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Journal articles on the topic 'Shot noise, Thermal noise'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Progonov, D. O. "INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL IMAGES PRELIMINARY NOISING ON STATISTICAL STEGDETECTORS PERFORMANCE." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-1-18.

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Context. The problem of sensitive information protection during data transmission in communication systems was considered. The case of reliable detection of stego images formed according to advanced embedding methods was investigated. The object of research is digital images steganalysis of adaptive steganographic methods. Objective. The goal of the work is performance analysis of statistical stegdetectors for adaptive embedding methods in case of preliminary noising of analyzed image with thermal and shot noises. Method. The image pre-processing (calibration) method was proposed for improving stego-to-cover ratio for state-of-the-art adaptive embedding methods HUGO, MG and MiPOD. The method is aimed at amplifying negligible changes of cover image caused by message hiding with usage of Gaussian and Poisson noises. The former one is related to influence the thermal noise of chargecoupled device (CCD) based image sensor during data acquisition. The latter one is related to shot noise that originates from stochastic process of electron emission by photons hitting of CCD elements. During the research, parameters of thermal noise were estimated with two-dimensional Wiener filter, while sliding window of size 5·5 pixels was used for parameters evaluation for shot noise. Results. The dependencies of detection error on cover image payload for advance HUGO, MG and MiPOD embedding methods were obtained. The results were presented for the case of image pre-noising with both Gaussian and Poisson noises, and varying of feature pre-processing methods. Conclusions. The conducted experiments confirmed effectiveness of proposed approach for image calibration with Poisson noise. Obtained results allow us to recommend linearly transformed features to be used for improving stegdetector performance by natural image processing. The prospects for further research may include investigation usage of special noises, such as fractal noises, for improving stego-to-cover ratio for advanced embedding methods.

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PALENSKIS, VILIUS, JONAS MATUKAS, JUOZAS VYŠNIAUSKAS, SANDRA PRALGAUSKAITĖ, HADAS SHTRIKMAN, DALIUS SELIUTA, IRMANTAS KAŠALYNAS, and GINTARAS VALUŠIS. "ANALYSIS OF NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF GaAs TUNNEL DIODES." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 12, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477513500144.

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An analysis and investigation of noises of GaAs tunnel diodes, which abrupt p+-n+ profile was obtained by using amphoteric nature of silicon, were performed. The main scope of this work was to verify the concepts of the explanation of white noise characteristics on the ground of shot noise and on the ground of the Gupta theorem of thermal noise in resistive elements. The other scope was to investigate the peculiarities of low frequency noise in p+-n+ junctions formed by using amphoteric silicon nature.

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3

Jia, Xiaofei, Wenhao Chen, Bing Ding, and Liang He. "Noise test method for dual-gate MOSFET device." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 31 (November 10, 2019): 1950387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919503871.

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In recent years, with the development of mesoscopic physics and nanoelectronics, the research on noise and testing technology of electronic components has been developed. It is well known that noise can characterize the transmission characteristics of carriers in nanoscale electronic components. With the continuous shrinking of the device size, the carrier transport of nanoscale MOSFET devices has been gradually transformed from the traditional drift-diffusion to become the quasi-ballistic or ballistic transport, and its current noise contains granular and thermal noise. The paper by Jeon et al. [The first observation of shot noise characteristics in 10-nm scale MOSFETs, in Proc. 2009 Symp. VLSI Technology (IEEE, Honolulu, 2009), pp. 48–49] presents the variation relation of 20 nm MOSFET current noise with source–drain current and voltage, and its current noise characteristic is between thermal noise and shot noise, so 20 nm MOSFET current noise is shot noise and thermal noise. The paper by Navid et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 101 (2007) 124501] shows through simulation that the 60 nm MOSFET current noise is suppressed shot noise and thermal noise. At present, the current noise has seriously affected the basic performance of the device, thus the circuit cannot work normally. Therefore, it is necessary to study the generation mechanism and characteristics of current noise in electronic components so as to suppress device noise, which can not only realize the reduction of device noise, but also play a positive role in the work-efficiency, life-span and reliability of electronic components.

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Czernik, T., J. Kula, J. Łuczka, and P. Hänggi. "Thermal ratchets driven by Poissonian white shot noise." Physical Review E 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 4057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.4057.

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Misaki, Yukinori, Atsushi Saito, and Katsuyoshi Hamasaki. "Crossover of Noise Power from Thermal to Shot Noise in Superconducting Mesoscopic Devices." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 35, Part 1, No. 2B (February 28, 1996): 1190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.35.1190.

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Maj, Ronald, and Iver H. Cairns. "Quasi‐thermal noise and shot noise spectroscopy on a CubeSat in Earth's ionosphere." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122, no. 3 (March 2017): 3538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016ja023832.

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7

Lee, Jonghwan. "Physics-Informed Neural Network for High Frequency Noise Performance in Quasi-Ballistic MOSFETs." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182219.

