Dissertations / Theses: 'Short term wealth effects'

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Kerr, Gordon Roy. "The short-term effect on shareholder wealth of banking mergers and acquisitions during periods of real economic expansion and contraction." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013442.

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Controversy currently exists over whether abnormal returns (ARs) are earned by shareholders of bidder and target banks through a Merger and Acquisition (M&A). The state of the economy in which the firms operate is often mentioned as a reason for firms engaging in M&As, however, the extent to which economies influence the ARs of shareholders is unknown. Following MacKinlay (1997), the aim of this study is to determine the average ARs earned or lost by shareholders of several banks around the world during an M&A. The results obtained may indicate that shareholders of bidding firms consider an M&A to be a wealth-destroying event irrespective of the state of the economy. It would seem that target firms’ shareholders consider M&As to be wealth-creating events when they occur during a period of real economic expansion. However, during periods of real economic contraction, target firms’ shareholders consider M&As to be wealth-destroying events. Thus, the state of an economy during an M&A can affect average ARs considerably.

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Rindzevičius, Vytautas. "Short-term effects of controlled conservation burning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234965.

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In this study, the immediate and short term (three months) effects of conservation burning have been investigated in coniferous forests in southeastern Sweden. Five tree species were investigated Picea abies (Norway spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Populus tremula (aspen), Betula pendula (silver birch) and Betula pubescens (downy birch), as well as ground vegetation of mosses, dwarf shrubs and ground lichens. Burning increased the proportion of live deciduous tree shoots from 51 % to 81 % and the live tree shoot size distribution of four tree species was significantly changed by fire. Fire affected the tree species differently. Three months after burning deciduous tree species exhibited strong sprouting, while P. sylvestris had established many seedlings, significantly increasing its share of the tree stand. P. abies lacked any visible positive response to burning and its number of live shoots decreased by 83 %. Mineral soil was exposed on only the moss vegetation and covered just 4 % of the studied plot area. The initial vegetation response to fire was negative, but significant dwarf shrub recovery was detected three months after burning.

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Levine, Joseph H. (Joseph Henry) 1979. "Friction effects on collective mechanisms of short term memory." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27048.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, June 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61).
Short term memory is often correlated with persistent changes in neuronal firing rates in response to transient inputs. This thesis models the persistent maintenance of an analog eye position signal by an oculomotor neural integrator receiving transient eye movement commands. We show analytically how using neurons with multiple bistable dendritic compartments can enhance the robustness of eye fixations to mistuning while reproducing the observed linear relationship between neuronal firing rates and eye position. We calculate the network dynamics and tolerance to mistuning. Finally, we demonstrate that dendritic bistability can improve robustness in a biophysically realistic network of conductance based neurons.
by Joseph H. Levine.
M.Eng.

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Zelleroth, Ylva. "Effects of short-term hypoxia on skeletal musclecalcium handling." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-74020.

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Introduction: Calcium is the trigger for muscle contraction and strict control ofintracellular calcium handling is fundamental for muscle function. Imbalances in theintracellular concentration of calcium caused by disturbances in the calcium ion pumps orcalcium channels may be responsible for different types of muscle disorders as myopathies.The pathogenesis of myopathy is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that hypoxia mightbe the trigger of a cascade leading to muscle weakness. Hypoxia is known to induce calciumhandling alterations in many cell types, but effects of hypoxia on calcium handling in skeletalmuscle is still uninvestigated. Aim: To investigate if acute hypoxia affects calcium release and re-uptake in dissociatedmuscle fibres after intermittent tetanic stimulation, with the purpose to increase theknowledge of the role of hypoxia in diseases causing muscle weakness. Method: Single fibres were dissociated from the flexor digitorum brevis taken from mice.These were cultured overnight and then exposed to hypoxia for 30 minutes. Alterations in thefree cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration transients were measured before and after a seriesof 300 intermittent contractions at 70 Hz using fluo-3, which is a fluorescence indicator ofintracellular calcium. Result: Acute hypoxia affected calcium handling in skeletal muscle fibres. Decay of thetetanic free cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration transient was significantly slower inhypoxic compared to control fibres. Resting free cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration andtetanic free cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration seemed to increase prior to fatigue andaccelerate the development of fatigue. Conclusion: Calcium handling alterations induced by acute hypoxia in skeletal musclefibres may have resulted from acidosis and metabolite alterations. Further studies need to beperformed to draw firm conclusions due to limited samples in this study.

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Zhang, Yi. "The Long-Term Effects of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1636.

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Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, I explored the long-term effect of entrepreneurial activities on economic growth. With both cross-sectional and panel analysis, I found that it is not the overall participation in entrepreneurial activities that relates to economic growth but only the portion engaged in opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship that explains higher growth. On the contrary, the necessity-driven entrepreneurship negatively impacts economic growth. Further, I found that the positive effect of opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship is stronger for countries that are more developed and with better gender balance in entrepreneurial business. The positive effect is also bigger in more recent time periods.

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Lewis, A. S. "Sugar and glucose metabolism : short term effects in overweight/obese adults and long term effects in adolescence." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546379.

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Butterfield, Michael. "The effects of ethanol on short-term and long-term memory in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31550.

