Relevant bibliographies by topics / Shoulder muscle

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Shoulder muscle'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Shoulder muscle"

1

Bhawna, N. K. Multani, and Zile Singh Kundu. "SHOULDER MUSCLE STRENGTH IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT SHOULDER PAIN." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 4, no. 4 (August 11, 2016): 1616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2016.149.

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Muething, Alyssa, Shellie Acocello, Kimberly A. Pritchard, Stephen F. Brockmeier, Susan A. Saliba, and Joseph M. Hart. "Shoulder-Muscle Activation in Individuals With Previous Shoulder Injuries." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 3 (August 2015): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0160.

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Context:Understanding how muscles activate in a population with a previous glenohumeral-joint (GH) injury may help clinicians understand how to build a conservative treatment plan to strengthen or activate the specific muscles in an attempt to reduce recurrent shoulder injury and development of GH laxity.Objective:To investigate muscle-activation differences between the previously injured limb of individuals with a history of GH-joint injury and healthy matched controls during functional isometric contractions.Design:Case control.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:17 individuals (8 women, 9 men; age 22.3 ± 2.6 y, height 172.4 ± 8.8 cm, mass 75.4 ± 16.5 kg) with previous unilateral shoulder pain and 17 (8 women, 9 men; age 22.9 ± 3.9 y, height 170.9 ± 11.3 cm, mass 73.6 ± 22.9 kg) with no history of shoulder pain or injury.Intervention(s):Diagnostic ultrasound measurements of the supraspinatus were completed in both resting and contracted states to assess changes in muscle thickness. Manual muscle tests (anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, lower trapezius, serratus anterior) and functional isometric contractions (forward flexion, scaption, abduction) were measured using electromyography.Main Outcome Measures:Peak, normalized activation of each muscle and supraspinatus thickness activation ratio were compared between groups and bilaterally within groups using separate ANOVAs.Results:The anterior deltoid was significantly less activated during all functional isometric tasks in previously injured subjects than in healthy subjects (P = .024). In previously injured subjects, the involved limb-lower trapezius was significantly less activated during scaption and abduction tasks than the contralateral side (P = .022 and P = .031, respectively).Conclusions:There were decreases in muscle activation in the anterior deltoid between previously injured and healthy people, as well as in the lower trapezius, in previously injured subjects. Understanding the source of muscle-activation deficits can help clinicians focus rehabilitation exercises on specific muscles.
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Jacob, J., P. O'Connor, and B. Pass. "Muscle Injury Around the Shoulder." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 26, no. 05 (October 2022): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1756687.

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AbstractAcute shoulder tendon and intra-articular injuries are common and their imaging well described. However, a subset of patients present with more unusual acute shoulder muscle injury. Of these, pectoralis major muscle injuries are encountered the most often and are increasingly prevalent due to a focus on personal fitness, particularly bench-press exercises. Other muscle injuries around the shoulder are rare. This article reviews the anatomy, mechanism of injury, and the imaging findings in relation to injuries of these muscles around the shoulder. We focus on pectoralis major injury but also review proximal triceps, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and deltoid muscle injuries, providing imaging examples.
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Moeller, Chad R., Kellie C. Huxel Bliven, and Alison R. Snyder Valier. "Scapular Muscle-Activation Ratios in Patients With Shoulder Injuries During Functional Shoulder Exercises." Journal of Athletic Training 49, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.10.

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Context: Alterations in scapular muscle activation, which are common with glenohumeral (GH) injuries, affect stability and function. Rehabilitation aims to reestablish activation between muscles for stability by progressing to whole-body movements. Objective: To determine scapular muscle-activation ratios and individual muscle activity (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT], serratus anterior [SA]) differences between participants with GH injuries and healthy control participants during functional rehabilitation exercises. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-nine participants who had GH injuries (n = 20; age = 23.6 ± 3.2 years, height = 170.7 ± 11.5 cm, mass = 74.7 ± 13.1 kg) or were healthy (n = 19; age = 24.4 ± 3.3 years, height = 173.6 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 74.7 ± 14.8 kg) were tested. Intervention(s): Clinical examination confirmed each participant's classification as GH injury or healthy control. Participants performed 4 exercises (bow and arrow, external rotation with scapular squeeze, lawnmower, robbery) over 3 seconds with no load while muscle activity was recorded. Main Outcome Measure(s): We used surface electromyography to measure UT, MT, LT, and SA muscle activity. Scapular muscle-activation ratios (UT:MT, UT:LT, and UT:SA) were calculated (normalized mean electromyography of the UT divided by normalized mean electromyography of the MT, LT, and SA). Exercise × group analyses of variance with repeated measures were conducted. Results: No group differences for activation ratios or individual muscle activation amplitude were found (P > .05). Similar UT:MT and UT:LT activation ratios during bow-and-arrow and robbery exercises were seen (P > .05); both had greater activation than external-rotation-with-scapular-squeeze and lawnmower exercises (P < .05). The bow-and-arrow exercise elicited the highest activation from the UT, MT, and LT muscles; SA activation was greatest during the external-rotation-with-scapular-squeeze exercise. Conclusions: Scapular muscle activation was similar between participants with GH injuries and healthy control participants when performing the unloaded multiplanar, multijoint exercises tested. High activation ratios during the bow-and-arrow exercise indicate UT hyperactivity or decreased MT, LT, and SA activity. Our GH injury group may be comparable to high-functioning injured athletes. Study results may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate exercises for scapular muscle activation when caring for injured athletes.
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Melnyk, O. O., and M. V. Melnyk. "Біоморфологічні особливості м’язів, діючих на плечовий суглоб, деяких представників ряду горобцеподібних – Ordо Passeriformes." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 77 (March 7, 2017): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7713.

