Academic literature on the topic 'Short-range endemism'

The Middle East in the Early Dynastic period (ca. 2900–2300 BC) was characterized by the competition of local city states for hegemony. Combined with long-range military and diplomatic relationships, this led to the creation of the first, if short-lived, larger polities in Mesopotamia and Syria, which paved the way for the emergence of the Akkad state. Cuneiform archives of temples and palaces document a gradual concentration of land, power, and wealth in the hands of an elite that included the royal family and the members of the palace and temple administration, resulting in increasing social stratification and deepening inequality in the context of surplus economy, unprecedented urbanization, and endemic war.

Stingless bees are one of the social bees that are spread across tropical and subtropical countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia has 46 species of 10 genera, and they are endemic in at least three distinct areas. Some species live in specific microclimates and environmental conditions; for example, Wallacetrigona incisa lives in the mountainous highlands of Sulawesi. It has many variations of nest architecture and places of nesting from natural habitats to residential environments that provide food plant sources of a variety of wild to cultivated plants. Stingless bees have a small body size, small honey pots, and limited foraging range and forage for more in short plants. In general, the forage distance and flight distances are correlated with the body size. The role of bees in nature is very important as pollinators and pray for protected wildlife and other insect eaters. Stingless bees also produce the products honey and propolis that are useful for humans. Indonesian meliponiculture provides benefits to the community but requires caution for the preservation of bees in their habitat. The transfer of colonies of stingless bees between islands and altitudes have caused many colony deaths and could not produce well. Conservation regulation is the solution.

<em>Abstract.—</em>The brook trout <em>Salvelinus fontinalis </em>is endemic to the eastern United States, and historically was abundant in the lakes and ponds of the Adirondack Mountain region of New York State. Anthropogenic impacts have caused drastic declines in brook trout populations. A major cause of the decline has been introduction of competing fishes such as nonnative yellow perch <em>Perca flavescens</em>, bass <em>Micropterus spp</em>. and golden shiners <em>Notemigonus crysoleucas</em>. Range expansion of native fish species such as white suckers <em>Catostomus commersoni </em>and brown bullheads <em>Ameiurus nebulosus </em>has also been detrimental. Brook trout, a species that was commonly found alone or in simple communities with only one or two other fish species, is unable to compete successfully in these situations. Chemical reclamation using rotenone is the only viable tool that can restore these degraded systems. Follow-up studies by New York State biologists and Cornell University researchers have supported the findings of others; that the negative impacts of pond reclamation with rotenone are minor and short-term.

Although most of the continent of South America is characterized by tropical vegetation, south of the tropic of Capricorn there is a full range of temperate-latitude vegetation types including Mediterranean-type sclerophyll shrublands, grasslands, steppe, xeric woodlands, deciduous forests, and temperate rain forests. Southward along the west coast of South America the vast Atacama desert gives way to the Mediterranean-type shrublands and woodlands of central Chile, and then to increasingly wet forests all the way to Tierra del Fuego at 55°S. To the east of the Andes, these forests are bordered by the vast Patagonian steppe of bunch grasses and short shrubs. The focus of this chapter is on the region of temperate forests occurring along the western side of the southernmost part of South America, south of 33°S. The forests of the southern Andean region, including the coastal mountains as well as the Andes, are presently surrounded by physiognomically and taxonomically distinct vegetation types and have long been isolated from other forest regions. Although small in comparison with the extent of temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere, this region is one of the largest areas of temperate forest in the Southern Hemisphere and is rich in endemic species. For readers familiar with temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere, it is difficult to place the temper temperate forests of southern South America into a comparable ecological framework owing both to important differences in the histories of the biotas and to contrasts between the broad climatic patterns of the two hemispheres. There is no forest biome in the Southern Hemisphere that is comparable to the boreal forests of the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The boreal forests of the latter are dominated by evergreen conifers of needle-leaved trees, mostly in the Pinaceae family, and occur in an extremely continental climate. In contrast, at high latitudes in southern South America, forests are dominated mostly by broadleaved trees such as the southern beech genus (Nothofagus). Evergreen conifers with needle or scaleleaves (from families other than the Pinaceae) are a relatively minor component of these forests.

Abstract Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal infection of pulmonary origin that disseminates to different sites, notably oral mucous membranes, adrenal glands, reticulo endothelial system and skin; other organs may also be involved. The disease tends to run a chronic course with acute cases being rare; outbreaks have not been reported. Four clinical presentations are recognized: regressive subclinical infection, progressive disease that can be either chronic (adult-type), or acute/subacute (juvenile-type), and the residual form. This mycosis has certain peculiarities such as its restricted geographic distribution to Latin America, the predominance of male patients and the long periods of latency elapsing from the time of infection to the manifestations of overt disease. The etiologic agent is a thermally dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis which at 35°C–37°C has a yeast form characterized by a mother cell surrounded by multiple blastoconidia resembling a pilot’s wheel. At lower temperatures (< 28°C) the fungus grows as a mould that sporadically gives rise to conidia. The fungus microniche in nature has not yet been precisely defined. The disease can be successfully treated although fibrotic sequelae are common. A comprehensive review in l994 describes the various aspects of the mycosis and its etiologic agent (Franco et al, 1994). Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that in host’s tissues and in cultures at 36°C–37°C grows as a yeast (Y) whereas at lower temperatures (< 28°C), it develops as a mould (M). This eukaryotic micro-organism is presently known only in its asexual (anamorph) state (Lacaz et al, 2002; Lacaz et al, 1998; Queiroz-Telles F, 1994). Yeast colonies appear within a week of incubation at 36°C (range 28°C–37°C); they are soft, wrinkled and tan to cream. Microscopically, colonies reveal yeast cells of varying sizes (4–35 µ,m) and shapes but with predominance of round to oval structures. The most characteristic grouping is that a of mother cell surrounded by multiple buds of equal or different sizes resembling a pilot’s wheel; the buds may present a connecting bridge with the mother cell. Sometimes single cells, with one bud or arranged in short chains can be observed; chalice-, balloon-shaped or broken cells are not infrequent. The yeast has a thick, refractile cell wall and contains prominent intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles (See Color Figs. 21–1 and 21–2 in separate color insert.) (Lacaz et al, 2002; Lacaz et al, 1998; Brummer et al, 1993; Queiroz-Telles, 1994).

Given the health, social, and economic upheavals of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is understandable anxiety about another virus, monkeypox, quickly emerging in many countries around the world. In West and Central Africa, where the disease has been endemic for several decades, monkeypox transmission in people usually happens in short, controllable chains of infection after contact with infected animal reservoirs. Recent monkeypox infections have been identified in non-endemic regions, with most occurring through longer chains of human-to-human spread in people without a history of contact with a

Given the health, social, and economic upheavals of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is understandable anxiety about another virus, monkeypox, quickly emerging in many countries around the world. In West and Central Africa, where the disease has been endemic for several decades, monkeypox transmission in humans usually occurs in short, controllable chains of infection after contact with infected animal reservoirs. Recent monkeypox infections have been identified in non-endemic regions, with most occurring through longer chains of human-to-human spread in people without a history of contact with an