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Journal articles on the topic 'Shorthorn'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Barker, DJ, PJ May, CA Morris, and PER Ridley. "First calving performance of beef cattle. 2. A comparison of Shorthorns and dairy crossbreds." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850276.

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In each of 4 years, drafts of Shorthorn and Dairy x Shorthorn heifers were run together and fed to grow either slowly or moderately from weaning at 7 months until joining for two months at 15 months of age. Thereafter they grazed together on improved pasture in a 430 mm rainfall Mediterranean environment. Their performance was compared until their second calving and their calves' performances until weaning. Year x breed type interactions were significant for most variables measured. Between their first joining and first calving, the fourth draft of Shorthorn heifers gained 59 kg less liveweight than the crossbreds, but there was little difference in liveweight gain between the breed types in the other three drafts. Survival of the fourth draft of Shorthorn dams and calves was also 32 and 42% lower than of crossbreds. Concurrently, the third draft of Shorthorns lost 21 kg more liveweight than the crossbreds between first calving and their second joining, but performed similarly or better in the other 3 years. The third draft of Shorthorns also had a 63% lower second calving rate than the crossbreds, but the previous drafts had a similar rate of second calving. The average weaning weights of the second and third drafts of Shorthorn calves were 37 and 34 kg lower, respectively, than the crossbred calves, but only 8 and 16 kg lower in the first and fourth drafts, respectively. The third draft of Shorthorn dams were 90 kg lighter at weaning than the crossbreds but the other Shorthorn drafts were only 20 to 29 kg lighter. The intercalving interval of the fourth draft of Shorthorns was 28 days longer than that of the crossbreds, but was similar to or 23 to 30 days shorter for the previous drafts. Superior performance of the crossbreds was most apparent in the year of lowest rainfall and pasture availability, during which the third draft suckled their first calves and were joined for the second time and the fourth draft calved for the first time. First calving dates of dairy crossbreds were 14 days later than those of Shorthorns if grown slowly before joining, but were similar if grown moderately. Crossbred dams suffered 11 and 25% more dystokia at first calving of the first and third drafts and 14% more if grown slowly, but not if grown moderately before their first joining. Birth weights of calves out of crossbred dams were consistently 2 kg higher than those out of Shorthorn dams. First calving rates of the two types of cattle were similar and high (about 90%).

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2

Toušová, Renáta, Jaromír Ducháček, Martin Ptáček, and Matúš Gašparík. "Potential of Blue‑Grey Cattle Managed Under Organic Farming Conditions of Czechia." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 3 (2019): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967030763.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate growth potential of Blue‑Grey cattle in Czech conditions as the compare its growth traits to initial population. Suitability of specific conditions was evaluated based on growth ability and daily weight gains (DWG). Tested breeds included Shorthorn, Galloway and their crossbred variation called Blue‑Grey cattle. A total of 428 animals were evaluated over a period from 2010 until 2016. Birth weight, live weight at 120, 210 and 365 days of age was monitored for each animal. Also, DWG at 120, 210 and 365 days of age was part of the evaluation. Mixed model (SAS 9.3) was used for statistical evaluation. The influence of sex on growth ability was significantly (P < 0.05) in favour of bulls throughout the evaluated period. Purebred Shorthorns achieved highest weights (from + 2.5 for birth weight to +82.65 kg in weight at 365 days of age) (P < 0.05) and DWG (from + 147.26 g to + 300.37 g (P < 0.05) compare to purebred Galloway throughout the evaluated period. Weight and DWG of Blue‑Greys were significantly better in comparison with Galloway and were more comparable with Shorthorns. Therefore, growth ability was improved mainly by addition of Shorthorn blood. Good growth ability of Blue‑Greys combined with better environmental endurance from Galloway blood makes them well suited for use in organic farming conditions of Czechia.

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3

Rege, J. E. O., G. S. Aboagye, S. Akah, and B. K. Ahunu. "Crossbreeding Jersey with Ghana Shorthorn and Sokoto Gudali cattle in a tropical environment: additive and heterotic effects for milk production, reproduction and calf growth traits." Animal Science 59, no. 1 (August 1994): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100007467.

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AbstractCrossbreeding data involving Ghana Shorthorn, Sokoto Gudali and their Jersey F1s and backcrosses collected over a 16-year period were analysed to estimate additive and heterotic effects for milk production, reproduction and calf growth traits. Sokoto Gudali was significantly better than Ghana Shorthorn in all milk production traits. Calving interval and annualized milk production were better in Gudali than in the Shorthorn. The F1s had higher lactation milk yield, milked longer, produced their first calves earlier and had shorter dry periods and calving intervals than their corresponding purebreds. However, genotype was not significant for number of services per conception. Both F1s had higher average daily gain and weaning weight than their corresponding purebreds. Sokoto Gudali backcross (Jersey × F1) was significantly (P < 0·05) better than the F1 in lactation length. However, in Gudali crosses, there was no advantage in increasing the proportion of Jersey genes beyond 0·5 for milk production traits. Additive effects were significantly (at least P < 0·05) lower in the Shorthorn and the Gudali than in Jersey for milk production traits except proportion of butterfat. Heterosis estimates were significant (P < 0·01) for milk production traits for the Shorthorn but not for the Gudali. Heterotic effects were large and significant (at least P < 0·05) in improving annualized milk production in Shorthorn crosses, whilst none of the heterotic effects for reproductive traits was significant. At both 0 and 0·5 levels of Jersey inheritance, the Gudali was superior (P < 0·01) to the Shorthorn in birth weight, weaning weight and pre-weaning average daily gain. Heterotic effects for calf traits were positive and much larger in Gudali crosses than in Shorthorn crosses. In general, backcrosses were, at best, similar to the F1s implying that upgrading these indigenous breeds beyond 0·5 European inheritance may not be desirable.