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In this thesis I have used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate the effects of ethanol exposure on learning and memory. In the first part of this thesis I identified how ethanol affects the formation of long-term memory for habituation training. I administered ethanol during long-term memory training and found that high doses of ethanol significantly impair the formation of long-term memory. Next, I examined if ethanol was having an effect on the kinetics of short-term habituation and I found that ethanol exposure significantly altered the rate of habituation when stimuli were administered at longer interstimulus intervals (ISI) but was relatively unaffected at shorter ISIs. Interestingly, we found that the effect of ethanol on long-term memory formation was dissociable from the impairments on the rate of habituation and was not a state-dependent nor context-dependent deficit. Further, increased tolerance to ethanol did not rescue this deficit in memory formation and ethanol exposure did not disrupt previously formed memories. Since glutamatergic neurotransmission has been shown to be disrupted by ethanol exposure and the role of glr-1, a non-NMDA-type glutamate receptor subunit, in long-term memory for habituation has been extensively researched, I investigated whether the effects of ethanol on long-term memory formation involves gIr-1. Using a transgenic strain of worms that has GLR-1 tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GLR-1::GFP) I found that ethanol exposure results in an increase in the amount GLR-1: :GFP along the posterior ventral nerve cord. Further, 24 hrs following habituation training, trained unexposed worms show decreased levels of GLR-1::GFP while ethanol exposed trained worms are not significantly different from control groups. This result suggests that ethanol exposure not only causes increases in the level of GLR-1::GFP but also causes changes in glr-1 regulation that is normally associated with memory formation. In this thesis I have demonstrated that C. elegans is an ideal model system in which to study the effects of ethanol on learning and memory and have uncovered some important mechanisms mediating these effects.
Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate

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Fadhullah, Widad Binti. "Short term effects of hypoxia and anoxia on sediment biogeochemistry." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48012/.

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Hypoxia and anoxia alter the behaviour, diversity and habitat of the benthic communities and cause accumulation of organic matter and nutrients. Most studies have focused on the effect of anoxia on benthic organisms and little information is available on nutrient sediment-water fluxes and rates of key biogeochemical processes. This study aimed to evaluate the oxygen concentration at which harmful effects start to occur, the rates that the system responds to different levels of oxygen saturation in the overlying water and the recovery times of system processes when re-aeration are restored. Sampling was carried out at Breydon Water, Great Yarmouth in June, 2010 and key biogeochemical processes were monitored in sediment/artificial seawater mesocosms maintained at constant temperature in the laboratory. The experimental work assessed the short term effect of different levels of oxygen by manipulating oxygen into five different treatments; oxic (96% saturation in the overlying water), hypoxia (25% saturation), one day of anoxia (24 hours without oxygen followed by re-aeration of up to 6 days), four days of anoxia (4 days without oxygen and subsequent re-aeration for 3 days) and seven days of anoxia (0% saturation). The effect of these oxygen concentrations on different biogeochemical processes (solute transport, oxygen uptake, nutrient fluxes, porewater chemistry, and enzyme activities) was quantified. Bromide used in solute transport assessments were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and oxygen was measured using an oxygen minielectrode. Nutrient analysis was carried out using the SKALAR autoanalyser and enzyme activities were measured using microplate based assays. With decreasing oxygen supply, ammonium and phosphate are rapidly released into the water column, and nitrate concentrations decrease, reflecting the reducing conditions. In oxic conditions, rapid transport of water and oxygen into the sediments occurs through irrigation fluxes. Slower transport was observed from the porewater of anoxic treatments, as only molecular diffusion occurs. Vertical profiles of alkaline phosphatase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase and chitinase activities in the sediment reflect organic matter inputs decreasing with depth. Urease activity was enhanced following anoxic incubations of 7 days, with an inverse relationship with porewater ammonium concentrations and increased total organic carbon input. The biogeochemical resilience of the system is dependent on the duration of anoxic events. The effect of 1 day anoxia is relatively reversible and the system recovers to normal conditions within the 7 days of treatment. However, hypoxia (25% oxygen saturation) or longer duration (4 days) anoxia followed by re-aeration are enough to cause negative effects on the biogeochemical functioning of the system. So, sediment biogeochemistry has some resilience towards short term anoxic events, but more prolonged hypoxia or anoxic events that are continued for only a few days can have major effects on ecosystem function.

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Smith, Joanne. "The effects of cannabinoids on short term spatial working memory." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440102.

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Doherty, Michael. "The effects of caffeine on short-term, high-intensity exercise." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/292660.

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The aim of this series of studies was to investigate the effects of oral caffeine ingestion (5 mg . kg-1) on whole-body, short-term, high-intensity exercise (ST; representing an exercise intensity of between 100% -150% V02 max), an area that has received scant attention in the past. It was found that, in common with other 'open-ended' tests, one ST assessment, the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), appeared to lack both validity and reliability. Although traditional reliability markers of MAOD were favourable, the 95% limits of agreement were unacceptably large. In addition, the validity of MAOD was also found to be questionable because a study of elite runners revealed that a large proportion were unable to accomplish a plateau in the V02 -exercise intensity relationship. A follow-up study developed an original bespoke 'preloaded' ST cycling protocol that combined constant-rate exercise with an 'all-out' effort. This protocol appears to have several features that make it a more appropriate assessment to use in ergogenic studies than the MAOD. The work also considered the original, and as yet, undeveloped potential, for the assessment of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during ST. It was shown for the first time that RPE (Borg scale; 6-20) could be used reliably during constant-rate ST. Three of the ten studies demonstrated that caffeine can be ergogenic during ST, with improvements averaging 11 % (95% GI, 7.4% -14.5%) above placebo treatment. In addition, the caffeine studies contributed to a meta-analysis of the effects of caffeine on test outcome that resulted in an effect size greater than zero, with 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. The studies have examined potential physiological and metabolic mechanisms of action that may help explain caffeine's impact on ST. These suggest that there is some evidence that caffeine both stimulates anaerobic glycolysis and reduces electrolyte disturbance during ST. Finally this work has demonstrated for the first time that the perceptual response during constant-rate ST, as measured by RPE, is blunted following caffeine ingestion. It is concluded that caffeine is ergogenic during ST, and that while the exact mechanism(s) of action remains unknown, one consistent test outcome is a reduction in RPE during constant-rate ST.

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Davison, Adam. "The Effects of short term endocrine therapy in breast cancer." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444001.

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Fu, Hee Chaung. "Effects of high construction loads on the short term and long term deflections of slabs." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4681.

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Muncaster, Ryan. "Modelling the effects of short-term solar variability on stratospheric chemistry." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67042.

