was 20 mg/L, the removal rate of SCCPs was 85.61% under 0.15 MPa pure oxygen pressurization for 7 days, which was 25% higher than at atmospheric pressure (68.83%). In contrast, the removal rate was only 69.28% under 0.15 MPa air pressure. As the pressure continued to increase, the removal rate of SCCPs decreased significantly. The total amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased significantly upon increasing the pressure, and the amount of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) was higher than that of loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS). The pressure mainly promoted the secretion of proteins in LB-EPS. Furthermore, an appropriate pure oxygen pressure of 0.15 MPa improved the dehydrogenase activity. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results indicated that the degradation pathway possibly involved the cleavage of the C–Cl bond in SCCPs, which produced Cl−, followed by C–C bond breaking. This process degraded long-chain alkanes into short-chain alkanes. Moreover, the main degradation products detected were 2,4-dimethylheptane (C9H20), 2,5-dimethylheptane (C9H20), and 3,3-dimethylhexane (C8H18).
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6

Yang, Tao, Bangping Deng, and Chenyong Miao. "Influence of Sediment Dredging on the Distribution of Chlorinated Paraffin." Water 14, no. 21 (2022): 3461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213461.

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To study the influence of dredged sediment transportation on the distribution of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, C10-13), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, C13-17), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs, C18-28), 62 surficial sediment samples were collected from the Huangpu River and the Shanghai offshore areas, East China. A high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry system (HPLC-QTOF MS) was employed to measure CPs. The concentrations of CPs in sediment samples ranged from 8.76 to 1270.7 ng g-1 for SCCPs, from 22.03 to 1730.78 ng g-1 for MCCPs, and from undetected (ND) to 236.86 ng g-1 for LCCPs. The concentrations were lower than those that can be toxic to organisms. Furthermore, the influence of sediment dredging activity on the distribution of CPs was also investigated. The concentrations of CPs in sediment discarding areas were significantly higher than those in the surrounding areas, but this result is consistent with the concentrations in the Huangpu River sediments where CPs originated. Also, the SCCP congener group in the discarding area was similar to that in the Huangpu River. These findings indicated that CPs exhibited lower migration in the discarding area and had limited environmental impacts.
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7

Burýšková, B., L. Bláha, D. Vršková, K. Šimková, and B. Maršálek. "Sublethal Toxic Effects and Induction of gGutathione S-transferase by Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and C-12 alkane (dodecane) in Xenopus laevis Frog Embryos." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 1 (2006): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675010115.

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Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are important industrial chemicals with high persistence in the environment but poorly characterized ecotoxicological effects. We studied embryotoxic effects of commercial mixture of SCCP (carbon length C-12, 56% of chlorine; CP56-12) and non-chlorinated n-alkane (dodecane, C-12) in the 96h Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus (FETAX). Only weak lethal effects were observed for both substances (the highest tested concentration 500 mg/L of both chemicals caused up to 11% mortality). On the other hand, we observed developmental malformations and reduced embryo growth at 5 mg/l and higher concentrations. However, the effects were not related to chlorination pattern as both SCCPs and dodecane induced qualitatively similar effects. SCCPs also significantly induced phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Xenopus laevis embryos even at 0.5 mg/L, and this biomarker might be used as another early warning of chronic toxic effects. Our results newly indicate significant developmental toxicity of both SCCPs and n-dodecane to aquatic organisms along with inductions of specific biochemical toxicity mechanisms.
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8

Heeb, Norbert V., Simone Schalles, Sandro Lehner, et al. "Biotransformation of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) with LinA2: A HCH and HBCD converting bacterial dehydrohalogenase." Chemosphere 226 (July 2019): 744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.169.

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9

Xue, Zimeng, Jianbo Zhu, Xia Wang, Chunlei Yang, and Zhengwei Fu. "Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of C9-13-CPs in macrophages." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 53, no. 9 (2021): 1154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmab094.