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A physics-informed neural network (PINN) model is presented to predict the nonlinear characteristics of high frequency (HF) noise performance in quasi-ballistic MOSFETs. The PINN model is formulated by combining the radial basis function-artificial neural networks (RBF-ANNs) with an improved noise equivalent circuit model, including all the noise sources. The RBF-ANNs are utilized to model the thermal channel noise, induced gate noise, correlation noise, as well as the shot noise, due to the gate and source-drain tunneling current through the potential barriers. By training a spatial distribution of the thermal channel noise and a Fano factor of the shot noise, underlying physical theories are naturally embedded into the PINN model as prior information. The PINN model shows good capability of predicting the noise performance at high frequencies.

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Martinović, M. M., A. Zaslavsky, M. Maksimović, N. Meyer‐Vernet, S. Šegan, I. Zouganelis, C. Salem, M. Pulupa, and S. D. Bale. "Quasi‐thermal noise measurements on STEREO: Kinetic temperature deduction using electron shot noise model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121, no. 1 (January 2016): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015ja021710.

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9

Barbosa, A. L. R., J. G. G. S. Ramos, and D. Bazeia. "Crossover of thermal to shot noise in chaotic cavities." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 93, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 67003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/93/67003.

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Patton, Kelly R. "On the shot-noise limit of a thermal current." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 28 (June 17, 2008): 285213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/28/285213.

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11

Yang, Wonyoung, Hyeun Jun Moon, and Myung-Jun Kim. "Combined effects of short-term noise exposure and hygrothermal conditions on indoor environmental perceptions." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 8 (April 7, 2017): 1119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17703774.

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Realistic thermal conditions with various humidity levels have been considered to examine the combined effects of noise and thermal conditions on indoor environmental perceptions. Subjective assessments of temperature, humidity and psychoacoustics were conducted with 26 subjects under combined environments of seven thermal conditions (18℃: RH 30, 60%, 24℃: RH 27, 43, 65%, 30℃: RH 30, 60%), two noise types (fan and babble noises) and five noise levels (45, 50, 55, 60 and 65 dBA). Three-minute moderate noise exposure did not affect temperature or humidity sensations. However, the temperature and humidity levels affected loudness, annoyance and acoustic preferences when noise was presented as babble. Fan noise perceptions were found to be independent of thermal conditions. Gender differences were clearly found in terms of thermal and psychoacoustic perceptions. Men were more sensitive to hot sensations than women, and women were more sensitive to arid sensations than men. Women were more sensitive to noise levels than men. Gender differences were also found in terms of different types of noise. Men were found to be significantly less sensitive to fan noise than women. Even though psychoacoustic parameters were affected by indoor thermal conditions, thermal parameters were not affected by short-term moderate noise. The combined effect of various types of noise and temperature is still unclear, and this will be considered in a future larger cohort study.

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12

Erskine, Steven R., and Donald R. Bobbitt. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Relationship between Aperture Dimension and Signal-to-Noise Optimization in Thermal Lens Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 2 (February 1988): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884428257.

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The effect of three types of experimental laser noise on conventional thermal lens spectroscopy are considered. Theoretical calculations of noise and signal-to-noise ratio as a function of aperture size are included to determine ideal aperture dimensions for systems limited by laser pointing instabilities, flicker noise, and/or shot noise. Experimentally determined noise curves are also presented and discussed in the context of the theoretical results. The results show that for most thermal lens configurations based on lock-in detection, optimum S/N is obtained at an aperture-to-beam-size ratio of 0.6.

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13

Sayer, Robert A., Sunkook Kim, Aaron D. Franklin, Saeed Mohammadi, and Timothy S. Fisher. "Shot Noise Thermometry for Thermal Characterization of Templated Carbon Nanotubes." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 33, no. 1 (March 2010): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2009.2038488.

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Osipov, Vladimir Al, and Eugene Kanzieper. "Statistics of thermal to shot noise crossover in chaotic cavities." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 42, no. 47 (November 4, 2009): 475101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/42/47/475101.

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15

ZHANG, C., A. SRIVASTAVA, and P. K. AJMERA. "NOISE ANALYSIS IN A 0.8 V FORWARD BODY-BIAS CMOS OP-AMP DESIGN." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 04, no. 02 (June 2004): L403—L412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477504001975.

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Noise model of a MOSFET, which includes the effect of forward-body bias, is proposed. Thermal noise and shot noise are extracted and their variations with the forward body-bias are compared. It is found that the shot noise increases with the forward body-bias and becomes significant above 0.4 V forward bias. A CMOS op-amp is designed utilizing forward body-bias technique combined with a level shift current mirror. The designed amplifier dissipates power of 40 μW and operates at ± 0.4 V to achieve a gain of 77 dB. The noise in this ultra low-power op-amp is also investigated. The total simulated output noise density of 320×10-12 V 2/ Hz in the ultra-low power op-amp design is slightly lower than the calculated 413×10-12 V 2/ Hz value from the proposed model.

