Journal articles: 'Shoulder arms'

1

Ackland, David C., Sasha Roshan-Zamir, Martin Richardson, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Moment Arms of the Shoulder Musculature After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 92, no. 5 (May 2010): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.i.00001.

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Yanagawa, Takashi, Kevin B. Shelburne, Michael R. Torry, Cheryl J. Goodwin, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Moment Arms Of Shoulder Muscles During Movement." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01428.

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Yanagawa, Takashi, Kevin B. Shelburne, Michael R. Torry, Cheryl J. Goodwin, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Moment Arms Of Shoulder Muscles During Movement." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-01428.

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Lenarčič, Jadran, and Nives Klopčar. "Positional kinematics of humanoid arms." Robotica 24, no. 1 (October 31, 2005): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574705001906.

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We present the positional abilities of a humanoid manipulator based on an improved kinematical model of the human arm. This was synthesized from electro-optical measurements of healthy female and male subjects. The model possesses three joints: inner shoulder joint, outer shoulder joint and elbow joint. The first functions as the human sternoclavicular joint, the second functions as the human glenohumeral joint, and the last replicates the human humeroulnar rotation. There are three links included, the forearm and the upper arm link which are of a constant length, and the shoulder link which is expandable. Mathematical interrelations between the joint coordinates are also taken into consideration. We determined the reachability of a humanoid arm, treated its orienting redundancy in the shoulder complex and the positional redundancy in the shoulder-elbow complexes, and discussed optimum configurations in executing different tasks. The results are important for the design and control of humanoid robots, in medicine and sports.

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Bialocerkowski, Andrea. "Disabilities of the Arms, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 53, no. 2 (2007): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(07)70050-8.

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Meyer, Isabelle de. "Take up your arms." Indogermanische Forschungen 127, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 91–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2022-0006.

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Abstract This article investigates the etymology of four Latin lexemes starting with /arm-/: arma, armus, armilla and armenta. It examines whether they are men- or mo-derivatives of the root commonly reconstructed as *h₂er- ‘to join’. The combination of an in-depth analysis of 1) the use of armenta in Latin, and ἀραρίσκω and ἁρμόζω in Greek, and 2) similar stems in other IE languages, particularly Vedic īrmá-, Latvian ir̃mi et al., OCS ramo and jarьmъ et al., results in the conclusion that two stems should be differentiated. Armus and the other IE words for ‘shoulder; arm’ point to a second laryngeal and go back to a mo-stem ‘joining, (shoulder) joint’, originally an adjective. Its substantivation process went along with a change in accentuation and ablaut. The middle laryngeal would be the result of a contamination with *pĺ̥h₂-meh₂. The other Latin words and OCS jarьmъ et al. go back to a men-stem ‘the attachment’. The armenta were originally ‘the ones belonging to the attachment (a yoke)’ > ‘the plough animals’. Lastly, it is stated that if ἅρμα was a direct men-derivative of the PIE root, the wheel should be interpreted as ‘the attachment (to the chariot frame)’ rather than ‘the thing joined together’.

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Ackland, David C., Martin Richardson, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Axial Rotation Moment Arms of the Shoulder Musculature After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 94, no. 20 (October 2012): 1886–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.j.01861.

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Kuechle, David K., Stephen R. Newman, Eiji Itoi, Bernard F. Morrey, and Kai-Nan An. "Shoulder muscle moment arms during horizontal flexion and elevation." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 6, no. 5 (September 1997): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-2746(97)70049-1.

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Ruckstuhl, Heidi, Jacek Krzycki, Nassos Petrou, Philippe Favre, Tamara Horn, Stefan Schmid, and Edgar Stussi. "Shoulder abduction moment arms in three clinically important positions." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 18, no. 4 (July 2009): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.021.

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Ackland, David C., Ponnaren Pak, Martin Richardson, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Moment arms of the muscles crossing the anatomical shoulder." Journal of Anatomy 213, no. 4 (October 2008): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00965.x.

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Ikemoto, Shuhei, Yuya Kimoto, and Koh Hosoda. "Shoulder complex linkage mechanism for humanlike musculoskeletal robot arms." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 10, no. 6 (November 5, 2015): 066009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/10/6/066009.

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Ackland, David C., and Marcus G. Pandy. "Moment arms of the shoulder muscles during axial rotation." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 29, no. 5 (November 9, 2010): 658–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.21269.

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Hamilton, Matthew A., Phong Diep, Chris Roche, Pierre Henri Flurin, Thomas W. Wright, Joseph D. Zuckerman, and Howard Routman. "Effect of reverse shoulder design philosophy on muscle moment arms." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 33, no. 4 (February 12, 2015): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.22803.

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Yih Chong, Michael. "Central Cord Syndrome Mimic-Bilateral Anterior Shoulder Dislocations: A Case Report." Current Research in Emergency Medicine (CREM) 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/crem/1008.

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Unilateral anterior shoulder dislocations are the most common major joint dislocation. However, bilateral shoulder dislocations are rare, and when present are mostly posterior. Given the rarity of this clinical entity, many emergency physicians would suspect central cord syndrome in a patient who presents with disproportionate weakness of the arms compared to the legs post trauma. This case report describes a 65-year-old woman presenting with inability to move both arms after she tripped. She displayed signs consistent with an initial diagnosis of central cord syndrome. Appropriate investigations led to the correct and timely diagnosis of bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations. Bilateral shoulder dislocations are uncommon. Central cord syndrome can mimic similar clinical presentations, and vice versa. It is important for emergency physicians to recognise these pitfalls in diagnosis, and to increase awareness of this clinical entity to avoid future late or missed diagnoses.

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Jovanović, Stevan, Nenad Nedović, Danilo Vujičić, and Predrag Teovanović. "Reliability and validity of measuring shoulder joint flexion using digital and standard goniometric methods." Fizicka kultura, no. 00 (2024): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fk77-46799.

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Based on the literature review and clinical experiences, it can be concluded that measuring the amplitude of movement is one of the fundamental kinesiometric methods used in assessing joint functionality. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of measuring the shoulder joint's range of motion using the digital system KEMTAI compared to a goniometer with arms. This non-experimental observation was conducted on 40 participants whose flexion range in the shoulder joint was measured using both the goniometer with arms and the KEMTAI software system, which utilizes the examiner's mobile phone camera. The results indicated that the lowest mean value was obtained during the first measurement session (M1 = 154.68), while the highest was during the third session (M2 = 156.53). When using the KEMTAI software, the variability of mean values for the total tested population was significantly higher than when using the goniometer with arms. The results suggest that the KEMTAI software/system is reliable when comparing the average results of three measurements. Based on these findings, it is concluded that three experienced measurers demonstrated high reliability in measuring the shoulder joint's flexion range using the goniometer with arms. Despite the identified differences between the measurement results obtained using these two methods, it is considered that the KEMTAI software/system is applicable in practical work.