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Abstract Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have been listed as a new class of persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention. SCCPs exhibit carcinogenic-, endocrine-, and metabolism-disrupting effects. However, the knowledge of the immunomodulatory effects of SCCPs and their underlying mechanisms, especially in specific immune cells, remains limited. In addition to SCCPs, C9-13-CPs have also been detected in humans. In this study, murine RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to C9-13-CPs at environmentally relevant concentrations to investigate whether or how C9-13-CPs exhibit immunomodulatory effects. The results showed that the exposure of RAW264.7 cells to C9-13-CPs increased cell viability, as assayed by MTT analysis at 490 nm, and also promoted cell proliferation, as indicated by EdU uptake assay, which was measured at excitation and emission wavelengths of 488 and 512 nm, respectively. In addition, exposure to C9-13-CPs not only led to elevated ATP level and intracellular Ca2+ level but also caused AMPK signaling activation and NF-κB signaling inhibition. Moreover, molecular docking showed that the β2-AR receptor could bind to C9-13-CPs. Taken together, these results suggest that the immune dysfunction of RAW264.7 cells caused by C9-13-CPs is closely related to the β2-AR/AMPK/NF-κB signaling axis.
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10

Gecheva, Gana, Vesela Yancheva, Iliana Velcheva, et al. "Integrated Monitoring with Moss-Bag and Mussel Transplants in Reservoirs." Water 12, no. 6 (2020): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061800.

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For the first time, transplants with moss-bags and mussels together were applied to study the water quality in standing water bodies. The tested species: Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. and Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) were collected from unpolluted sites and analyzed to obtain background levels. Then, the moss and mussels were left in cages for a period of 30 days in three reservoirs where both are not present naturally. Two of the reservoirs suffer from old industrial contamination and one is affected by untreated wastes. Twenty-four compounds were studied, among them trace elements Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and organic priority substances: six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The trace element accumulation was significant after the exposition period in all studied stations. PBDEs and SCCPs were also accumulated up to two times more in the moss tissues. PBDEs in the mussels exceeded the environmental quality standard (EQS). The applied combined transplants, and especially the moss-bags, revealed severe contamination with heavy metals not detected by the water samples. The moss and the mussel followed a different model of trace element and PBDEs accumulation. The SCCPs levels were alarmingly high in all plant samples. The study confirmed PBDEs and SCCPs as bioaccumulative compounds and suggested that an EQS for SCCPs in biota needs to be established.
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11

Yumak, A., K. Boubaker, P. Petkova, and U. Yahsi. "Molecular structure stability of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs): Evidence from lattice compatibility and Simha–Somcynsky theories." Journal of Molecular Structure 1098 (October 2015): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.007.

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12

Vorkamp, Katrin, Frank F. Rigét, Rossana Bossi, Christian Sonne, and Rune Dietz. "Endosulfan, Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Octachlorostyrene in Wildlife from Greenland: Levels, Trends and Methodological Challenges." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73, no. 4 (2017): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0428-3.

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13

Casà, Maria Valeria, Louise M. van Mourik, Liesbeth Weijs, Jochen Mueller, and Susan Bengtson Nash. "First detection of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) foraging in Antarctic waters." Environmental Pollution 250 (July 2019): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.103.

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14

Li, Xiaomin, Yan Gao, Yawei Wang, and Yuanyuan Pan. "Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Chinese Bohai Sea and Its Coastal Regions." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/608231.

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Emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have widely aroused public concern in recent years. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride/perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (POSF/PFOS) had been newly listed in Stockholm Convention in 2009, and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were listed as candidate POPs. Bohai Sea is located in the arms of numbers of industrial cities, the semienclosed location of which makes it an ideal sink of emerging pollutants. In the present paper, latest contamination status of emerging POPs in Bohai Sea was reviewed. According to the literature data, Bohai Sea areas are not heavily contaminated by emerging POPs (PBDE: 0.01–720 ng/g; perfluorinated compounds: 0.1–304 ng/g; SCCPs: 64.9–5510 ng/g; HBCDs: nd-634 ng/g). Therefore, humans are not likely to be under serious risk of emerging POPs exposure through consuming seafood from Bohai Sea. However, the ubiquitous occurrence of emerging POPs in Bohai Sea region might indicate that more work should be done to expand the knowledge about potential risk of emerging POPs pollution.
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15

Liu, Wencheng, Haitao Zhou, Zhiqiang Qiu, et al. "Effect of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) on lipid membranes: Combination of molecular dynamics and membrane damage experiments." Science of The Total Environment 775 (June 2021): 144906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144906.