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Biomorphological features of muscles that act on the shoulder joint of some representatives of orderPasseriformes are represented in the article. As shoulder joint of birds has many axes, not only the muscles of the shoulder joint provide the movements in it, but some of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and elbow joint. It should be noted that the main flight muscles of birds are the shoulder girdle muscles, including the chest (m. pectoralis) and supra-coracoid muscles. Some muscles of an elbow joint, including m. coracoradialis and m. scapuli triceps, are equally important. However, the amount of muscles that somehow act on the shoulder joint of the investigated birds' species is different, the degree of muscle development in these species is also different. In order to understand the degree of development, particularly mechanisms of differentiation and development of muscle structures, a comprehensive study of the muscles of the shoulder girdle, shoulder and elbow joints was conducted. The material for the research was obtained from the funds of the Department of animal anatomy named after acad. V.G. Kasyanenko of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, where the studies of muscular structures of the shoulder joint of some representatives of order Passeriformes, including raven (Corvus corax), rook (Corvus fragilegus), waxwings (Bombycilla garrulous), were conducted. Research of muscles of the shoulder joint, shoulder girdle and elbow joint of birds was performed on fresh or fixed in 10% formalin solution cadavers. After describing and defining of fixation points of the muscles, they were dissected to determine the location of the muscle fibers. In addition, in order to determine the degree of development of muscles and muscle groups, each muscle was weighed. During the research, muscles were drawn or pictured to complement the work with illustrative material. There was no larger or smaller muscle neither in muscle group of shoulder, nor elbow joint that should be significantly for each case. There is no clear stability in the development of muscle groups of these joints. At the same time, muscle group of elbow joint is more developed than the muscle group of shoulder joint. All these mentioned features of structure and differentiation of muscles, which act on the shoulder joint of birds, are caused by physical exertion, posed by adaptation to a different type, speed and duration of flight.
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Chang, Hsiao-Yun, Chen-Sheng Chen, Shun-Hwa Wei, and Chi-Huang Huang. "Recovery of Joint Position Sense in the Shoulder after Muscle Fatigue." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 15, no. 4 (November 2006): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.15.4.312.

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Context:Fatigue of the shoulder rotator muscles may negatively affect joint position sense (JPS) and ultimately lead to injury.Objective:Recovery of shoulder JPS after muscle fatigue.Design:A repeated-measures study.Setting:Musculoskeletal research laboratory.Patients:Thirteen subjects participated in joint position error tests and isokinetic concentric strength assessment in shoulder rotation, before and after rotator muscle fatigue.Interventions:Local muscle fatigue was induced using isokinetic concentric contractions of the shoulder rotator muscles.Main Outcome Measurements:Shoulder rotator strength and JPS error signals were measured before fatigue, immediately after fatigue, and every ten minutes thereafter for one hour.Results:Before shoulder rotation muscle fatigue, the accuracy of shoulder JPS was 2.79 ± 1.67 degrees. After muscle fatigue, the accuracy decreased to 6.39 ± 2.90 degrees. Shoulder JPS was influenced up to 40 minutes after muscle fatigue, but shoulder strength was only affected for 10 minutes after muscle fatigue.Conclusions:Proprioceptive recovery was slower than strength following fatigue of the shoulder rotators.
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Nie, Hongling, Adam Kawczynski, Pascal Madeleine, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Delayed onset muscle soreness in neck/shoulder muscles." European Journal of Pain 9, no. 6 (December 2005): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.12.009.

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Bolton, G., SJ Moss, M. Sparks, and PC Venter. "Thoracic posture, shoulder muscle activation patterns and isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2013/v25i1a386.

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Background. Shoulder injuries are the most severe injuries in rugby union players, accounting for almost 20% of injuries related to the sport and resulting in lost playing hours.Objective. To profile the thoracic posture, scapular muscle activation patterns and rotator cuff muscle isokinetic strength of semi-professionalrugby union players.Methods. Using the hand-behind-the-neck and -back methods, we manually tested the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joints of 91 uninjured semi-professional rugby union players who consented to participate in the study. Profiling and classification of thoracic posture was performed according to the New York Posture Test. Activation patterns of the upper and lower trapezius, serratus anterior and infraspinatus scapular muscles were determined by electromyography. The isokinetic muscle strength of the rotator cuff muscles was determined at 60°/sec by measuring the concentric and eccentric forces during internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER).Results. Participants presented with non-ideal or unsatisfactory internal (59%) and external (85%) rotators of the shoulder. A slightly abnormal or abnormal forward head posture was observed in 55% of participants, while 68% had an abnormal shoulder position in the lateral view. The muscle activation sequence of the rotator cuff muscles was: (i) serratus anterior, (ii) lower trapezius, (iii) infraspinatus, and (iv) upper trapezius. The isokinetic ER/IR muscle-strength ratio during concentric muscle contraction was 64% (standard deviation (SD) ±14) for the left shoulder and 54% (SD ±10) for the right shoulder. The ER/IR ratio for eccentric muscle contraction was 67% (SD ±12) and 61% (SD ±9) for the left and right shoulders, respectively.Conclusions. Non-ideal or unsatisfactory flexibility of the external rotators of the shoulder, a forward shoulder posture in the lateral view, and weakness of the external rotators did not result in an abnormal rotator cuff muscle activation pattern in this study. Postural deviations may, however, increase the risk of shoulder injury in rugby union players in the long term, and should be corrected.
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Bolton, G., SJ Moss, M. Sparks, and PC Venter. "Thoracic posture, shoulder muscle activation patterns and isokinetic strength of semi-professional rugby union players." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2013/v25i1a386.