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OMAR, NURHIDAYAH. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ARMS DURING KAYAKING USING GORDON'S METHOD." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 09 (January 2012): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512005235.

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The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model of the arms during kayaking. Gordon's method has been used to develop the model. This model comprises of six kinematic chains of the arms that represent the right shoulder joint, right elbow joint, right wrist joint, left wrist joint, left elbow joint and left shoulder joint. The joints comprise of right upper arm, right lower arm, right hand-paddle, left hand-paddle, left lower arm and left upper arms.

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Vu, Linh Q., Rahul Agrawal, Mahdi Hassan, and Nils A. Hakansson. "Torso Kinematics in Human Rolling Do Not Change When Upper Extremity Motion Is Constrained." Motor Control 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0115.

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Human rolling, as turning in bed, is a fundamental activity of daily living. A quantitative analysis of rolling could help identify the neuromusculoskeletal disorders that prohibit rolling and develop interventions for individuals who cannot roll. This study sought to determine whether crossing the arms over the chest would alter fundamental coordination patterns when rolling. Kinematic data were collected from 24 subjects as they rolled with and without their arms crossed over their chest. Crossing the arms decreased the mean peak angular velocities of the shoulders (p = .001) and pelvis (p = .013) and influenced the mean duration of the roll (p = .057). There were no fundamental differences in shoulder and pelvis coordination when rolling with the arms crossed over the chest, implying that the arms may not have a major role in rolling.

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18

Yeşilyaprak, Sevgi Sevi, Ertuğrul Yüksel, and Serpil Kalkan. "Influence of Pectoralis Minor Muscle and Upper Trapez Muscle Tightness in Scapular Dyskinesis." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00149.

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Objectives: Alterations in scapular kinematics were found in individuals with shoulder problems compared with healthy individuals. These alterations in scapular kinematics such as changes in the normal position or any abnormal motion of the scapula during active motions are defined as “’Scapular Dyskinesis (SD)”. Relationship between tight muscles and scapular kinematics has been investigated. Pectoralis Minor Muscle Tightness (PMMT) effects scapular motion and make changes in scapular kinematics. Although there are some studies indicating a possible relationship between PMM or Upper Trapezius Muscle Tightness (UTMT) and SD, this relationship hasn’t been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of PMMT and UTMT on SD in an asymptomatic population. Methods: One-hundred-eleven participants (mean age: 22.73±3.45 years old, 222 arms, 42 Female-69 Male) were recruited. Subjects were eligible if they were ≥18 years of age, having active full shoulder motion and who has no health problem to hinder them from participate. Individuals with symptoms produced by cervical spine motion, impingement syndrome, frozen shoulder, shoulder instability and a history of shoulder fracture/surgery were excluded. Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT) was used to identify SD. PMMT was determined by Pectoralis Minor Index (PMI), UTMT by UTMT Test. Logistic regression analysis performed to ascertain the effects of PMMT and UTMT on the likelihood that participants have SD. Results: SD was identified in 62 arms (27.9%), PMMT in 32 arms (14.4%), and UTMT in 75 arms (33.8%) in total number of participants. PMMT was determined in 23 arms (37.1%) and UTMT in 39 arms (62.9%) in participants with SD. The logistic regression model was statistically significant, X2=65.472, p<.000, df= 2. The model explained 36.8% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in SD and correctly classified 78.4% of cases. The Wald criterion demonstrated that both PMMT and UTMT made a significant contribution to prediction (p<0.000 for PMMT, p<0.000 for PMMT). People who have PMMT were 13.76 times more likely to exhibit SD than people who haven’t. People who have UTMT were 7.59 times more likely to exhibit SD than people who haven’t. Conclusion: It was determined that people with PMMT and UTMT are more likely to exhibit SD than people who have normal muscle length in this asymptomatic population. Assessment of PMMT and UTMT could be included as a routine part of the scapula and scapular dyskinesia examination. This investigation should be repeated in symptomatic population who has shoulder problems. The effects of various interventions for lengthening these muscles in scapular dyskinesia, needs further research.

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Brigham, Christopher R. "Measuring Shoulder Motion." Guides Newsletter 15, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2010.novdec02.

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Abstract Measuring and documenting shoulder motion is important for many reasons, including diagnosis, determining the severity and progression of a disorder, assessing the results of treatment, and evaluating impairment. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition provides guidance for the process of assessing abnormal motion of the shoulder, specifically Section 15.7a, Clinical Measurements of Motion, and Section 15.7g, Shoulder Motion. The shoulder has greater mobility than any other joint of the body, and movement there usually is composite rather than in a single plane; as a result, single movements are difficult to isolate. In the AMA Guides, universal goniometers with long arms are used to measure shoulder range of motion (ROM). Measurements of joint motion must be performed and recorded consistently because interrater reliability is reduced if instruments are incorrectly placed or if overlying soft tissue distorts the measurement. Active motion is obtained with full muscle force and cooperation after warm-up, and the ROM examination is performed by recording the active measurements from three separate ROM efforts. Patients may self-limit during the assessment of active range of motion or exert submaximal effort on manual strength testing because of pain and/or apprehension, so all measurements should fall within 10° of the mean and both sides should be tested.

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Min, Jihee, Jee Ye Kim, Sujin Yeon, Jiin Ryu, Jin Joo Min, Seho Park, Seung Il Kim, and Justin Y. Jeon. "Change in Shoulder Function in the Early Recovery Phase after Breast Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153416.