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16

Ren, Xiaoqian, Haijun Zhang, Ningbo Geng, et al. "Developmental and metabolic responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) exposure." Science of The Total Environment 622-623 (May 2018): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.304.

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17

Zhan, Nan, Feng Guo, Shuai Zhu, and Zhu Rao. "Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Water Samples." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2768547.

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a new type of persistent organic pollutants. In this work, a simple and effective method involving headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) was developed and optimized for the determination of trace SCCPs in water samples. The key parameters related to extraction and separation efficiency were systematically optimized. The SCCP congener groups were best resolved using an Rxi-5Sil MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) column followed by an Rxi-17Sil MS (1.0 m × 0.15 mm × 0.15 µm) column; the optimum extraction conditions were achieved with a 100 µm polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber, when a 10 mL water sample added with 3.6 g sodium chloride was incubated for 15 min at 90°C and then extracted during 60 min at 90°C and desorption at 260°C for 2 min. The proposed method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 0.2–20.0 µg/L with the determination coefficient greater than 0.995. The detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.06 to 0.13 µg/L and 0.18 to 0.40 µg/L, respectively, which are sufficient to meet the regulatory detection limits as set by most environmental regulations. The accuracy and precision of the method was also good, where the recoveries ranged from 82.5 to 95.4%, and intra- and interday precision was within 7.2% and 14.5%, respectively. The optimized method has been applied to the determination of SCCPs in ten freshwater samples of three different types.
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18

Krogseth, Ingjerd S., Knut Breivik, Jon A. Arnot, Frank Wania, Anders R. Borgen, and Martin Schlabach. "Evaluating the environmental fate of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the Nordic environment using a dynamic multimedia model." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 15, no. 12 (2013): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00407d.

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19

Zheng, Xin, Qianhang Sun, Shuping Wang, et al. "Advances in Studies on Toxic Effects of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Characterization of Environmental Pollution in China." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 78, no. 4 (2020): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00723-0.

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20

Wang, Feidi, Haijun Zhang, Ningbo Geng, et al. "A metabolomics strategy to assess the combined toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs)." Environmental Pollution 234 (March 2018): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.073.

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21

Wang, Xue-Tong, Yuan Zhang, Yi Miao, et al. "Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in surface soil from a background area in China: occurrence, distribution, and congener profiles." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 7 (2013): 4742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1446-3.

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22

Lin, Lan, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, Liu-Jun Chen, Xiao-Jun Luo, Bi-Xian Mai, and Stuart Harrad. "Comparative in vitro metabolism of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) by human and chicken liver microsomes: First insight into heptachlorodecanes." Science of The Total Environment 851 (December 2022): 158261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158261.

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23

Zhan, Faqiang, Haijun Zhang, Jing Wang, et al. "Release and Gas-Particle Partitioning Behaviors of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) During the Thermal Treatment of Polyvinyl Chloride Flooring." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 16 (2017): 9005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01965.

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24

Zhou, Yihui, Ge Yin, Xinyu Du, et al. "Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in a freshwater food web from Dianshan Lake: Occurrence level, congener pattern and trophic transfer." Science of The Total Environment 615 (February 2018): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.026.

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Gong, Yufeng, Haijun Zhang, Ningbo Geng, et al. "Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) induced thyroid disruption by enhancement of hepatic thyroid hormone influx and degradation in male Sprague Dawley rats." Science of The Total Environment 625 (June 2018): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.251.

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Gong, Yufeng, Haijun Zhang, Ningbo Geng та ін. "Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) disrupt hepatic fatty acid metabolism in liver of male rat via interacting with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 181 (жовтень 2019): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.003.