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4

Pratchett, D., J. Wallace, and S. Young. "An evaluation of cattle types for north-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 6 (1993): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930677.

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An evaluation of calving rate and cow mortality in the Kimberley region of Western Australia was made for 6 breeder groups: Shorthorn, Brahman, F1 Brahman x Shorthorn (F1BS), F1 Africander x Shorthorn (F1AS), F, Brahman x Shorthorn (F2BS), and F2 Africander x shorthorn (F2AS). From these 6 breeder groups, 8 steer lines were produced: Shorthorn, Brahman, F1BS, F2BS, F3BS, F1AS, F2AS, and F3AS. These were evaluated for calf survival, calf growth, steer mortality, steer growth, and steer carcass weight. There were significant (P<0.001) year and breed effects on calving rate. F1BS and F1AS showed the highest calving percentage, with corrected means of 60 and 61% for the whole herd and 67 and 66% when 15-month-old heifers were excluded. The calving rate in F2BS dropped to 49%, while that in F2AS was maintained at 67%. Few cows died in any group and it was not possible to detect differences between breed types. Likewise, few steers died after 12 months of age. The lowest mean weaning weight of 116 kg in July at 6 months of age was recorded for Shorthorn calves; the highest was recorded for F2BS at 174 kg. However, the advantage was not maintained until November when the calves were 10 months old. Brahman and F1BS had superior growth rates from weaning to 10 months. There were significant (P<0.001) breed and year effects on steer liveweight at all weighing dates. After the first November weighing, Brahman and F1BS made the greatest liveweight gain. All breeds lost weight in the second dry period. At 27 and 39 months, F1BS steers had the heaviest carcass weights of 222 and 300 kg. F2AS and F3BS steers had the lowest carcass weights at both times (174 kg at 27 months and 22 kg at 39 months).

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5

Chakrabartty, Avijit, Choy L. Hew, Margaret Shears, and Garth Fletcher. "Primary structures of the alanine-rich antifreeze polypeptides from grubby sculpin, Myoxocephalus aenaeus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-057.

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Antifreeze polypeptides (AFP) isolated from the plasma of the grubby sculpin (Myoxocephalus aenaeus)were compared with those of a close relative, the shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Both species synthesize a family of AFP that are alanine rich and exist as amphiphilic α-helices. The grubby sculpin AFP could be resolved into five active components by reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The major (GS-5) and one of the minor (GS-8) components were sequenced. Grubby sculpin AFP GS-5 was 33 amino acids long. It was homologous to one of the minor shorthorn sculpin AFP (SS-3) in terms of its molecular size and amino acid sequence. The sequences of these two components differed by only four amino acids. The minor grubby sculpin AFP GS-8 was 40 amino acids long. It was shorter than the major shorthorn sculpin AFP (SS-8) by five amino acids. The sequence of the first 40 amino acids from SS-8 and GS-8 was essentially identical, differing by only 4 amino acids. Antibodies raised against SS-8 cross reacted with GS-8 but not with the shorter AFP (GS-5 and SS-3). The data suggest that the antibody was directed towards the unstructured N-terminal regions of SS-8 and GS-8. It would appear that shorthorn and grubby sculpins possess similar families of AFP genes and that the grubby sculpin preferentially expresses one gene product (GS-5) while the shorthorn sculpin expresses another, larger product (SS-8).

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6

Schild, Ana L., Franklin Riet-Correa, Maria C. Mkndez, and Severo S. Barros. "Hereditary Hypermetria in Shorthorn Cattle." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5, no. 4 (October 1993): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879300500429.

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7

Newman, J. A., A. K. W. Tong, S. D. M. Jones, G. W. Rahnefeld, D. R. C. Bailey, H. T. Fredeen, and G. M. Weiss. "Slaughter and carcass traits of calves from first-cross and reciprocal back-cross beef cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-091.