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Breast cancer surgery significantly affects the shoulder’s range of motion (ROM) and strength. However, the extent of shoulder impairment, as well as patterns of recovery immediately after surgery, is not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate shoulder ROM and strength during the early recovery phase after surgery. Thirty-two breast cancer patients were observed five times: the day before surgery, discharge day (postoperative day 1 (POD1) or (POD2)), first outpatient visit (POD7–10), second outpatient visit (POD14–20), and third outpatient visit (POD21–30). We assessed shoulder passive ROM and strength for both affected and unaffected arms at each observation. ROM decreased in both affected and unaffected sides post-surgery. ROM on the affected side did not recover to the pre-surgery level until the third outpatient visit (POD24). In contrast, the ROM on the unaffected side recovered to the pre-surgery level by the first outpatient visit (POD10). The shoulder strength of both arms declined and did not recover to pre-surgery levels. Shoulder strength in the affected arm significantly decreased immediately after surgery (52.9% of the pre-surgery levels) and did not recover until the third outpatient visit (62.5% of the pre-surgery levels), whereas that in the unaffected arm decreased gradually (83.1 ± 2.3 at POD 1 and 78.9 ± 2.9 at POD 24). Descriptively, patterns of recovery in ROM may vary according to types of surgery while patterns of recovery in shoulder strength did not: shoulder strength significantly decreased and did not recover notably regardless of types of surgery. Both shoulder ROM and strength reduced during the early recovery phase after breast cancer surgery regardless of types of surgery, although the degree of reduction was greater in shoulder strength than ROM. Our findings suggest that rehabilitation exercises should be implemented in both upper limbs.

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Speelman, E. S., B. Brocx, J. E. Wilbers, M. J. de Bie, O. Ivashchenko, Y. Tank, and A. J. van der Molen. "The influence of arm positions on abdominal image quality of whole-body computed tomography in trauma: systematic review." Emergency Radiology 27, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10140-019-01732-w.

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Abstract Purpose Whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) is the standard diagnostic method for evaluating polytrauma patients. When patients are unable to elevate their arms, the arms are placed along the body, which affects the image quality negatively. Aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the influence of below the shoulder arm positions on image quality of WBCT. Methods Literature in PubMed and Scopus databases was systematically searched. Results of the papers were stratified into 4 categories: arms elevated, 1 arm up 1 arm down, arms ventrally supported, arms along the body. A qualitative analysis was performed on subjective image quality and a quantitative analysis on objective quality (image noise). Results Eight studies were included with 1421 participants. Various studies reported significantly higher quality scores with arms elevated, compared to arms along the body. Significant differences in objective image quality were found between the arms elevated and the arms ventrally on support group. The arms ventrally supported group had a significantly higher image quality than the arms along the body group. A statistically significant difference was found in objective image quality between the 1 arm up 1 arm down and arms along the body group. No preferential below the shoulders position could be identified. Conclusion Positioning the arms alongside the body results in a poor image quality. Placing the arms on a pillow ventrally to the chest improves image quality. Interestingly, asymmetrical arm positioning has potential to improve the image quality for patients that are unable to elevate the arms.

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Acosta, A. M., R. F. Kirsch, and F. C. T. van der Helm. "Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics in individuals with C5-C6 spinal cord injury." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 215, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411011535894.

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The shoulder kinematics of five able-bodied subjects and those of five arms in three subjects with spinal cord injuries at C5 or C6 levels were measured as the subjects elevated their arms in three different planes: coronal, scapular and sagittal. The range of humeral elevation was significantly reduced in all spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects relative to able-bodied subjects. Over this restricted range of humeral motion, the scapula of SCI subjects tended to be medially rotated, relative to ablebodied subjects, and the protraction and spinal tilt angles of the scapula of the SCI subjects indicated scapular winging. These results are consistent with paralysis or at least with significant weakness of the serratus anterior muscle. If further study confirms this hypothesis, functional neuromuscular stimulation of the serratus anterior muscle via a nerve cuff electrode may be an effective intervention for improving shoulder function in C5-C6 SCI.

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Walker, David R., Aimee M. Struk, Keisuke Matsuki, Thomas W. Wright, and Scott A. Banks. "How do deltoid muscle moment arms change after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty?" Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 25, no. 4 (April 2016): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2015.09.015.

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Faria, C. D. C. M., L. F. Teixeira-Salmela, F. Rodrigues de Paula Goulart, and G. F. S. Moraes. "SCAPULAR MUSCLE ACTIONS DURING LOWERING OF THE ARMS WITH SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME." Journal of Biomechanics 40 (January 2007): S637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(07)70625-5.

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de Morais Faria, Christina Danielli Coelho, Luci Fuscaldi Teixeira-Salmela, Fátima Rodrigues de Paula Goulart, and Geraldo Fabiano de Souza Moraes. "Scapular Muscular Activity With Shoulder Impingement Syndrome During Lowering of the Arms." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 18, no. 2 (March 2008): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0b013e318160c05d.

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Meister, Keith, Timothy Day, Marybeth Horodyski, Thomas W. Kaminski, Michael P. Wasik, and Susan Tillman. "Rotational Motion Changes in the Glenohumeral Joint of the Adolescent/Little League Baseball Player." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 5 (May 2005): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504269936.

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Background Differences in range of motion and rotational motion between the dominant and nondominant shoulders in throwing athletes are well documented, although the age at which these changes begin to occur is not known. Hypothesis Changes in glenohumeral rotational motion in the shoulder of the Little League/adolescent baseball player occur during the most formative years of physical development. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Elevation, internal rotation at 90° of abduction, and external rotation at 90° of abduction were measured in the dominant and nondominant shoulders of 294 baseball players, aged 8 to 16 years. Results Analysis of variance revealed 2-way interactions between arm dominance by age for elevation (P =. 005) and internal rotation (P =. 001). Significant differences were noted between dominant and nondominant arms for internal rotation at 90° (P =.001) and external rotation at 90° (P =. 001). Elevation, internal rotation at 90°, external rotation at 90°, and total range of motion varied significantly (P =. 001) among age groups. Elevation in the dominant arms of 16-year-olds was on average 5.3° less than in 8-year-olds (179.6° vs 174.3°). In the nondominant arms, mean elevation for 16-year-olds was 5.6° less than in 8-year-olds (179.7° vs 174.1°). Internal rotation at 90° for the dominant arms averaged 39.0° at age 8 and only 21.3° at age 16. In the non-dominant arms, internal rotation for 8-year-olds averaged 42.2° and only 33.1° for 16-year-olds. Conclusions Elevation and total range of motion decreased as age increased. These changes may be consequences of both bone and soft tissue adaptation. The most dramatic decline in total range of motion was seen between the 13-year-olds and 14-year-olds, in the year before peak incidence of Little Leaguer's shoulder. This decrease in rotational motion may cause increased stress at the physis during throwing.

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Park, Jin-Young, Junhyun Kim, Beom Ho Seo, Ho Dong Yu, Ju Hyun Sim, Jae Hyung Lee, Kyung Soo Oh, and Seok Won Chung. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Scapular Kinematics During Arm Elevation in Baseball Players With Scapular Dyskinesis: Comparison of Dominant and Nondominant Arms." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0216.