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Background. Shoulder injuries are the most severe injuries in rugby union players, accounting for almost 20% of injuries related to the sport and resulting in lost playing hours.Objective. To profile the thoracic posture, scapular muscle activation patterns and rotator cuff muscle isokinetic strength of semi-professionalrugby union players.Methods. Using the hand-behind-the-neck and -back methods, we manually tested the range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joints of 91 uninjured semi-professional rugby union players who consented to participate in the study. Profiling and classification of thoracic posture was performed according to the New York Posture Test. Activation patterns of the upper and lower trapezius, serratus anterior and infraspinatus scapular muscles were determined by electromyography. The isokinetic muscle strength of the rotator cuff muscles was determined at 60°/sec by measuring the concentric and eccentric forces during internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER).Results. Participants presented with non-ideal or unsatisfactory internal (59%) and external (85%) rotators of the shoulder. A slightly abnormal or abnormal forward head posture was observed in 55% of participants, while 68% had an abnormal shoulder position in the lateral view. The muscle activation sequence of the rotator cuff muscles was: (i) serratus anterior, (ii) lower trapezius, (iii) infraspinatus, and (iv) upper trapezius. The isokinetic ER/IR muscle-strength ratio during concentric muscle contraction was 64% (standard deviation (SD) ±14) for the left shoulder and 54% (SD ±10) for the right shoulder. The ER/IR ratio for eccentric muscle contraction was 67% (SD ±12) and 61% (SD ±9) for the left and right shoulders, respectively.Conclusions. Non-ideal or unsatisfactory flexibility of the external rotators of the shoulder, a forward shoulder posture in the lateral view, and weakness of the external rotators did not result in an abnormal rotator cuff muscle activation pattern in this study. Postural deviations may, however, increase the risk of shoulder injury in rugby union players in the long term, and should be corrected.
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Parry, Joseph S., Rachel Straub, and Daniel J. Cipriani. "Shoulder- and Back-Muscle Activation During Shoulder Abduction and Flexion Using a Bodyblade Pro Versus Dumbbells." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 21, no. 3 (August 2012): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.21.3.266.

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Context:The Bodyblade Pro is used for shoulder rehabilitation after injury. Resistance is provided by blade oscillations—faster oscillations or higher speeds correspond to greater resistance. However, research supporting the Bodyblade Pro’s use is scarce, particularly in comparison with dumbbell training.Objective:To compare muscle activity, using electromyography (EMG), in the back and shoulder regions during shoulder exercises with the Bodyblade Pro vs dumbbells.Design:Randomized crossover study.Setting:San Diego State University biomechanics laboratory.Participants:11 healthy male subjects age 19–32 y.Intervention:Subjects performed shoulder-flexion and -abduction exercises using a Bodyblade Pro and dumbbells (5, 8, and 10 lb) while EMG recorded activity of the deltoid, pectoralis major, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, and erector spinae.Main Outcome Measures:Average peak muscle activity (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction) was separately measured for shoulder abduction and flexion in the range of 85° to 95°. Differences among exercise devices were separately analyzed for the flexed and abducted positions using 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA.Results:The Bodyblade Pro produced greater muscle activity than all the dumbbell trials. Differences were significant for all muscles measured (all P < .01) except for the erector spinae during shoulder flexion with a 10-lb dumbbell. EMG activity for the Bodyblade Pro exceeded 50% of the MVIC during both shoulder flexion and abduction. For the dumbbell conditions, only the 10-lb trials approached this effect.Conclusions:Using a Bodyblade during shoulder exercises results in greater shoulder- and back-muscle recruitment than dumbbells. The Bodyblade Pro can activate multiple muscles in a single exercise and thereby minimize the need for multiple dumbbell exercises. The Bodyblade Pro is an effective device for shoulder- and back-muscle activation that warrants further use by clinicians interested in its use for rehabilitation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shoulder muscle"

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Marsden, Stuart Peter. "Muscle Wrapping Techniques Applied to the Shoulder." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512159.

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Nelson, Julia Kathryn. "Shoulder Muscle Electromyography During Diagonal and Straight Plane Patterns of Movement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500786/.

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The purpose of this study was to further investigate the relationship between patterns of shoulder movement and muscular response. Thirteen females were tested against maximal manual resistance in twelve different patterns, eight straight plane, and four diagonal. Five of the six subjects who met established kinematic criteria were used for electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the anterior deltoid (AD), the middle deltoid, the posteroir deltoid (PD), and the pectoralis major. No significant differences were found between number of muscles solicited or duration of muscular effort during the different movements. Maximal EMG was significantly higher for the AD in abduction and in flexion than in the other patterns, and for the PD in diagonal flexion with abduction and in transverse abduction.
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Dashottar, Amitabh. "Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measurements: Differentiating Capsule, Muscle and Bone." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337880690.

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Thigpen, Charles A. Padua Darin A. "Effects of forward head and rounded shoulder posture on scapular kinematics, muscle activity, and shoulder coordination." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,261.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Interdisciplinary Human Movement Science (School of Medicine)." Discipline: Human Movement Science; Department/School: Medicine.
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Redhead, Lucy. "The role of selected muscle activity in idiopathic shoulder instability." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411706.

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Kelson, Denean M. "Muscle Activation Patterns and Chronic Neck-Shoulder Pain in Computer Work." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83759.