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A new stratospheric chemistry box model with a more accurate on-line photolysis calculation is used to study the effects of daily solar variability on stratospheric chemistry, both with and without dynamics. The chemical response on this time-scale has not been looked at before. The underlying mechanisms behind the chemical response are thoroughly analyzed using a step-by-step approach. The daily response is found to have the ability to be extrapolated to longer time-scales, specifically the 27-day cycle, and the inclusion of dynamics is found to reduce the response of ozone to solar variability. Also, the detailed analysis of chemical species other than ozone fills a gap in current research.
Un nouveau modèle de boîte pour la chimie stratosphérique a été développé et est utilisé pour étudier les effets journaliers de la variabilité solaire sur la chimie stratosphérique, avec ou sans dynamique atmosphérique. La réponse chimique sur cette échelle de temps n'avait pas été étudiée. Les mécanismes sous-jacents à la réponse chimique sont analysés dans les détails en incluant progressivement les différents couplages. En outre, il est montré que la réponse journalière peut êtreextrapolée sur de plus longues échelles de temps, en particuliers pour le cycle de 27 jours. Lorsque la dynamique est introduite, il est montré que le signal en est diminué. L'analyse détaillée des espèces chimiques autres que l'ozone comble un manque dans l'éetat de la recherche actuelle.

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Alexis, Neil. "Effects of indomethacin pretreatment on short-term ozone exposure in asthmatics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0028/NQ35098.pdf.

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Smith, Dianne M. "The effects of short-term fasting on fat utilization during jogging /." View online, 1986. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998880707.pdf.

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Lind, Pehr. "Short-term pulmonary side-effects following radiation therapy in breast cancer /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3508-4/.

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Clarke, Constance Margaret. "Processing time effects of short-term exposure to foreign-accented English." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280404.

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Non-native speech can cause perceptual difficulty for the native listener, but experience can moderate this difficulty. This study explored the perceptual benefits of brief exposure to non-native speech. A cross-modal word matching paradigm was used to investigate perception of foreign-accented speech by native English listeners during the first moments of exposure. In 5 experiments, processing speed was tracked by measuring reaction times to visual probe words following English sentences produced by non-native speakers. In Experiment 1, RTs decreased significantly over the course of 16 Spanish-accented utterances and by the end were equal to RTs to a native voice. Control groups in Experiments 1 and 2 who heard a native voice for the first 12 trials were significantly slower than the experimental groups in the final 4 trials, ruling out practice and general strategy explanations for the rapid adaptation. The adaptation effect was replicated with a Chinese-accented voice in Experiment 3. Surprisingly, the control groups also adapted to the accented voice when they heard it at the end of the experiment. Post hoc analyses showed the difference between the control and experimental groups' means was large for the first 2 accented sentences, but attenuated as more sentence trials were included in the means, suggesting adaptation can occur within 2 to 4 sentence-length utterances. In Experiment 4, adaptation to one Spanish-accented voice improved perception of a new Spanish-accented voice, indicating that abstract properties of accented speech are learned during adaptation. In Experiment 5, adaptation to a Spanish-accented voice was as large whether the utterances consisted of English words or mostly legal nonwords. This finding suggested that some characteristics of accented speech can be learned without feedback from lexical knowledge. Overall, the results emphasize the flexibility of the human speech processing system and the need for a mechanism to explain this adaptation in models of spoken word recognition.

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Subhan, Z. "The effects of psychoactive drugs on retrieval from short-term memory." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354048.

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Harlan, Eric. "The Effects of Television Newscaster Style on Short-Term Viewer Retention." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2440.

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Samples of several populations, made up of both traditional and non-traditional students attending the University of Tennessee at Martin were shown different "newscasts," each newscast depicting a different style of news presentation. One style was the "Formal" newscast, and the other was the "Informal" style. The Formal style is characterized by direct eye-camera contact by the newscaster, a direct style of presentation, and no interaction between newscasters. The Informal style is characterized by interaction between newscasters, a more Informal presentation of the facts, and a relaxed atmosphere as the newscast progresses. The study attempted to find whether either style increased short-term retention of the news facts via a questionnaire administered following a video tape of a newscast. One group was shown an Informal newscast, while another separate group was shown a Formal newscast made up of the same stories. The questionnaire was administered following the completion of the tape. An analysis of the results shows there is no significant difference in retention of facts between the styles of newscasts. The only difference was an observed increase in interest with the Informal newscast, but this observance was not quantitatively analyzed and awaits further study.

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Rohlfs, Chris. "The US School Breakfast Program: short- and long-term academic effects." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354888364.

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Nielsen, Erik Randall. "The Effects of Access to Credit on Short Term Occupational Mobility." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596224140968378.

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Moulton, Ashley. "Short-term Effects of Nutrients on a Barrier Island Grassland Community." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4859.

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Increased nutrient availability globally has the potential to affect community functional composition of plants in nutrient limited environments, such as coastal grassland systems. Stability of these systems are threatened worldwide by urbanization, as well as effects of sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of storms, and atmospheric N deposition, associated with climate change. Annual net primary productivity (ANPP), species composition, and functional traits (community weighted specific leaf area (CWSLA), leaf area index (LAI), growth form and photosynthetic pathway) were measured across four treatments to assess multiple resource limitation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and functional community response in a coastal grassland on Hog Island, VA within the Virginia Coast Reserve, Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTER) applied at a rate of 10 g m-2 yr-1 Nutrient enrichment did not alter species diversity or richness. ANPP was highest in plots receiving any type of nitrogen enrichment, and was higher than expected of low nutrient systems. CWSLA was significantly higher in NP plots, and was lower than other grasslands. P treatments were not significantly different from controls. Graminoid species, specifically C4 species responded with higher ANPP than C3 forbs or graminoids within treatments. Evidence of synergistic NP effects were seen on community level resource allocation and leaf construction, but no significant species changes occurred over a 1-year time span. These results have expanded the knowledge of functional response to increased nutrient availability in an understudied, coastal grassland, which are at high risk to being lost to sea level rise and anthropogenic development and inform community assembly processes in stressful environments.