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Background: The knowledge of 3-dimensional scapular kinematics is essential for understanding the pathological lesions of the shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. Many studies about alterations of the resting scapular position, dynamic scapular motion, or scapular dyskinesis (SD) have been conducted, yet none of them have identified a consistent pattern of altered scapular kinematics in throwing athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: To analyze the 3-dimensional scapular kinematics of dominant and nondominant arms in baseball players with a pathological condition of the shoulder or elbow. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Bilateral scapular positions, consisting of upward rotation (UR), superior translation (ST), internal rotation (IR), protraction (PRO), and anterior tilting (AT) with an arm at rest and at 150° forward elevation, were measured among 319 baseball players with SD using 3-dimensional computed tomography. Angular values of scapula were compared between dominant and nondominant arms with statistical analysis. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic study. Results: The scapular position of dominant arms showed significantly more AT, less ST at rest and more UR and IR and less ST, PRO, and AT at 150° full forward elevation compared with the nondominant arms. The magnitude of mean change of UR, IR, PRO, and AT during arm elevation increased significantly between the paired arms (P value: UR, ST, PRO, and AT: <.001 and IR: .001). Conclusion: When compared with the nondominant arms, UR, AT, and PRO with the arm at 150° forward elevation of dominant symptomatic arms in baseball players tilted toward positive compensation, whereas IR altered toward negative decompensation. In addition, the angular increment of the scapula increased significantly in dominant symptomatic arms compared with the nondominant arms.

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Ogata, Taiki, Ayanori Nagata, Zhifeng Huang, Takahiro Katayama, Masako Kanai-Pak, Jukai Maeda, Yasuko Kitajima, et al. "Mannequin system for the self-training of nurses in the changing of clothes." Kybernetes 45, no. 5 (May 3, 2016): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2015-0102.

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Purpose – For self-training of nursing students, this paper developed a mannequin to simulate and measure the movement of a patient’s arms while nurses changed the patient’s clothes on a bed. In addition, using the mannequin the purpose of this paper is to determine the difference in the handling of a patient’s arms between nursing teachers and students. Design/methodology/approach – The target patient was an old man with complete paralysis. Three-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) shoulder joints and one-DOF elbow joints were applied to the mannequin. The angles of all joints were measured using a potentiometer, and those angles were transmitted to a computer via Bluetooth. Findings – In a preliminary experiment, the two nursing teachers confirmed that the mannequin arms simulated the motion of the arms of a paralyzed patient. In the experiment, two teachers and six students changed the clothes of the mannequin. The average joint angle of the left elbow and the moving frequency of the left elbow, right shoulder adduction/abduction and right shoulder internal/external rotation were lower in the case of teachers dressing the mannequin than when students were dressing it. Originality/value – The proposed system can simulate a completely paralyzed patient that nursing students would normally be almost unable to train with. Additionally, the proposed approach can reveal differences between skilled and non-skilled people in the treatment of a patient’s body.

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Friscia, Brian A., Robert R. Hammill, Brian A. McGuire, Jay N. Hertel, and Christopher D. Ingersoll. "Anterior Shoulder Laxity Is Not Correlated with Medial Elbow Laxity in High School Baseball Players." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 17, no. 2 (May 2008): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.17.2.106.

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Context:Uninjured baseball players have been shown to have increased anterior glenohumeral joint laxity, which may result in adaptive changes at the medial elbow.Objective:To determine the relationship between anterior shoulder laxity and medial elbow laxity in both arms of baseball and nonbaseball high school athletes and compare the laxity of dominant and nondominant shoulders and elbows of high school baseball and nonbaseball players.Design:Cohort design.Setting:Local high schools.Participants:Thirty healthy high school male athletes.Outcome Measures:Anterior shoulder and medial elbow laxity measurements were taken bilaterally with the Ligmaster™.Results:Dominant and nondominant shoulder laxity was significantly greater in the nonbaseball players than the baseball players. No other significant relationships existed.Conclusions:High school baseball players exhibit less anterior shoulder laxity than do nonbaseball players. No relationship exists between anterior shoulder and medial elbow laxity in high school baseball players.

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Brigham, Christopher R. "Clinical Update: Measuring Shoulder Joint Motion." Guides Newsletter 3, no. 5 (September 1, 1998): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1998.sepoct02.

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Abstract Accurate measurement of shoulder motion is critical in assessing impairment following shoulder disorders. To this end, measuring and recording joint motion are important steps in diagnosing, determining the severity and progression of a disorder, assessing the results of treatment, and evaluating impairment. Shoulder movement usually is composite rather than in a single plane, so isolating single movements is challenging. Universal goniometers with long arms are used to measure shoulder motion, and testing must be performed and recorded consistently. Passive motion may be carried out cautiously by the examiner; two measurements of the same patient by the same examiner should lie within 10° of each other. Shoulder extension and flexion are illustrated. Maximal flexion of the shoulder also includes slight external rotation and abduction, and controlling or eliminating these components during evaluation is challenging. Abduction and adduction are illustrated. Deficits in external rotation may occur in patients who have undergone reconstructive procedures with an anterior approach; deficits in internal rotation may result from issues with shoulder instability. The authors recommend recording the shoulder's range of motion measurements according to the Upper Extremity Impairment Evaluation Record in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fourth Edition.

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Gerber, Adrian. "Camera negatives, releases, and versions of Charlie Chaplin’s Shoulder Arms (1918)." Early Popular Visual Culture 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2021.2009893.

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Eigen, Lennart, and John A. Nyakatura. "Architectural properties of the musculoskeletal system in the shoulder of two callitrichid primate species derived from virtual dissection." Primates 62, no. 5 (June 28, 2021): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00917-7.

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AbstractCallitrichidae are small, arboreal New World primates that utilize a variety of locomotor behaviors including trunk-to-trunk leaping (TTL) and horizontal locomotion which involve differential functional demands. Little is known about the relationship between the preferred locomotor behavior and musculoskeletal architecture of these primates. In this study, we compared the musculoskeletal architecture of selected shoulder muscles in two cadavers each of the trunk-to-trunk leaper Cebuella pygmaea and the mainly pronograde quadrupedally moving Saguinus imperator subgrisescens. Contrast-enhanced microfocus computed tomography (µCT) was used to virtually dissect the cadavers, produce muscle maps, and create 3D reconstructions for an image-based analysis of the muscles. Muscle lengths, muscle volumes, and osteological muscle moment arms were measured, and the anatomical cross-sectional areas (ACSA) were calculated. We expected the muscles of the forelimb of S. imperator to be larger in volume and to be relatively shorter with a larger ACSA due to a higher demand for powerful extension in the forelimbs of this horizontally locomoting species. For C. pygmaea, we expected relatively larger moment arms for the triceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, as larger moment arms present an advantage for extensive vertical clinging on the trunk. The muscles of S. imperator were relatively larger in volume than in C. pygmaea and had a relatively larger ACSA. Thus, the shoulder muscles of S. imperator were suited to generate relatively larger forces than those of C. pygmaea. Contrary to our expectations, there were only slight differences between species in regard to muscle lengths and moment arms, which suggests that these properties are not dependent on the preferred locomotor mode. The study of this limited dataset demonstrates that some but not all properties of the musculoskeletal architecture reflect the preferred locomotor behavior in the two species of Callitrichidae examined.