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Breed-of-dam and sex-of-calf effects are reported based on observation of 2007 heifer and steer carcasses. The carcasses were derived from Limousin-sired calves born to dams representing 15 F1 and backcross genotypes reared at two locations over a period of 5 yr. The calves represented Hereford × Angus, Charolais × Shorthorn, Simmental × Shorthorn and all backcross combinations involving Charolais or Simmental with Hereford, Angus or Shorthorn. Carcass traits were analyzed on an unadjusted, a constant hot-carcass weight, and a constant rib-fat depth basis. The slaughter criteria dictated that steers were heavier at slaughter than heifers. They also exhibited higher dressing yield, greater longissimus thoracis area, and lower fat depth. Charolais and Simmental breeding was associated with less rib fat depth, greater longissimus thoracis area, a higher proportion of preferred cuts, less dissectible fat, more bone and more lean in the preferred cuts than British beef breeding. Within the European (Charolais and Simmental) and British beef (Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn) breed groups, breed effects were smaller, but for carcass composition traits they were frequently significant. When compared with Simmental, Charolais breeding tended to be associated with less marbling, less rib fat depth, less dissectible fat and more lean in the preferred cuts. Among the British beef breeds, Hereford was associated with the highest proportion of preferred cuts, Shorthorn with the lowest rib fat depth — but the highest dissectible fat — and Angus with the most marbling, the greatest longissimus thoracis area and the lowest bone content. This research has demonstrated that breed effects for carcass composition traits tend to be additive and that a significant effect may be associated with substitution of as little as one-eighth of the breed composition. Key words: Beef cattle, slaughter traits, carcass traits, breed type, crossbred dam, backcross dam

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8

DENNIS, JA, and PJ HEALY. "Genotyping Shorthorn cattle for generalised glycogenosis." Australian Veterinary Journal 79, no. 11 (November 2001): 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10897.x.

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9

Fairley, Kayesh, Belinda J. Westman, Linda H. Pham, A. D. J. Haymet, Margaret M. Harding, and Joel P. Mackay. "Type I Shorthorn Sculpin Antifreeze Protein." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 27 (April 8, 2002): 24073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m200307200.

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10

HEW, Choy L., Shashikant JOSHI, Nam-Chiang WANG, Ming-H. KAO, and V. S. ANANTHANARAYANAN. "Structures of shorthorn sculpin antifreeze polypeptides." European Journal of Biochemistry 151, no. 1 (August 1985): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09081.x.

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11

HIGUCHI, Mikito, Yoshitaka NAGAMINE, Hirofumi HANADA, and Takashi AWATA. "Comparisons of Santa Gertrudis×Japanese Shorthorn F1, Japanese Shorthorn and their Reciprocal Crosses for Preweaning Traits." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 69, no. 4 (1998): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.69.326.

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12

Trinderup, M., J. N. Jørgensen, and M. Hansen. "Conservation considerations on Danish Shorthorn Cattle using pedigree analysis." Animal Genetic Resources Information 26 (April 1999): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001164.

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SummaryThe gene dropping method was applied to the pedigree of Danish Shorthorn in order to estimate the proportion of alleles of the old type of Danish Shorthorn in the population of 1997.It was found that about 23% of the alleles in the population of 1997 originated from the old type. Of 21 base animals of the old type, alleles of seven animals were completely lost in the gene dropping while only six base animals contributed with 20.2% of the alleles in the 1997 population. Inbreeding coefficients ranged from zero to 35.6% with a mean of 4.1%.

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13

Jayasekara, M. U., and H. W. Leipold. "Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta in Shorthorn and Angus Cattle." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A 26, no. 6 (May 13, 2010): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1979.tb01623.x.

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14

Casteel, Stan W., A. David Weaver, Laurie L. Mills, Lanny W. Pace, George E. Rottinghaus, and Kevin M. Smith. "Photosensitization Outbreak in Shorthorn Calves in Missouri." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879100300218.

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15

HIGUCHI, Mikito, Yoshitaka NAGAMINE, and Hirofumi HANADA. "he Difference in Resistance to BovineTheileriosis between Santa Gertrudis ×Japanese Shorthorn F1 and Japanese Shorthorn Calves on Pasture." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 65, no. 8 (1994): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.65.726.

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16

Patel, Shruti N., and Steffen P. Graether. "Structures and ice-binding faces of the alanine-rich type I antifreeze proteinsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Canadian Society of Biochemistry, Molecular & Cellular Biology 52nd Annual Meeting — Protein Folding: Principles and Diseases” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 88, no. 2 (April 2010): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o09-183.

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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect cold-blooded organisms from the damage caused by freezing through their ability to inhibit ice growth. The type I AFP family, found in several fish species, contains proteins that have a high alanine content (>60% of the sequence) and structures that are almost all α-helical. We examine the structure of the type I AFP isoforms HPLC6 from winter flounder, shorthorn sculpin 3, and the winter flounder hyperactive type I AFP. The HPLC6 isoform structure consists of a single α-helix that is 37 residues long, whereas the shorthorn sculpin 3 isoform consists of two helical regions separated by a kink. The high-resolution structure of the hyperactive type I AFP has yet to be determined, but circular dichroism data and analytical ultracentrifugation suggest that the 195 residue protein is a side-by-side dimer of two α-helices. The alanine-rich ice-binding faces of HPLC6 and hyperactive type I AFP are discussed, and we propose that the ice-binding face of the shorthorn sculpin 3 AFP contains Ala14, Ala19, and Ala25. We also propose that the denaturation of hyperactive type I AFP at room temperature is explained by the stabilization of the dimerization interface through hydrogen bonds.