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Dula, Lee Michael. ""Doing well by doing good" revisited does Exxonmobil's corporate philanthropy yield increased wealth for shareholders in the short term? /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/449128950/viewonline.

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Stables, Gloria Jean. "Effects of one method of intensive nutrition counseling on short term and long term sodium ingestion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45195.

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A nutrition counseling method incorporating an intensive individualized low sodium diet instruction, a multidisciplinary team (physician, nurse, registered dietitian) effort, and immediate feedback on the level of sodium excreted in two 24-hour urine collections, with no nutrition follow-up counseling was carried out in 10 relatively young hypertensive subjects. Sodium intake was assessed via two 24-hour urine collections at baseline, during instruction phase, and at a 15 month follow-up phase. The findings of this study showed a significant reduction in sodium excretion during the nutrition counseling phase. The 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was reduced from a mean baseline excretion of 151 mEq to a mean excretion of 28 mEq during the intensive counseling phase. During the follow-up phase with no nutrition counseling the subject’s mean sodium excretion levels rose significantly to 127 mEq per 24 hours, however not to baseline levels. An overall reduction was noted from the mean baseline sodium excretion level of 151 mEq per 24 hours to the mean follow-up phase sodium excretion level of 127 mEq per 24 hours, but this reduction was not statistically significant.
Master of Science

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Wainberg, Michael C. "Short and long term effects of Cyproheptadine on spasticity and spasttic gait." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65386.

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Rocklöv, Joacim. "Short-term effects of ambient temperature on daily deaths and hospital admissions." Umeå : Umeå Universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-32906.

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Greene, Lacey. "Short-term effects of wildfire on Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep habitat ecology." The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06042010-115655/.

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We studied changes in vegetation and habitat selection by endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis candensis sierrae; hereafter Sierra bighorn) for 2 years following wildfire on winter ranges in eastern California. We hypothesized that wildfire would change both forage availability and predation risk. Green forage biomass on Sierra bighorn winter ranges rebounded quickly from wildfire. Within 2 years green forage biomass was equal in burned and unburned areas, although total forage biomass was greater in unburned areas. Plants in the burn had 3% greater crude protein but equivalent digestibility and phenology. Forage composition in burned areas was forb dominated compared with unburned areas that were shrub dominated. Visibility, a measure of predation risk, was 9% greater in burned areas at a 5 m radii compared with unburned areas. We found no change in fecal nitrogen between Sierra bighorn in burned and unburned areas but there was a shift to higher diet composition of forbs in the burn. We evaluated Sierra bighorn resource selection using seasonal resource selection functions that included spatiotemporal models of forage biomass and spatial models of predation risk by cougars (Puma concolor), the main predator of Sierra bighorn. In the first year post-wildfire, Sierra bighorn increased selection for new growth herbaceous biomass in response to the reduced biomass caused by wildfire. While wildfire initially reduced total forage biomass it also created pockets of the highest new forb biomass in areas of high cougar use. These pockets attracted Sierra bighorn causing an increase in overlap with cougars in winter 2008. Sierra bighorn showed consistent selection to be near escape terrain and remained closer to escape terrain in areas of high cougar use compared to areas with low cougar use. By spring 2008 and winter and spring of 2009 Sierra bighorn strongly selected total forage biomass where cougar use was low and in areas of high cougar use, Sierra bighorn avoided total forage biomass. As a result Sierra bighorn overlap with cougar use was reduced. We advise management to consider the effects of fire on both forage availability and predation when implementing prescribed burns to benefit ungulates.

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Carter, Cody, and John Rinne. "Short-Term Effects of the Picture Fire on Fishes and Aquatic Habitat." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296611.

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Paquette, Hammond Andrea. "Short-term memory and learning in children with fetal alcohol syndrome/effects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284282.

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Short-term memory function and learning in children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Effects (FAS/E) was examined. Participants included twenty school-aged children diagnosed with either Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effects (mean age = 11.13 years) and twenty normal controls (mean age = 11.11 years) matched on age and gender, all of which were Native American and lived on a rural reservation. All participants completed nine core subtests of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning. Results indicated that children with FAS/E performed significantly more poorly than controls on eight of the nine memory measures, including Number/Letter Memory, Sentence Memory, Story Memory, Finger Windows, Design Memory, Verbal Learning, Visual Learning, and Sound-Symbol. No statistically significant group differences were found on Picture Memory. Subsequent discriminant function analyses revealed that scores on the WRAML subtest provided useful discriminating information for children with FAS/E and controls. Scores on Story Memory, Design Memory, and Number/Letter Memory most strongly discriminated between groups. Implications of these results are discussed and recommendations for further research are provided.

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Lall, Sabrina. "Long and short term effects of growth hormone secretagogues on body composition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621283.

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Walsh, Erin C. "EFFECTS OF A SHORT-TERM MINDFULNESS INTERVENTION ON DEPRESSION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/2.

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Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathophysiology and maintenance of depression. This study investigated the effects of a short mindfulness intervention on pro-inflammatory correlates of depression (IL-6 and TNF-α) and selfreported psychological health. Sixty-four college females were assigned to a four-week mindfulness training group or a contact-control group. Cytokines and psychological health were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up (mindfulness group only). IL-6 and TNF-α significantly decreased from baseline to post-treatment in the mindfulness group only; these changes were sustained at 3-month follow-up. No between-group differences in psychological health emerged. Although reductions in proinflammatory cytokines in the mindfulness condition were not attributable to psychological changes, they may serve to protect against the development of future depressive episodes.

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Rocklöv, Joacim. "Short-term effects of ambient temperature on daily deaths and hospital admissions." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Yrkes- och miljömedicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-32906.