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Dolan, Martine, Michael Patetta, Sonia Pradhan, Danil Rybalko, Aimee Bobko, Lewis Shi, Benjamin Goldberg, Farid Amirouche, and Jason Koh. "Muscle Fiber Contribution to Rotator Cuff Moment Arms During Abduction for Intact Rotator Cuff, Complete Supraspinatus Tear, Superior Capsular Reconstruction, and Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty. (225)." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10_suppl5 (October 1, 2021): 2325967121S0033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00333.

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Objectives: The Rotator Cuff (RC) is formed from the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles and their tendinous extensions. The 4 RC tendons insert on the humeral head such that they contribute to the dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint along with their rotational actions on the shoulder. The moment arm can be used to demonstrate the work effort potential that a specific muscle is contributing to a musculoskeletal joint rotation. The objective of this study was to break out RC muscles into multiple fibers, providing more clarity as to how individual fibers contribute to a muscle’s overall moment arm during abduction. The aims of this study are: 1.) to illustrate within each RC muscle how multiple muscle fiber lines of action work together to produce abduction in an intact shoulder 2.) to estimate the moment arm changes that take place when the intact rotator cuff goes through surgical repair with either SCR or RSA after complete supraspinatus tear. We hypothesized that the rotator cuff muscles work differently and in combination at the fiber level to bring about a resultant movement that can be assessed through the proposed method of moment arm calculation for intact RC, complete supraspinatus tear, SCR and RSA. Methods: Five fresh cadaveric shoulder specimens were used in an apparatus where each muscle was maintained in tension with the line of action towards its origin on the scapula (Figure 1). An Optotrack camera kept track of digitized points along both the origin and insertion of the rotator cuff muscles as the shoulder was abducted. Using these digitized points, multiple lines of action were created across the breadth of each muscle. Each muscle force action line was then used to calculate moment arm values during 0-90º abduction (Figure 2). Results: Moment arms calculated for multiple fiber lines spanning the tendon attachment site displayed the variance of fiber contribution and function within each muscle during abduction. Our results indicate that rather than providing a return to anatomical shoulder muscle function, RSA and SCR models produce moment arms that vary between muscles, with some contributing more to abduction and some contributing less. Highlighted below are the infraspinatus results for moment arms of individual fiber lines of action (Figure 3) and calculated mean moment arms (Figure 4) over abduction.ANOVA testing demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.001) when analyzing moment arms of intact, complete supraspinatus tear, SCR, and RSA models in teres minor and infraspinatus. There was no significant difference in moment arm values between the models in the subscapularis (p=0.148). Highlighted in Table 1 are the ANOVA testing results for infraspinatus. Conclusions: Our biomechanical analysis demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to detect differences in moment arms of the four rotator cuff muscles across a variety of models, suggesting changes to even one muscle of the shoulder will have significant implications on the function of other shoulder muscles. Furthermore, our analysis of fiber divisions within the same muscle illustrates the complex nature of the shoulder muscles themselves, and future studies should aim to better explore and model their function. The calculated percent differences from intact beautifully illustrated this complexity, as corrective RSA and SCR procedures provided better resemblance of intact anatomy within some rotator cuff muscles while creating a larger percent difference in other muscle groups. By breaking out RC muscles into multiple fibers, more clarity can be gained as to how individual fibers contribute to a muscle’s overall moment arm during abduction. This may further aid surgical decision-making, specifically for RSA where there is continued debate about whether to reconstruct portions of the RC. Given that the supraspinatus tendon is the most frequently torn tendon in the rotator cuff, especially for athletes who apply repetitive stress to the tendon, the results of this study may help inform post-operative rehabilitation by illustrating how abduction and stability are achieved after SCR and RSA.

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Chen, Zhi Ge, and Jing Ye. "The Evaluation of Dynamic Clothing Pressure." Advanced Materials Research 796 (September 2013): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.584.

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With the improvement of living standards, people are increasingly more demands on the dress. Study on the clothing comfort more and more. Clothing pressure comfort is an important aspect of clothing comfort. Dynamic clothing pressure is the interaction between human body and clothing. It is related to clothing styles, fabrics property, clothing structure, body motions, etc. The clothing pressure on different position of body was measured when arms were raised to different position. The pressures on the back, shoulder, arms, waist were discussed in this paper. The biggest pressure was on arms, and all interviewees could feel it.

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Itoi, Eiji, Seok-Beom Lee, Lawrence J. Berglund, Fredrick M. Schultz, Patricia G. Neale, and Kai-Nan An. "MOMENT ARMS OF THE ARM MUSCLES AT THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT USING THE TENDON EXCURSION METHOD." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 11, no. 02 (June 2008): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957708001973.

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Muscle moment arm defines the function of the muscle. To date, moment arms of the arm muscles at the glenohumeral joint using the tendon excursion method have not been reported. As the functions of these muscles at the shoulder joint are controversial, this study was undertaken to determine the moment arms of the long and short heads of the biceps (LHB, SHB), the coracobrachialis, and the long head of the triceps muscles. The moment arms were determined in 10 cadaveric shoulders by measuring the tendon excursion when the arm was rotated by 1 radian (57.3°) in 22 different motions. The LHB was a flexor, horizontal flexor, and abductor. The SHB and coracobrachialis were flexors, horizontal flexors, and adductors. The long head of the triceps was an extensor and adductor. Arm rotation significantly affected the function of the LHB only: it was an internal rotator in flexion and an external rotator in abduction. This study clarifies the individual function of the arm muscles at the glenohumeral joint.

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Shagivaleeva, T. P., Yu E. Mikusev, and E. I. Bogdanov. "Regional flow-of-lymph disorder in pathogenesis of shoulder girdle neurovascular syndromes." Neurology Bulletin XXXV, no. 1-2 (April 20, 2003): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb89668.