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16

Braginsky, V. B., M. L. Gorodetsky, and S. P. Vyatchanin. "Thermodynamical fluctuations and photo-thermal shot noise in gravitational wave antennae." Physics Letters A 264, no. 1 (December 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(99)00785-9.

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Awadalla, Attia A., and Adel H. Phillips. "Thermal Shot Noise through Boundary Roughness of Carbon Nanotube Quantum Dots." Chinese Physics Letters 28, no. 1 (January 2011): 017304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/28/1/017304.

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18

Gomila, G., and L. Reggiani. "Anomalous crossover between thermal and shot noise in macroscopic diffusive conductors." Physical Review B 62, no. 12 (September 15, 2000): 8068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.62.8068.

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19

Reggiani, L., A. Reklaitis, T. González, J. Mateos, D. Pardo, and O. M. Bulashenko. "Monte Carlo Investigation of Shot-noise Suppression in Nondegenerate Ballistic and Diffusive Transport Regimes." Australian Journal of Physics 53, no. 1 (2000): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph99034.

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We review recent theoretical investigations of shot-noise suppression in nondegenerate semiconductor structures surrounded by two contacts acting as thermal reservoirs. Calculations make use of an ensemble Monte Carlo simulator self-consistently coupled with a one-dimensional Poisson solver. By taking the doping of the injecting contacts and the applied voltage as variable parameters, the influence of elastic and inelastic scattering as well as of tunneling between heterostructures in the active region is investigated. In the case of a homogeneous structure at T = 300 K the transition from ballistic to diffusive transport regimes under different contact injecting statistics is analysed and discussed. Provided significant space-charge effects take place inside the active region, long-range Coulomb interaction is found to play an essential role in suppressing shot noise at applied voltages much higher than the thermal value. In the elastic diffusive regime, momentum space dimensionality is found to modify the suppression factor γ, which within numerical uncertainty takes values respectively of about ⅓, ½ and 0·7 in the 3D, 2D and 1D cases. In the inelastic diffusive regime, shot noise is suppressed to the thermal value. In the case of single and multiple barrier non-resonant heterostructures made by GaAs/AlGaAs at 77 K, the mechanism of suppression is identified in the carrier inhibition to come back to the emitter contact after having been reflected from a barrier. This condition is realised in the presence of strong inelastic scattering associated with emission of optical phonons. At increasing applied voltages for a two-barrier structure, shot noise is suppressed up to about a factor of 0·50 in close analogy with the corresponding resonant barrier-diode. For an increasing number of barriers, shot noise is found to be systematically suppressed to a more significant level by following approximately a 1/(N + 1) behaviour, N being the number of barriers. This mechanism of suppression is expected to conveniently improve the signal-to-noise ratio of these devices.

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20

Song, Jiaao, and Laszlo B. Kish. "Does a Standalone, “Cold” (Low-Thermal-Noise), Linear Resistor Exist Without Cooling?" Fluctuation and Noise Letters 17, no. 04 (September 14, 2018): 1850030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021947751850030x.

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Classical ways of cooling require some of these elements: phase transition, compressor, nonlinearity, valve and/or switch. A recent example is the 2018 patent of Linear Technology Corporation; they utilize the shot noise of a diode to produce a standalone nonlinear resistor that has [Formula: see text]/2 noise temperature (about 150[Formula: see text]K). While such “resistor” can cool its environment when it is AC coupled to a resistor, the thermal cooling effect is only academically interesting. The importance of the invention is of another nature: In low-noise electronics, it is essential to have resistors with low-noise temperature to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A natural question is raised: can we use a linear system with feedback to cool and, most importantly, to show reduced noise temperature? Exploring this problem, we were able to produce standalone linear resistors showing strongly reduced thermal noise. Our must successful test shows [Formula: see text]/100 (about 3[Formula: see text]K) noise temperature, as if the resistor would have been immersed in liquid helium. We also found that there is an old solution offering similar results utilizing the virtual ground of an inverting amplifier at negative feedback. There, the “cold” resistor is generated at the input of an amplifier. On the other hand, our system generates the “cold” resistance at the output, which can have practical advantages.

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21

Petkovic, Milica, Goran Djordjevic, Dejan Milic, and Bata Vasic. "BER analysis of IM/DD FSO system with APD receiver over gamma-gamma turbulence." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, no. 1 (2014): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee131208006p.

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In this paper, the bit-error rate (BER) performance of intensity modulated with direct detection (IM/DD) free space optical (FSO) system using the on-off keying (OOK) and avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver is analyzed. The intensity fluctuations of the received optical signal are modeled by gamma gamma distribution, while both zero and nonzero inner scale models are observed. The total receiver noise includes APD shot noise and thermal noise. The BER expression is theoretically derived and numerical results are presented. The results illustrate the BER dependence on the turbulence strength, propagation path length, APD gain and noise temperature.