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Background: Incidence of death and hospitalizations have been observed to depend on short-term changes in weather and to increase with extreme temperatures. This thesis aims to strengthen the scientific knowledge on the relationship between temperature and daily deaths, but also the relationship between temperature and daily hospital admissions. Methods: We constructed time series regression models using daily counts of death and daily weather from the Stockholm area incorporating adjustment for potential confounding factors, season, and long-term time trends. From these models, we established the short-term relationship with daily temperatures and the associated relative risks on daily deaths allowing for a delay between exposure and subsequent deaths. Daily hospital admissions and daily temperatures were analyzed correspondingly using data from Skåne. Results: Hot and cold temperatures significantly impact on mortality rates as well as rates of hospitalization in Sweden. We found an immediate heat effect on daily deaths, while the impacts of cold temperatures were delayed up to a week after exposure. Cold-related deaths are generally cardiovascular in nature, while deaths resulting from warm temperatures are cardiovascular, respiratory as well as non-cardiorespiratory in nature. The impacts following a heat wave appear to increase proportionally with the length of the extreme hot conditions. The results suggest that the population aged 45 years and older is the main group at elevated risk of death when exposed to high and low temperatures. Moreover, the results suggest that there are several factors of susceptibility on an individual basis that correspond to larger relative risk with high and/or low temperatures. Daily hospitalisations increased in particular among individuals with respiratory illnesses during extreme persistent heat, whereas high temperatures in general have little impact. In contrast, hospitalizations increased for up to two weeks following exposure to cold temperatures. Conclusions: The health impacts related to temperature are a serious concern and the attributed impacts are likely to increase to some extent in the future due to an ageing population. Public health preventive strategies should be developed to prevent health consequences related to heat waves and cold temperatures. Future studies should aim at identifying susceptible individuals with elevated death risk at hot and cold ambient temperature conditions.

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Tudge, Mark Vernon. "Long and short term effects of X-rays on charge coupled devices." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/10450.

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EEV buried channel charge coupled devices (BC CDs) with technological variations have been studied with respect to their response to 70kVp X-rays. Process variations considered are the conventional BCCD, scintillator coated BCCDs (Gadox(Eu) and Csl(Tl)) and the inversion mode device. The work was made necessary by the use of these CCDs for dental X-ray imaging. Effects investigated include changes in device operating voltages and dark current. The dark current buildup has been characterised in terms of a prompt component seen immediately following irradiation, and a time dependent component which occurs gradually. A major part of this work was the determination of the location and concentration of the energy states responsible for this dark current buildup. Also a novel aspect of the work was the derivation of an expression describing the time dependent component as a function of time and temperature. Effects associated with the bias dependence of the BCCD have also been considered, with particular regard to the effect of a negative substrate bias, and the theoretical explanation has been developed. The findings of this work have demonstrated the suitability of these devices for the commercial application of imaging X-rays for dentistry.

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Fowlie, A. J. "Short-term effects of carcinogens and irritants on the respiratory tract epithelium." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234500.

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Bahamonde, Azcuy Javiera del Pilar. "Short- and Long-Term Effects of Commercially Available Gold Nanoparticles in Rodents." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54572.

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Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are currently being intensely investigated for their potential use in biomedical applications. Nanotoxicity studies are urgently needed to validate their safety in clinical practice. The objective of this research was to assess the acute, subacute, and chronic effects of a single intravenous exposure to commercially available GNPs in two in vivo models, mice and rats. Gold nanoparticles were purchased and independently characterized. Animals were exposed to either 1000 mg GNPs/kg body weight (GNP group) or an equivalent volume of phosphate buffered saline (PBS group) intravenously via the tail vein. Subsets of animals were euthanized 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days (female BALB/c mice and female F344 rats) or 20 weeks (female and male C57BL/6 mice) post-exposure and samples were collected for biochemistry, histopathology, electron microscopy, and atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. Independent characterization demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of the purchased GNPs were in good agreement with the information provided by the supplier. Important differences in GNP-induced immune responses were identified when comparing mice and rats 1 to 28 days post-exposure. Gold nanoparticles stimulated the formation of liver microgranulomas in mice, along with transiently increased serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-18. No such alterations were found in rats. Species differences in GNP biodistribution and excretion were also detected, with higher relative accumulation of GNPs in spleen and longer fecal excretion in rats. In the long-term (20 weeks after dosing), exposure to GNPs incited chronic inflammation in mice, characterized by the persistence of microgranulomas in liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as further increased serum levels of interleukin-18. Impairment of body weight gain was also observed in the GNP-exposed group. No sex differences were detected. In conclusion, GNPs are not innocuous and have the ability to incite a robust macrophage response in mice. However, considering the mildness of the toxic effects identified despite the high dose selected for the study, GNPs continue to have great potential for biomedical uses. Further studies are needed in order to determine specific mechanisms of toxicity and the role of chronic inflammation in the development of adverse effects after co- or post-exposures.
Ph. D.

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Pinto-Cardona, Evelyn I. "Effects of Bilingualism in Short-Term Memory in Individuals with Down Syndrome." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3362.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of bilingualism in short-term memory (STM) compared to monolingualism with individuals who have Down syndrome. Five tasks were used for STM skills comparison between monolingual and bilingual participants. Sixteen participants between the ages of 13 to 37 were included in this study. Participants were divided based on their language groups. The experimental tasks consisted of non-verbal activities to examine visual (RVDLT) and spatial (Corsi) STM; as well as three verbal STM tasks (RAVLT, WMS, and Digits). The results showed that bilinguals acquired higher overall correct responses, with a significant difference found in visual STM performance and a trend towards significance in verbal logical STM. Thus, the findings of this study support the bilingual advantage theory. This study will enhance understanding in memory capacity of bilingual individuals with Down syndrome for potential implications to put into practice in clinical intervention strategies.

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Jeong, Eun-Bo. "The effects of margin requirements on stock prices in the short term." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269526584.