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Prolonged computer work is associated with high rates of neck and shoulder pain symptoms, and as computers have become increasingly more common, it is becoming critical that we develop sustainable interventions targeting this issue. Static muscle contractions for prolonged periods often occur in the neck/shoulder during computer work and may underlie muscle pain development in spite of rather low relative muscle load levels. Causal mechanisms may include a stereotypical recruitment of low threshold motor units (activating type I muscle fibers), characterized by a lack of temporal as well as spatial variation in motor unit recruitment. Based on this theory, although studies have postulated that individuals with chronic neck-shoulder pain will show less variation in muscle activity compared to healthy individuals when engaged in repetitive/monotonous work, this has seldom been verified in empirical studies of actual computer work. Studies have rarely addressed temporal patterns in muscle activation, even though there is a consensus that temporal activation patterns are important for understanding fatigue and maybe even risks of subsequent musculoskeletal disorders. This study applied exposure variation analysis (EVA) to study differences in temporal patterns of trapezius muscle activity as individuals with and without pain performed computer work. The aims of this study were to: Assess the reliability of EVA to measure variation in trapezius muscle activity in healthy individuals during the performance of computer work; Determine the extent to which healthy subjects differ from those with chronic pain in trapezius muscle activity patterns during computer work, measured using EVA. Thirteen touch-typing, right-handed participants were recruited in this study (8 healthy; 5 chronic pain). The participants were asked to complete three 10-minute computer tasks (TYPE, CLICK and FORM) in two pacing conditions (self-paced, control-paced), with the healthy group completing two sessions and the pain group completing one. Activation of the upper trapezius muscle was measured using surface electromyography (EMG). EMG data were organized into 5x5 EVA matrices with five amplitude classes (0-6.67, 6.67-20, 20-46.67, 46.67-100, >100% Reference Voluntary Exertion) and five duration classes (0- 1, 1-3, 3-7, 7-15, >15 seconds). EVA marginal distributions (along both amplitude and duration classes) for each EVA class, as well as summary measures (mean and SD) of the marginal sums along each axis were computed. Finally, “resultant” mean and SD across all EVA cells were computed. The reliability in EVA indices was estimated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of measurement (SEM), computed from repeated measurements of healthy individuals (aim 1), and EVA indices were compared between groups (aim 2). Reliability of EVA amplitude marginal sums ranged from moderate to high in the self-paced condition and low to moderate in the control-paced condition. The duration marginal sums were moderate in the self-paced condition and moderate to high in the control-paced condition. The summary measures (means and SDs) were moderate to high in both the self-paced and control-paced condition. Group comparisons revealed that individuals with chronic pain spent longer durations of work time in higher EVA duration categories, exhibited larger means along the amplitude, duration and in the resultant, and higher EVA SD in the amplitude and duration axes as compared to the healthy group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the reliability of EVA applied specifically to computer work. Furthermore, EVA was used to assess differences in muscle activation patterns as individuals with and without chronic pain engaged in computer work. Individuals in the pain group seemed to exhibit prolonged sustained activation of the trapezius muscle to a significantly greater extent than controls, even though they did not experience pain during the performance of the computer tasks (as obtained through self-reports). Thus, these altered muscle recruitment patterns observed in the pain subjects, even in the absence of task-based pain/discomfort, are suggestive of chronic motor control changes occurring in adaptation to pain, and may have implications for the etiology of neck and upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders.
Master of Science
This study aims to assess the reliability of exposure variation analysis (EVA) to measure variation in trapezius muscle activity in healthy individuals during the performance of computer work, and to determine the extent to which healthy subjects differ from those with chronic pain in trapezius muscle activity patterns during computer work, measured using EVA. Muscle activation was recorded for eight healthy individual and five suffering from chronic neck-shoulder pain. The data were then categorized into amplitude and continuous time categories, and summary measures of resulting distributions were calculated. These measures were used to assess the reliability of participant responses to computer work of healthy individuals, as well as quantify differences between those with and without chronic pain. We found that individuals with pain activated their neck-shoulder muscles for longer continuous durations than healthy individuals, thus showing an inability to relax their muscles when performing work.
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Kolber, Morey J. "Shoulder joint and muscle characteristics in the recreational weight training population." Diss., NSUWorks, 2007. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/44.

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November, Rucia Vern-Clare. "The relationship between shoulder complex strength and throwing velocity in club cricketers." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5306.

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Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES)
Over the years, cricket has progressed into a game of immense physical prowess, and evolved from a traditional and conservative game into a professional sport requiring very high levels of fitness and skill. The ability to throw a ball at high velocity and with great accuracy is critical for successful performance in many ball sports, including cricket. The aim of this study focussed on examining the relationship between isokinetic strength of the shoulder complex and throwing velocity amongst club cricketers in the age group of 18-32 years. The study used a quantitative methodology with a cross-sectional research design. A convenient sample of 40 male cricketers from the University of the Western Cape was tested. Isokinetic strength of external rotators (ER), internal rotators (IR) and ratios were measured using the Biodex Pro System 4 isokinetic dynamometer at two speeds, namely, 60º•sec-¹ and 90º•sec-¹. Throwing velocity was measured using a calibrated Cordless Speed/Radar Gun. The major findings of this study were the significant correlations between IR at 60º•sec-¹ and throwing velocity for the first team (r = 0.72; p = 0.01), second team (r = 0.67; p = 0.03), third team (r = 0.73; p = 0.01) and fourth team (r = 0.69; p = 0.02). The correlation between the strength ratio at 60º•sec-¹ and throwing velocity was significant for the first team (r = 0.76; p = 0.01), second team (r = 0.83; p = 0.002), third team (r = 0.70; p = 0.02) and fourth team (r = 0.94; p = 0.0001). In conclusion, shoulder strength plays a significant role in the throwing velocity amongst club cricketers. Specifically, the shoulder internal rotators were found to be a major influence in throwing velocity. Furthermore, the shoulder strength ratio is a strong predictor of shoulder strength performance.
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McAndrew, Darryl John. "A non-invasive analysis of the structure and function of human multi-segmental muscle." School of Health Sciences - Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/822.