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22

Seller, P. "Summary of thermal, shot and flicker noise in detectors and readout circuits." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 426, no. 2-3 (May 1999): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00018-2.

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23

Chaste, J., E. Pallecchi, P. Morfin, G. Fève, T. Kontos, J. M. Berroir, P. Hakonen, and B. Plaçais. "Thermal shot noise in top-gated single carbon nanotube field effect transistors." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 19 (May 10, 2010): 192103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3425889.

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Kittisuwan, Pichid. "Low-complexity image denoising based on mixture model and simple form of MMSE estimation." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 16, no. 06 (October 10, 2018): 1850052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691318500522.

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In order to enhance efficiency of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as classification or pattern recognition, it is important to have noise-free data to be processed with AI tools. Therefore, the study of algorithms used for reducing noise is also very significant. In thermal condition, Gaussian noise is important problem in analog circuit and image processing. Therefore, this paper focuses on the study of an algorithm for Gaussian noise reduction. In recent year, Bayesian with wavelet-based methods provides good efficiency in noise reduction and spends short time in processing. In Bayesian method, mixture density is more flexible than non-mixture density. Therefore, we proposed novel form of minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation for mixture model, Pearson type VII and logistic densities, in Gaussian noise. The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is most deeply used for computing statistical parameters of mixture model. However, the EM estimator for the proposed method does not have the closed-form. Numerical methods are required to implement an EM algorithm. Therefore, we employ maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation to compute local noisy variances with half-normal distribution prior for local noisy variances and Gaussian density for noisy wavelet coefficients. Here, the proposed method is expressed in closed-form. The denoising results present that our proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art method qualitatively and quantitatively.

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Aronov, L. A., Yu S. Dobrolensky, and G. V. Kulak. "Statistic Model of Homodyne Acousto-Optic Spectrum Analyzer." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2020-23-1-52-62.

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Introduction. Acousto-optic spectrum analyzers interferometric schemes have been developed to increase dynamic range. It was assumed that dynamic range, expressed in dB, would double. An expected increase was not achieved yet.Aim. To analyze the homodyne acousto-optic spectrum analyzer noise characteristics, to estimate the signal-tonoise ratio and the dynamic range.Materials and methods. A mathematical model was compiled which took into account the need to form quadrature components to obtain an amplitude spectrum of an input signal, shot noise and readout noise.Results. An interferometric scheme did not allow to achieve dynamic range doubling compared to an acoustooptical power spectrum analyzer. The dynamic range increase was less than 1.35 dB. Constant illumination led to a significant increase of the spectrum analyzer self-noise due to shot noise, compared to which thermal noise and readout noise became insignificant. The spurious-free dynamic range estimation expression was obtained. It was prior determined by acousto-optic interaction nonlinearity. With typical analyzer blocks parameters the spurious-free dynamic range covered a single-signal dynamic range. Signal-to-noise ratio estimation expression was presented.Conclusion. The homodyne acousto-optic spectrum analyzer single-signal dynamic range is determined primarily by the photosensor saturation charge. One needs to optimize their relation by taking into account light source power, acousto-optical modulator diffraction efficiency and photosensor saturation charge. Presented noise model gives more accurate estimation of the dynamic range with an error of 1 dB.

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Quan, Naicheng, Chunmin Zhang, Tingkui Mu, Siyuan Li, and Caiyin You. "Estimation variance of dual-rotating-retarder Mueller matrix polarimeter in the presence of Gaussian thermal noise and poisson shot noise." Journal of Optics 22, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 025701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ab613c.

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27

Triantis, D. P., A. N. Birbas, and D. Kondis. "Thermal noise modeling for short-channel MOSFETs." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 43, no. 11 (1996): 1950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.543032.

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28

Ma, Xiaoping, Chenglong You, Sushovit Adhikari, Elisha S. Matekole, Ryan T. Glasser, Hwang Lee, and Jonathan P. Dowling. "Sub-shot-noise-limited phase estimation via SU(1,1) interferometer with thermal states." Optics Express 26, no. 14 (July 3, 2018): 18492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.018492.

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Rakhmania, Amalia Eka, Sholeh Hadi Pramono, and Dwi Fadila Kurniawan. "KINERJA ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (OFDMA) PADA TEKNOLOGI RADIO OVER FIBER (ROF)." Gema Teknologi 20, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v20i3.25779.