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It was established that in pathogenesis of neurovascular syndromes of shoulder girdle and arms a regional lymphodynamic insufficiency plays a major role. This sufficiency can be detected clinically and by a method of lymphoscintigraphy. Characteristic features of regional flow-of-lymph disorder during humeroscapular arthrosis, caused by postinsult hemiparesis and a complex regional pain syndrome, are a complete or partial absence of lymphatic collectors and node imaging, unclearness of their outlines with unequal distribution of radiopharmaceutical medication.

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Skorik, V. G., E. V. Buneyeva, and D. A. Suprun. "Working diagnostics of thyristor arms of a rectifier-inverter converter of an ac electric locomotive." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 2 (2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2022-2-63-73.

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The article considers the principle of working diagnostics in real time of a rectifier-inverter converter of an AC electric locomotive in case of shoulder control failure. The proposed principle is based on the harmonic analysis of the rectified voltage curve and identification of the relative content of individual harmonics that are missing in normal mode. To increase reliability of detection of the damaged shoulders, it is proposed to use a diagnostic criterion based on assessment of changes in the resulting energy output of the converter at certain intervals of the mains voltage period. Due to the joint application of several criteria, damage detection with the necessary level of sensitivity is achieved. For each criterion, two groups of boundary values are calculated, due to which the selectivity of determining the failed shoulder is realized. The justification of the selected boundary conditions that distinguish the emergency mode from the normal one is presented. A simulation model has been created in the MatLAB Simulink software package, which allows exploring the possibilities of diagnosing a rectifier-inverter converter for various operating conditions. The results of simulation modeling confirming correctness of the proposed solutions are presented. It is indicated that the proposed diagnostic method should be used together with the alternative converter control algorithm that ensures operability of the electric part of the electric locomotive in case of failure of one of the arms.

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Barragan Echenique, Diego M., Martine T. Dolan, Jason L. Koh, Benjamin A. Goldberg, and Farid Amirouche. "Infraspinatus Muscle Fiber Moment Arms During Abduction: A Biomechanical Comparison of Values for Intact Rotator Cuff, Supraspinatus Tear, Superior Capsular Reconstruction, and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 232596712210983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221098378.

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Background: Lines of action of the superior, middle, and inferior infraspinatus muscle fibers work together to produce moment arms that change throughout abduction in an intact shoulder, after a supraspinatus tear, and after superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). Purpose: To use moment arm values to indicate the efficacy of SCR and rTSA to restore infraspinatus function during shoulder abduction. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 5 human cadaveric shoulders placed in a testing apparatus were each actively abducted (0°-90°) under the following 4 conditions: intact, complete supraspinatus tear, SCR, and rTSA. The 3-dimensional coordinates of points were tracked along the origin and insertion of the superior, middle, and inferior infraspinatus fibers during abduction. Moment arm values were calculated using the origin-insertion method to determine abduction contribution of infraspinatus fiber sections. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey testing were used to compare differences in moment arms between the 4 conditions and between fiber sections. Results: In the intact condition, the superior infraspinatus fibers had an abduction moment that decreased with elevation until shifting to adduction. Conversely, the middle and inferior fibers had an adduction moment that turned to abduction (mean moment arm values from 0° to 90°: inferior, from –5.9 to 19.4 mm; middle, from –4.7 to 15.9 mm; superior, from 5.6 to –5.1 mm; P < .05). After a supraspinatus tear, superior fibers lacked any torque, and inferior and middle fibers lost adduction potential (inferior, from 4.8 to 14.0 mm; middle, from –0.2 to 9.6 mm; superior, from 1.0 to 0.7 mm; P < .05). SCR restored the initial superior fiber abduction moment (5.6 mm at 0°; P < .05); middle and inferior fibers had some restoration but were weaker than intact fibers. Loss of abduction moment in all fibers was seen with rTSA (inferior, from –9.6 to –1.6 mm; middle, from –10.5 to –3.6 mm; superior, from –1.7 to –4.6 mm; P < .05). Conclusion: Infraspinatus fiber groups had different and inverse moment arms during scapular plane elevation. SCR most closely resembled the intact shoulder, whereas rTSA transformed the infraspinatus into an adductor. Clinical Relevance: These results support the efficacy of SCR at restoring biomechanical muscle function and suggest that the changes in moment arms for each fiber group be considered when choosing treatment modalities and rehabilitation protocols after rotator cuff tear.

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OGAWA, Yoshihiro. "Clinical studies on acupuncture treatment for stiff shoulder and pains of neck, shoulder and arms, and on the mechanism of pathopoiesis." Zen Nihon Shinkyu Gakkai zasshi (Journal of the Japan Society of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) 38, no. 4 (1988): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3777/jjsam.38.416.

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Benda, Petr, Tereza Nováková, and Lenka Žáková. "Clinical evaluation of shoulder ROM in volleyball and handball players in youth categories." AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA 57, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23366052.2021.11.

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Aims. The aim of this study was to clarify whether volleyball and handball players, as representatives of the so-called overhead athletes, already have an increased ROM and specific local hypermobility in the shoulder joints in the junior categories. These changes are described by goniometric measurements and hypermobility tests according to Sachse and Beighton. The results are examined with respect to gender and sport specialization. Methods. Ninety-five subjects without previous shoulder joint injury aged 16 to 19 years, including 73 volleyball and handball players, were tested. The cohort included 33 men, 40 women, 34 handball players and 39 volleyball players. The control group consisted of 22 participants, including 11 men and 11 women. The majority (90.5%) of the study participants were right-hand dominant. Only 9.5% of the participants were left-handed. Measurements were taken with a goniometer with digital display and hypermobility tests according to Sachse and Beighton. Results. In a selected group of volleyball and handball players, the ROM of the shoulder joints of the dominant arm was significantly greater in three ways: into extension, horizontal adduction and external rotation. On the other hand, the ROM of their shoulder joints in internal rotation is smaller and the research group has significant hypermobility in the glenohumeral (scapulohumeral) joint compared to the control group. Our study showed that females compared to males playing volleyball and handball have a significantly higher degree of internal rotation of both dominant and non-dominant arms. No significant differences were found when comparing volleyball and handball players. The difference in ROM between the dominant and non-dominant arms of volleyball and handball players was shown in extension and external rotation.

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Orand, Abbas, Eren Erdal Aksoy, Hiroyuki Miyasaka, Carolyn Weeks Levy, Xin Zhang, and Carlo Menon. "Bilateral Tactile Feedback-Enabled Training for Stroke Survivors Using Microsoft KinectTM." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 8, 2019): 3474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163474.