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) exerts extensive control over muscle activation in order to produce accurate voluntary movement, such as the complex movements of the human shoulder joint. Muscles surrounding multi-planar joints are selectively activated depending upon the movement performed, and within the radiate musculature of the shoulder, individual muscle segments exist that are capable of exhibiting specific myoelectric intensity and temporal activation patterns. The aim of this thesis was to assess the influence of inter-segment variations in contractile properties on the strategies employed by the CNS when producing voluntary movements. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that muscle segment neuromotor coordination (as determined by electromyographic analysis) would be sensitive to the contractile properties of individual muscle segments. A key component was the variation in isometric contraction speed ranging from slow to ballistic.Mechanomyography (MMG), which is the measure of a muscle’s physical dimensional change during contraction, is founded on the premise that the temporal aspect of muscle displacement is reflective of motor unit contractile properties and consequently the muscle fibre type composition. A series of studies were completed to establish the validity of the new Laser-MMG technique for quantifying contractile properties. The results confirmed: 1) the sensitivity of the Laser-MMG technique to modulators of physiological performance (thermal state, fatigue state, and fibre type composition variation between segments); and 2) that the contractile properties of muscle fibres varied between the individual segments of the muscles following maximal percutaneous neuromuscular stimulation (PNS). Most notably, ‘slow-twitch’ contractile properties were found in muscle segments that have a greater role in producing movement in the coronal plane, while ‘fast-twitch’ contractile properties were associated with segments having more efficient moment arms to produce movement in the sagittal plane. Furthermore, each of the muscles investigated was associated with a distinctive anatomical distribution of muscle fibre types. Muscle segment contractile properties were heterogeneous and their arrangement appears to reflect the most common or important joint movements. Moreover, the muscle segments located at the periphery of all three shoulder muscles exhibited faster contractile properties than those located in the middle of the muscle. It appears that this internal arrangement may be a consistent organisational characteristic of radiate muscles. Muscle segments within the pectoralis major, deltoid and latissimus dorsi muscles were found to be independently controlled by the CNS through manipulation of the myoelectric activation patterns, in particular: onset time; and discharge rate. The lower segments of the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi were identified as prime mover segments, initiating the movement and contributing the greatest myoelectric intensity. The immediately superior segments were classified as assistant movers, activating after the prime movers and contributing less to the overall movement. Furthermore, similarities in neuromotor coordination were identified between adjacent segments of individual muscles. The sequential “wave of segment activation” identified within each whole muscle appeared to ignore the anatomical boundaries between muscles, suggesting that the CNS coordinates individual muscle segments rather than the whole muscle as one unit in order to complete a motor task. This further complicates the process of controlling motor tasks as there appear to be no defined limits of muscles to which discrete functions can be applied.Coordination between prime mover segments of agonist muscles was identified, with the lower segments of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi showing no significant difference in any of the temporal myoelectric measures. The similarity in neuromotor coordination between these segments may be the result of a common drive, suggesting that the CNS uses a simple strategy of combining the segments into one functional unit. No gross disordering of the muscle segments’ onset was identified within any of the investigated muscles, with regard to movement speed. However, the pectoralis major exhibited altered relative timing between the segments. This was particularly evident during the fast movement. The sequential “wave of activation” present during the slow movements became disordered as muscle contraction speed was increased. During fast contraction, the assistant mover segments within pectoralis major were activated later than the prime mover segments changing the relative timing of their activation. This indicates that the CNS may initially prioritise the activation of only the most essential muscle segments to commence the movement during ballistic movements, perhaps due to the imposed time constraints. This form of change in relative timing can be interpreted as a direct reflection of the differences in muscle segment fibre type composition and hence the neuromotor control of the muscle segments involved in producing the movement. Most notably, variation to the control of muscle segment excitation and contraction onset exist in the more centrally located muscle segments that exhibit slower segment contractile properties. This finding appears logical when coupled with the finding of homogeneous myoelectric peak activity. The CNS must manipulate the onset of these slower contracting segments, especially during fast movements, in order to allow enough time for all segments to achieve a uniform peak of muscle activity that occurs just prior to peak force. The variations and coordination of contractile properties, myoelectric properties and electromyographic burst patterns between adjacent muscle segments within the same skeletal muscle confirms the notion that for CNS control, individual muscle segments are considered as sub-volumes of muscle tissue that require individual neuromotor control – that they are, in effect, muscles within muscles.
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Xu, Bo Garner Brian Alan. "A linked-plane obstacle-set algorithm for modeling broad muscle paths application to the deltoid muscle /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5212.

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Books on the topic "Shoulder muscle"

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Taoru 1-pon de ganko na katakori yōtsū o naosu: "shinsōkin: gyaku-sutoretchi kenkōhō. Tōkyō: PHP Kenkyūjo, 2011.

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Nakatsuji, Tadashi. 1 tiao mao jin 2 fen zhong jie tong: Ni shen zhan song ji mao jin cao : ji rou suo bi shen geng neng shu zhan! Xinbei Shi Zhonghe Qu: Ping guo wu chu ban she you xian gong si, 2015.

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American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ed. Disorders of the proximal biceps tendon: Evaluation and treatment. Rosemont, IL: AAOS, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2014.