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Amalia Eka Rakhmania, Sholeh Hadi Pramono, Dwi Fadila Kurniawan, in this paper explain that radio over Fiber (RoF) is a technology that integrates wireless and wireline transmission system to transmit radio signal through optical fibre cable. This paper evaluates the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) implemented in RoF system for mobile WiMAX network. RoF channel model includes both optical fiber with Relative Intensity Noise, shot noise, thermal noise, and chromatic dispersion, and also wireless channel with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Through simulation, signal to noise ratio (SNR), channel capacity, bit rate, and bit error rate (BER) with the influence of optical fiber length and wavelength. Result shows that optical fiber length is proportional to SNR, channel capacity, and bit rate but inversely proportional to BER. 1550 nm wavelength has better channel capacity but lesser bit rate than 1310 nm.

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Pham, Tu V. M., Thang V. Nguyen, Nga T. T. Nguyen, Thu A. Pham, Hien T. T. Pham, and Ngoc T. Dang. "Performance Analysis of Hybrid Fiber/FSO Backhaul Downlink over WDM-PON Impaired by Four-Wave Mixing." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0127.

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Abstract In this paper, we examine the hybrid optical fiber (OF)/free-space optics (FSO) architecture for a backhaul downlink over a wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON). The hybrid backhaul architecture is able to provide not only high-data-rate but also flexibility and quick deployment. The performance analysis is carried out for the hybrid OF/FSO backhaul downlink over a four-wavelength WDM-PON under the effect of four-wave mixing (FWM). The impact of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and major noise components, including amplifier’s noise, shot noise, beat noise, background noise, and thermal noise, is also taken into account. The numerical results show that, although high transmitted power and amplifier’s gain at the transmitter side help to mitigate the impact of noise and fading, they should be limited to a specific value to avoid the influence of FWM. Therefore, the use of amplifier or avalanche photodiode at the receiver side would be a better solution to keep the bit-error rate (BER) at the low levels.

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Goetz, Georges, Tong Ling, Tushar Gupta, Seungbum Kang, Jenny Wang, Patrick D. Gregory, B. Hyle Park, and Daniel Palanker. "Interferometric mapping of material properties using thermal perturbation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): E2499—E2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712763115.

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Optical phase changes induced by transient perturbations provide a sensitive measure of material properties. We demonstrate the high sensitivity and speed of such methods, using two interferometric techniques: quantitative phase imaging (QPI) in transmission and phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) in reflection. Shot-noise–limited QPI can resolve energy deposition of about 3.4 mJ/cm2 in a single pulse, which corresponds to 0.8 °C temperature rise in a single cell. OCT can detect deposition of 24 mJ/cm2 energy between two scattering interfaces producing signals with about 30-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and 4.7 mJ/cm2 when SNR is 45 dB. Both techniques can image thermal changes within the thermal confinement time, which enables accurate single-shot mapping of absorption coefficients even in highly scattering samples, as well as electrical conductivity and many other material properties in biological samples at cellular scale. Integration of the phase changes along the beam path helps increase sensitivity, and the signal relaxation time reveals the size of hidden objects. These methods may enable multiple applications, ranging from temperature-controlled retinal laser therapy or gene expression to mapping electric current density and characterization of semiconductor devices with rapid pump–probe measurements.

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Elbers, Willem, Carlos S. Frenk, Adrian Jenkins, Baojiu Li, and Silvia Pascoli. "An optimal non-linear method for simulating relic neutrinos." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 2614–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2260.

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ABSTRACT Cosmology places the strongest current limits on the sum of neutrino masses. Future observations will further improve the sensitivity and this will require accurate cosmological simulations to quantify possible systematic uncertainties and to make predictions for non-linear scales, where much information resides. However, shot noise arising from neutrino thermal motions limits the accuracy of simulations. In this paper, we introduce a new method for simulating large-scale structure formation with neutrinos that accurately resolves the neutrinos down to small scales and significantly reduces the shot noise. The method works by tracking perturbations to the neutrino phase-space distribution with particles and reduces shot noise in the power spectrum by a factor of $\mathcal {O}\left(10^2\right)$ at z = 0 for minimal neutrino masses and significantly more at higher redshifts, without neglecting the back-reaction caused by neutrino clustering. We prove that the method is part of a family of optimal methods that minimize shot noise subject to a maximum deviation from the non-linear solution. Compared to other methods, we find per mille level agreement in the matter power spectrum and per cent level agreement in the large-scale neutrino bias, but large differences in the neutrino component on small scales. A basic version of the method can easily be implemented in existing N-body codes and allows neutrino simulations with significantly reduced particle load. Further gains are possible by constructing background models based on perturbation theory. A major advantage of this technique is that it works well for all masses, enabling a consistent exploration of the full neutrino parameter space.

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Gao, Jing, Yanzhao Wang, Kaiming Nie, Zhiyuan Gao, and Jiangtao Xu. "The Analysis and Suppressing of Non-Uniformity in a High-Speed Spike-Based Image Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124232.