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Blacker, Kara J. "The Effects of Action Video Game Training on Visual Short-term Memory." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/225466.

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Psychology
Ph.D.
The ability to hold visual information in mind over a brief delay is critical for acquiring information and navigating a complex visual world. Despite the ubiquitous nature of visual short-term memory (VSTM) in our everyday lives, this system is fundamentally limited in capacity. Therefore, the potential to improve VSTM through training is a growing area of research. An emerging body of literature suggests that extensive experience playing action video games yields a myriad of perceptual and attentional benefits. Several lines of converging work provide evidence that action video game play influences VSTM as well. The current study utilized a training paradigm to examine whether action video games cause improvements to the quantity and/or the quality of information stored in VSTM and whether these VSTM advantages extend visual working memory (VWM). The results suggest that VSTM capacity is increased after action video game training, as compared to training on a control game, and that some limited improvement to VSTM precision occurs with action game training as well. The VSTM improvements seen in individuals trained on an action video game are not better accounted for by differences in motivation or engagement, differential expectations, or baseline differences in demographics as compared to the control group used. However, these findings do not appear to extend to measures of VWM, nor to verbal working memory. In sum, action video game training represents a potentially unique and engaging platform by which this severely capacity-limited VSTM system might be enhanced.
Temple University--Theses

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Pascoal, Ana Carolina Santos. "Medium-short-term and repetition effects of advergames on children consumer behaviour." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9823.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
The goal of this project is to understand whether advergames have short- and mediumterm impact on children’s preferences and choices for certain types of products and brands, and whether repeated exposure is significantly relevant in shaping these behaviours. Past literature has focused essentially on the immediate effects of single exposures to advergames, rather than on the medium- or long-term ones and therefore with this study we will reduce the existent gap in the literature. We used a sample of 104 children aged 6-9 years old divided into three groups. Our results confirmed the existence of all the expected effects, and thus exposure to advergames has immediate and medium-term effects on the child’s preferences and choices of the brand depicted on the advergame and on that product category. We also concluded that repeated exposure to the advergame enhances all the effects on the brand, but not on the product category.

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Sinclair, Rachel Elizabeth. "A comparison of the physiological and molecular effects of short term starvation and long term caloric restriction." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201984.

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Currently, we are experiencing a global epidemic of obesity and its associated comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes and certain types of cancer, which in turn create a great burden on healthcare resources. Obesity is the result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, therefore understanding mechanisms which regulate energy balance and body mass are crucial in order to prevent and treat obesity. To better understand the regulation of body mass and energy intake, two dietary intervention regimes were investigated: an acute starvation experiment and long term caloric restriction. Daily fluctuations in energy intake and energy expenditure and their impact on weight changes are not closely linked over the short term in un-manipulated circumstances; therefore this suggests that the simple set point model of body mass regulation is not accurate. The dual intervention point model provides a useful alternative to the set-point idea, and provides a conceptual basis for understanding why such parameters would not be associated in day to day measurements of un-manipulated animals. As predicted from this model more extreme manipulations - specifically 24h starvation and 29 days of restricted energy intake by 30% - caused animals to enable a series of compensatory responses that were similar but not identical. In particular these included elevation of daytime activity, and a strong hyperphagia following restoration of food supply that lasted up to 4 days but was restricted to the night time. It was found that NPY changes probably did not underpin the post restriction hyperphagia but that changes in AgRP and POMC were probably more 8 significant. Peripheral signals including leptin, insulin and TNFα are also important in relaying the peripheral status to the brain. Data suggested that TNFαR1 is critical to mediating the physical activity changes in both 24h and prolonged CR and the level of hyperphagia. In summary, this work has generated novel information on physiological, behavioural and molecular cues of body mass regulation, which contributes to a better understanding and provides useful insights for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

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Kadulina, Yara. "The effects of working memory and speech rate on lexical ambiguity resolution /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99377.

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Previous studies of how working memory (WM) capacity affects lexical ambiguity resolution have been inconclusive about the choice between inhibition and activation comprehension strategies. In contrast, an adaptive inhibition hypothesis suggests that this choice depends on the availability of WM resources. We used a cross-modal semantic priming paradigm. Participants listened to sentences biasing the subordinate meanings of homonyms, presented at a fast or slow speech rate. We measured lexical decision response latencies to target words that were related to either the subordinate or dominant meaning of homonyms. A WM test was used to evaluate participants' WM capacity. At a fast rate, both high and low WM participants activated dominant (or irrelevant) meanings of the subordinate-biased homonyms. At a regular rate, participants with low WM capacity activated dominant meanings; however, participant with high WM inhibited them. Thus, people with high WM activate and inhibit alternative meanings more flexibly than people with low WM.

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Remoundou, Marietta. "Memory for pantomimed movements : effects of meaningfulness, body part, and output modality." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288923.

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McDonough, Daniel Patrick. "The role of short-term missions in the Great Commission a study of the effects of STEM ministries' short-term mission program on the participants /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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Slevc, Lloyd Robert. "Saying what's on your mind working memory effects on syntactic production /." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3249665.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 23, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-99).

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45

Fjærtoft, Hild. "Extended stroke unit service and early supported discharge. : Short and long-term effects." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-681.

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Effekter av utvidet slagbehandling og samarbeid på tvers av forvaltningsnivå.

Hjerneslag er en av de hyppigste årsaker til alvorlig funksjonshemming og død i Norge, i tillegg at sykdommen medfører betydelige samfunnsmessige kostnader. Forekomsten er ca. 14 000 hjerneslag pr. år, og antallet forventes å øke betraktelig i årene fremover da antall eldre over 65 år vil øke sterkt.

Det er en stor utfordring å organisere helsetjenesten slik at behandlingstilbudet for denne pasientgruppen blir best mulig. Akuttbehandling i slagenhet er i dag det best dokumenterte behandlingstiltak, men effekten av videre rehabilitering og oppfølging har vært et lite prioritert område for forskning.