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7 weeks to 50 pull-ups: Strengthen and sculpt your arms, shoulders, back, and abs by training to do 50 consecutive pull-ups. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 2011.

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Russell, Belinda. A study using surface electromyography to compare the activity of shoulder muscles used by individuals with paraplegia during wheelchair transfers with and without a transfer board. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 2002.

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Reliability of peak torque values for shoulder internal and external rotation during eccentric and concentric loading using the Kin-Com 125E isokinetic dynamometer. 1991.

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Reliability of peak torque values for shoulder internal and external rotation during eccentric and concentric loading using the Kin-Com 125E isokinetic dynamometer. 1992.

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Muscle force velocity adaptations to variations in long term physical training. 1988.

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Muscle force velocity adaptations to variations in long term physical training. 1985.

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Redhead, Lucy. The role of selected muscle activity in idiopathic shoulder instability. 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Shoulder muscle"

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Kölbel, R. "Stabilization of Shoulders with Bone and Muscle Defects." In Shoulder Replacement, 189–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71625-6_33.

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Sakoma, Yoshimasa, and Eiji Itoi. "Deltoid Muscle." In Normal and Pathological Anatomy of the Shoulder, 267–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45719-1_26.

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De Vita, Andrea, Alberto Costantini, and Hiroshi Minagawa. "Glenohumeral Joint (Muscle-Tendon)." In Atlas of Functional Shoulder Anatomy, 61–108. Milano: Springer Milan, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0759-8_3.

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Bigsby, Ewan, and Alex A. Malone. "Muscle Ruptures of the Shoulder Girdle." In Textbook of Shoulder Surgery, 195–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70099-1_12.

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Ward, Samuel R., and Richard L. Lieber. "Shoulder Muscle Architecture, Physiology, and Plasticity." In Bio-orthopaedics, 215–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54181-4_18.

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Ben Kibler, W., and Aaron D. Sciascia. "Scapular Muscle Detachment." In Disorders of the Scapula and Their Role in Shoulder Injury, 113–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53584-5_11.

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Ebaugh, David, and Margaret Finley. "Muscle Activation Associated with Scapular Function and Dysfunction." In Disorders of the Scapula and Their Role in Shoulder Injury, 25–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53584-5_3.

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Draye, Jean-Philippe, Guy Cheron, Davor Pavisic, and Gaëtan Libert. "Improved identification of the human shoulder kinematics with muscle biological filters." In Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 417–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0029475.

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Zhao, Xingwei, Bin Zi, and Haitao Liu. "Synthesis and Analysis of Pneumatic Muscle Driven Parallel Platforms Imitating Human Shoulder." In Mechatronics and Robotics Engineering for Advanced and Intelligent Manufacturing, 275–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33581-0_21.

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Draicchio, Francesco, Giorgia Chini, Alessio Silvetti, Roberto Vitalone, Elena Lucertini, and Marco Lucertini. "Neck and Shoulder Muscle Fatigue in High Performance Aircrafts Pilots: A Case Study." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 40–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93885-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Shoulder muscle"

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Sodeyama, Y., I. Mizuuchi, T. Yoshikai, Y. Nakanishi, and M. Inaba. "A shoulder structure of muscle-driven humanoid with shoulder blades." In 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2005.1545123.

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Nassajian Moghadam, Mohamadreza, Kamiar Aminian, Mohsen Asghari, and Mohammad Parnianpour. "Muscle Synergies Based on a Biomechanical Biaxial Isometric Shoulder Model Minimizing Fatigue." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-25230.

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In this study we utilize the concept of synergy formation as a simplifying control strategy to manage the high number of degrees of freedom presented in the maintenance of the posture of the shoulder joint. We address how to find the muscle synergy recruitment map to the biomechanical demands (biaxial external torque) during an isometric shoulder task. We use a numerical optimization based shoulder model to obtain muscle activation levels when a biaxial external isometric torque is exposed at the shoulder glenohumeral joint. In the numerical simulations, different shoulder torque vectors parallel to the horizontal plane are considered. For each selected direction for the torque, the resulting muscle activation data are calculated and then used for grouping muscles in some fixed element synergies by nonnegative matrix factorization method Next, the muscle synergies are converted from activation level to the torque space to see how muscle synergy recruitment addresses the torque production in a specific direction at the shoulder joint. The results confirmed our expectation that the few dominant synergies are sufficient to address the torque vectors in directions which coincide to the basic vectors of torque space, such that each muscle contributed to more than one synergy.
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Reddy, Aviktha, and Yahia M. Al-Smadi. "Inverse Dynamic Analysis of Shoulder Muscle Activity During Archery Draw Back." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50881.

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The objective of this study is to conduct biomechanical simulation for a musculoskeletal of archery performance. The simulation aims to find the movement patterns in working postures, the muscle activity and joint reaction forces. The results obtained are discussed and the work presented can help analyze the utilization of various muscles during the performance of the repetitive motion of archery.
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Qiu, Yingxin, Keerthana Murali, Jun Ueda, Atsushi Okabe, and Dalong Gao. "Variability in Muscle Recruitment Strategy Between Operators During Assisted Assembly Tasks." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9222.