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In this paper, the non-ideal factors, which include spatial noise and temporal noise, are analyzed and suppressed in the high-speed spike-based image sensor, which combines the high-speed scanning sequential format with the method that uses the interspike time interval to indicate the scene information. In this imager, spatial noise contains device mismatch, which results in photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) and the non-uniformity of dark current. By multiplying the measured coefficient matrix the photo response non-uniformity is suppressed, and the non-uniformity of dark current is suppressed by correcting the interspike time interval based on the time interval of dark current. The temporal noise is composed of the shot noise and thermal noise. This kind of noise can be eliminated when using the spike frequency to restore the image. The experimental results show that, based on the spike frequency method, the standard deviation of the image decreases from 18.4792 to 0.5683 in the uniform bright light by using the calibration algorithm. While in the relatively uniform dark condition, the standard deviation decreases from 1.5812 to 0.4516. Based on interspike time interval method, because of time mismatch and temporal noise, the standard deviation of the image changes from 27.4252 to 27.4977 in the uniform bright light by using the calibration algorithm. While in the uniform dark condition, the standard deviation decreases from 2.361 to 0.3678.

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BABUSCI, D., and M. GIOVANNINI. "RESPONSE OF VIRGO DETECTORS TO PRE-BIG-BANG GRAVITONS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 10, no. 04 (August 2001): 477–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271801001165.

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The sensitivity achievable by a pair of VIRGO detectors to stochastic and isotropic gravitational wave backgrounds produced in pre-big-bang models is discussed in view of the development of a second VIRGO interferometer. We describe a semi-analytical technique allowing to compute the signal-to-noise ratio for (monotonic or non-monotonic) logarithmic energy spectra of relic gravitons of arbitrary slope. We apply our results to the case of two correlated and coaligned VIRGO detectors and we compute their achievable sensitivities. We perform our calculations both for the usual case of minimal string cosmological scenario and in the case of a non-minimal scenario (originally suggested by Gasperini) where a long dilaton dominated phase is present prior to the onset of the ordinary radiation dominated phase. In this framework, we investigate possible improvements of the achievable sensitivities by selective reduction of the thermal contributions (pendulum and pendulum's internal modes) to the noise power spectra of the detectors. Since a reduction of the shot noise does not increase significantly the expected sensitivity of a VIRGO pair (in spite of the relative spatial location of the two detectors) our findings support the experimental efforts directed towards a substantial reduction of thermal noise.

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Shi-Chen, Wu, Wan Zhen-Zhu, Li Huan, and Liu Zhong-Zhu. "Photo-thermal Shot Noise in End Mirrors of LIGO due to Correlation of Power Fluctuation." Chinese Physics Letters 23, no. 12 (November 29, 2006): 3173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/23/12/014.

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Wang, Ping, Jiao Qin, Lixin Guo, and Yintang Yang. "BER Performance of FSO Limited by Shot and Thermal Noise Over Exponentiated Weibull Fading Channels." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, no. 3 (February 1, 2016): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2015.2494372.

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Signoracci, L., C. Turchetti, and S. Orcioni. "High frequency thermal noise modelling of short-channel MOSFET's." Solid-State Electronics 45, no. 2 (February 2001): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(01)00003-x.

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Barker, Peter D. R. "Sensitization and multiplicative noise in the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) of the locust." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (September 1993): 791–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006040.

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AbstractSpike discharges from the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) were recorded extracellularly from the ventral nerve cord of the locust in complete darkness, in response to dim flashes of constant-intensity light, and in response to pairs of identical flashes presented different intervals apart. Three phenomena were discovered: novel long-term sensitization which changes the DCMD's sensitivity to light, a multiplicative cascade process driven by shot events, and the suppression of the spike discharge shortly after a dim flash.The DCMD's spike discharge is stochastic. It can be considered as a two-stage cascade process producing intrinsic multiplicative noise. An effective photon, or thermal isomerization in complete darkness, produces an unseen shot event which in turn initiates a random number of DCMD spikes in a cluster. A shot initiates a variable number of spikes when it directs the rate of a Poisson process. The results of statistical analyses are consistent with this model when the amplitudes of shot events are variable. The transmission efficiency is low because at least 2.4–9.6 quantum bumps are required to produce one extra DCMD spike.The DCMD has a constant mean discharge rate of 0.25–1.5 spikes/s in complete darkness. Clustering about particular points in time (shots) leads to a lack of independence between interspike intervals, and the overdispersion of interspike interval and number distributions compared with those from a simple Poisson process. The mean cluster size is 1.3–1.6 spikes in darkness. Similar clustering was found in response to flashes of light.A dim flash changes the DCMD's sensitivity to light, even at threshold when no spike discharge results. Sensitization occurs because the average number of shot events produced by isoquantal flashes depends on the history of visual stimulation. This contributes to the nonlinear response-intensity function. The evolution of sensitization is roughly constant in different DCMD cells, lasting approximately 3 s after a flash. Sensitization was observed in response to light only, presumably because the intensity of dark-light is too low. It is proposed that sensitization is associated with a set of processes or molecular state in the presynaptic region of a chemical synapse.