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Rehabilitation and mobility training of post-stroke patients is crucial for their functional recovery. While traditional methods can still help patients, new rehabilitation and mobility training methods are necessary to facilitate better recovery at lower costs. In this work, our objective was to design and develop a rehabilitation training system targeting the functional recovery of post-stroke users with high efficiency. To accomplish this goal, we applied a bilateral training method, which proved to be effective in enhancing motor recovery using tactile feedback for the training. One participant with hemiparesis underwent six weeks of training. Two protocols, “contralateral arm matching” and “both arms moving together”, were carried out by the participant. Each of the protocols consisted of “shoulder abduction” and “shoulder flexion” at angles close to 30 and 60 degrees. The participant carried out 15 repetitions at each angle for each task. For example, in the “contralateral arm matching” protocol, the unaffected arm of the participant was set to an angle close to 30 degrees. He was then requested to keep the unaffected arm at the specified angle while trying to match the position with the affected arm. Whenever the two arms matched, a vibration was given on both brachialis muscles. For the “both arms moving together” protocol, the two arms were first set approximately to an angle of either 30 or 60 degrees. The participant was asked to return both arms to a relaxed position before moving both arms back to the remembered specified angle. The arm that was slower in moving to the specified angle received a vibration. We performed clinical assessments before, midway through, and after the training period using a Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), a Wolf motor function test (WMFT), and a proprioceptive assessment. For the assessments, two ipsilateral and contralateral arm matching tasks, each consisting of three movements (shoulder abduction, shoulder flexion, and elbow flexion), were used. Movements were performed at two angles, 30 and 60 degrees. For both tasks, the same procedure was used. For example, in the case of the ipsilateral arm matching task, an experimenter positioned the affected arm of the participant at 30 degrees of shoulder abduction. The participant was requested to keep the arm in that position for ~5 s before returning to a relaxed initial position. Then, after another ~5-s delay, the participant moved the affected arm back to the remembered position. An experimenter measured this shoulder abduction angle manually using a goniometer. The same procedure was repeated for the 60 degree angle and for the other two movements. We applied a low-cost Kinect to extract the participant’s body joint position data. Tactile feedback was given based on the arm position detected by the Kinect sensor. By using a Kinect sensor, we demonstrated the feasibility of the system for the training of a post-stroke user. The proposed system can further be employed for self-training of patients at home. The results of the FMA, WMFT, and goniometer angle measurements showed improvements in several tasks, suggesting a positive effect of the training system and its feasibility for further application for stroke survivors’ rehabilitation.

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Frigon, Alain, David F. Collins, and E. Paul Zehr. "Effect of Rhythmic Arm Movement on Reflexes in the Legs: Modulation of Soleus H-Reflexes and Somatosensory Conditioning." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 4 (April 2004): 1516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00695.2003.

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During locomotor tasks such as walking, running, and swimming, the arms move rhythmically with the legs. It has been suggested that connections between the cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord may mediate some of this interlimb coordination. However, it is unclear how these interlimb pathways modulate reflex excitability during movement. We hypothesized that rhythmic arm movement would alter the gain of reflex pathways in the stationary leg. Soleus H-reflexes recorded during arm cycling were compared with those recorded at similar positions with the arms stationary. Nerve stimulation was delivered with the right arm at approximately 70° shoulder flexion or 10° shoulder extension. H-reflexes were evoked alone (unconditioned) or with sural or common peroneal nerve (CP) conditioning to decrease or increase soleus IA presynaptic inhibition, respectively. Both conditioning stimuli were also delivered with no H-reflex stimulation. H-reflex amplitudes were compared at similar M-wave amplitudes and activation levels of the soleus. Arm cycling significantly reduced ( P < 0.05) unconditioned soleus H-reflexes at shoulder flexion by 21.7% and at shoulder extension by 8.8% compared with static controls. The results demonstrate a task-dependent modulation of soleus H-reflexes between arm cycling and stationary trials. Sural nerve stimulation facilitated H-reflexes at shoulder extension but not at shoulder flexion during static and cycling trials. CP nerve stimulation significantly reduced H-reflex amplitude in all conditions. Reflexes in soleus when sural and CP nerve stimulation were delivered alone, were not different between cycling and static trials; thus the task-dependent change in H reflex amplitude was not due to changes in motoneuron excitability. Therefore modulation occurred at a pre-motoneuronal level, probably by presynaptic inhibition of the IA afferent volley. Results indicate that neural networks coupling the cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord in humans are activated during rhythmic arm movement. It is proposed that activation of these networks may assist in reflex linkages between the arms and legs during locomotor tasks.

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Bauer, Stefan, William G. Blakeney, Allan W. Wang, Lukas Ernstbrunner, Jocelyn Corbaz, and Jean-David Werthel. "Challenges for Optimization of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Part II: Subacromial Space, Scapular Posture, Moment Arms and Muscle Tensioning." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041616.

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In part II of this comprehensive review on the optimization of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), we focus on three other challenges: 1. “Conservation of sufficient subacromial and coracohumeral space”; 2. “Scapular posture”; and 3. “Moment arms and muscle tensioning”. This paper follows a detailed review of the basic science and clinical literature of the challenges in part I: 1. “External rotation and extension” and 2. “Internal rotation”. “Conservation of sufficient subacromial and coracohumeral space” and “Scapular posture” may have a significant impact on the passive and active function of RSA. Understanding the implications of “Moment arms and muscle tensioning” is essential to optimize active force generation and RSA performance. An awareness and understanding of the challenges of the optimization of RSA help surgeons prevent complications and improve RSA function and raise further research questions for ongoing study.

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Longhi, Maria, Danilo Donati, Monica Mantovani, Silvia Casarotti, Lucia Calbucci, Giulia Puglisi, Daniela Platano, and Maria Grazia Benedetti. "Feasibility of Shoulder Kinematics Assessment Using Magnetic Inertial Measurement Units in Hemiplegic Patients after Stroke: A Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2023): 11900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111900.