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17

Sundell, Erika, Daniel Morgenroth, Andreas Ekström, Jeroen Brijs, Michael Axelsson, Albin Gräns, and Erik Sandblom. "Energetic savings and cardiovascular dynamics of a marine euryhaline fish (Myoxocephalus scorpius) in reduced salinity." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 191, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-020-01336-8.

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AbstractFew studies have addressed how reduced water salinity affects cardiovascular and metabolic function in marine euryhaline fishes, despite its relevance for predicting impacts of natural salinity variations and ongoing climate change on marine fish populations. Here, shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) were subjected to different durations of reduced water salinity from 33 to 15 ppt. Routine metabolic rate decreased after short-term acclimation (4–9 days) to 15 ppt, which corresponded with similar reductions in cardiac output. Likewise, standard metabolic rate decreased after acute transition (3 h) from 33 to 15 ppt, suggesting a reduced energetic cost of osmoregulation at 15 ppt. Interestingly, gut blood flow remained unchanged across salinities, which contrasts with previous findings in freshwater euryhaline teleosts (e.g., rainbow trout) exposed to different salinities. Although plasma osmolality, [Na+], [Cl−] and [Ca2+] decreased in 15 ppt, there were no signs of cellular osmotic stress as plasma [K+], [hemoglobin] and hematocrit remained unchanged. Taken together, our data suggest that shorthorn sculpin are relatively weak plasma osmoregulators that apply a strategy whereby epithelial ion transport mechanisms are partially maintained across salinities, while plasma composition is allowed to fluctuate within certain ranges. This may have energetic benefits in environments where salinity naturally fluctuates, and could provide shorthorn sculpin with competitive advantages if salinity fluctuations intensify with climate change in the future.

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18

Bailey, D. R. C., T. Entz, G. W. Rahnefeld, R. M. McKay, H. T. Fredeen, J. A. Newman, and G. M. Weiss. "Growth patterns of first-cross and reciprocal backcross beef cows in two environments." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 805–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-083.

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Growth patterns of first-cross (F1) and reciprocal backcross cows, 3–5 yr old, were evaluated under two contrasting environments: extensive range conditions at Manyberries, Alberta, and semi-intensive management at Brandon, Manitoba. Cows resulting from crossing Hereford (H) × Angus (A), Simmental (S) × Shorthorn (N), Charolais (C) × Shorthorn and reciprocal backcrosses from Charolais × Hereford (CH), Charolais × Angus (CA), Charolais × Shorthorn (CN), Simmental × Hereford (SH), Simmental × Angus (SA), and Simmental × Shorthorn (SN) were evaluated at Brandon. At Manyberries, HA, SN and reciprocal backcrosses of SH, SA and SN were evaluated. All cows were bred to Limousin (L) bulls. Cow weights and backfat estimates were recorded at breeding, calving and weaning. The HA cows were the lightest group for all weigh periods at both locations. At all weigh periods, the SSN (3/4 S 1/4 N) dam crosses at Manyberries and the CCN (3/4 C 1/4 N) and CCH (3/4 C 1/4 H) at Brandon were the heaviest. At Brandon, females gained weight during gestation and usually lost weight during summer nursing. Cows at Manyberries usually gained weight during nursing, with significant gestation weight loss. Nursing status of the cow had a significant effect on weight change, with barren status providing an opportunity for large compensatory gains. The CN dams were significantly heavier at all weigh periods than their 1/4 C back-crosses. At Brandon, the SN dam cross weights exceeded those of their reciprocal backcrosses at breeding, calving and weaning and at calving for the 1/4 S dams. At Manyberries, SN weights exceeded those of the 3/4 S crosses at weaning. Over the duration of study, average backfat estimates for cows at Brandon exceeded those at Manyberries (10.8 and 8.6 mm, respectively). Specific dam crosses performed differently at the two locations, and commercial cattlemen need to closely evaluate the F1 and backcross comparisons to determine the optimal level of performance under their particular management and environmental conditions. Key words: Beef cattle, growth, nursing status, crossbreeding, environment

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19

HEALY, PJ, JA DENNIS, PAW HARPER, R. GRAHAM, and RE REUTER. "Maple syrup urine disease in Poll Shorthorn calves." Australian Veterinary Journal 69, no. 6 (June 1992): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07487.x.

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20

SATO, Yoichi, Chiemi YONEZAWA, Mitsuhiro KUMAGAI, and Keiichi SUZUKI. "Genetic trend for carcass traits of Japanese Shorthorn." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 84, no. 1 (2013): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.84.19.