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BRUN, TODD A., and HSI-SHENG GOAN. "REALISTIC SIMULATIONS OF SINGLE-SPIN MEASUREMENT VIA MAGNETIC RESONANCE FORCE MICROSCOPY." International Journal of Quantum Information 03, supp01 (November 2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749905001201.

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The problem of measuring single electron or nuclear spins is of great interest for a variety of purposes, from imaging the structure of molecules to quantum information processing. One of the most promising techniques is magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), in which the force between a spin and a small permanent magnet resonantly drives the oscillations of a microcantilever. Numerous issues arise in understanding this system: thermal noise in the cantilever, shot-noise and back-action from monitoring the cantilever's motion, spin relaxation, and interaction with higher cantilever modes. Detailed models of these effects allow one to assess their relative importance and the necessary improvements for sensitivity at the single-spin level.

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Gupta, Sumit, and Aditya Goel. "Design of Multiservice Code (MS) in Spectral/Temporal/Spatial Domain for OCDMA System." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0180.

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AbstractThis paper explores the design of multiservice code (MS) in spectral, time spreading and wavelength domains (3-Dimensional). The proposed 3D code is designed in such a manner that follows the ideal in phase unit cross correlation in spectral, time spreading and wavelength domains. The proposed encoder generates the MS code effectively in 3D domain and decoder suppresses the multi-user interferences successfully. Performance analyses are carried out by considering the all noises such as phase induce intensity noise(PIIN), shot noise and thermal noise. The analysis of 3D-MS code for variable code length is also performed for measurement of variation in bit error rate against the received power and number of active users in the design. The observed performances are also compared with existing codes such as 2D-MDW, 3D-PDC and 1D-MS code and the proposed code shows the better performance. The analysis of bit error rate of proposed code is carried out against the number of users at 0.622Gbits/s data rate and 0 dBm received power and comparison is also formed with the existing code such as 3D PD(M=21, N=3, P=3), 2DMDW(M=63, P=3), PDC(M=57, P=3) and 1D MS Code. It is noted that 3D MS code shows the better performance than the existing methods. Analysis is also evaluated for variable weight and variable length codes in order to observe the variation in bit error rate with variation in received power and number of simultaneous users.

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Wijanto, Eddy, and Chun-Ming Huang. "Design of Bipolar Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access Techniques Using Phase Modulator for Polarization Coding in Wireless Optical Communication." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 5955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135955.

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In this study, a bipolar optical code-division multiple-access (Bi-OCDMA) technique based on spectral amplitude coding (SAC) was proposed by using a phase modulator to realize polarization coding through a free-space optical (FSO) channel. Various types of noise, such as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, thermal noise, and shot noise, were included in the simulation to approach the real application. The first simulation, utilizing a modified M-sequence as signature code, demonstrated that the proposed Bi-OCDMA system could be implemented in FSO communication. The proposed Bi-OCDMA scheme improves the transmission rate and power efficiency compared with the previous scheme. The structure of the proposed system alleviates multiple-access interference (MAI) with a simple and cost-effective design. The second simulation observed the performance of the proposed Bi-OCDMA for two users with several well-known SAC codes, i.e., multi-diagonal (MD) code, modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code, modified maximum length sequence (M-sequence) code, and Walsh–Hadamard code, in extreme weather conditions, both for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and turbulence-induced fading channel. The simulation results indicated that the Walsh–Hadamard code has superior performance compared to other codes. The results show the MD code can be implemented in the proposed Bi-OCDMA scheme for a medium-distance FSO.

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Ai, Duong Huu, and Van Loi Nguyen. "BER analysis of amplify-and-forward relaying FSO systems using APD receiver over strong atmospheric turbulence channels." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp3678-3686.

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<span lang="EN-US">In this paper, we theoretically analyze the performance of amplify-and-forward (AF) serial relaying free-space optical (FSO) systems using avalanche photodiodes (APD) and subcarrier quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-QAM) over strong atmospheric turbulence channels modelled by gamma-gamma distribution. Closed-form expression for average bit error rate (BER) of system is theoretically derived talking into account APD shot noise, thermal noise as well as the impact of atmospheric loss and turbulence. The numerical results show that using AF relay stations can extend the transmission distance and help to improve performance of FSO system significantly when compared with the direct transmission. Moreover, the selection of APD gain value is indispensable to the system performance. The proposed system could be achieved the best performance by selecting an optimal APD gain value. In addition, the optimal value of APD gain also significantly depends on various conditions, such as link distance, the number of relay stations and APD receiver noise.</span>

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Heiblum, Moty, and D. E. Feldman. "Edge probes of topological order." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 18 (June 12, 2020): 2030009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20300094.