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Scapulothoracic movements are altered after stroke, with resulting shoulder dysfunction. The scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) is complex and poorly studied. Magnetic inertial measurement units (MIMUs) allow a rapid and accurate analysis of shoulder kinematics. MIMUs were used to assess the SHR during active shoulder flexion and abduction of over 60°. SHR values obtained from the hemiplegic shoulders of stroke patients (n = 7) were compared with those from healthy controls (n = 25) and correlated with clinical–functional measurements. The impairment of paretic arms was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). We found that in paretic shoulders, the scapular tilt was significantly lower at maximal arm flexion and at 60° and 90° of arm abduction. On the paretic side, the SHR was also consistently lower for all measured arm movements. The FMA was correlated with the scapular anterior–posterior tilt at 60° and 90° of shoulder abduction (Rho = 0.847, p = 0.016, and Rho = 0.757, p = 0.049, respectively). This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of MIMUs in assessing SHR in stroke patients and confirms previous findings on scapular dysfunction in stroke patients.

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Khan, Said, Samir Bendoukha, and Salem Abdelmalek. "Chaos Stabilization and Tracking Recovery of a Faulty Humanoid Robot Arm in a Cooperative Scenario." Vibration 2, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration2010006.

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Synchronised motion is an important requirement for two cooperating humanoid robot arms. In this work a cooperative scenario is considered where two humanoid robot arms (using 4DOF each, namely Shoulder Flexion Joint, Shoulder abduction Joint, Humeral rotation joint and Elbow Flexion Joint) motion are synchronized. The master robot arm is controlled by a sliding mode controller and the slave robot arm is synchronized using a basic PD plus adaptive control, employing the position and velocity errors between the master and the slave. During the operation, if a joint of the slave robot arm saturates or malfunctions (for instance, Elbow flexion joint does not respond or free swinging), consequently, slave robot arm will go into chaos (i.e., chaotic motion of the end effector). In this case, a chaos controller kicks in to recover and re-synchronize the motion of the slave robot arm end effector. This re-synchronization is extremely important to complete the task in hand to address any safety issues arising from any joint malfunction of the slave robot. Effectiveness of the scheme is tested in simulation using Bristol Robotics Laboratory Humanoid BERT II arms.

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Wickham, J. B., J. M. M. Brown, and D. J. McAndrew. "MUSCLES WITHIN MUSCLES: ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL SEGMENTATION OF SELECTED SHOULDER JOINT MUSCULATURE." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 08, no. 01 (March 2004): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957704001211.

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The objectives of this study were two-fold. Firstly we wished to investigate the segmental anatomy, geometry and gross innervation patterns of selected shoulder joint musculature (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and deltoid) to establish if these muscles could be anatomically subdivided according to predetermined criteria. We then wished to use this information to help determine if a segments activation pattern was reliant on an efficient line of action and a large moment arm for the intended movement. Surface electromyography was used for this purpose whilst manipulating the independent variable of contraction intensity (% MVC) during two shoulder joint flexion tasks. For the anatomical portion of the study the dissection of ten cadaveric shoulders revealed the deltoid to consist of seven segments whilst the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi were both ascribed six segments according to predetermined anatomical/functional criteria. Primary nerve branching was evident in each muscle but no apparent relationship existed between the designated anatomical segments and the primary nerve branches. Differences were evident in the geometry of each segment in regard to moment arms and orientations of each segments line of action. The functional portion of this study, which utilized miniature bipolar surface electrodes during the performance of a static shoulder joint flexion task at 75% and 25% MVC, showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the activation patterns of active segments between the two tasks. Specifically, a "drop out" of segments with smaller flexion moment arms and more diverging lines of action in comparison to the movement plane was evident for all subjects in the 25% MVC task in comparison to the 75% MVC task.

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Sumner, Austin J. "IDIOPATHIC BRACHIAL NEURITIS." Neurosurgery 65, suppl_4 (October 1, 2009): A150—A152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000345355.59438.d1.

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Abstract Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS) is a rare syndrome of unknown cause, affecting mainly the lower motor neurons of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a group of nerves that conduct signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. PTS is usually characterized by the sudden onset of severe 1-sided shoulder pain, followed by paralysis of the shoulder and lack of muscle control in the arm, wrist, or hand several days later. PTS can vary greatly in presentation and nerve involvement. Also known as brachial plexus neuritis or neuralgic amyotrophy, PTS is a common condition characterized by inflammation of a network of nerves that control and supply, or innervate, the muscles of the chest, shoulders, and arms. Individuals with the condition first experience severe pain across the shoulder and upper arm. Within a few hours or days, weakness, wasting (atrophy), and paralysis may affect the muscles of the shoulder. Although individuals with the condition may experience paralysis of the affected areas for months or, in some cases, years, recovery is usually eventually complete.

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Saarkoppel, Lyudmila, Anastasiya Shhetinina, Galina Lagutina, Ol`ga Nepershina, Aleksandra Lagutina, Irina Rudakova, Ol`ga Skry`pnik, and Svetlana Dunaeva. "P-611 OCCUPATIONAL SHOULDER LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FORCEFUL EXERTIONS." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1444.

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Abstract Introduction Among the occupational musculoskeletal disorders registered in the Russian Federation shoulder lesions associated with forceful exertions deserve special attention. Diagnosis of these diseases is a significant problem for occupational medicine specialists, which determines the extremely low detectability of this pathology. Material and Methods Neuro-orthopedic examination and ultrasound examination of 170 underground miners, whose work activity is associated with physical overloads of the shoulder girdle and arms, were carried out. Results and Conclusions Neuro-orthopedic examination revealed various clinical manifestations of shoulder injury - asymmetry of the shoulder girdle, hypotrophy of the shoulder girdle muscles (most often the supraspinatus muscle of the working arm), soreness and muscle seals during palpation in the periarticular region, soreness and restriction of active and less often passive movements in the shoulder joint, positive tests of Joub, Dauborn, positive resistive tests leads, external and internal rotation. Occupational pathology of the shoulder was diagnosed in half (51.2%) of the examined. Tendinosis of the long head of the biceps muscle of the shoulder and lesions of the rotator cuff muscles were most often detected, more often on both sides and often had a combined character. At the same time, in 34 patients (about 28% of the examined), ultrasound signs of shoulder lesions were not always accompanied by clinical manifestations, which caused a low correlation between the severity of ultrasound and clinical symptoms. The data obtained substantiate the need to develop new diagnostic approaches to the detection of occupational shoulder lesions.

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Heerkens, Renée J., Albère JA Köke, Freek JB Lötters, and Rob JEM Smeets. "Motor imagery performance and tactile acuity in patients with complaints of arms, neck and shoulder." Pain Management 8, no. 4 (July 2018): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2017-0070.

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Webb, Joshua D., Silvia S. Blemker, and Scott L. Delp. "3D finite element models of shoulder muscles for computing lines of actions and moment arms." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 17, no. 8 (September 20, 2012): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2012.719605.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Shoulder arms'

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