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This paper reports the variability in muscle recruitment strategies among individuals who operate a non-powered lifting device for general assembly (GA) tasks. Support vector machine (SVM) was applied to the classification of motion states of operators using electromyography (EMG) signals collected from a total of 15 upper limb, lower limb, shoulder, and torso muscles. By comparing the classification performance and muscle activity features, variability in muscle recruitment strategy was observed from lower limb and torso muscles, while the recruitment strategies of upper limb and shoulder muscles were relatively consistent across subjects. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify key muscles that are highly correlated with body movements. Selected muscles at the wrist joint, ankle joint and scapula are considered to have greater significance in characterizing the muscle recruitment strategies than other investigated muscles. PCA loading factors also indicate the existence of body motion redundancy during typical pick-and-place tasks.
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Caprina, Ike Hervin, Subagyo, and Martha Kurnia Kusumawardani. "Immediate Effect of Elastic Taping Application on Electrical Activity of Shoulder Abductor Muscle in Stroke Patients with Shoulder Abductor Muscle Weakness." In International Meeting on Regenerative Medicine. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007320402920298.

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Wu, Tzong-Ming, Shu-Yi Wang, and Dar-Zen Chen. "An Upper Limb Exoskeleton for Pinpointed Muscular Exercises With Overextension Injury Prevention." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28631.

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Over-automated equipments and modern city life style lead to the diminishing opportunities for muscle using; however, the comfortable life is not always good for human health, and appropriate muscle training can not only enhance muscular strength and endurance but improve the health and fitness. Different kinds of ideas have been proposed for muscle training by exercise machines, which control direction of resistance for safety sake but isolate specific muscle groups to be trained. Compared with machines, free-weight exercise is a whole-body training in which human limbs can be moved on different planes to train more muscle groups. In this study, an upper limb exoskeleton design is proposed for free-weight exercise to strengthen the principal muscles of upper limb and shoulder. The upper limb exoskeleton is constituted of 3-DOF shoulder joint and 1-DOF elbow joint. The joint torques of shoulder and elbow joint of the exoskeleton match the objective joint torques from a model of free-weight exercise. The principal muscles of human arm and shoulder are training by dumbbell lateral raise, dumbbell frontal raise, dumbbell curl motion, and overhead triceps extension motion. With the arrangement of small-inertia springs, the exoskeleton is capable of preventing the muscle from injuries caused by the huge inertia change. The evaluation of the model was conducted by using isokinetic dynamometer to measure shoulder abduction-adduction, shoulder flexion-extension, and elbow flexion-extension for the male and female adults, and the results matched with the data obtained from the derived model.
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Kobayashi, H., and H. Suzuki. "Development of a new shoulder mechanism for a muscle suit." In 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2005.1545388.

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David, Ingram, Mullhaupt Philippe, Terrier Alexandre, Etienne Pralong, and Alain Farron. "Dynamical biomechanical model of the shoulder for muscle-force estimation." In 2012 4th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biorob.2012.6290267.

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van den Bogert, Antonie J., Thomas Geijtenbeek, and Oshri Even-Zohar. "Evaluation of a system for real-time analysis of muscle function: Shoulder and elbow muscles." In 2009 Virtual Rehabilitation International Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icvr.2009.5174260.

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Mazumder, Oishee, Ayush Rai, and Aniruddha Sinha. "Muscle Synergy Control During Hand Reach Task on Varying Shoulder Configuration." In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) in conjunction with the 43rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175890.

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Reports on the topic "Shoulder muscle"

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Eapen, Charu, Ashish John Prabhakar, Aishwarya Jaideep, and Jaya Shanker Tedla. Upper quarter muscle imbalances in stiff shoulder conditions: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.11.0015.

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Lima, Alane, Eric Jesus, Mario Simim, Rodrigo Oliveira, and Alexanndre Medeiros. Is changes in shoulder muscle strength a risk factor for shoulder pain in volleyball athletes? A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.6.0040.

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Lima, Alane, Rui Araújo, Mário Simim, Eric Jesus, Rodrigo Oliveira, and Alexandre Medeiros. Muscle Strength and Shoulder Injury/Pain: a hand in hand relationship or myth? A systematic review in volleyball. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0073.

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Sandeep, Bhushan, xin Huang, and Zongwei Xiao. Analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane block in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trial. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0084.

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Review question / Objective: Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has been employed in arthroscopic shoulder surgery (ASS) as an alternative novel interfacial plane block. However, its analgesic efficacy is still controversial. Whether ESPB could improve analgesic efficacy in ASS is what the current meta-analysis seeks to find out. Information sources: We searched different databases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to November 29, 2022, using medical subject headings (MeSH) and free-text terms without language restrictions. The primary purpose of searching was for the selection of RCTs for meta-analysis but also to avoid unplanned duplication and compare reported review methods from other systematic reviews. The following search terms were used for the search of each database: “arthroscopic shoulder surgery”, “shoulder surgery”, “total shoulder arthroplasty”, “shoulder arthroscopy”, and “erector spinae plane block”, “erector spinae muscle”. We also searched for grey literature by supplementary hand searching.
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Marple, Dennis N., Joseph G. Sebranek, and Ben Huisinga. Isolating Tender Muscles in the Pork Shoulder. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-14.

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Zhang, Linlin, Xiaoming Xi, Xihua Liu, Xinjie Qu, Qing Wang, Haihao Cao, Limin Wang, et al. Should aerobic and resistance training interventions for Multiple sclerosis be performed on the same day: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0126.