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According to the bulk-edge correspondence principle, the physics of the gapless edge in the quantum Hall effect determines the topological order in the gapped bulk. As the bulk is less accessible, the last two decades saw the emergence of several experimental techniques that invoke the study of the compressible edge. We review the properties of the edge, and describe several experimental techniques that include shot noise and thermal noise measurements, interferometry, and energy (thermal) transport at the edge. We pay special attention to the filling factor 5/2 in the first excited Landau level (in two-dimensional electron gas in GaAs), where experimental evidence of a non-Abelian topological order was found. A brief discussion is devoted to recent interferometry experiments that uncovered unexpected physics in the integer quantum Hall effect. The article also addresses the theory of edge states, for systems with Abelian and non-Abelian topological orders.

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44

Subramani, Prabu, Ganesh Babu Rajendran, Jewel Sengupta, Rocío Pérez de Prado, and Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari. "A Block Bi-Diagonalization-Based Pre-Coding for Indoor Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output-Visible Light Communication System." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 3466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133466.

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Visible Light Communication (VLC) is a promising field in optical wireless communications, which uses the illumination infrastructure for data transmission. The important features of VLC are electromagnetic interference-free, license-free, etc. Additionally, Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques are enabled in the VLC for enhancing the limited modulation bandwidth by its spectral efficiency. The data transmission through the MIMO-VLC system is corrupted by different interferences, namely thermal noise, shot noise and phase noise, which are caused by the traditional fluorescent light. In this paper, an effective precoding technique, namely Block Bi-Diagonalization (BBD), is enabled to mitigate the interference occurring in the indoor MIMO-VLC communications. Besides, a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is used to modulate the signal before transmission. Here, the indoor MIMO-VLC system is developed to analyze the communication performance under noise constraints. The performance of the proposed system is analyzed in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput. Furthermore, the performances are compared with three different existing methods such as OAP, FBM and NRZ-OOK-LOS. The BER value of the proposed system of scenario 1 is 0.0501 at 10 dB, which is less than that of the FBM technique.

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Anandan, P., N. Malathi, and N. Mohankumar. "Modeling of Temperature-Dependent Noise in Silicon Nanowire FETs including Self-Heating Effects." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/635803.

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Silicon nanowires are leading the CMOS era towards the downsizing limit and its nature will be effectively suppress the short channel effects. Accurate modeling of thermal noise in nanowires is crucial for RF applications of nano-CMOS emerging technologies. In this work, a perfect temperature-dependent model for silicon nanowires including the self-heating effects has been derived and its effects on device parameters have been observed. The power spectral density as a function of thermal resistance shows significant improvement as the channel length decreases. The effects of thermal noise including self-heating of the device are explored. Moreover, significant reduction in noise with respect to channel thermal resistance, gate length, and biasing is analyzed.

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Park, Chan Hyeong, and Young June Park. "Modeling of thermal noise in short-channel MOSFETs at saturation." Solid-State Electronics 44, no. 11 (November 2000): 2053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(00)00161-1.

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Kwangseok Han, J. Gil, Seong-Sik Song, Jeonghu Han, Hyungcheol Shin, Choong-Ki Kim, and Kwyro Lee. "Complete high-frequency thermal noise modeling of short-channel MOSFETs and design of 5.2-GHz low noise amplifier." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 40, no. 3 (March 2005): 726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2005.843637.

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48

Vallur, Sunil, and R. P. Jindal. "Modeling short-channel effects in channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise in MOSFETs in the NQS regime." Solid-State Electronics 53, no. 1 (January 2009): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2008.09.015.

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49

Grüneis, Ferdinand. "Intermittent Phonon Scattering as a Possible Origin of 1/f Fluctuations in Metallic Resistors." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 14, no. 02 (May 4, 2015): 1550018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477515500182.

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We regard a metallic resistor for temperatures T ≫ Θ D (= Debye temperature); under this condition, electron–phonon scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism. We investigate the noise properties under the supposition that phonon scattering is an intermittent process. Intermissions may be caused by an interaction between different phonon modes giving rise to a short break down of a mode. Due to such an intermittent behavior, we obtain — besides thermal noise — a 1/f noise component. Under equilibrium conditions, the 1/f noise term disappears. Under an applied electric field, the electrons are accelerated between collisions resulting in an additional 1/f noise component which can be compared with Hooge's relation. The predicted Hooge coefficient is α ≈ 3 ⋅ 10-3(τ off /τs)2 with τs being the mean electron phonon scattering time and τ off being the mean off-time ( = intermission). We also find 1/f fluctuations in the square of thermal noise suggesting that an applied current only probes 1/f fluctuations which are already present under equilibrium conditions.

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Morra, Ahmed E., Haitham S. Khallaf, Hossam M. H. Shalaby, and Zen Kawasaki. "Performance Analysis of Both Shot- and Thermal-Noise Limited MultiPulse PPM Receivers in Gamma–Gamma Atmospheric Channels." Journal of Lightwave Technology 31, no. 19 (October 2013): 3142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2013.2278692.

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