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21

O’Rourke, Brendon A., Jillian Kelly, Zoe B. Spiers, Patrick L. Shearer, Naomi S. Porter, Pietro Parma, and Maria Longeri. "Ichthyosis fetalis in Polled Hereford and Shorthorn calves." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 6 (August 6, 2017): 874–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717724186.

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22

HIGUCHI, Mikito, Hirofumi HANADA, Yoshitaka NAGAMINE, and Takashi AWATA. "Comparisons of the resistance to Japanese theileriosis among Santa Gertrudis x Japanese Shorthorn F1, Japanese Shorthorn and their reciprocal crosses." Animal Science Journal 74, no. 6 (December 2003): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1344-3941.2003.00141.x.

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23

Kao, Ming H., Garth L. Fletcher, Nam C. Wang, and Choy L. Hew. "The relationship between molecular weight and antifreeze polypeptide activity in marine fish." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-085.

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Previous studies have established that the capacity of the glycopeptide antifreezes to depress the freezing temperature of aqueous solutions is positively correlated with molecular weight. The present study was carried out to determine whether a similar correlation existed within the antifreeze peptides. Two approaches were used. Initially, the antifreeze activity (thermal hysteresis) curves of antifreeze peptides from winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (molecular weight, 3300), shorthorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus scorpius (molecular weight, 4000), ocean pout, Macrozoarces americanus (molecular weight, 6000), and sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus (molecular weight, 9700), were compared. In the second approach, a more specific comparison was made of two different sized antifreeze peptide components (molecular weights, 2900 and 4000) from the shorthorn sculpin. In both approaches, antifreeze peptide activity was positively correlated with molecular weight and the curve illustrating this relationship suggests that any reduction in molecular weight below 3300 will result in a disproportionate decline in activity. The relatively small antifreeze peptides from the winter flounder and shorthorn sculpin had greater activity than did glycopeptide antifreezes of similar size. However, glycopeptide antifreezes with a molecular weight of 10 000 or more had activities that exceeded that of any known antifreeze peptide. Increases in molecular weight of antifreeze peptides above 4000 resulted in a decline in antifreeze activity per milligram protein. Therefore, in terms of ability to depress the freezing temperature, there appears to be no advantage in evolving large antifreeze peptide molecules.

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24

Deland, MP, and S. Newman. "Lifetime productivity of crossbred cows. 1. Experimental design, growth and carcass characteristics of progeny." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (1991): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910285.

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First crosses of Hereford with large and small dairy type (Friesian and Jersey), British beef type (Shorthorn), Bos indicus dairy and beef type (Sahiwal and Brahman), and European beef and dual-purpose type (Charolais and Simmental) females were reared on different properties and joined with Hereford bulls, to produce backcross calves under semi-arid conditions in southern Australia from 1976 to 1984. Parity x breed effects were important for all traits studied. In general, calves out of European cross dams were heaviest at weaning and slaughter and yielded higher carcass weights than other types, but calves out of dairy cross cows (especially Friesian cross) had fatter carcasses. Calves out of zebu cross dams expressed lower carcass weights in spite of relatively high dressing percentages. Calves out of Shorthorn cross cows were lightest at all ages and expressed the lowest dressing percentages.

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25

TONG, A. K. W., H. DOORNENBAL, and J. A. NEWMAN. "BLOOD COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT BEEF BREED TYPES." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-101.

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Two studies were conducted to examine the blood composition of cattle of different breed types. The first study involved 357 crossbred cows of Hereford × Angus, Charolais × British breed, Simmental × British breed and Limousin × British breed crosses, ranging in age from 12 to 14 yr. Sixteen blood characteristics were measured from the June and September blood samples. The second study used 23 Shorthorn cow-calf pairs from a line selected for yearling weight and 25 cow-calf pairs from a corresponding unselected control line of Shorthorns. These cow-calf pairs were bled 11 times, starting at calving and then at 28-d intervals thereafter, with 11 blood characteristics measured. The crosbred cows differed significantly in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, urea nitrogen, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, uric acid and serum total protein. Increased yearling weight resulting from selection was associated with higher blood creatinine levels at maturity (P < 0.05) and during pre- and post-weaning growth (P < 0.01). These results support the view that blood composition exhibits genetic variation. Key words: Beef cattle, blood composition, breed type, selection for yearling weight

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26

Lapointe, J. M., S. Lachance, and D. J. Steffen. "Tibial Hemimelia, Meningocele, and Abdominal Hernia in Shorthorn Cattle." Veterinary Pathology 37, no. 5 (September 2000): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.37-5-508.

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27

SATO, Jun, Reeko SATO, Naoichiro HATAKEYAMA, Yoh-ichi MIYAKE, Masanobu GORYO, and Yoshihisa NAITO. "Three Cases of Congenital Lymphedema in Japanese Shorthorn Cattle." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 54, no. 2 (2001): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.54.95.

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28

Fordyce, G., ID Loxton, RG Holroyd, and RJ Mayer. "The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 4. Postweaning growth and carcass traits." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930531.