Hovedhensikten med denne avhandlingen har vært å framskaffe mer kunnskap om hva som kan oppnås for slagpasienter ved en systematisk organisering og samarbeid mellom sykehus og primærhelsetjeneste når det gjelder behandling og rehabilitering etter akuttbehandling i slagenhet. Studien som ligger til grunn for avhandlingen ble gjennomført ved Seksjon for hjerneslag, Medisinsk avdeling, St. Olavs Hospital i perioden 1995-1998.

Intervensjonen var å konstruere en ny behandlingskjede for slagpasienter hvor fokus på bedre samarbeid med primærhelsetjenesten, oppfølging av et ambulerende team, tidlig utreise fra sykehus og rehabilitering med utgangspunkt i hjemmet ble sterkt vektlagt. Den konstruerte behandlingskjeden ble evaluert med tanke på helsegevinst for den enkelte og bedre ressursutnytting sammenlignet med det tradisjonelle behandlingstilbudet.

Studien ble gjennomført som en klinisk randomisert kontrollert studie der 320 pasienter med akutt hjerneslag ble inkludert. 160 pasienter fikk ordinær slagenhet behandling med videre institusjonsrehabilitering og/eller oppfølging av primærhelsetjenesten, mens de øvrige 160 pasienter fikk oppfølging av et ambulerende team i henhold til den nye og konstruerte behandlingskjeden.

I de fire arbeidene som inngår i avhandlingen er det sett på risiko for alvorlig funksjonshemning og død, endring i funksjonsnivå og livskvalitet, samt kostnadsanalyser og ressursforbruk av helsetjenester. Pasientene i de to gruppene ble undersøkt og sammenlignet 6 og 12 måneder etter sykdomsdebut.

Resultatene av studien viste at sammenlignet med tradisjonell behandling oppnådde pasientene i intervensjonsgruppen signifikant bedre funksjonsnivå (p=0.017) og redusert risiko for alvorlig funksjonshemning og død (p=0.044) etter ett år. De viste også tendens til bedret livskvalitet samtidig som initial liggetid i institusjon ble redusert med 40 % (p=0.032). Det var ingen økning i totalt ressursforbruk eller kostnader i intervensjonsgruppen.

Oppsummert viser avhandlingen at en slagbehandlingskjede med fokus på samarbeid på tvers av forvaltningsnivå, oppfølging av et ambulerende team og rehabilitering mens pasientene bor hjemme gir meget positiv effekt.

Den kliniske betydning av disse resultater er at en oppfølging i form av en slagbehandlingskjede i tillegg til akutt behandling i slagenhet bør inngå som en integrert del av behandlingstilbudet for denne pasientgruppen.

Arbeidene er utført ved INM og ISM, Det medisinske fakultet, NTNU. 1.amanuensis, dr.med Bent Indredavik har vært hovedveileder og Professor dr.med Roar Johnsen biveileder.

Extended Stroke Unit Service and Early Supported Discharge. Short and Long-term Effects.

Background and purpose

Stroke imposes a considerable burden for patients, their caregivers and the society worldwide. It is a challenge to organise the healthcare service that can provide effective management of patients who have suffered from stroke. Several trials have shown that stroke unit care improves the outcome for stroke patients. More limited information exists about the most effective way to organise the follow-up care after the acute care in a stroke unit. Stroke patients conventionally receive a substantial part of their rehabilitation in hospital or in other institutions that offer 24 hours-stay.

The primary aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about the organising of follow-up care for stroke patients after the acute care in a stroke unit. To achieve this we performed a trial to evaluate the short and long-term effects of an extended stroke unit service (ESUS), with early supported discharge from hospital, co-operation with the primary health care, and more emphasize on rehabilitation at home as essential elements.

Methods

We performed a randomized controlled trial in which 320 acute stroke patients admitted to the Stroke Unit at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital were included and allocated either to ordinary stroke unit care (OSUS) (160 patients) with further in-patient rehabilitation or follow-up from the primary healthcare service, or to stroke unit care with early supported discharge (160 patients). The ESUS consisted of a mobile team which co-ordinate early supported discharge and further rehabilitation.

Included in this thesis are 4 papers based on data from this study population of acute stroke patients followed in one year after the onset of stroke. We wanted to compare the groups in relation to independency, quality of life (QoL) and resource use and costs.

• Functional outcome were measured as the proportion of patients who were independent as assessed by modified Rankin Scale (RS)(RS<2 =global independence) and Barthel Index (BI)(BI>95 = independent in ADL) at 26 weeks and 52 weeks, the differences in final residence and analyses to identify patients who benefited most of an early supported discharge service (paper I and II). All assessments were blinded.

• The outcome of QoL was measured by the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) at 52 weeks. Other outcomes measured at 52 weeks were differences between the groups according to social activity, depression, cognitive function and the burden for carers’. (paper III).

• The use of all health services during the first 52 weeks was recorded prospectively in both groups; its costs were measured as service costs and represent a combination of calculated average costs and tariffs. Hospital expenses were measured as costs per inpatient day. The secondary objectives were to explore differences in costs between the groups with respect to different types of services, time of service delivery and stroke severity (paper IV).

Results

• Extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge and co-ordination by a mobile team improves functional outcome 6 months and 12 months after stroke. The Odds Ratio for independence at one year was 1.56 (95% C.I, 1.01-to 2.44). It was most beneficial for patients with moderate stroke (papers I and II).

• Extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge can improve long-term quality of life measured by global NHP. The ESUS group had a significant better QoL after one year than the OSUS group (p = 0.048). There were no significant differences between the groups in the secondary outcomes social activity, depression and cognitive function. The caregivers who got their patients early at home did not report an increased burden compared to caregivers whose patients became ordinary stroke unit care (paper III).