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27

Ueberschär, Karl-Heinz, Sven Dänicke, and Siegfried Matthes. "Dose–response feeding study of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in laying hens: Effects on laying performance and tissue distribution, accumulation and elimination kinetics." Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 51, no. 2 (2007): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600168.

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28

Gecheva, Gana, Ivelin Mollov, Galina Yahubyan, et al. "Can Biomarkers Respond Upon Freshwater Pollution?—A Moss-Bag Approach." Biology 10, no. 1 (2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010003.

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Moss-bags were applied to study the effect of contamination in three standing water bodies in Bulgaria (Kardzhali, Studen Kladenets and Zhrebchevo Reservoirs), the first two with old industrial contamination and the last polluted with short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. collected from background (unpolluted) site was placed in cages for a period of 30 days. The present study examined whether inorganic and organic pollution detected with moss-bags resulted in corresponding differences in molecular, chemical and micromorphological markers. Suppressed large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) expression was assessed in moss-bags from two of the reservoirs, contaminated with heavy metals. There was a decrease of the total phenolic content (TPC) in the moss-bags, which provides a basis for further studies of the chemical content of aquatic mosses. Fontinalis antipyretica also showed a response through leaf micromorphological characteristics. In the all three reservoirs, an increase of the twig leaf cell number was recorded (p ≤ 0.01 for Kardzhali and p ≤ 0.001 for Studen Kladenets and Zhrebchevo reservoirs), as well as of the stem leaf cell number in Zhrebchevo Reservoir (p ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, the width of the cells decreased in the studied anthropogenically impacted reservoirs. All three studied groups of biomarkers (molecular, chemical and micromorphological) appeared to be sensitive to freshwater pollution. The results achieved indicated that rbcL gene expression, TPC, cell number and size are promising biomonitoring tools.
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Zainab, Bibi, Zainab Ayaz, Umer Rashid, et al. "Role of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Breast Cancer Progression and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Inhibitors Using In-Silico Mining and Drug-Drug Interaction Network Approaches." Biology 10, no. 7 (2021): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070681.

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Abstract:
The strong association between POPs and breast cancer in humans has been suggested in various epidemiological studies. However, the interaction of POPs with the ERα protein of breast cancer, and identification of natural and synthetic compounds to inhibit this interaction, is mysterious yet. Consequently, the present study aimed to explore the interaction between POPs and ERα using the molecular operating environment (MOE) tool and to identify natural and synthetic compounds to inhibit this association through a cluster-based approach. To validate whether our approach could distinguish between active and inactive compounds, a virtual screen (VS) was performed using actives (627 compounds) as positive control and decoys (20,818 compounds) as a negative dataset obtained from DUD-E. Comparatively, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) depicted strong interactions with the ERα protein based on the lowest-scoring values of −31.946, −18.916, −17.581 kcal/mol, respectively. Out of 7856 retrieved natural and synthetic compounds, sixty were selected on modularity bases and subsequently docked with ERα. Based on the lowest-scoring values, ZINC08441573, ZINC00664754, ZINC00702695, ZINC00627464, and ZINC08440501 (synthetic compounds), and capsaicin, flavopiridol tectorgenin, and ellagic acid (natural compounds) showed incredible interactions with the active sites of ERα, even more convening and resilient than standard breast cancer drugs Tamoxifen, Arimidex and Letrozole. Our findings confirm the role of POPs in breast cancer progression and suggest that natural and synthetic compounds with high binding affinity could be more efficient and appropriate candidates to treat breast cancer after validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Pellizzato, Francesca, Marina Ricci, Andrea Held, and Hendrik Emons. "Analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins: a discussion paper." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9, no. 9 (2007): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b710053a.

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Bezchlebová, Jitka, Jitka Černohlávková, Klára Kobetičová, Jan Lána, Ivana Sochová, and Jakub Hofman. "Effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on soil organisms." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 67, no. 2 (2007): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.12.015.