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Postweaning growth to slaughter at 42 months of age in males and to initial mating at 27 months of age in females was studied in 4 inter se mated Bos indicus crosses in a dry tropical environment. Six-monthly growth periods from weaning (at about 6 months of age) generally coincided with wet and dry seasons. The cattle represented were second and subsequent generations of 112 Brahman and 112 Sahiwal crosses and first backcross and later generations of 314 Brahman and 314 Sahiwal crosses, The Bos taurus component of the crosses was primarily Beef Shorthorn. Annual growth averaged 300 g/day, with annual gain ranging from 60 to 180 kg. Average growth rates were about 50 g/day in the dry season (-352 to +374 g/day) and 500 g/day in the wet season (221-830 g/day). Postweaning growth of Brahman crosses was about 4% higher than Sahiwal crosses, with most of this advantage expressed in wet seasons. Sahiwal crosses were earlier maturing than Brahman crosses. Wet season growth was higher in 314 crosses than in 1/2 crosses, which probably reflected significant environmental stress in this period. Higher growth of 3/4 crosses tended to be maintained during dry seasons. Calves born late in a wet season grew more rapidly in dry seasons than early-born calves, so that liveweight differences which were apparent at weaning were reduced by one-third at 24 months of age. The difference between liveweights of weaners with young dams and those with mature dams was also reduced from 12-18 kg to 5-6 kg by 24 months. Dressing percentages of 3/4 cross steers at slaughter were 0.6 units higher than in half crosses, with no difference between Brahman and Sahiwal crosses. Sarcomere lengths, Warner-Bratzler shear force values, and Instron compression values together showed that M. longissimus dorsi muscle samples from 1/2 Brahman steers were the most tender of the breed crosses studied. Samples from Sahiwal cross and 3/4 Brahman steers appeared most affected by connective tissue toughness. Those from 3/4 Sahiwals appeared most affected by meat processing factors, causing them to be the least tender.

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RAHNEFELD, G. W., R. M. McKAY, G. M. WEISS, H. T. FREDEEN, J. A. NEWMAN, J. E. LAWSON, and D. R. C. BAILEY. "GROWTH AND MATERNAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO-YEAR-OLD F1 AND RECIPROCAL BACKCROSS HEIFERS IN TWO ENVIRONMENTS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-003.

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Growth patterns and calf performance of 2-yr-old F1 and reciprocal backcross females were compared in two contrasting environments, semi-intensive management (Brandon, Man.) and extensive range management (Manyberries, Alta.). At Brandon, 621 heifers of Hereford × Angus (HA), Simmental × Shorthorn (SN), Charolais × Shorthorn (CN) and reciprocal backcrosses from Charolais × Hereford (CH), Charolais × Angus (CA), Charolais × Shorthorn (CN), Simmental × Hereford (SH), Simmental × Angus (SA), and Simmental × Shorthorn (SN) were evaluated. At Manyberries, 271 heifers of HA, SN, CN and reciprocals of SH, SA and SN were evaluated. They were bred to Limousin bulls. The HA heifers were the lightest at 14, 18, 24, 26 and 30 mo of age at both locations. Location differences for dam crosses in common ranged from 5% at 14 mo to 19% for 30 mo weight (Brandon > Manyberries). At all ages, the 3/4 C 1/4 N and the 3/4 S 1/4 N dam crosses were the heaviest at Brandon and Manyberries, respectively. Differences in weights at all ages between the CN and their reciprocal backcrosses were not significant at Brandon. The SN dams exceeded their reciprocal backcrosses in weight at all ages at Brandon (P < 0.01) but none of the differences were significant at Manyberries. Very few of the differences recorded for gestation length and birth weight at either location were significant. Progeny from HA dams were the lightest at birth and when significant differences existed for gestation length the longest were associated with the 3/4 "exotics." At both locations, progeny from HA dams were lightest and the progeny from the 3/4 "exotics" the heaviest at weaning. Females at Manyberries produced calves that were 3.3% heavier at weaning than those at Brandon. The highest weaning weight ratios were recorded for the 3/4 S 1/4 A, 3/4 S 1/4 N and SN dam crosses at both locations and these dam crosses were intermediate in weight at 30 mo. Total overall conception for breed crosses common to both locations for breeding at 14 and 26 mo was 77.0% vs. 75.8% and 82.1% vs. 79.5% for Brandon and Manyberries, respectively. Few differences were observed between dam crosses for conception rate. At Brandon, CX females required significantly more services per conception at 14 mo of age than SX females which reflected itself in lower conception rates. Compared with the SX females, the CX females had 11.8% lower conception to 1st service and 4% lower total conception. Calves born at Manyberries experienced greater calving difficulty but this was not reflected in higher calf mortality rates. Key words: Beef cattle, growth, preweaning traits, crossbreeding

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30

Asada, T., N. Tokita, T. Konno, M. Koga, M. Iwanami, S. Iwamoto, and Z. Kaikawa. "Feeding Experiment of Japanese Shorthorn Steers with Pelleted Ligneous Materials." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1989.368.