• The length of initial institutional stay (hospital and rehab.clinic) were reduced with 40 % for the patients offered extended stroke unit service (18.6 days in the ESUS versus 31.1 days in the OSUS) (p=0.032). There was also a reduction in average number of total inpatient days during the first year in favour of the ESD group (p = 0.012) (paper IV).

• The total health services costs for ESUS was equal or less than costs for ordinary care during the first year after stroke. There was a non-significant reduction in total mean service costs in the ESUS group (EUR 18937 / EUR 21824). The service seemed to be most cost effective for patients with moderate severity of stroke (23% lower mean costs compared to OSUS). The important cost savings caused by reduced length of institutional stay did not lead to an increase in costs for home-based rehabilitation (paper IV).

Conclusion

An extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge improved functional outcome and reduced the length of stay in institutions compared to traditional stroke unit care. It also seems that this service can improve long-term quality of life. The costs are equal or less than costs for ordinary care.

An early, well organised discharge from hospital co-ordinated by a mobile team seems to be an important contribution in the treatment of stroke patients and should be considered, in addition to organised in-patient stroke unit care, as a part of a comprehensive stroke care.

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Ulfarsdóttir, Lilja Ósk. "The effects of short term interpersonal cognitive problem solving therapy with young children." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2002. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2691/.

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The primary aim of this study is to investigate the effects of short term Interpersonal Cognitive Problem Solving (ICPS) training with pre-school children compared to an alternative treatment of Music Therapy (MT). The MT treatment served to investigate the relationship between creativity and Alternative Solutions Thinking (AST). No treatment control was included in the design (Study 1). Seven-month follow-up measures of effects from the treatments are included (Study IT), to determine the stability of therapeutic gains. The results reveal a successful elevation of AST and Consequential Thinking (CT) following ICPS training, stable over at least seven months and a sleeper effect from the MT treatment. Behavioural observation revealed improved social interactive behaviours following treatment, but there is some indication that behavioural gains may not be stable. The influence of music on AST and CT was further examined in Study III by comparing AST and CT fluency of children who attended a musically enriched pre-school to that of the children who received short term MT treatment and a non-treatment Control group. The children in Study III proved significantly better at AST and CT than the children in the previous studies were. Finally, in Study IV, an alternative mode of mediating ICPS skills was attempted. This involved a short training of pre-school staff to apply ICPS training techniques in daily dealings with the children. Girls benefited more from this treatment, and only CT skills were elevated. Results are related to previous findings in ICPS research and discussed in terms of developmental theories, especially Vygotsky’s conception of thought development and Crick and Dodge’s (1994) social information processing model. A developmental relationship between AST and CT is suggested and it is argued that AST may be a form of creative thought. Implications of the results for education and therapy are discussed

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47

Faulkner, Douglas W. "Short-term effects of prescribed burning on bird communities in coastal Pine Savanna." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020160.

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A substantial portion of the remaining coastal pine savanna in the southeastern U.S. is burned periodically to maintain habitat for the endangered Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla). However, the effects of this burning on other species of birds are unknown. Therefore, a one-summer study was conducted to determine the short-term response of non-target bird species to changes in vegetation structure due to winter prescribed burning of coastal pine savanna. Eight 25-ha study plots were censused using the spot-mapping technique from May - July 1995 at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge. More species were observed on old burn sites (burned 1.5 - 3.5 yr prior to the study) than new burn sites (burned the previous winter). Gross vegetation features did not differ between treatments. A total of 17 breeding species were recorded during the study. Although there were no significant differences within individual species' densities, seven species were observed only on old burn sites. Winter prescribed burning affected the presence of only shrub-characteristic species.
Department of Biology

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48

Thirumala, Krishna Mamidipudi. "Effects of short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and ozone on human airways." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245047.

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49

Cahillane, Marie Ann. "Contrasting effects of irrelevant speech and non-speech sounds on short-term memory." Thesis, Bath Spa University, 2008. http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/1473/.

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The characteristics of speech that determine its greater disruption of serial recall relative to non-speech (the irrelevant sound effect) are investigated (c.f. Tremblay et al., 2000). Degraded non-words disrupted serial recall less than clear non-words. Tasks show that both vowels and consonants of degraded non-words were misperceived, with initial consonants misperceived to a greater degree. Measures that followed showed that clear sequences of non-words, with changing vowels were more disruptive than sequences with changing consonants. Degrading vowel only changing sequences reduced disruption of serial recall to a level observed with clear consonant only changing sequences, whereas degradation had no effect on disruption by consonant only changing sequences. In further experiments the acoustic complexity of speech was reduced while maintaining its intelligibility by removing fundamental frequency information. Whispered speech disrupted serial recall to the same degree as voiced speech. Alternating voiced and whispered speech sounds within a sequence did not reduce serial recall performance relative to a sequence of voiced-only speech sounds. Results indicate the formant structure of speech sounds and not fundamental frequency information is the important carrier of acoustic change. Reversing the fine structure of whispered speech damaged its intelligibility whilst preserving acoustic complexity and these sounds were as disruptive of serial recall as normal whispered speech. This indicates that vocal tract resonances (formants) of speech and not its intelligibility determine its disruptive power. The relative disruptiveness of speech and non-speech sounds was then examined. Sounds were matched for acoustic complexity, but their 'speech-likeness' was destroyed. Speech disrupted serial recall more than did non-speech. Results indicate that the biological nature of speech renders it more disruptive than non-speech. The findings refute the 'changingstate- hypothesis' which is derived from the object-oriented episodic record model. This hypothesis argues that it is the degree of acoustic variation within an irrelevant stream and not the nature of its component sounds which determines its disruption of serial memory. Biological sounds may disrupt serial memory to a greater degree since they are of behavioural relevance and provide information about the environment that may need to be attended to. The addition of an attentional mechanism to the object-oriented episodic record model that regulates the reallocation of cognitive processing resources is proposed.

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Parisi, M. "Short term effects of harvesting on mesic mountain fynbos near Caledon, South Africa." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26065.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Short term wealth effects'

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