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Yang, Lixin, Yinping Liu, Ze Cui, Yongmao Zhang, Jianbo Zhang, and Kaoqi Lian. "Metabolomic mechanisms of short chain chlorinated paraffins toxicity in rats." Environmental Research 197 (June 2021): 111060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111060.

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Wu, Yingxin, Jiahui Wu, Zhuohao Wu, et al. "Groundwater contaminated with short-chain chlorinated paraffins and microbial responses." Water Research 204 (October 2021): 117605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117605.

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Cui, Lili, Lirong Gao, Minghui Zheng, et al. "Bioaccessibility of short chain chlorinated paraffins in meat and seafood." Science of The Total Environment 668 (June 2019): 996–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.043.

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XING, Yuanna, Anhong FENG, Linquan YE, Zhihui LIN, Qian CHEN, and Zeyong CHEN. "Comparison of quantitative analytical methods of short chain chlorinated paraffins in chlorinated paraffin mixtures." Chinese Journal of Chromatography 34, no. 3 (2016): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2015.10022.

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Glüge, Juliane, Christian Bogdal, Martin Scheringer, Andreas M. Buser, and Konrad Hungerbühler. "Calculation of Physicochemical Properties for Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 42, no. 2 (2013): 023103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4802693.

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Li, Qilu, Jun Li, Yan Wang, et al. "Atmospheric Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in China, Japan, and South Korea." Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 21 (2012): 11948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302321n.

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Diefenbacher, Pascal S., Christian Bogdal, Andreas C. Gerecke, et al. "Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Zurich, Switzerland—Atmospheric Concentrations and Emissions." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 16 (2015): 9778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02153.

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Zhang, Zhi-Yong, Mang Lu, Zhong-Zhi Zhang, Meng Xiao, and Min Zhang. "Dechlorination of short chain chlorinated paraffins by nanoscale zero-valent iron." Journal of Hazardous Materials 243 (December 2012): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.004.

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Li, Yanlin, Xingwang Hou, Weifang Chen, et al. "Carbon Chain Decomposition of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Mediated by Pumpkin and Soybean Seedlings." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 12 (2019): 6765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01215.

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Xia, Pu, Ying Peng, Wendi Fang, et al. "Cross-Model Comparison of Transcriptomic Dose–Response of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 12 (2021): 8149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00975.

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Fujimori, Takashi, Masahiro Ogura, Akifumi Eguchi, and Masaki Takaoka. "Dechlorination of short-chain chlorinated paraffins by the metal sodium dispersion method." Chemosphere 283 (November 2021): 131201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131201.

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Schinkel, Lena, Elia Canonica, Peter Lienemann, Davide Bleiner, and Norbert Heeb. "Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Short-chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Plastic Consumer Products." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 6 (2019): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.504.

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Zhang, Boya, Bu Zhao, Chun Xu, and Jianbo Zhang. "Emission inventory and provincial distribution of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China." Science of The Total Environment 581-582 (March 2017): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.167.

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van Mourik, L. M., I. van der Veen, S. Crum, and J. de Boer. "Developments and interlaboratory study of the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 102 (May 2018): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.01.004.

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Harada, Kouji H., Takumi Takasuga, Toshiaki Hitomi, Peiyu Wang, Hidenori Matsukami, and Akio Koizumi. "Dietary Exposure to Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Has Increased in Beijing, China." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 16 (2011): 7019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200576d.

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Zheng, Zeng. "Determination of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Textile Samples by GC-MS." American Journal of Applied Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20190703.14.

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Cao, Yang, Kouji H. Harada, Toshiaki Hitomi, et al. "Lactational exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China, Korea, and Japan." Chemosphere 173 (April 2017): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.078.

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Thomas, Gareth O., David Farrar, Eric Braekevelt, et al. "Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat." Environment International 32, no. 1 (2006): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006.

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Cao, Yang, Kouji H. Harada, Wanyang Liu, et al. "Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in cooking oil and related products from China." Chemosphere 138 (November 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.063.

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