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31

Nagamine, Y., R. Roehe, T. Awata, and E. Kalm. "Genetic parameters for ultrasonic fat thickness of Japanese Shorthorn cattle." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 114, no. 1-6 (January 12, 1997): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1997.tb00497.x.

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32

West, H., and R. Hogg. "Biliary calculi in a herd of shorthorn cattle in Lancashire." Veterinary Record 122, no. 11 (March 12, 1988): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.122.11.251.

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33

Low, Woon-Kai, Ming Miao, K. Vanya Ewart, Daniel S. C. Yang, Garth L. Fletcher, and Choy L. Hew. "Skin-type Antifreeze Protein from the Shorthorn Sculpin,Myoxocephalus scorpius." Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, no. 36 (September 4, 1998): 23098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.36.23098.

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34

Luksenburg, J. A., T. Pedersen, and I. B. Falk-Petersen. "Reproduction of the shorthorn sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius in northern Norway." Journal of Sea Research 51, no. 2 (March 2004): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2003.09.001.

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35

PALMER, D., P. DORLING, and J. HOWELL. "Bovine glycogenosis type II: The molecular defect in shorthorn cattle." Neuromuscular Disorders 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(94)90046-9.

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36

Hristov, P., D. Teofanova, I. Mehandzhiyski, A. Yoveva, and G. Radoslavov. "Genotyping of Endemic for Rhodopa Mountains Shorthorn Rhodopean Cow Breed." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 26, sup1 (January 2012): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5504/50yrtimb.2011.0003.

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37

Fordyce, G., TA James, RG Holroyd, NJ Beaman, RJ Mayer, and PK O'Rourke. "The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 3. Birth weights and growth to weaning." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (1993): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930119.

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The birth weights and weaning weights of Bos indicus cross calves from 4 inter se mated herd groups in a dry tropical environment were studied. The calving season commenced in late October, about 2 weeks before the start of the pasture-growing season. Second and subsequent generations of 1/2 Brahman and 1/2 Sahiwal crosses and first backcross, and later generations of 3/4 Brahman and 3/4 Sahiwal crosses, were represented. The Bos taurus component of the crosses was primarily Beef Shorthorn. In general, Brahman crosses were heavier at birth and grew faster to weaning than Sahiwal crosses (P<0.05), with consequent advantages in weaning weights of 11 and 6 kg in first backcross and late generation crosses, respectively. There was a birth weight advantage (P<0.05) of 1/2 crosses over 3/4 crosses, which was eroded by the time of weaning. Superior growth rates of 3/4 crosses were primarily expressed in years with greater nutritional stress and appeared to be due to better adaptation to environmental stresses by the calf. The only difference between filial generations was the growth rate advantage (P<0.05) of F2 1/2 crosses over F3 1/2 crosses, apparently due to suckling of F1 and F2 dams, respectively. Males exhibited an 8% average advantage (P<0.05) over females for all weight and growth traits in late generation calves. Calves with mature dams were 1.8 kg heavier (P<0.05) at birth. This, along with their higher (P<0.05) preweaning growth rate (19-49 g/day), resulted in calves with mature dams being 4-10 kg heavier (P<0.05) at weaning than calves of young cows. Differences between years in birth weights and preweaning growth rates were <25% (P<0.05). Birth weight was affected by nutrition of the dam in late pregnancy (early calves were generally about 1 kg lighter than late calves), and growth of calves was higher in years when the pasture growing season commenced earlier.

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38

Malinova, Radka, and Vasil Nikolov. "Study on the reproductive capacity of bulls of the autochthonous Rhodope Shorthorn cattle breed." Journal of Central European Agriculture 16, no. 2 (2015): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/16.2.1586.

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39

NEWMAN, J. A., A. K. W. TONG, H. T. FREDEEN, and G. W. RAHNEFELD. "CALVING AND PREWEANING PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED PROGENY OF SOME FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC BEEF CATTLE BREEDS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-069.

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Charolais-, Simmental- and Limousin-sired calves are compared for calving traits and preweaning growth based on observations of 3939 calves born in 48 western Canadian beef cow herds of Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn breeding during the period 1970–1972. Hereford cows produced calves with longer gestation lengths, higher birth weights, slower preweaning growth, and lower weaning weights than Angus cows. Shorthorn cows produced progeny with the shortest gestation lengths and intermediate performance in other traits. Limousin sires produced calves with the longest gestation lengths, the least calving difficulty, the lightest birth weights, the lowest birth-to-weaning mortality, and the slowest preweaning growth. Charolais-sired and Simmental-sired calves did not differ significantly in gestation length, postnatal mortality or preweaning growth rate, but Simmental-sired calves were lighter at birth and calved more easily. Breed-of-sire effects interacted with breed-of-dam effects for birth weight and with sex-of-calf effects for calving ease and most measurement traits, but these interactions did not generally involve a re-ranking of sire breeds. The economic impact of the results is briefly discussed. Key words: Beef cattle, breed effects, preweaning traits

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40

PETERS, H. F., and J. A. VESELY. "BRAHMAN-BRITISH BEEF CATTLE CROSSES IN CANADA. II. POSTWEANING GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-039.