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Review question / Objective: P (Population) : patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis; I (Intervention) : aerobic training and resistance training; C (Comparison) : the efficacy and safety were compared on the same day and different days; O (Outcome) : Evaluates dysfunction, quality of life, fatigue, aerobic capacity or muscle function, mood, cognition, and safety. S (Study Design) : Systematic review and Network meta-analysis. Eligibility criteria: Measures in the intervention group: aerobic training (taijiquan, Baduanjin, qigong, yoga, swimming, cycling, jogging, brisk walking, etc.) and resistance training were used simultaneously, including studies conducted on the same day and on different days. There are no restrictions on training time, frequency and intensity.Control group measures: no intervention or conventional treatment.
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Moridi, Mina, Parinaz Onikzeh, Aida Kazemi, and Hadi Zamanian. CABG versus myotomy in symptomatic myocardial bridge patients : A systematic Review and Meta-analysis protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0088.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this study is to find which surgical intervention in myocardial bridge ( myotomy or CABG) is more effective in reducing adverse outcomes in symptomatic patients resistant to optimal medical therapy ? Condition being studied: Myocardial bridge : A myocardial bridge (MB) is a congenital heart defect in which a bridge of muscle fibers (myocardium) overlying a section of a coronary artery and the artery is squeezed and normal blood flow is disrupted. Most bridges don't seem to cause symptoms. However, some people can experience angina, or chest pain. In patients with symptoms, first line treatment is medication and if they have symptoms despite optimal medical treatment , invasive measures like CABG or myotomy should be taken.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Orna Halevy. Pre-natal Epigenetic Adaptation to Improve Thermotolerance Acquisition and Performance of Fast-growing Meat-type Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592120.bard.

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: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.
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Shani, Moshe, and C. P. Emerson. Genetic Manipulation of the Adipose Tissue via Transgenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604929.bard.

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The long term goal of this study was to reduce caloric and fat content of beef and other red meats by means of genetic modification of the animal such that fat would not be accumulated. This was attempted by introducing into the germ line myogenic regulatory genes that would convert fat tissue to skeletal muscle. We first determined the consequences of ectopic expression of the myogenic regulatory gene MyoD1. It was found that deregulation of MyoD1 did not result in ectopic skeletal muscle formation but rather led to embryonic lethalities, probably due to its role in the control of the cell cycle. This indicated that MyoD1 should be placed under stringent control to allow survival. Embryonic lethalities were also observed when the regulatory elements of the adipose-specific gene adipsin directed the expression of MyoD1 or myogenin cDNAs, suggesting that these sequences are probably not strong enough to confer tissue specificity. To determine the specificity of the control elements of another fat specific gene (adipocyte protein 2-aP2), we fused them to the bacterial b-galactosidase reporter gene and established stable transgenic strains. The expression of the reporter gene in none of the strains was adipose specific. Each strain displayed a unique pattern of expression in various cell lineages. Most exciting results were obtained in a transgenic strain in which cells migrating from the ventro-lateral edge of the dermomyotome of developing somites to populate the limb buds with myoblasts were specifically stained for lacZ. Since the control sequences of the adipsin or aP2 genes did not confer fat specificity in transgenic mice we have taken both molecular and genetic approaches as an initial effort to identify genes important in the conversion of a multipotential cell such as C3H10T1/2 cell to adipoblast. Several novel adipocyte cell lines have been established that differ in the expression of transcription factors of the C/EBP family known to be markers for adipocyte differentiation. These studies revealed that one of the genetic programming changes which occur during 10T1/2 conversion from multipotential cell to a committed adipoblast is the ability to linduce C/EBPa gene expression. It is expected that further analysis of this gene would identify elements which regulate this lineage-specific expression. Such elements might be good candidates in future attempts to convert adipoblasts to skeletal muscle cells in vivo.
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Rahimipour, Shai, and David Donovan. Renewable, long-term, antimicrobial surface treatments through dopamine-mediated binding of peptidoglycan hydrolases. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597930.bard.

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There is a need for renewable antimicrobial surface treatments that are semi- permanent, can eradicate both biofilms and planktonic pathogens over long periods of time and that do not select for resistant strains. This proposal describes a dopamine binding technology that is inexpensive, bio-friendly, non-toxic, and uses straight-forward commercially available products. The antimicrobial agents are peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that are non-toxic and highly refractory to resistance development. The goal of this project is to create a treatment that will be applicable to a wide variety of surfaces and will convey long-lasting antimicrobial activity. Although the immediate goal is to create staphylolytic surfaces, the technology should be applicable to any pathogen and will thus contribute to no less than 3 BARD priorities: 1) increased animal production by protecting animals from invasive and emerging diseases, 2) Antimicrobial food packaging will improve food safety and security and 3) sustainable bio- energy systems will be supported by coating fermentation vats with antimicrobials that could protect ethanolic fermentations from Lactobacillus contamination that reduces ethanol yields. The dopamine-based modification of surfaces is inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins to virtually all types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Peptidoglycanhydrolases (PGHs) meet the criteria of a surface bound antimicrobial with their site of action being extracellular peptidoglycan (the structural basis of the bacterial cell wall) that when breached causes osmotic lysis. As a proof of principle, we will develop technology using peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that target Staphylococcus aureus, a notoriously contagious and antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. We will test for susceptibility of the coating to a variety of environmental stresses including UV light, abrasive cleaning and dessication. In order to avoid resistance development, we intend to use three unique, synergistic, simultaneous staphylococcal enzyme activities. The hydrolases are modular such that we have created fusion proteins with three lytic activities that are highly refractory to resistance development. It is essential to use multiple simultaneous activities to avoid selecting for antimicrobial resistant strains. This strategy is applicable to both Gram positive and negative pathogens. We anticipate that upon completion of this award the technology will be available for commercialization within the time required to achieve a suitable high volume production scheme for the required enzymes (~1-2 years). We expect the modified surface will remain antimicrobial for several days, and when necessary, the protocol for renewal of the surface will be easily applied in a diverse array of environments, from food processing plants to barnyards.
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