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Brahman-British beef cattle crosses in Canada (F1 hybrids) out-gained contemporary Herefords under both winter and summer range conditions. Brahman × Hereford, Brahman × Angus and Brahman × Shorthorn steers marketed off grass at 2.5 yr of age surpassed Herefords by 61 – 64 kg in cold carcass weight, 3.9 – 4.8% in dressed carcass yield, and 4 – 6 cm2 in longissimus dorsi area per 250 kg of carcass. The 1/4-Brahman progenies from matings of Hereford bulls with F1 cows did not differ significantly from Herefords in year-long postweaning gain, either under Alberta range conditions or under summer grazing and limited winter feeding conditions at Ottawa, Ontario. Hereford × (Brahman × Hereford) backcross calves gained less than Herefords but averaged 16 kg heavier in cold carcass weight because of greater initial (weaning) weight and a higher dressing percentage. There was no difference between the crosses (F1 hybrids and back-crosses) and Herefords in carcass grade. The major benefit of the Brahman-British cattle crosses resulted from the superior performance of the F1 hybrids, expressed as a marked superiority in growth rate of the F1 steers and heifers and a greater weight-for-age of the 1/4-Brahman progenies of F1 cows. Key words: Brahman, Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn, crossbreeding

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41

Farrell, A. P., J. Altimiras, C. E. Franklin, and M. Axelsson. "Niche expansion of the shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) to Arctic waters is supported by a thermal independence of cardiac performance at low temperature." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 8 (August 2013): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0038.

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Cardiovascular adaptations that permit successful exploitation of polar marine waters by fish requires a capacity to negate or compensate for the depressive effects of low temperatures on physiological processes. Here, we examined the effects of acute and chronic temperature change on the maximum cardiac performance of shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius (L., 1758)) captured above the Arctic Circle. Our aim was to establish if the sculpin’s success at low temperatures was achieved through thermal independence of cardiac function or via thermal compensation as a result of acclimation. Maximum cardiac performance was assessed at both 1 and 6 °C with a working perfused heart preparation that was obtained after fish had been acclimated to either 1 or 6 °C. Thus, tests were performed at the fish’s acclimation temperature and with an acute temperature change. Maximum cardiac output, which was relatively large (>50 mL·min−1·kg−1 body mass) for a benthic fish at a frigid temperature, was found to be independent of both acclimation temperature and test temperature. While maximum β-adrenergic stimulation produced positive chronotropy at both acclimation temperatures, inotropic effects were weak or absent. We conclude that thermal independence of cardiac performance at low temperature likely facilitated the exploitation of polar waters by the shorthorn sculpin.

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42

Barrett, R., F. Miglior, G. Jansen, J. Jamrozik, and L. R. Schaeffer. "Joint International Evaluation of Milking Shorthorn Dairy Cattle for Production Traits." Journal of Dairy Science 88, no. 9 (September 2005): 3326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73016-2.

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43

Muramoto, T., M. Higashiyama, and T. Kondo. "Effect of Pasture Finishing on Beef Quality of Japanese Shorthorn Steers." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 18, no. 3 (April 20, 2005): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.420.

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44

Cundiff, Larry V., R. Núñez-Dominguez, Gordon E. Dickerson, Keith E. Gregory, and Robert M. Koch. "Heterosis for lifetime production in Hereford, Angus, shorthorn, and crossbred cows." Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 2397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.7082397x.

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45

Watanabe, Akira. "A topic of Japanese Shorthorn as a local breed of Wagyu." Journal for the Integrated Study of Dietary Habits 32, no. 4 (2022): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2740/jisdh.32.4_163.

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46

Scholthof, Karen-Beth G. "Bred for Perfection: Shorthorn Cattle, Collies, and Arabian Horses since 1800." Agricultural History 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-79.1.122.

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47

Baardsnes, Jason, Masood Jelokhani-Niaraki, Leslie H. Kondejewski, Michael J. Kuiper, Cyril M. Kay, Robert S. Hodges, and Peter L. Davies. "Antifreeze protein from shorthorn sculpin: Identification of the ice-binding surface." Protein Science 10, no. 12 (April 8, 2009): 2566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1110/ps.ps.26501.

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48

NAGAMINE, Yoshitaka, Takashi HAYASHI, Hiroshi SATO, Akira NISHIDA, and Shigeki KOMATSU. "Improvement of Feeding System in Performance Testing of Japanese Shorthorn Cattle." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 59, no. 9 (1988): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.59.814.

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49

KUCHIDA, Keigo, and Toshihiro YAMAGISHI. "Factor Analysis for Fattening and Carcass Records of Japanese Shorthorn Steers." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 63, no. 8 (1992): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.63.840.

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50

Mushi, D. E. "Feedlot performance of Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu finished on local feed resources." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 6 (July 7, 2020): 3207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02346-y.

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